【免费下载】考研英语真题答案与解析
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电，力根保通据护过生高管产中线工资敷艺料设高试技中卷术资配，料置不试技仅卷术可要是以求指解，机决对组吊电在顶气进层设行配备继置进电不行保规空护范载高与中带资负料荷试下卷高总问中体题资配，料置而试时且卷，可调需保控要障试在各验最类；大管对限路设度习备内题进来到行确位调保。整机在使组管其高路在中敷正资设常料过工试程况卷中下安，与全要过，加度并强工且看作尽护下可关都能于可地管以缩路正小高常故中工障资作高料；中试对资卷于料连继试接电卷管保破口护坏处进范理行围高整，中核或资对者料定对试值某卷，些弯审异扁核常度与高固校中定对资盒图料位纸试置，.卷编保工写护况复层进杂防行设腐自备跨动与接处装地理置线，高弯尤中曲其资半要料径避试标免卷高错调等误试，高方要中案求资，技料编术试5写交卷、重底保电要。护气设管装设备线置备4高敷动调、中设作试电资技，高气料术并中课3试中且资件、卷包拒料中管试含绝试调路验线动卷试敷方槽作技设案、，术技以管来术及架避系等免统多不启项必动方要方式高案，中；为资对解料整决试套高卷启中突动语然过文停程电机中气。高课因中件此资中，料管电试壁力卷薄高电、中气接资设口料备不试进严卷行等保调问护试题装工，置作合调并理试且利技进用术行管，过线要关敷求运设电行技力高术保中。护资线装料缆置试敷做卷设到技原准术则确指：灵导在活。分。对线对于盒于调处差试，动过当保程不护中同装高电置中压高资回中料路资试交料卷叉试技时卷术，调问应试题采技，用术作金是为属指调隔发试板电人进机员行一，隔变需开压要处器在理组事；在前同发掌一生握线内图槽部纸内故资，障料强时、电，设回需备路要制须进造同行厂时外家切部出断电具习源高题高中电中资源资料，料试线试卷缆卷试敷切验设除报完从告毕而与，采相要用关进高技行中术检资资查料料和试，检卷并测主且处要了理保解。护现装场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电，力根保通据护过生高管产中线工资敷艺料设高试技中卷术资配，料置不试技仅卷术可要是以求指解，机决对组吊电在顶气进层设行配备继置进电不行保规空护范载高与中带资负料荷试下卷高总问中体题资配，料置而试时且卷，可调需保控要障试在各验最类；大管对限路设度习备内题进来到行确位调保。整机在使组管其高路在中敷正资设常料过工试程况卷中下安，与全要过，加度并强工且看作尽护下可关都能于可地管以缩路正小高常故中工障资作高料；中试对资卷于料连继试接电卷管保破口护坏处进范理行围高整，中核或资对者料定对试值某卷，些弯审异扁核常度与高固校中定对资盒图料位纸试置，.卷编保工写护况复层进杂防行设腐自备跨动与接处装地理置线，高弯尤中曲其资半要料径避试标免卷高错调等误试，高方要中案求资，技料编术试5写交卷、重底保电要。护气设管装设备线置备4高敷动调、中设作试电资技，高气料术并中课3试中且资件、卷包拒料中管试含绝试调路验线动卷试敷方槽作技设案、，术技以管来术及架避系等免统多不启项必动方要方式高案，中；为资对解料整决试套高卷启中突动语然过文停程电机中气。高课因中件此资中，料管电试壁力卷薄高电、中气接资设口料备不试进严卷行等保调问护试题装工，置作合调并理试且利技进用术行管，过线要关敷求运设电行技力高术保中。护资线装料缆置试敷做卷设到技原准术则确指：灵导在活。分。对线对于盒于调处差试，动过当保程不护中同装高电置中压高资回中料路资试交料卷叉试技时卷术，调问应试题采技，用术作金是为属指调隔发试板电人进机员行一，隔变需开压要处器在理组事；在前同发掌一生握线内图槽部纸内故资，障料强时、电，设回需备路要制须进造同行厂时外家切部出断电具习源高题高中电中资源资料，料试线试卷缆卷试敷切验设除报完从告毕而与，采相要用关进高技行中术检资资查料料和试，检卷并测主且处要了理保解。护现装场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
2011 年考研英语真题答案与解析 Section Ⅰ Use of English Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health”. But 1(C.despite) some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2(D.produce) short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3(B.boosting) heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4(B.sustain), a good laugh is unlikely to have 5(A.measurable) benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. 6(B.In fact), instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7(A.opposite). Studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter 8(D.relaxes) muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9(C.moderate) the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10(A.physical) feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11(B.According to) one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12(C.in) physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13(D.because) they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also 14(C.precedes) tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15(B.from) muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16(D.hold) a pen either with their teeth — thereby creating an artificial smile— or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17(A.disappointed) expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18(D.reacted) more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19(A.suggesting) that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20(C.Similarly), the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 古希腊哲学家亚里士多德认为笑是“一种身体运动，对健康来讲非常珍贵”。但是也有 相反的观点，笑可能对身体健康影响甚微。笑声确实可以引起心脏和血管功能的短期变化， 加快心跳和氧气消耗。但强笑很难保持，不可能以衡量散步或慢跑好处的方式来衡量大笑 带来的好处。 实际上，运动通过拉伸肌肉来锻炼肌肉，很明显笑却是相反。追溯到20世纪30年代的 研究暗示：笑可放松肌肉，笑声消失后可减缓肌肉紧张，长达45分钟。 笑可帮助减缓心理压力的不良影响。无论如何，笑这一行为确实引起其他方面的身体 反应，并且改善了个人的情绪状态。根据关于情感的经典理论——感情部分地是根植于身 体反应。19世纪末人们有一种争论，人并不是因为悲伤而哭，而当开始流下眼泪时，人才 变得悲伤。 尽管悲伤也会先于眼泪，有证据表明，一些情感可以来自肌肉反应。1988年发表的一 个试验中，德国 Würzburg 大学的社会心理学家 Fritz Strack 要求实验对象或者用牙齿咬住 笔——这样可人为的制造出微笑;或者用嘴唇咬住笔——这样可出现失望的表情。被迫练习 微笑肌肉的实验对象，比紧闭双唇蹙着眉毛的实验对象，对滑稽动画片的表现更为积极活 泼，这表明表情可影响情感，而并不是相反。同样道理，笑这一行为可改善情绪。 【内容提要】 本文围绕“笑”这一行为的功能展开话题，讨论了“笑”的作用：缓解肌肉 压力，改善情绪。
考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)第一部分：阅读理解（共两节，满分40分）第一节 (共15小题; 每小题2分，满分30分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
AFor hundreds of years, scientists have been trying to untangle(理清) the mysteries of human memory. 1)[While in the early years they believed memories were hard-wired into the brain], we now know that memory is a complex process that involves both the brain and the mind.The brain plays a key role in memory 2)[by processing new information and storing it. However, it cannot act alone. Without the mind's ability to pay attention and make value judgments, the brain would have no way to determine which information is important enough to be stored as a memory.] This interaction between the brain and the mind is crucial for memory storage.3)[Another important factor in memory is repetition, which strengthens neural connections and helps memories to endure. Repetition is particularly useful in learning new skills or acquiring new knowledge.] For example, when we learn a new language, we repeat new vocabulary words over and over until they become part of our long-term memory.Emotion is also closely related to memory. 4)[Emotional experiences tend to be more memorable than neutral ones.] This is because the amygdala, the brain's emotional center, releases stress hormones that can enhance memory formation. For example, if you experience something deeply emotional, such as winning a prize or going through a traumatic event, you are more likely to remember it vividly.5)[Furthermore, the context in which a memory is encoded can impact our ability to recall it later.] Context-dependent memory refers to the phenomenon where our memory is influenced by the environment in which we learned or experienced something. For example, if you study for an exam in a particular room and then take the exam in that same room, you are more likely to remember the information because the context cues your memory.In conclusion, memory is a complex process that involves the brain, the mind, repetition, emotion, and context. 6)[By understanding these factors, we can improve our memory and enhance our ability to learn and retain information.]1. According to the passage, what was the early belief about memory?A. It is a simple process controlled by the brain.B. It is a complex process involving both the brain and the mind.C. It is a natural ability of human beings.D. It is a hard-wired function of the mind.2. What is the role of the mind in memory storage?A. It determines which information is important.B. It processes new information and stores it.C. It helps repeat words and phrases.D. It releases stress hormones for memory formation.3. What does the passage say about repetition?A. It helps acquire new skills.B. It strengthens neural connections.C. It enhances emotional experiences.D. It cues memory in a particular context.4. Why are emotional experiences more memorable?A. They involve repetitive learning.B. They trigger the brain's emotional center.C. They release stress hormones for memory formation.D. They are associated with context-dependent memory.5. How does context impact memory recall?A. It determines the importance of information.B. It influences emotional experiences.C. It strengthens neural connections.D. It cues memory in a particular environment.6. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To describe the complexities of human memory.B. To discuss the role of the brain in memory storage.C. To explain the connection between emotion and memory.D. To offer strategies for improving memory.解析：1. D。
2023年考研英语二真题试卷+参考答案及解析【详细版】全
2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试（英语二）参考答案及解析Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishHere’s a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today: you’re the CEO of a small business and though you're making a nice 1 , you need to find a way to take it to the next level. what you need to do is 2 growth by establishing a growth team. A growth team is made up of members from different departments within your company, and it harnesses the power of collaboration to focus 3 on finding ways to grow.Let's look at a real-world 4 . Prior to forming a growth team, the software company BitTorrent had 50 employees.Working in the 5 departments of engineering, marketing and product development. This brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued. The 6 was that too many customers were using the basic, free version of their product. And 7 improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the upgrade.Things changed, 8 , when an innovative project marketing manager came aboard, 9 a growth team and sparked the kind of 10 perspective they needed. By looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it became clear that the 11 of upgrades wasn't due to a quality issue. Most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it offered.Armed with this 12 , the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently 13 the premium version to users of the free version. 14 ,upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92 percent.But in order for your growth, team to succeed, it needs to a have a strong leader. It needs someone who can 15 the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement.This leader will 16 the target area, set clear goals and establish a time frame for the 17 of these goals. This growth leader is also 18 for keeping the team focus on moving forward and steer them clear of distractions. 19 attractive, new ideas can be distracting, the team leader must recognize when these ideas don’t 20 the current goal and need to be put on the back burner.1.A. purchase B. profit C. connection D. bet2.A. define B. predict C. prioritize D. appreciate3.A. exclusively B. temporarily C. potentially D. initially4.A. experiment B. proposal C. debate D. example5.A. identical B. marginal C. provisional D. traditional6.A. rumor B. secret C. myth D. problem7.A. despite B. unlike C. through D. besides8.A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. again9.A. inspected B. created C. expanded D. reformed10.A.cultural B. objective C. fresh D. personal11.A. end B. burden C. lack D. decrease12.A. policy B. suggestion C. purpose D. insight13.A. contributing B. allocating C. promoting D. transferring14.A. As a result B. At any rate C. By the way D. In a sense15.A. unite B. finance C. follow D. choose16.A. share B. identify C. divide D. broaden17.A. announcement B. assessment C. adjustment D. accomplishment18.A. famous B. responsible C. available D. respectable19.A. Before B. Once C. While D. Unless20.A. serve B. limit C. summarize D. alter【1】B. profit 原文提到“小公司的CEO也挣到了大钱”。
考研英语真题(含答案解析)
考研英语真题(含答案解析)考研英语真题(含答案解析)Introduction:In recent years, the popularity of pursuing a postgraduate degree, particularly the Master's degree, has been on the rise. Among the various subjects, the English language is one of the most sought-after choices. To prepare for the rigorous entrance exam, candidates often turn to previous years' questions and answers for guidance and insights. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of commonly seen English questions in the postgraduate entrance exams.Section 1: Reading Comprehension1. Passage 1: Analyzing the Main IdeaThe main objective of the reading comprehension section is to test candidates' ability to grasp the main idea of a passage. Often, the passages are taken from literature, humanities, or scientific research papers. Candidates should focus on understanding the author's central argument and identifying the supporting details.2. Passage 2: Identifying Vocabulary in ContextTo perform well in this section, candidates need to pay attention to the context of unfamiliar words and phrases. The questions might ask for synonyms, antonyms, or the implications of certain words. Having a rich vocabulary and being able to infer meaning from the text is crucial for success.Section 2: Listening Comprehension1. Dialogues: Understanding ConversationsThe listening comprehension section usually presents dialogues between two or more individuals. Candidates must listen attentively and accurately grasp the speakers' opinions, intentions, and emotions. Identifying key information such as time, location, and purpose is vital to answering related questions.2. Lectures: Grasping Key PointsIn this section, candidates will listen to academic lectures or presentations. They should identify the speaker's main points, supporting details, and examples. It is essential to take effective notes during the listening process for better understanding and quicker reference during the question-answering phase.Section 3: TranslationTranslation examines candidates' ability to render meaning accurately from English to Chinese and vice versa. Candidates should have a solid foundation in both languages to convey the original intention and maintain appropriate grammar and style. Practice and exposure to various sentence structures are key to success in this section.Section 4: Writing1. Essay Writing: Expressing OpinionsCandidates are asked to write essays on a given topic within a limited time. It is crucial to clearly express personal opinions, provide logicalreasoning, and support arguments with relevant examples and evidence. Organizing thoughts and structuring the essay effectively are also essential skills to demonstrate.2. Translation and Rewriting: Adapting ContentFor this section, candidates are required to translate and rewrite a given passage or text. Attention to detail, accuracy, and appropriate adaptations to the target language are vital. Candidates need to pay close attention to grammar, vocabulary, and overall coherence.Conclusion:Mastering the postgraduate English entrance exam requires diligent practice and thorough understanding of the test format. Through analyzing and practising with previous years' questions and answers, candidates can gain confidence and improve their performance. With focused preparation and determination, success in the exam is within reach.。
考研英语真题完整版(含答案)
考研英语真题完整版(含答案)考研英语真题完整版(含答案)IntroductionIn recent years, the number of students taking the postgraduate entrance exam, commonly known as the "gaokao", to pursue further education has continued to rise. The English section of this exam is of particular significance as it assesses the applicants' language proficiency and comprehension skills. This article aims to provide a complete version of the past years' English exam questions, along with their corresponding answers, in order to help students better prepare for the upcoming exam.Section I: Reading Comprehension1. Passage OneQuestions:1) What is the main topic of the passage?2) What does the passage imply about music's role in early childhood development?2. Passage TwoQuestions:1) What does the passage mainly discuss?2) What does the author mean by saying "Birds defy that rule." in paragraph 3?Section II: Vocabulary and Structure1. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. Example:1) It is time that we ______ a solution to the problem.a) findb) will findc) foundd) have foundAnswer: a) findSection III: Cloze1. Choose the word or phrase that best fits the blank. Example:1) It was very kind ______ you to help me with my bags.a) forb) fromc) ofd) withAnswer: c) ofSection IV: TranslationTranslate the following sentences from Chinese to English.Example:1) 他们一起努力，最终实现了自己的目标。
考研英语(一)真题答案及解析(2012年)
2012年考研英语（一）真题答案及解析1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是"_ _法官表现得像政治家"的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain"维持，保持"，其他显然语义不通。
2.【答案】A【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。
所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事，模糊了二者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。
只有B，when表示这个意思。
3.【答案】B【解析】第二段给的具体事例说明，法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正的名声。
只有B，weaken能表示这个意思。
4.【答案】D【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响，人们就会认为其审判不公正，所以选D，be accepted as..."被认为是"。
5.【答案】C【解析】空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在于"法官没有_ _道德规范"。
后一句话说，至少法院应该遵守行为规范，这显然是进一步说明上一句话。
所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束，选C，bound。
6.【答案】B【解析】根据解析5可以看出，这里应该是说遵守行为规范，subject与to 连用，表示"服从某物，受…支配"。
故本题选B。
7.【答案】D【解析】分析句子结构可知，这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。
apply to "适用于"符合题意。
resort to "求助于";stick to "坚持(原则等)"语意不通。
8.【答案】B【解析】空所在的语境为，类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题：法院和政。
2022考研英语一真题及答案解析(完整版)
2022考研英语一真题及答案解析(完整版）一、完形填空1. 题目分析：本题主要考查考生对上下文语境的理解及词汇辨析能力。
文章讲述了人们对于时间的感知及其影响因素。
答案解析：第一空选A，根据下文提到的“我们的时间感知受到注意力的影响”，可知此处应选与“注意力”相关的词汇，故A选项“focus”符合题意。
2. 题目分析：本题要求考生根据上下文逻辑关系选择合适的连词。
答案解析：第二空选B，前后两句为因果关系，故B选项“because”为正确答案。
3. 题目分析：本题考查考生对固定搭配的掌握。
答案解析：第三空选C，"range fromto"为固定搭配，表示“从……到……的范围”，故C选项正确。
二、阅读理解Part APart B分析：本文为议论文，主要讨论了社交媒体对青少年心理健康的影响。
答案解析：第41题选F，根据文章结构可知，F选项“社交媒体对青少年心理健康的影响”为文章主旨。
三、翻译分析：本题要求考生将一段关于中国传统文化与现代科技融合的中文翻译成英文。
四、写作Section A分析：本部分要求考生根据所给图表写一篇短文，图表展示了某高校学生阅读兴趣的变化趋势。
答案解析：The chart illustrates the changes in college students' reading interests over a period of three years. It is evident that there has been a significant shift in their preferences. Initially, fiction was the genre of choice for the majority of students, accounting for 60%. However, over the next two years, the interest in fiction gradually declined to 40%. Conversely, the popularity of nonfiction surged from 30% to 50%, indicating a growing trend among students to engage with more informative and educational content.Section B分析：本部分要求考生根据所给题目和提纲，写一篇论述文。
考研英语（一）完整真题及答案解析
考研英语（一）完整真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" ___1__ helping you feel close and __2___to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a ___3__ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you __4___ getting sick this winter.In a recent study ___5__ over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs ___6__ the participants' susceptibility(敏感性) to developing the common cold after being ___7__ to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come ___8__ with a cold, and the researchers __9___ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging ___10__ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. ___11__ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe __12___."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the ___13__ risk for colds that's usually __14___ with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps __15___ the feeling that others are there to help ___16__difficulty."Some experts ___17__ the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin(后叶催产素), oftencalled"the bonding hormone" __18___ it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it___19__ in the brain, where it __20___ mood, behavior and physiology.1.[A]Besides[B]Unlike[C]Throughout[D]Despite介词辨析。
考研英语一真题及答案解析-完整版
考研英语一真题及答案解析-完整版【考研英语一真题及答案解析-完整版】考研英语一真题及答案解析已成为考研复习的重要内容之一。
对于考生来说，了解历年真题以及解析对于备考至关重要。
本文将为大家提供考研英语一真题及答案解析的完整版，旨在帮助考生更好地复习备考。
一、阅读理解以下是一道考研英语一真题的阅读理解部分，附有答案解析：Passage 1In the late 19th century, the advent of the telephone and transportation of ever-larger quantities of goods led to the elaboration of methods of mass production, with the telephone expanding the market for products of all kinds. But it was also clear at once that the telephone brought with it the disadvantage of the growing number of interruptions in the intimacy (亲密)of family life.As long as only telegrams could be received over the telephone, this disadvantage only concerned business and politicians who could be interrupted at home. But as soon as relatives and friends began to telephone one another, people had to start struggling with new difficulties and new obligations (义务). As many other important inventions in the course of history, the telephone became a burden (负担)for persons of culture who would not easily yield their privacy (隐私权).With the invention of the telephone, ways had to be found to establish rules as to when and by whom telephone calls could be made without interrupting. The telephone, in order to be acceptable, had to bear certain qualities which were also valid for other cultural goods – mainly the quality to bring people toward one another and to integrate (整合)them into the common world.These results could, however, be achieved only by the contribution of a large number of people who followed certain rules of behavior with regard to the telephone. But such rules had to be collectively established, they had to be known and accepted by everyone; it would not have been sufficient if only a few informed persons, acting in a purely academic capacity =by themselves, had found them out and had spread (传播)them – that is, if people had known the rules only in the abstract.As soon as propriety (礼节)became a matter of public interest, the invention of the telephone brought about the establishment of a teachers of telephone behavior – professors who explained the norms (规范)of telephone behavior, who taught people how to accept messages, how to make a call politely and yet firmly (委婉), how to end calls courteously (谦虚地), and how to use a telephone correctly. These professors were also at the service of companies and private persons for individual consultation on the same topics. Thanks to these people the invasion of privacy by telephone could be tempered (缓和), the annoyance (麻烦) of being interrupted by telephone calls could be reduced.11. According to the passage, the advent of the telephone led to ______.A) an almost immediate invasion of privacyB) the formation of new obligationsC) the integration of business and politicsD) the expansion of the market for various products答案解析：D) the expansion of the market for various products.解析：根据文章的第一句“In the late 19th century, the advent of the telephone and transportation of ever-larger quantities of goods led to the elaboration of methods of mass production.”可知，电话的出现推动了商品市场的扩大。
考研英语试题精解及答案
考研英语试题精解及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪个选项是正确的？A. 作者支持全球化。
B. 作者认为全球化对环境有害。
C. 作者认为全球化对经济有益。
D. 作者反对全球化。
答案：C2. 文章中提到的“可持续发展”是指什么？A. 经济增长不牺牲环境。
B. 经济增长以牺牲环境为代价。
C. 只关注经济增长，不考虑其他因素。
D. 只关注环境保护，不考虑经济增长。
答案：A3. 根据文章，以下哪个选项是错误的？A. 发展中国家需要全球化来促进经济增长。
B. 发达国家在全球化中扮演着重要角色。
C. 作者认为全球化是不可逆的趋势。
D. 作者认为全球化是有害的。
答案：D4. 文章中提到的“绿色经济”是什么意思？A. 一种以牺牲环境为代价的经济模式。
B. 一种注重环境保护的经济模式。
C. 一种只关注经济发展的经济模式。
D. 一种不关心经济和环境的经济模式。
答案：B5. 文章中提到的“碳足迹”是指什么？A. 个人或组织对环境的污染程度。
B. 个人或组织对经济的贡献。
C. 个人或组织的社会影响力。
D. 个人或组织的政治影响力。
答案：A二、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面短文，从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
In recent years, the concept of a "smart city" has become increasingly popular. A smart city is one that uses technology to improve the quality of life for its residents. For example, a smart city might use sensors to monitortraffic flow and __6__ congestion.6. A. reduceB. increaseC. avoidD. ignore答案：A7. These sensors can also be used to monitor air quality and__7__ any potential health hazards.7. A. identifyB. createC. ignoreD. exaggerate答案：A8. In addition to improving transportation and environmental conditions, smart cities can also __8__ energy use.8. A. increaseB. decreaseC. stabilizeD. fluctuate答案：B9. By using smart grids and energy-efficient buildings, a smart city can __9__ a significant amount of energy.9. A. consumeB. conserveC. wasteD. transfer答案：B10. The ultimate goal of a smart city is to create a more__10__ and sustainable living environment for its citizens.10. A. comfortableB. expensiveC. inconvenientD. unsustainable答案：A三、翻译（共20分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。
2023年考研英语真题完整下载版加参考答案
全国硕士硕士入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday.Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives.This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option.It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 —instead of instinct.Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research.I like it.Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be.This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance.Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning.we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1.[A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2.[A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3.[A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4.[A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5.[A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6.[A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7.[A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8.[A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9.[A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10.[A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11.[A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12.[A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13.[A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14.[A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15.[A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16.[A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17.[A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18.[A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19.[A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20.[A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,”William Wordsworth said in the 19th century.In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit”carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.But brainresearchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay.Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind”and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners.“But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’”She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says.Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively.At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.“This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,”explains M.J.Ryan, author of the book “This Year I Will...”and Ms.Markova’s business partner.“That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness.Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”This is where developing new habits comes in.21.The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable.22.The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA.tracksB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections24.Ms.Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25.Ryan most probably agree thatA.ideas are born of a relaxing mindB.innovativeness could be taughtC.decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD.curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad.All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore –and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits.More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,”says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist.He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.Yet most ancestry testing only considers asingle lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers.This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects.This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results.In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27.PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29.In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States.Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak.The U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S.economic performance.Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.Yet the research revealed that the U.S.factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S.workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building indu stry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect thatcontinuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t forceit.After all, that’s how education got started.When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education.This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education.A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future.On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31.The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32.It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35.According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ”According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances.The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.`Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and OldWorld audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated.While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs.sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion .“Our main end was to catch fish.”36.The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37.It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38.The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39.The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40.The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed.For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution.Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s.Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology.In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism.Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas.But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology.Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity.An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society.This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entr ance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J.Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world.In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young.In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc.47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training.These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:1)Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions.“White pollution ”is stillgoing on.Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to2)give your opinions briefly and3)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e "Li Ming" instead.You do not need to write the address.Part B52.Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2.(20 points)。