质量控制和安全施工外文翻译讲课讲稿
毕业论文外文翻译-施工质量控制、安全和成本控制
工程管理专业毕业外文翻译（房地产）Quality Control 、Safety During Construction andCost ControlQuality and Safety Concerns in ConstructionQuality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects, re-construction may be required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. In the worse case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occurs on the project.As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original design and planning decisions.While conformance to existing design decisions is the primary focus of quality control, these are exceptions to this rule. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. While these changes may be motivated by the concern for quality, they represent occasions for re-design with all the attendant objectives and constraints. As a second case, some designs rely upon informed and appropriate decision making during the construction process itself. For example, some tunneling methods make decisions about the amount of shoring required at different locations based upon observation of soil conditions during the tunneling process. Since such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions, the facility design may be more cost effective as a result. Any special case of re-design during construction requires the various considerations discussed.With the attention to conformance as the measure of quality during the construction process, the specification of quality requirements in the design and contract documentation becomes extremely important. Quality requirements should be clear and verifiable, so that all parties in the project can understand the requirements for conformance.Safety during the construction project is also influenced in large part by decisions made during the planning and design process. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to implement, whereas other, comparable plans may considerably reduce the possibility of accidents. For example, clear separation oftraffic from construction zones during roadway rehabilitation can greatly reduce the possibility of accidental collisions. Beyond these design decisions, safety largely depends upon education, vigilance and cooperation during the construction process. Workers should be constantly alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid taken unnecessary risks.Total Quality ControlQuality control in construction typically involves insuring compliance with minimum standards of material and workmanship in order to insure the performance of the facility according to the design. These minimum standards are contained in the specifications. For the purpose of insuring compliance, random samples and statistical methods are commonly used as the basis for accepting or rejecting work completed and batches of materials. Rejection of a batch is based on non-conformance or violation of the relevant design specifications.An implicit assumption in these traditional quality control practices is the notion of an acceptable quality level which is a allowable fraction of defective items. Materials obtained from suppliers or work performed by an organization is inspected and passed as acceptable if the estimated defective percentage is within the acceptable quality level. Problems with materials or goods are corrected after delivery of the product.In contrast to this traditional approach of quality control is the goal of total quality control. In this system, no defective items are allowed anywhere in the construction process. While the zero defects goal can never be permanently obtained, it provides a goal so that an organization is never satisfied with its quality control program even if defects are reduced by substantial amounts year after year. This concept and approach to quality control was first developed in manufacturing firms in Japan and Europe , but has since spread to many construction companies.Total quality control is a commitment to quality expressed in all parts of an organization and typically involves many elements. Design reviews to insure safe and effective construction procedures are a major element. Other elements include extensive training for personnel, shifting the responsibility for detecting defects from quality control inspectors to workers, and continually maintaining equipment. Workers involvement in improved quality control is often formalized in quality circles in which groups of workers meet regularly to make suggestions for quality improvement. Material suppliers are also required to insure zero defects in delivered goods. Initially, all materials from a supplier are inspected and batches of goods with any defective items are returned. Suppliers with good records can be certified and not subject to complete inspection subsequently.The traditional microeconomic view of quality control is that there is an “optimum” proportion o f defective items. Trying to achieve greater quality than this optimum would substantially increase costs of inspection and reduce worker productivity. However, many companies have found that commitment to total quality control has substantial economic benefits that had been unappreciated in traditional approaches. Expenses associated with inventory, rework, scrap and warranties were reduced. Worker enthusiasm and commitment improved. Customers often appreciatedhigher quality work and would pay a premium for good quality. As a result, improved quality control became a competitive advantages.Of course, total quality control is difficult to apply, particular in construction. The unique nature of each facility, the variability in the workforce, the multitude of subcontractors and the cost of marking necessary investments in education and procedures make programs of total quality control in construction difficult. Nevertheless, a commitment to improved quality even without endorsing the goal of zero defects can pay real dividends to organizations.SafetyConstruction is a relatively hazardous undertaking. These are significantly more injuries and lost workdays due to injuries or illnesses in construction than in virtually any other industry. These work related injuries and illnesses are exceedingly costly. The Construction Industry Cost Effectiveness Project estimated that accidents cost $8.9 billion or nearly seven percent of the $ 137 billion (in 1979 dollars) spent annually for industrial, utility and commercial construction in the United States. Included in this total are direct costs (medical costs, premiums for workers’ compensation benefits, liability and property losses) as well as indirect costs (reduced worker productivity, delays in projects, administrative time, and damage to equipment and the facility). In contrast to most industrial accidents, innocent bystanders may also be injured by construction have resulted in fatalities to passerby’s. Prudent project managers and owners would like to reduce accidents, injuries and illnesses as much as possible.As with all the other costs of construction, it is a mistake for owners to ignore a significant category of costs such as injury and illness. While contractors may pay insurance premiums directly, these costs are reflected in bid prices or contract amounts. Delays caused by injuries and illnesses can present significant opportunity costs to owners. In the long run, the owners of constructed facilities must pay all the costs of construction. For the case of injuries and illnesses, this general principle might be slightly qualified since significant costs are borne by workers themselves or society at large. However, court judgments and insurance payments compensate for individual losses and ultimately borne by the owners.Various measures are available to improve jobsite safety in construction. Several of the most important occur before construction is undertaken. These include design, choice of technology and education. By altering facility designs, particular structures can be safer or more hazardous to construct. For example, parapets can be designed to appropriate heights for construction worker safety, rather than the minimum height required by building codes.Choice of technology can also be critical in determining the safety of a jobsite. Safeguards built into machinery can notify operators of problems or prevent injuries. For example, simple switches can prevent equipment from being operating when protective shields are not in place. With the availability of on-board electronics (including computer chips) and sensors, the possibilities for sophisticated machine controllers and monitors has greatly expanded for construction equipment and tools. Material and work process choices also influence the safety of construction. Forexample, substitution of alternative material for asbestos can reduce or eliminate the prospects of long term illnesses such as asbestosis.Educating workers and managers in proper procedures and hazards can have a direct impact on jobsite safety. The realization of the large costs involved in construction injuries and illnesses provides a considerable motivation for awareness and education. Regular safety inspections and safety meetings have become standard practices on most job sites.Pre-qualification of contractors and sub-contractors with regard to safety is another important avenue for safety improvement. If contractors are only invited to bid or enter negotiations if they have an acceptable record of safety (as well as quality performance), then a direct incentive is provided to insure adequate safety on the part of contractors.During the construction process itself, the most important safety related measures are to insure vigilance and cooperation on the part of managers, inspectors and workers. Vigilance involves considering the risks of different working practices. In also involves maintaining temporary physical safeguards such as barricaders, braces, guiltiness, railings, toe boards and the like. Sets of standard practices are also important, such as:• requiring hard hats on site.• requiring eye protection on site.• requiring hearing protection near loud equipment.• insuring safety shoes for workers.• providing first-aid supplies and trained personnel on site.While eliminating accidents and work related illnesses is a worthwhile goal, it will never be attained. Construction has a number of characteristics making it inherently hazardous. Large forces are involved in many operations. The jobsite is continually changing as construction proceeds. Workers do not have fixed worksites and must move around a structure under construction. The tenure of a worker on a site is short, so the worker’s familiarity and the employer-employees relationship are less settled than in manufacturing settings. Despite these peculiarities and as a result of exactly these special problems, improving worksite safety is a very important project management concern.A cost control procedure for construction worksIntroductionThe construction industry, unlike many manufacturing situations, is concerned mostly with one-off projects. This naturally creates difficulties for effective management control, because each new contract is often characterized by the following features:• A fresh management team• Labor is transient and recruited on an ad hoc basis•Sites are dispersed through the county, which tends to cause problems in effective communications with other parts of the company•Subcontractors and ‘lump’ labor are common• Added to all this are the ever-changing weather conditionsNevertheless, irrespective of the scale of operation from small sub-contractor to the multifaceted project, production costs need to be monitored and controlled if the anticipated level of profit is to be received.FundamentalsTo control costs is an obvious objective of most managers, but it should be reconciled that no amount of paperwork achieves this control. Ultimately the decision of the manager that something should be done differently, and the translation of that decision into practice, are the actions that achieve control. The paperwork can provide guidance on what control actions should be taken and, while we shall continue to call it ‘the cost control system’. It should more properly be called ‘the cost information system’.The elements of any control system are:• Observation• Comparison of observation with some desired standard• Corrective action to take if necessaryThe domestic thermostat is a good example of a controller. This instrument measures temperature, compares it with the desired range, and then switches the temperature heating system ‘on’or ‘off’depending on how the current temperature compares with the desired range.A cost control system should enable a manager to observe current cost levels, compare them with a standard plan or norm, and institute corrective action to keep cost within acceptable bounds. The system should help to identify where corrective action is necessary and provide pointers as to what that action should be.Unlike the humble thermostat, most cost control systems have an inordinately long response time. Even the best current system provides information on what was happening last week or last month. As the work is typically part of a one-off project it is quite likely that the information is only partly relevant to the work going on now. So the scope for corrective action is limited. For example, the system might indicate on 1 May that the from-work operation in March cost too much. If from-work operations are still continuing the manager will give this work particular attention, but if form-work is complete nothing can be done to correct the situation.In the conventional systems described below two fundamental points are important. First, all costs must be allocated, even if this is on a very ‘coarse grained’coding arrangement. If only the major items are monitored you can be sure that the wasted time will be booked against the items which are not being monitored. Thus the manager will be deluded by the reports on the ‘important items’into thinking the whole site is satisfactory; in fact it might be incurring disastrous hidden losses. Second, there must always be a standard against which to compare recorded costs. In simple projects this might be the bill of quantities; generally, however, a properly prepared and appropriately updated contract budget forms a better basis.Systems in Current UseThe following systems and variants of them are in use in the construction industry. The selection of a system depends in part on the size and complexity of the contract, but more on the attitude and level of sophistication of top management.By overall profit or lossThe contractor waits until the contract is complete and then compares the sums of money that have been paid with the monies incurred in purchasing materials, payments for labor, subcontractors, plant and overheads. The figures are normally extracted from the financial accounts compulsorily kept by all companies. Such a system is useful only on minor contracts of short duration involving a small workforce and little construction equipment. It sacredly qualified as a control system as the information it produces can only be used to avoid the recurrence of gross errors in later contracts.Profit or loss on each contract at valuation datesThe total costs to date are compared with valuations gross of retentions. Care has to be taken to include the cost of materials delivered but not yet invoiced and to exclude materials on site not yet built into the permanent work. If the certificate is not a time reflection of the value of work done, a further adjustment is necessary. This system suffers from the disadvantage that there is no breakdown of the profit figure between types of work; it therefore provides guidance only which contract requires management attention. It is not suitable for contracts, which involve significant set-up costs, which are distributed over the unit rates.Unit costingIn this system costs of various tapes of work, such as mixing and placing concrete, are recorded separately. The costs, both cumulatively and on a period basis, are divided by the quantity of work of each type that has been done. This provides unit costs, which can be compared with those in the tender. Considerable care must be taken to ensure that all costs are accounted for, as indicated above under ‘Fundamentals’. Any miscellaneous costs must be recorded and allowed for in some way, e.g. by proportional distribution over the defined work-types. It is usually best to record site costs only and to compare with bill rates net of contribution for profit and head office overheads.Systems based on the principles of standard costingStandard costing has been used successfully in manufacturing industries, particularly in companies producing a limited range of products or at least a limited range of basic components. Standard minute values are associated with the production of each component and assembly and converted to money values by reference to the hourly rates of the appropriate grades of operatives. Variances are calculated, basically by comparing the value of the output with the cost of producing it. A variance is the amount by which the achieved profit differs from the budgeted profit. With appropriate records it is possible to analyze the total variance into sub-variances, e.g.: • Material price• Material usage• Labor rate• Labor efficiency• Fixed and variable overhead expenditure• V olume of production• SalesStandard costing is seldom directly applicable in construction owing to the variety of the product. This makes the use of standard minute values difficult if not impossible. However, as an alternative, the value of work done can be assessed in relation to the contract budget, which, in turn must reflect the amount that the contractor can expect to be paid.One of the important features is the calculation of a sales variance. This encourages the company to define sales (marketing, public relations, negotiations, estimating and bid strategy) as the responsibility of one department. An adverse variance indicates immediately that the level of acquiring new contracts is inadequate.Altogether, quite substantial departures from the manufacturing system are necessary and this accounts for the fact that standard costing is not in common use in construction. However, the system is basically very sound and provides comprehensive control of the company from boardroom down to workforce.PERT/costThis system requires each contract to be networked with PERT (performance evaluation and review technique). The values of work packages, which in essence are groups of activities, are assessed in advance. The time update of the network provides the value of work done as a ‘by-product’ of the calculation. The value can be divided by cost code, provided that the work package information is similarly divided. Thus, when incurred costs are recorded against the same codes, variances can be calculated for management information.施工质量控制、安全和成本控制施工中的质量和安全问题对项目经理来说，质量控制和安全越来越成为受关注的重要问题。
建筑施工质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
建筑施工质量控制中英文对照外文翻译文
献
摘要：
本文研究了建筑施工质量控制的相关文献，提供了中英文对照的外文翻译文献。
旨在帮助读者了解国内外建筑施工质量控制的最新发展和经验，以提升我国建筑施工质量管理水平。
引言：
建筑施工质量是确保建筑物安全、稳定和可持续使用的重要因素。
因此，建筑施工质量控制是建筑项目管理中不可忽视的一环。
本文通过搜集和翻译了有关建筑施工质量控制的外文文献，旨在为我国建筑业的质量管理提供借鉴和参考。
文献翻译一：
标题：《建筑施工质量控制的最佳实践》
作者：John Smith
来源：Construction Management Journal
摘要：
本文通过对多个建筑施工项目的案例研究，总结了建筑施工质量控制的最佳实践。
其中包括建立全面的质量管理体系、制定详细的施工规范、加强监督和检测等方面的措施。
该研究可为其他建筑项目提供有益的经验和教训。
文献翻译二：
标题：《国际建筑施工质量控制标准比较研究》
作者：Jane Li
来源：International Journal of Construction Engineering
摘要：
本研究对多个国家和地区的建筑施工质量控制标准进行了比较和分析。
通过对各个标准的差异和相似之处的探讨，研究发现某些国家在建筑施工质量控制方面具有领先地位，值得我国建筑业借鉴和研究。
结论：
建筑施工质量控制是确保建筑项目质量的关键环节。
通过研究和借鉴国内外的最佳实践和标准，我国建筑业能够不断提高施工质量管理水平，促进行业的可持续发展。
中英文 施工资料质量控制quality
质量控制CHAPTER EIGHT QUALITY REQUIREMENTS1.钢结构安装严格按照图纸及钢结构施工规范进行施工，板材安装按照SABC公司通过的材料、图纸和安装要求进行施工。
The erection of steel structure will be strictly based on the project drawings & regulations, panel installation to the SABC Co, Materials, graphics and erection standard .2.在施工中不得随意修改、变更设计图纸，如需变更需经各方同意方可实行。
During construction ,no amendment of drawings at will .Only after approval may amendment carry out .3.钢结构安装验收按轻钢结构有关规定执行，板材验收标准及规范按SABC公司提供。
The approval of structural steel erection will be carried out according to concerned regulations . The panel approval standard and range are to be provided by SABC.4.在安装过程中，应接受现场监理人员的技术指导和质量监管。
During the erection course, we will accept the guardian’s direction and supervision .5.预埋螺栓质量标准按GB50205－95实施验收。
Embedded bolt quality standard is in compliance with GB50205-95.6.公司采用三级质量保证体系，对产品进行监督检查，即班组自检、项目部评定、公司质检部门施工阶段验收。
质量控制和保证中英版(DOC 67页)
质量控制和保证中英版(DOC 67页)I. INTRODUCTION介绍The quality of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is defined as meeting the appropriate specifications for the API and being produced in a facility compliant with ICH guidelines ‘‘Q7A’’ and FDA’s current good manufacturing practices (cGMPs) regulations. Most countries regulate the manufacture of APIs. These regulations require a total systems approach to assuring an API has the appropriate level of quality. All components in this system must be properly designed, validated, maintained, and operated to allow the manufacturer to assure the API consistently meets quality requirements. The general components of the system are the process, facilities, and the people. This chapter concerns these components, as well as the product quality itself, the regulations, and the quality management (QM) department.活性药物成分（APIs）的质量应被定义为符合相应的API规范，并且正在建设中的设施应符合ICH指南'Q7A'和FDA现行的动态药品生产管理规范（cGMP）的规定。
建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献
建筑施工质量控制外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：建筑施工过程中质量管理的动机分析和控制方法的研究摘要在建筑施工过程中实施质量管理可以有效地防止在后续建筑产品使用过程中安全事故的发生。
与此同时可以减少建设供应链的总成本，这也有利于增强建筑施工企业的品牌知名度和声誉。
在建筑施工过程中结合质量管理过程和当前建筑施工阶段的主要质量问题，分析了建设过程中的管理动机，将供应链管理与目标管理理念和方法应用到质量管理中，最后提出了具体的质量控制措施。
这些都是为了在建筑施工过程中提高建筑产品的总体质量。
关键字——建筑施工、质量管理、质量动机、控制1.引言调查显示建筑施工企业主要采用现场控制的质量管理模式是预先控制。
大多企业常常使得建筑施工过程中与建设管理中的质量管理相同，他们通常忽略了施工准备阶段质量问题的预防，如供应商的选择、道路的规划和临时设施，这些因素在建筑施工过程中的质量管理上起着至关重要的作用。
建设质量事故频繁发生，引起了许多领域的高度关注，如各级政府部门、施工企业和业主，特别是重庆綦江虹桥的坍塌、五龙的滑坡和洪湖湿地路基施工中的一系列质量安全事故，人们开始对施工质量问题做全方位的思考。
通过研究李秀峰总结归纳了造成工程的质量问题并引入项目质量控制分析方法，Low Sui Pheng 和Jasmine Ann Teo[2] 建立了施工中的质量管理框架来通过经验分析实现项目的质量控制，SangHyun Lee and others[3] 利用系统质量动态结构和变更管理模型的编程方法和控制方法，最终实现了大规模的并行设计和施工项目的管理和控制。
方唐分析了建设项目质量管理的整个过程和控制方法，她认为应该实现对影响建设单位质量的人、材料、机械、方法和环境的完全控制；吴天翔研究出管理因素是影响建设项目质量控制的重要因素，强调了施工过程中需要严格控制的各个方面和整体实现加强管理的需要。
为了解决建设施工过程中的建设质量问题，韩伟建立了一个建筑项目的分析和处理程序。
建筑施工过程中的安全管理与控制(英文中文双语版优质文档)
建筑施工过程中的安全管理与控制（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the acceleration of urbanization, the scale and number of construction projects are increasing. However, in the process of building construction, safety accidents occur frequently, which poses a serious threat to people's life and property safety. Therefore, strengthening the safety management and control in the construction process has become an important measure to ensure construction safety and project quality.1. Safety management in the process of building construction1. Establish a safety responsibility systemDuring the building construction process, each participant should clarify their respective safety responsibilities and establish a safety responsibility system. All participants must implement the safety management system and safety specification requirements, and earnestly perform their safety responsibilities.2. Strengthen safety publicity and educationCarry out safety publicity and education for different construction links to improve workers' safety awareness and knowledge. Modern information technology means, such as APP, WeChat, etc., can be used to transmit safety information and technical guidance conveniently and quickly.3. Establish a security inspection mechanismestablish a safety inspection mechanism, formulate detailed safety inspection standards and procedures, conduct regular inspections on site safety, and discover and deal with hidden dangers in a timely manner. At the same time, it is necessary to establish an accident reporting and statistics system, record and analyze the causes of accidents in a timely manner, and provide a basis for improving safety management.4. Strengthen on-site managementThe construction site must establish a management system, standardize the construction process, clarify the responsibility and authority of the operation, strictly implement various safety regulations and standards, and ensure that workers can carry out construction operations in a safe environment.5. Establish an emergency planestablish an emergency plan, specify the emergency treatment process and responsible persons, handle accidents in a timely manner, and ensure construction safety.2. Safety control during construction1. Safety control technologySafety control technology refers to the use of various technical means and measures in the construction process to ensure the safety of workers and the quality of construction. For example, use safety protection facilities, fix and protect high-altitude operations, maintain and overhaul large machinery and equipment, and strictly control on-site fire sources.2. Security control managementSafety control management refers to the use of various management means and measures during the construction process to strengthen the safety supervision and management of the construction site. For example, formulate safety production plans and safety control plans, formulate standardized operating procedures, establish a safety inspection system, implement safety training and education, formulate a list of safety responsibilities, and strictly implement safety assessment and reward and punishment systems.3. Safety control standardsSafety control standards refer to the formulation of various safety norms and standards during the construction process, standardizing the construction process and safe operation methods. For example, formulate high-altitude operation standards, electrical operation standards, lifting operation standards, etc., and strictly implement various safety regulations and standards to ensure that workers can carry out construction operations in a safe environment.4. Safety control monitoringSafety control and monitoring refers to the use of various monitoring methods and measures during the construction process to monitor the safety situation of the construction site in a timely manner, and to discover and deal with potential safety hazards. For example, use video surveillance equipment to monitor the construction site in real time, conduct safety inspections on the construction site, and discover and deal with hidden dangers in a timely manner.5. Security Control AssessmentSafety control evaluation refers to the evaluation of the safety management and safety control of the construction site, to discover and solve the existing safety problems. For example, use professional institutions to conduct safety assessments on construction sites, discover and deal with existing safety hazards in a timely manner, and improve the safety level of construction sites.In short, the safety management and control in the construction process requires the joint efforts of all participants to establish a complete safety responsibility system, strengthen safety publicity and education, establish a safety inspection mechanism, strengthen on-site management, establish emergency plans, and adopt various safety controls. Technical and management means, formulate safety norms and standards, adopt various monitoring means and measures, conduct safety assessments, and ensure the safety of the construction process and project quality. Only by doing a good job in safety management and control can we guarantee the safety of people's lives and properties and promote the healthy development of urbanization.随着城市化进程的加速，建筑施工工程的规模和数量不断增加。
质量控制(英文)
质量控制(英文)Title: Quality ControlIntroduction:Quality control is a crucial process in ensuring the consistency and reliability of products or services. It involves monitoring and evaluating the characteristics of a product or service to ensure that it meets the required standards. In this article, we will discuss the importance of quality control and the methods used to achieve it.1. Importance of Quality Control1.1 Ensuring customer satisfaction: Quality control helps in meeting customer expectations and ensuring their satisfaction with the product or service.1.2 Minimizing defects: By implementing quality control measures, companies can reduce the number of defects in their products, leading to cost savings and improved efficiency.1.3 Enhancing reputation: Consistently delivering high-quality products or services can help in building a strong reputation for the company and attracting more customers.2. Methods of Quality Control2.1 Statistical process control: This method involves using statistical tools to monitor and control the production process, ensuring that it remains within specified limits.2.2 Inspection: Inspection involves examining products or services at various stages of production to identify any defects or deviations from the required standards.2.3 Quality management systems: Implementing quality management systems such as ISO 9001 can help in establishing processes and procedures to ensure consistent quality in products or services.3. Benefits of Quality Control3.1 Cost savings: By reducing defects and improving efficiency, quality control can help in saving costs associated with rework, warranty claims, and customer complaints.3.2 Increased customer loyalty: Consistently delivering high-quality products or services can help in building customer trust and loyalty, leading to repeat business and referrals.3.3 Competitive advantage: Companies that prioritize quality control can gain a competitive edge in the market by differentiating themselves from competitors and attracting more customers.4. Challenges in Quality Control4.1 Lack of resources: Implementing quality control measures can be costly, especially for small businesses with limited resources.4.2 Resistance to change: Employees may resist changes in processes or procedures required for quality control, leading to implementation challenges.4.3 Global supply chain: Ensuring quality control in a global supply chain can be challenging due to differences in regulations, standards, and cultural practices.5. Continuous Improvement in Quality Control5.1 Feedback mechanisms: Collecting feedback from customers, employees, and suppliers can help in identifying areas for improvement in quality control processes.5.2 Training and development: Providing training to employees on quality control techniques and tools can help in enhancing their skills and knowledge.5.3 Benchmarking: Comparing the company's quality control processes with industry best practices can help in identifying areas for improvement and implementing changes to achieve higher quality standards.In conclusion, quality control plays a vital role in ensuring the consistency and reliability of products or services. By implementing effective quality control measures, companies can enhance customer satisfaction, minimize defects, and gain a competitiveadvantage in the market. Continuous improvement in quality control processes is essential to meet changing customer demands and stay ahead of the competition.。
建设过程中的质量控制和安全-外文资料翻译
2 品质和安全的组织设计
在建设过程中有各种各样的可行的办法来保证质量和安全。一个通用的模式就是在同一个组织下有一个小组负责质量保证，另一个小组负责安全。在一些大的组织中，专门负责质量保证和安全的部门可以派人去承担这个责任保证特殊工程的实施。对于比较小的工程来说，项目经理或助理可以承担这些和其它的一些责任。这两种情况一样，项目经理不仅在总体上关心人员、花销、工日和其它的管理事务外，还得关心安全和质量。
5 统计方法的质量控制
一个理想的质量控制程序可以测试一个特殊设施的所有的材料和工作。例如，无损探伤技术比如说X光检查焊缝质量可以在一项设施的任何地方使用。一个现场检查员总是可以证实那些适当的和充分的建造方法。更好的，个体木工可以持续对材料和他们的工作进行检查。所有的材料和工作都由检查员进行彻底的或者100％的检查是极度花钱的。在很多情况下，测试需要破坏样品，所以彻底检查也是不可能的。所以，小样本就作为接受或摒弃一项特殊工作或一批货物的基础。统计学的方法经常用来解释关于测试小部分样本就可以接受全部的组分或一批材料或劳动产品的结论。
3 工作和材料规范书
分部分项工程质量是设计的一个重要特征。质量和构件的规范是描述一个设施的必须的部分。特别是这个文件包含设计的特别规定和在建筑期间应该查阅的公共规范。
通常的质量规范在很多领域内都是可以应用的，并且在美国材料试验协会（ASTM）、美国国家标准协会(ANSI)或者施工技术要求学会（CSI）上公开发表。特殊的规范是供特殊的形式的建设活动需要的，比如焊接标准是由美国焊接学会发布的，或者说为了特殊的施工类型；高速公路桥梁标准是由美国国家速公路和运输机关联合结构发布的。这些通用的规定必须作更改以和当地的条件、政策、可用的材料、当地的规范和其他的特殊
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质量控制和安全施工外文翻译本文献来源于：[1] 董祥. 土木工程英语. 2010（9）：145-151质量控制和安全施工1在施工中存在的质量和安全问题质量控制和安全问题对项目经理来说变得越来越重要。
施工过程中的设备缺陷或故障可能会导致非常大的成本。
即使有轻微缺陷, 也可能需要重新建设使设施运营受损。
导致成本的增加和延误结果。
在最坏的情况下，故障可能导致人身伤害甚至死亡。
在施工过程中的事故可能导致人身伤害和巨大的花费。
保险，检验和监管的间接成本迅速增加，会导致直接成本的增加。
好的项目经理应尽量确保在第一时间完成任务，并且在工程中没有重大事故发生。
随着成本的控制，关于已完成设施的质量的最重要的决策是在设计和规划阶段，而不是在施工阶段。
正是在该组件的配置，材料规格和功能性能这些初步阶段而决定的。
施工过程中的质量控制主要是确保其是否符合原先的设计和规划决策。
虽然符合现有的设计决策是质量控制的首要重点，但也有例外的情况。
第一，不可预见的情况下，错误的设计决策或希望通过在设备功能的所有者权益变动，可能在施工过程中要求对设计决策进行重新评估。
虽然这些变化可能是出于关心质量，但他们意味着随之而来的所有目标和限制因素都要进行重新设计。
至于第二种情况，一些明智且适当的设计决策就是取决于施工过程本身，例如，一些隧道要求在不同的位置作出一定数量支护的方法，就是根据土壤条件，观察在隧道里面的过程而做出的决策。
由于这样的决定是基于有关工地的实际情况，因此该设施的设计可能会更符合成本效益的结果。
任何特殊的情况下，重新设计的施工过程中都需要考虑各种因素。
在施工过程中以讲究一致性作为质量的衡量标准，质量要求的设计和合同文件中的说明将变得极为重要。
质量要求应该是明确的、可验证的，能使项目中的各方都能够理解的一致性要求。
本章的大部分讨论均涉及到发展和建设的不同质量要求，以及确保符合性的相关问题。
建设项目中的安全性也在很大程度上影响到规划设计过程中的决策。
一些设计或施工计划本身就是又危险又很难实现的，而其他类似的计划，则可以大大降低事故发生的可能性。
例如，从施工区域内修复巷道使得交通分道行驶可以大大降低意外碰撞的可能性。
除了这些设计决策，在施工过程中安全在很大程度上取决于教育，提高警惕，合作。
工人应对可能发生意外保持时刻警惕，避免不必要的风险。
2组织的质量和安全在施工过程中，各种不同的组织均可对质量和安全进行控制。
一个常见的模式是由一个组负责质量保证而另一个组则主要负责集团内的安全组织。
在大型的组织中，各部门致力于确保质量和安全，可能会指定专人来承担这些具体项目的责任。
对于较小的项目，项目经理或助理可能会承担相应责任。
在任一情况下，确保安全和质量建设是项目经理在除人事、成本、时间和其他管理问题以外必须重点关注并全面负责的。
检查人员和质量保证人员将代表各种不同的组织共同参与一个项目。
跟项目直接相关的各方都可能有自己的质量和安全检查，包括业主，工程师/设计师，和各种构造公司。
这些检查员可以从专业的质量保证机构组织选择担任。
除了现场检查，材料样品通常会由专门的实验室测试，以确保其权威性。
为了保证符合监管要求，相关部门也将参与其中。
常见的例子是当地政府建设部门的督察，环境机构，和职业健康与安全机构。
美国职业安全与健康管理局（OSHA）与获批准的国家检验机构合作，定期对工作场所进行实地考察。
OSHA的检查人员必须依法对所有违背标准的行为进行采证。
以保障安全标准规定的各种机械措施和程序; 例如，梯子的安全有超过140个法规。
在极端不符合标准上面法规的情况下，安全检查员可以停止在一个项目的工作。
然而，只有一小部分的建筑工地是由OSHA督察巡视的，大多数施工现场的事故并非由违反现有标准造成的。
因此，安全问题在很大程度上应由现场管理人员而非公共督察负责。
而施工过程中的众多参与者都需要检查人员的服务，也不能过于强调检查人员只检查质量控制的过程。
好的质量控制应该是一个项目团队所有成员的首要目标。
管理者应承担维护和提高质量控制的责任。
员工参与质量控制包括引入了新的思路都应该被奖励。
最重要的是，质量改进可以作为提高生产率的催化剂。
良好的质量控制可以通过提出新的工作方法，避免返工，并避免长期的问题，达到自给自足。
业主应促进良好的质量控制，并寻求能保持这样的水准的承包商。
除了参与质量控制的各种组织机构，质量控制问题在几乎所有的建筑活动功能区均出现过。
例如，确保准确和有用的信息是保持质量性能的重要组成部分。
质量控制的其他方面包括文件控制（包括在施工过程中的变更），采购，现场检查和测试，以及设施的竣工验收。
3工作和材料规范工作质量的规格是设备设计的一个重要特性。
要求的质量和部件的规格代表了必要的文件来描述一个设备的一部分。
通常情况下，这个文件包含了施工期间使用的设备设计文件和公认的规范的任何特殊规定，作为参考。
工作质量一般规格在许多领域都是在如美国材料与试验协会（ASTM），美国国家标准协会（ANSI），或施工规范协会（CSI）等组织的刊物上发表。
不同规格的形式为特定类型的建设活动，如由美国焊接协会颁发的焊接标准，或特定设施的类型，如由美国协会的国家公路和运输官员颁发的公路桥梁的标准规范。
这些一般规格必须进行修改，以反映当地的条件，政策，提供的材料，地方性法规及其他特殊情况。
施工规范通常由一系列的具体操作指令或禁令组成。
例如，下面的文章说明了一个典型的对在这种情况下的挖掘结构的规范：符合标高和尺寸正负0.10英尺的容差范围内的计划显示，从地基和基础延伸足够的距离，允许放置及拆除混凝土模板，安装服务，其他建筑，并进行检查。
在挖掘挖掘地基和基础时，当心别影响基坑开挖。
用手挖掘并最终分级来填置钢筋混凝土。
调整（挖掘的）最底层到需要的路线和坡度，留下坚实的基础去填充坚实（的混凝土）。
这一组规范要求应用判断，是由于有些项目不能精确地指定。
例如，开挖必须延长“足够”的距离，以便进行检查和其他活动。
显然，“足够”这个词，在这种情况下，可能会受到不同的解释。
相反，一个规范，公差内加或减十分之一英尺则是直接测量。
然而，由于网站的设施或特征的具体要求，可能会使得十分之一英尺的标准公差变得不合适。
书写规范通常需要在假设有关各方在诸如“充足”与预指定所有操作的努力和可能的解释不准确的话双方的部分合理的行为之间的权衡。
近年来，性能规格已经被开发运用于许多施工作业。
这些规范是指所要求的性能的成品设施或质量，而不是指定所需的施工过程中的规范。
而如何从其中获得此性能的具体方法则是留给建筑承包商的。
例如，传统规格为沥青路面中指定的沥青材料，沥青组合物的摊铺温度，压实过程。
相反，一个性能规格沥青所需的详细性能是关于路面的抗渗性及强度等。
如何达到所期望的性能水平则要依靠铺路承包商。
质量控制（Ⅰ）1全面的质量控制在施工质量控制一般包括投保符合材料和工艺上最低准则，以便根据设计，以确保设备的性能。
这些最低标准都包含在上一节中描述的规范。
对于符合保险的目的，随机抽样和统计方法通常用于为基础，接受或拒绝工作完成，材料批次。
一批拒绝是基于不符合或违反有关设计规范。
这种质量控制的实践过程在下面的章节中描述。
在这些传统的质量控制方法的一个隐含的假设是可以接受的质量水平，这是不良品的允许分数的概念。
由一个组织进行供应商或工作组获得的材料进行检查，如果估计有缺陷，但是所占百分比是在可接受的质量水平，让供应商和工作组来判断判断是否通过验收。
如果是材料或货物的问题则是在产品交付后校正。
与此相反，质量控制这种传统的方法是全面质量管理的目标。
在这个系统中，施工过程中的任何地方都不允许有次品。
而完美的目标却是永远无法达到的，它提供了一个目标，让组织永远不会满足于它的质量控制程序，使得缺陷在年复一年的大量减少。
这个概念和质量控制的方法最初是开发制造在日本和欧洲的公司，但已蔓延到许多建筑公司。
最有名的质量改进的正式认证是国际标准化组织ISO 9000标准。
ISO 9000强调良好的文档，质量目标和一系列的周期规划，实施和审查。
全面质量管理是一个对质量的承诺，表现在组织的各个部分，通常涉及许多元素。
设计审查是确保安全和有效的施工程序的一个主要元素。
其他因素包括大量的人员培训，转移检测产品缺陷的质量控制员的责任，并不断维护设备。
在质量圈中的工人小组定期开会，提出质量改进的建议，但工人参与改进质量控制往往是形式化的。
材料供应商也需要确保交付货物的零缺陷。
首先，从供应商的所有材料进行检查，有缺陷的商品被分批次退回。
能证明自己信誉优良的供应商，则可以在之后完成检查。
质量控制的传统微观经济学的观点是有缺陷的项目的“最优”的比例。
努力实现比这更大的最佳的质量会大幅增加检验成本，降低员工的工作效率。
然而，许多公司都发现，致力于全面质量控制可以产生可观的经济效益，这是一个曾经一直不受重视的传统方法。
全面质量控制使得返工，废钢和保证与库存相关费用均减少，并且改善工作人员的积极性和工作决心。
客户往往喜欢更高质量的作品，并会为其高质量支付高价。
其结果是，完善的质量控制成为了一个竞争优势。
当然，全面的质量控制是很难应用的，尤其是在建设中。
各设施的独特性，劳动力的变化性，众多分包商，教育和程序进行必要的成本投资，使项目全面质量控制的实施难度大。
然而，一个组织虽不能保证达到完美的目标但却一直致力于提高质量，那么它可以是一个真正为大家造福的组织。
附外文原文：Quality Control and Safety during Construction1 Quality and Safety Concerns in ConstructionQuality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects，re-construction may be required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. In the worst case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occur on the project.As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original designs and planning decisions.While conformance to existing design decisions is the primary focus of quality control, there are exceptions to this rule. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. While these changes may be motivated by the concern for quality, they represent occasions for re-design with all the attendant objectives and constraints. As a second case, some designs rely upon informed and appropriate decision making during the construction process itself. For example, some tunneling methods make decisions about the amount of shoring required at different locations based upon observation of soil conditions during the tunneling process. Since such decisions are based on better information concerning actual site conditions, the facility design may be more cost effective as a result. Any special case of re-design during construction requires the various considerations.With the attention to conformance as the measure of quality during the construction process, the specification of quality requirements in the design and contract documentation becomes extremely important. Quality requirements should be clear and verifiable, so that all parties in the project can understand the requirements for conformance. Much of the discussion in this chapter relates to the development and the implications of different quality requirements for construction as well as the issues associated with insuring conformance.Safety during the construction project is also influenced in large part by decisions made during the planning and design process. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to implement, whereas other, comparable plans may considerably reduce the possibility of accidents. For example, clear separation of traffic from construction zones during roadway rehabilitation can greatly reduce thepossibility of accidental collisions. Beyond these design decisions, safety largely depends upon education, vigilance and cooperation during the construction process. Workers should be constantly alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid taken unnecessary risks.2 Organizing for Quality and SafetyA variety of different organizations are possible for quality and safety control during construction. One common model is to have a group responsible for quality assurance and another group primarily responsible for safety within an organization. In large organizations, department dedicated to quality assurance and to safety might assign specific individuals to assume responsibility for these functions on particular projects. For smaller projects, the project manager or an assistant might assume these and other responsibilities. In either case, insuring safe and quality construction is a concern of the project manager in overall charge of the project in addition to the concerns of personnel, cost, time and other management issues.Inspectors and quality assurance personnel will be involved in a project to represent a variety of different organizations. Each of the parties directly concerned with the project may have their own quality and safety inspectors, including the owner, the engineer/architect, and the various constructor firms. These inspectors may be contractors from specialized quality assurance organizations. In addition to on-site inspections, samples of materials will commonly be tested by specialized laboratories to insure compliance. Inspectors to insure compliance with regulatory requirements will also be involved. Common examples are inspectors for the local government's building department, for environmental agencies, and for occupational health and safety agencies.The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) routinely conduct site visits of work places in conjunction with approved stateinspection agencies. OSHA inspectors are required by law to issuecitations for all standard violations observed. Safety standardsprescribe a variety of mechanical safeguards and procedures; for example, ladder safety is covered by over 140 regulations. In cases of extremenon-compliance with standards, OSHA inspectors can stop work on a project. However, only a small fraction of construction sites are visited by OSHA inspectors and most construction site accidents are not caused byviolations of existing standards. As a result, safety is largely the responsibility of the managers on site rather than that of public inspectors.While the multitude of participants involved in the construction process require the services of inspectors, it cannot be emphasized too strongly that inspectors are only a formal check on quality control. Quality control should be a primary objective for all the members of a project team. Managers should take responsibility for maintaining and improving quality control. Employee participation in quality control should be sought and rewarded, including the introduction of new ideas. Most important of all, quality improvement can serve as a catalyst for improved productivity. By suggesting new work methods, by avoiding rework, and by avoiding long term problems, good quality control can pay for itself. Owners should promote good quality control and seek outcontractors who maintain such standards.In addition to the various organizational bodies involved in quality control, issues of quality control arise in virtually all the functional areas of construction activities. For example, insuring accurate anduseful information is an important part of maintaining quality performance. Other aspects of quality control include document control (including changes during the construction process), procurement, field inspection and testing, and final checkout of the facility.3 Work and Material SpecificationsSpecifications of work quality are an important feature of facility designs. Specifications of required quality and components represent part of the necessary documentation to describe a facility. Typically, this documentation includes any special provisions of the facility design as well as references to generally accepted specifications to be used during construction.General specifications of work quality are available in numerous fields and are issued in publications of organizations such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), or the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI).Distinct specifications are formalized for particular types of construction activities, such as welding standards issued by the American Welding Society, or for particular facility types, such as the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges issued by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. These general specifications must be modified to reflect local conditions, policies, available materials, local regulations and other special circumstances.Construction specifications normally consist of a series of instructions or prohibitions for specific operations. For example, the following passage illustrates a typical specification, in this case for excavation for structures:Conform to elevations and dimensions shown on plan within a tolerance of plus or minus 0.10 foot, and extending a sufficient distance from footings and foundations to permit placing and removal of concrete formwork, installation of services, other construction, and for inspection. In excavating for footings and foundations, take care not to disturb bottom of excavation. Excavate by hand to final grade just beforeconcrete reinforcement is placed. Trim bottoms to required lines and grades to leave solid base to receive concrete.This set of specifications requires judgment in application since some items are not precisely specified. For example, excavation must extend a "sufficient" distance to permit inspection and other activities. Obviously, the term "sufficient" in this case may be subject to varying interpretations. In contrast, a specification that tolerances are within plus or minus a tenth of a foot is subject to direct measurement. However, specific requirements of the facility or characteristics of the site may make the standard tolerance of a tenth of a foot inappropriate. Writing specifications typically requires a trade-off between assuming reasonable behavior on the part of all the parties concerned in interpreting words such as "sufficient" versus the effort and possible inaccuracy in pre-specifying all operations.In recent years, performance specifications have been developed for many construction operations. Rather than specifying the required construction process, these specifications refer to the required performance or quality of the finished facility. The exact method bywhich this performance is obtained is left to the construction contractor. For example, traditional specifications for asphalt pavement specifiedthe composition of the asphalt material, the asphalt temperature during paving, and compacting procedures. In contrast, a performancespecification for asphalt would detail the desired performance of the pavement with respect to impermeability, strength, etc. How the desired performance level was attained would be up to the paving contractor. In some cases, the payment for asphalt paving might increase with better quality of asphalt beyond some minimum level of performance.Quality Control (Ⅰ)1 Total Quality ControlQuality control in construction typically involves insuring compliance with minimum standards of material and workmanship in order to insure the performance of the facility according to the design. These minimum standards are contained in the specifications described in the previous section. For the purpose of insuring compliance, random samples and statistical methods are commonly used as the basis for accepting or rejecting work completed and batches of materials. Rejection of a batchis based on non-conformance or violation of the relevant design specifications. Procedures for this quality control practice are described in the following sections.An implicit assumption in these traditional quality control practices is the notion of an acceptable quality level which is an allowable fraction of defective items. Materials obtained from suppliers or work performed by an organization is inspected and passed as acceptable if the estimated defective percentage is within the acceptable quality level. Problems with materials or goods are corrected after delivery of the product.In contrast to this traditional approach of quality control is the goal of total quality control. In this system, no defective items are allowed anywhere in the construction process. While the zero defects goal can never be permanently obtained, it provides a goal so that an organization is never satisfied with its quality control program even if defects are reduced by substantial amounts year after year. This concept and approach to quality control was first developed in manufacturing firms in Japan and Europe, but has since spread to many construction companies. The best known formal certification for quality improvement is the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 9000 standard. ISO 9000 emphasizes good documentation, quality goals and a series of cycles of planning, implementation and review.Total quality control is a commitment to quality expressed in all parts of an organizationan17 Civil Engineering Management Ⅲ: Quality Control17.1.1 PassageQuality Control and Safety during Construction1 Quality and Safety Concerns in ConstructionQuality control and safety represent increasingly important concerns for project managers. Defects or failures in constructed facilities can result in very large costs. Even with minor defects，re-construction may be required and facility operations impaired. Increased costs and delays are the result. In the worst case, failures may cause personal injuries or fatalities. Accidents during the construction process can similarly result in personal injuries and large costs. Indirect costs of insurance, inspection and regulation are increasing rapidly due to these increased direct costs. Good project managers try to ensure that the job is done right the first time and that no major accidents occur on the project.As with cost control, the most important decisions regarding the quality of a completed facility are made during the design and planning stages rather than during construction. It is during these preliminary stages that component configurations, material specifications and functional performance are decided. Quality control during construction consists largely of insuring conformance to these original designs and planning decisions.While conformance to existing design decisions is the primary focus of quality control, there are exceptions to this rule. First, unforeseen circumstances, incorrect design decisions or changes desired by an owner in the facility function may require re-evaluation of design decisions during the course of construction. While these changes may be motivated by the concern for quality, they represent occasions for re-design with all the attendant objectives and constraints. As a second case, some designs rely upon informed and appropriate decision making during thed typically involves many elements. Design reviews to insure safe and effective construction procedures are a major element. Other elements include extensive training for personnel, shifting the responsibility for detecting defects from quality control inspectors to workers, and continually maintaining equipment. Worker involvement in improved quality control is often formalized in quality circles in which groups of workers meet regularly to make suggestions for quality improvement. Material suppliers are also required to insure zero defects in delivered goods. Initially, all materials from a supplier are inspected and batches of goods with any defective items are returned. Suppliers with good records can be certified and not subject to complete inspection subsequently.The traditional microeconomic view of quality control is that thereare an "optimum" proportion of defective items. Trying to achieve greater quality than this optimum would substantially increase costs ofinspection and reduce worker productivity. However, many companies have found that commitment to total quality control has substantial economic benefits that had been unappreciated in traditional approaches. Expenses associated with inventory, rework, scrap and warranties were reduced. Worker enthusiasm and commitment improved. Customers often appreciated higher quality work and would pay a premium for good quality. As a result, improved quality control became a competitive advantage.Of course, total quality control is difficult to apply, particular in construction. The unique nature of each facility, the variability in the workforce, the multitude of subcontractors and the cost of making necessary investments in education and procedures make programs of total quality control in construction difficult. Nevertheless, a commitment to improved quality even without endorsing the goal of zero defects can pay real dividends to organizations.。