术语中英文对照

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经济学中常见术语(中英文对照)

经济学中常见术语(中英文对照)

经济学中常见术语(中英文对照)经济术语价格术语trade term (price term)运费freight单价price码头费wharfage总值total value卸货费landing charges 金额amount关税customs duty净价net price印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission港口税portdues回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价wholesale price 目的港portof destination零售价retail price进口许口证inportlicence现货价格spot price出口许口证exportlicence期货价格forward price 现行价格(时价)current price国际市场价格world (International)Marketpr ice离岸价(船上交货价)FOB-free on board成本加运费价(离岸加运费价)C&F-cost and freightpublic sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的initial capital 创办资本frozen capital 冻结资金frozen assets 冻结资产fixed assets 固定资产real estate 不动产,房地产circulating capital, working capital 流动资本available capital 可用资产capital goods 资本货物reserve 准备金,储备金calling up of capital 催缴资本allocation of funds 资金分配contribution of funds 资金捐献working capital fund 周转基金revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金contingency fund 意外开支,准备金reserve fund 准备金buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金sinking fund 偿债基金investment 投资,资产investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给current account 经常帐户(美作:checking account)current-account holder 支票帐户(美作:checking-account holder)cheque 支票(美作:check)bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票crossed cheque 划线支票traveller's cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿,支票本(美作:checkbook) endorsement 背书transfer 转让,转帐,过户money 货币issue 发行ready money 现钱cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠change 零钱banknote, note 钞票,纸币(美作:bill)to pay (in) cash 付现金domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币convertibility 可兑换性convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币exchange rate 汇率,兑换率foreign exchange 外汇floating exchange rate 浮动汇率free exchange rates 自由汇兑市场foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券hard currency 硬通货speculation 投机saving 储装,存款depreciation 减价,贬值devaluation (货币)贬值revaluation 重估价runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩capital flight 资本外逃stock exchange 股票市场stock exchange corporation 证券交易所stock exchange 证券交易所,股票交易所quotation 报价,牌价share 股份,股票shareholder, stockholder 股票持有人,股东dividend 股息,红利cash dividend 现金配股stock investment 股票投资investment trust 投资信托stock-jobber 股票经纪人stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司securities 有价证券share, common stock 普通股preference stock 优先股income gain 股利收入issue 发行股票par value 股面价格, 票面价格bull 买手, 多头bear 卖手, 空头assigned 过户opening price 开盘closing price 收盘hard times 低潮business recession 景气衰退doldrums 景气停滞dull 盘整ease 松弛raising limit 涨停板break 暴跌bond, debenture 债券Wall Street 华尔街short term loan 短期贷款long term loan 长期贷款medium term loan 中期贷款lender 债权人creditor 债权人debtor 债务人,借方borrower 借方,借款人borrowing 借款interest 利息rate of interest 利率discount 贴现,折扣rediscount 再贴现annuity 年金maturity 到期日,偿还日amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付redemption 偿还insurance 保险mortgage 抵押allotment 拨款short term credit 短期信贷consolidated debt 合并债务funded debt 固定债务,长期债务floating debt 流动债务drawing 提款,提存aid 援助allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴output 产出,产量producer 生产者,制造者productive, producing 生产的products, goods 产品consumer goods 消费品article 物品,商品manufactured goods, finished goods 制成品,产成品raw product 初级产品semifinished goods 半成品by-product 副产品foodstuffs 食品raw material 原料supply 供应,补给input 投入productivity 生产率productiveness 赢利性overproduction 生产过剩农业farming林业forestry畜牧业animal husbandry副业sideline production 渔业fishing第一产业primary industry第二产业secondary industry第三产业tertiary industry生产资料means of production生活资料means of livelihood/subsistence 生产关系relations of production生产力productive forces公有制public ownership私有制private ownership全民所有制ownership by the entire/whole people社会主义集体所有制socialist collective ownership厉行节约,反对浪费to practice strict economy and combat waste外资企业foreign-funded enterprise合资企业joint venture 合作企业cooperative enterprise独资企业wholly foreign owned/funded ente。

完整版)英语语法术语中英文对照表

完整版)英语语法术语中英文对照表

完整版)英语语法术语中英文对照表English-XXXGrammar:语法Syntax:句法Morphology:词法Structure:结构Rank:层次Sentence:句子Clause:从句Phrase:词组Part of Speech:词类Word:单词XXX:实词Structural Word:虚词Simple Word:单纯词XXX:派生词Compound:复合词Noun:名词Proper Noun:专有名词Common Noun:普通名词Countable Noun:可数名词Uncountable Noun:不可数名词Abstract Noun:抽象名词Concrete Noun:具体名词Material Noun:物质名词Collective Noun:集体名词Individual Noun:个体名词n:介词n:连词XXX:动词Main XXX:主动词XXX:及物动词Intransitive XXX:不及物动词Link XXX:系动词Auxiliary XXX:助动词Modal XXX:情态动词Regular Verb:规则动词Irregular Verb:不规则动词Phrasal XXX:短语动词XXX:限定动词Infinite XXX:非限定动词Causative Verb:使役动词Verb of Senses:感官动词Event Verb:动态动词XXX:静态动词XXX:感叹词Adjective:形容词Adverb:副词Adverb of Manner:方式副词Adverb of Degree:程度副词Adverb of Time:时间副词Adverb of Place:地点副词Adjunct:修饰性副词Conjunct:连接性副词Interrogative Adverb:疑问副词Relative Adverb:关系副词Pronoun:代词Personal Pronoun:人称代词Possessive Pronoun:物主代词Reflexive Pronoun:反身代词Reciprocal Pronoun:相互代词Demonstrative Pronoun:指示代词Pronouns are words used in place of nouns。

常用计算机术语[中英文对照]

常用计算机术语[中英文对照]

Aaccess control / 访问控制access control entry, ACE / 访问控制项account lockout / 帐户锁定ACE, access control entry / 访问控制项acknowledgment message / 应答消息ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) / 高级配置和电源接口active / 活动active content / 活动内容Active DirectoryActive Directory Users and Computers / Active Directory 用户和计算机active partition / 活动分区active volume / 活动卷ActiveXAddress Resolution Protocol, ARP / 地址解析协议administration queue / 管理队列administrative alerts / 管理警报administrator / 管理员Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, ACPI / 高级配置和电源接口agent / 代理Alerter service / 警报器服务allocation unit size / 分配单元大小American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ASCII / 美国信息交换标准码AppleTalkAppleTalk Transport / AppleTalk 传输ARP, Address Resolution Protocol / 地址解析协议ASCII, American Standard Code for Information Interchange / 美国信息交换标准码Assistive Technology Program / 辅助技术程序asymmetric encryption / 非对称加密asynchronous communication / 异步通讯ATM asynchronous transfer mode / 异步传输模式attributes / 属性audit policy / 审核策略auditing / 审核authentication / 身份验证authoritative restore / 强制性还原authorization / 授权BB—channel / B—信道background program / 后台程序backup media pool / 备份媒体池backup operator / 备份操作员backup set / 备份集backup set catalog / 备份集分类backup types / 备份类型bandwidth / 带宽BAP, Bandwidth Allocation Protocol / 带宽分配协议base priority / 基本优先级basic disk / 基本磁盘basic input/output system, BIOS / 基本输入/输出系统basic volume / 基本卷batch program / 批处理程序baud rate / 波特率binary / 二进制binary digit, bit / 二进制数字,位bindery / 平构数据库BIOS, basic input/output system / 基本输入/输出系统bit, binary digit / 位,二进制数字bits per second, bps / 每秒位数boot / 启动boot files / 启动文件boot partition / 启动分区boot volume / 启动卷bps, bits per second / 每秒位数buffer / 缓冲区built—in groups / 内置组bus / 总线bytes received / 接收的字节数bytes transmitted / 传输的字节数CCA, certification authority / 证书颁发机构callback number / 回叫号码callback security / 回叫安全called subscriber ID (CSID) string / 被叫订户 ID (CSID)字符串CAPI (CryptoAPI)cartridge font / 字体盒字体catalog / 编录CDP, CRL Distribution Point / CRL 分发点certificate / 证书certificate revocation list, CRL / 证书吊销列表certificate store / 证书存储区certificate template / 证书模板certificate trust list, CTL / 证书信任列表certification authority, CA / 证书颁发机构certification hierarchy / 证书等级certification path / 证书路径channel / 信道CHAP, Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol / 质询握手身份验证协议character mode / 字符方式child object / 子对象clear / 清除client / 客户client application / 客户应用程序Client Service for NetWare / NetWare 客户服务ClipBook Server / 剪贴簿服务器Cluster Administrator / 群集管理器Cluster Administrator extension / 群集管理器扩展Cluster service / 群集服务cluster size / 簇大小Cluster.exeCMYK color space / CMYK 颜色空间code page / 代码页codec / 编解码器color gamut / 色阶color management / 颜色管理color profile / 颜色配置文件color space / 颜色空间Command Prom pt window /“命令提示符"窗口common groups / 公用组communication port / 通讯端口communication settings / 通讯设置community name / 社团名Compression Control Protocol, CCP / 压缩控制协议computer account / 计算机帐户Computer Browser service / 计算机浏览器服务computer quota / 计算机配额connect / 连接connected, authenticating user / 已连接,正验证身份的用户connected, user authenticated / 已连接且身份已验证的用户connector application / 连接器应用程序connector queue / 连接器队列console tree / 控制台树container object / 容器对象copy backup / 副本备份CPU Time / CPU 时间CPU Usage / CPU 使用CRC errors / CRC 错误CRL, certificate revocation list / 证书吊销列表CRL Distribution Point, CDP / CRL 分发点CryptoAPI (CAPI)cryptographic service provider, CSP / 加密服务提供程序cryptography / 加密CSID (called subscriber ID) string / CSID(被叫订户 ID)字符串CSP, cryptographic service provider / 加密服务提供程序CTL, certificate trust list / 证书信任列表custom file type / 自定义文件类型DD-channel / D-信道DACL, discretionary access control list / 任意访问控制表daily backup / 每日备份Data Communications Equipment, DCE / 数据通讯设备Data Terminal Equipment, DTE / 数据终端设备data-overrun error / 数据溢出错误DCE, Data Communications Equipment / 数据通讯设备DDE, dynamic data exchange / 动态数据交换dead-letter queue / 死信队列debugger / 调试器default button / 默认按钮default network / 默认网络default printer / 默认打印机default tree and context / 默认树和上下文default user / 默认用户defragmentation / 碎片整理dependency / 从属关系dependent client / 从属客户descendent key / 派生项desktop / 桌面desktop pattern / 桌面方案destination document / 目标文档details pane / 详细信息窗格device / 设备device conflict / 设备冲突device driver / 设备驱动程序device fonts / 设备字体Device Manager / 设备管理器DHCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 动态主机配置协议DHCP option / DHCP 选项dial location / 拨号位置dial—up connection / 拨号连接differential backup / 差异备份digital signature / 数字签名Digital Signature Standard, DSS / 数字签名标准digital video disc, DVD / 数字化视频光盘direct cable connection / 直接电缆连接direct memory access, DMA / 直接内存访问directory partition / 目录分区disable / 禁用discretionary access control list, DACL / 任意访问控制表disk / 磁盘disk configuration information / 磁盘配置信息dismount / 卸除display adapter / 显示适配器DLL, dynamic-link library / 动态链接库DMA, direct memory access / 直接内存访问DNS, Domain Name System / 域名系统DNS server / DNS 服务器docking station / 插接站document / 文档domain / 域domain controller / 域控制器domain name / 域名Domain Name System, DNS / 域名系统domain namespace / 域名空间dots per inch, DPI / 每英寸点数downloadable fonts / 可下载字体drag / 拖动drive / 驱动器drive letter / 驱动器号drop folder / 拖动文件夹DSS, Digital Signature Standard / 数字签名标准DTE, Data Terminal Equipment / 数据终端设备dual boot / 双重启动duplex / 双工DVD, digital video disc / 数字化视频光盘DVD decoder / DVD 解码器DVD drive / DVD 驱动器DWORDdynamic data exchange, DDE / 动态数据交换dynamic disk / 动态磁盘Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, DHCP / 动态主机配置协议dynamic volume / 动态卷dynamic—link library, DLL / 动态链接库EEAP, Extensible Authentication Protocol / 可扩展的身份验证协议EFS, encrypting file system / 加密文件系统embedded object / 内嵌对象emergency repair disk, ERD / 紧急修复磁盘enable / 启用encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file / 封装的 PostScript (EPS) 文件encrypted passwords / 加密的密码encrypting file system, EFS / 加密文件系统encryption / 加密enhanced small device interface, ESDI / 增强型小型设备接口environment variable / 环境变量EPS (encapsulated PostScript) file / EPS(封装的 PostScript)文件ERD, emergency repair disk / 紧急修复磁盘error detection / 错误检测event / 事件Event Log service / 事件日志服务event logging / 事件记录everyone category / everyone 的分类expanded memory / 扩充内存expansion slot / 扩展槽explicit permissions / 直接权限express message / 快递消息extended memory / 扩展内存extended partition / 扩展分区Extensible Authentication Protocol, EAP / 可扩展的身份验证协议external network number / 外部网络号Ffailback / 故障回复failed / 失败failover / 故障转移FAT, file allocation table / 文件分配表FAT32fault tolerance / 容错Fax Service / 传真服务FCB, file control block / 文件控制块Federal Information Processing Standard 140-1, FIPS 140-1 / 联邦信息处理标准 140-1 FEP, (front-end processor) / 前端处理器file allocation table, FAT / 文件分配表file control block, FCB / 文件控制块File Server for Macintosh / Macintosh 文件服务器file system / 文件系统file type / 文件类型filter / 筛选器FIPS 140—1, Federal Information Processing Standard 140-1 / 联邦信息处理标准 140-1font / 字体font cartridge / 字体盒foreground program / 前台程序foreign computer / 外部计算机form / 表单FORTEZZAfragmentation / 碎片frame type / 帧类型free media pool / 可用媒体池free space / 可用空间front-end processor, FEP / 前端处理器full—duplex / 全双工full name / 全名GGateway Service for NetWare / NetWare 网关服务GDI objects / GDI 对象global group / 全局组graphics mode / 图形模式group / 组group account / 组帐户group memberships / 组成员身份group name / 组名Group Policy / 组策略Group Policy object / 组策略对象guest / 来宾guest account / 来宾帐户Hhalf—duplex / 半双工handle count / 句柄数handshaking / 握手Hardware Compatibility List, HCL / 硬件兼容性列表hardware compression / 硬件压缩hardware configuration / 硬件配置hardware decoder / 硬件解码器hardware profile / 硬件配置文件hardware type / 硬件类型hash / 散列hash algorithm / 散列算法Hash-based Message Authentication Mode, HMAC / 基于散列的消息验证模式HCL, Hardware Compatibility List / 硬件兼容性列表hexadecimal / 十六进制histogram / 直方图hive / 配置单元HMAC, Hash—based Message Authentication Mode / 基于散列的消息验证模式home directory / 主目录host name / 主机名HTML, Hypertext Markup Language / 超文本标记语言hub / 网络集线器hubbed mode / 集线模式hue / 色调Hypertext Markup Language, HTML / 超文本标记语言II/O (input/output) port / I/O(输入/输出)端口ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol / 网际消息控制协议IDE, integrated device electronics / 集成设备电路IEEE 1394Image Name / 映像名称IME, Input Method Editor / 输入法import media pool / 导入媒体池incremental backup / 增量备份independent client / 独立客户。

常用医学术语中英文对照

常用医学术语中英文对照

常用医学术语中英文对照一、Medical Category :医学科别Allergy:过敏性病科Cardiology :心脏內科Cardiovascular:心脏血管科Dentistry:牙科Dermatology :皮肤科External Wo unds :外伤Gastric & Intestine :胃肠科General Medicine :普通內科Geriatric s :老人病科Hematology :血液科Infectious Diseases :传染病科Inhalation Th erapy :呼吸治疗科Neonatology:新生小儿科Neurology:神经科Obstetrics & Gynecology :妇产科Ophthalmology :眼科Orthodontics :牙齿矫正科Orthoped ics:骨科Otorlaryngology :耳鼻喉科Pediatrics :小儿科Plastic Surgery :整形外科Psychiatry :精神病科Radiology :放射线科Surgery :外科Syphilology :性病科Urology :泌尿科Alternative Medicine:另类医学二、Medical Departm ent:医疗及其它部门Admitting Office:收症室Cardiac Care Unit(C.C.U.) :心脏护理部Dental Clinic:牙科诊所Emergency Dept:急症室Extended Care Uni t (E.C.U.):延续护理部Home Care;Long Term Care Unit:家庭护理部Intensi ve Care Unit (I.C.U.) :深切治疗部Laboratory:化验所Labour;Delivery Room:产房Medical Office;Clinic :医务所Mortuary:殓房Nursing Home:护理院O ccupational Therapy Department :职业治疗部Operating Room:手术室Outpati ent Dept:门诊部Pharmacy:药房Physiotherapy Dept :物理治疗部Private;Se mi-private;Standard Room:私家;半私家;普通病房Public Health Unit :公共卫生中心Radiotherapy Unit :放射治疗部Records Dept :病历储藏部门Reco very Room 康复室Rehabilitation Centre :康复中心Speech Therapy Unit :语言治疗部Terminal Care Unit(T.C.U.) :末期护理部Ward :病房三、Specialists a nd Health Care Personnel:专科医生及医护人员Accoucheur:妇产科医生Acc oucheuse :助产士Acupuncturist :针灸师Allergist:过敏性科医生Ambulance P aramedic:紧急救援队员Anesthetist:麻醉科医生Attendant Physician:巡诊医生Aurist:耳科医生Cardiologist:心脏科医生Chiropractor:脊骨推拿医师Clinical Pathologist:临床病理医生Clinical Psychologist:临床心理医生Community Hea lth Nurse:社区护士Dental Surgeon/Dentist :牙医Dematologist :皮肤科医生D iagnostic Radiologist:放射诊断医生Endocrinologist :內分泌科医生Family Phy sician:家庭医生Gastroenterologist肠胃科医生General Practitioner :全科医生G eneral Surgeon:外科医生Geriatrician :老人科医生Gynecologist and Obstetrici an:妇产科医生Hematologist:血液科医生Herbalist Doctor:中医Homecare Wo rker :家务助理员Intern:见习医生Laboratory Technologist:化验师Laryngolog ist :喉科医生Mid-wife:助产士Nephrologist肾科医生Neuro-sugeon:脑外科医生Neurologist:神经科医生Nurse:护士Nutritionist/Dietician:营养师Occupati onal Therapist:职业治疗师Oncologist :肿瘤科医生Ophthalmologist:眼科医生Optometrist:视光师Oral Hygienist:口腔卫生师Ortheopath :按摩医生Orthodo ntist矫形牙科医生Orthopaedist:矫形医生Orthopedic Surgeon:骨科Otolaryngo logist/ENT Surgeon:耳鼻喉科医生Paramedic:医务辅助人员Pediatrist:小儿科医生Pharmacist :药剂师Physician:内科医生Physiotherapist:物理治疗师Plastic Surgeon:整形外科医生Podiatrist:足科治疗师Psychiatrist:精神科医生Radi ologist:放射科医生Radiotherapist:放射治疗医生Resident Doctor:住院医生R espirologist/Pulmonologist:胸肺科医生Rheumatologist:风湿病医生Rhinologist:鼻科医生Speech Therapist :语言治疗师Thoracic Surgeon:胸肺外科医生Urol ogist:泌尿科医生四、Pain and Ache :痛Ache All Over:周身疼痛Acute P ain:剧痛Back Pain:背痛Burning Pain:灼痛Chest Pain :胸痛Colic:绞痛Co ntinuous Pain持续痛Cramping Pain:绞痛Crushing Pain:压迫痛Distended Pai n:镇痛Dull Pain:暗痛Earache:耳痛Headache:头痛Hunger Pain饥痛Inter mittent Pain:阵痛Labour Pain :分娩阵痛Low Back Pain:腰痛Mild Pain:轻痛Pain Come at Intervals断续痛Persistent Pain持续痛Piercing Pain:刺骨痛Pressing Pain:压痛Prickling Pain:针刺样痛Rediating Pain:扩散痛Severe Pa in:急痛Sharp Pain:尖痛Slight Pain:微痛Sore Pain:肿痛Stabbing Pain:刀刺痛Stomachache:胃痛Tearing Pain:剧烈痛Throbbing Pain:跳痛Tingling P ain:刺痛Toothache:牙痛五、Sickness Sympton :病症Anxiety:焦虑Biter Taste On My Tongue:苦涩Black Out:短暂昏厥Bloated:胃胀Blood Stool:糞便帶血Boil :疮Bowel Movement:大便Can't Concentrate:不能集中精神Ca n't Crouch:不能蹲下Can't See Clearly:視觉模糊Cataqmatic:骨折Chest Feel s Tight:胸口闷Chills:发冷Coma :昏睡Constipation:便秘Depression:情绪低落Diarrhea:腹泻Difficulty in Sallowing:咽食困难Dislocation:脱臼Disten ded Tummy:腹部肿胀Disturbance of Speech:语言障碍Dizziness:眼花Dizzy;Giddy:头晕Drool:流口水Drowsy:昏沉Ear Discharge:耳分泌物Exhausted Easily :容易疲倦Eye Discharge:眼分泌物Eyelid Itching:眼盖痕痒Eyelid S wollen:眼盖肿Faint:头晕Fatigue:疲倦Fever:发烧Gritty/Sandy in Eyes :沙粒入眼Gurgling Sound in My Tummy:腹腔雷鸣Hard Stool:硬条状粪便H eat Troke:中暑Hiccup:打嗝High fever:高烧Hoarse Voice:声音嘶哑Illusi on:幻觉Impotence:性无力Indigestion:消化不良Inflame:发炎Insect Stings:昆虫刺伤Insomnia:失眠Irregular Heartbeats:心律不齐Itchy and Swollen:痕和肿Itchy Throat:喉痕Jaws are Dislocated:下颌脱臼Light Headedness:轻微头痛Loose and Watery Stool:糞便稀Loose Stool :软条状粪便Loss of Confi dence:失去自信Loss of Hearing:失去听觉Loss of Interest :失去兴趣Loss of Voice失声Lost my Appetite:食欲不振Lost Weight:体重减轻Lumpy Stoo l:粒状粪便Muscle Spasm:肌肉抽筋Mucus in Stool:粪便带粘液Nasal Blee ding:流鼻血Nasal Discharge:鼻涕Nausea:恶心Night Sweats:盗汗Numb :麻痹Headaches:偶有头痛Pale Face :面色苍白Pass Gas;。

常用国际贸易术语中英文对照

常用国际贸易术语中英文对照

常用国际贸易术语中英文对照A.A.R = against all risks 担保全险,一切险A.B.No. = Accepted Bill Number 进口到单编号A/C = Account 账号AC. = Acceptance 承兑acc = acceptance,accepted 承兑,承诺a/c.A/C = account 帐,帐户ackmt = acknowledgement 承认,收条[/color]a/d = after date 出票后限期付款(票据)ad.advt. = advertisement 广告adv. = advice 通知(书)ad val. = Ad valorem(according to value) 从价税A.F.B. = Air Freight Bill 航空提单Agt. = Agent 代理商AI = first class 一级AM = Amendment 修改书A.M.T. = Air Mail Transfer 信汇Amt. = Amount 额,金额A.N. = arrival notice 到货通知A.P. = account payable 应付账款A/P = Authority to Purchase 委托购买a.p. = additional premiun 附加保险费A.R. = Account Receivable 应收款Art. = Article 条款,项A/S = account sales 销货清单a/s = after sight 见票后限期付款asstd. = Assorted 各色俱备的att,.attn. = attention 注意av.,a/v = average 平均,海损a/v = a vista (at sight) 见票即付经贸常用词缩写(D)、(E)DD/A =documents against acceptance, 承兑后交付单= documents for acceptance,= documents attached, 备承兑单据= deposit account 存款账号d/a = days after acceptance 承兑后……日付款D.A. = Debit advice 付款报单D/D,D. = Demand draft,documentary draft 即期汇票,跟单汇票d/d = day’s date (days after date) 出票后……日付款d.f.,d.fet. = dead freight 空载运费(船)Disc. = Discount 贴现;折扣DLT = Day Letter Telegram 书信电D/N = debit note 借方通知D/O = delivery order 卸货通知书D/P = documents against payment 付款后交付单据Dr. = debit debter 借方,债务人d/s. = days’ sight 见票后……日付款DV = Dividends 股利Eea. = each 每,各e.e.E.E. = error excepted 错误除外E/B = Export-Import Bank 进出口银行(美国)enc.,encl.= enclosure 附件E.& O.E. = errors and omissions excepted 错误或遗漏不在此限ETA = estimated time of arrival 预定到达日期ex. = example,executive,exchange,extract 例子,执行官,外汇交换,摘要Exp. = Export 出口常用词缩写(F)f.a.q.=fair average quality 良好平均品质f.a.s.=free alongside ship 船边交货价F.B.E.=foreign bill of exchange 国外汇票f.c.l.=full container load 整个集装箱装满f.d.free discharge 卸货船方不负责F.& D.=Freight and Demurrage 运费及延装费f.i.=free in 装货船方步负责f.i.o.=free in and out 装卸货船方均不负责f.i.o.=free in out stowed and trimming 装卸堆储平仓船方均不负责f.o.=free out 卸货船方不负责f.o.,f/o=firm offer 规定时限的报价f.o.b.=free on board 船上交货价f.o.c.=free of charge免费F.O.I.=free of Interest 免息f.o.r.=free on rail,free on road 火车上交货价f.o.s.=free on steamer 轮船上交货价f.o.t.=free on truck 卡车上交货价f.p.a.=free of particular average 单独海损不保fr.f=franc,from,free 法郎,从,自由FX=Foreign Exchange 外汇经贸常用词缩写(G)、(H)Gg=good,goods,gramme 佳,货物,一克G/A=general average 共同海损GATT=General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 关税贸易总协定gm.=gramme 一克g.m.b.=good merchantable brand品质良好适合买卖之货品g.m.q.=good merchantable quality良好可售品质G/N=Guarantee of Notes 承诺保证g.s.w.=gross shipping weight 运输总重量gr.wt.=gross weight 毛重经贸常用词缩写IIATA=International Air Transport Association 国际航空运输协会IBRD=International Bank Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴开发银行I/C=Inward Collection 进口托收ICC=International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会IMO=International Money Orders 国际汇票Imp=Import 进口IN=Interest 利息IMF=International Monetary Fund 国际货币基金inst.=instant(this month) 本月int.=interest 利息Inv.=Invoice 发票IOU=I owe you 借据I/P=Insurance Policy 保险单I/R=Inward Remittance 汇入汇款ISIC=International Standard Industrial Classification 国际行业标准分类it.=item 项目经贸常用词缩写(K)、(L)Kk.=karat(carat) 卡拉(纯金含有度)kg.=keg,kilogramme笑,公斤K.W.=Kilo Watt 千瓦LL/A=Letter of Authorization 授权书lbs.=pounds 磅L/C=Letter of Credit 信用证L/H=General Letter of Hypothecation 质押权利总股定书L/I=Letter of Indemnity赔偿保证书L/G=Letter of Guarantee 保证函l.t.=long ton 长吨(2,240磅)L/T=Letter Telegram 书信电报Ltd.=Limited 有限责任L/U=Letter of Undertaking 承诺书Mm.=mile,metre,mark,month,minute,meridian(noon)哩,公尺,记号,月,分,中午m/d=month after date 出票后……月付款memo.=memorandum 备忘录M.I.P.=marine insurance policy 海上保险单misc.=miscellaneous杂项M/L=more or less增或减M/N=Minimum最低额MO=Money Order拨款单,汇款单,汇票m/s=months after sight见票后……月付款m.s.=mail steamer,mail transfer油船,轮船M.T.=metric ton,mail transfer公吨,信汇M/T=Mail Transfer信汇m.v.=motor vessel轮船MNC=multi-national corporation跨国公司NN.B.=Nota Bene(take notice)注意NO.=number号码n/p=non-payment拒付Nt.Wt=Net Weight净重O.=Order定单,定货O.B/L=Order bill of lading指示式提单O.C.P.=Overland Common Point通常陆上运输可到达地点O/C=Outward Collection出口托收OD.=Overdraft透支O/d=overdraft,on demand透支,要求即付款(票据)O/No.=order number定单编号o.p.=open policy预约保单O/R=Outward Remittance汇出汇款ORT=ordinary telegram寻常电报o/s=on sale,out of stock廉售,无存货O/S=old style老式o.t.=old term旧条件oz=ounce盎斯PP/A,p/a=particular average单独海损pa=power of attorney委任状=private account私人账户p.a.=per annum(by the year)每年p.c.=per cent,petty cash百分比,零用金p.l.=partial loss分损P.&I.=Protection and Indemnity意外险P.&L.=profit and loss益损P.M.O.=postal money order邮政汇票P/N=promissory note本票P.O.B.=postal office box邮政信箱p.o.d.=payment on delivery交货时付款P.O.D.=Pay on Delivery发货付款P/O=Payment Order支付命令P/R=parcel receipt邮包收据prox.=proximo(next month)下月PS.=postscript再启pt.=pint品脱P.T.O.=please turn over请看里面PTL=private tieline service电报专线业务Qqlty=quality品质qr=quarter四分之一qty=quantity数量quotn=quotation报价单qy=quay码头Rrecd=received收讫recpt=receipt收据ref.=reference参考,关于RFWD=rain,fresh water damage雨水及淡水险remit.=remittance汇款r.m.=ready money,readymade备用金,现成的RM=Remittance汇款R.O.=remittance Order汇款委托书R.P.=reply paid,returnof post邮下或电费预付,请即会示rt.=rate率SS.A.=-Statement of Account账单s.a.=subject to approval以承认(赞成,批准)为条件S/C=sale contract售货合同S/D=sight draft即期汇票S/D=sea damage海水损害SD.=Sundries杂项SE.=Securities抵押品S/N=shipping note装运通知S.O.s.o.=shipping order,seller’s option装船通知书,卖方有权选择S/S,s/s,ss,s.s=steamship轮船s.t.=short ton短吨TT/A=telegraphic address电报挂号tgm=telegram电报T.L.O.=total loss only只担保全损(分损不赔)T.M.O.=telegraphic money order电报汇款T.R.=trust receipt信托收据T.T.=telegraphic transfer电汇TPND=theft,pilferage and nondelivery盗窃遗失条款Uult.=ultimo(last month)上月u/w=underwriter保险业者Vvoy.=voyage航次V.V.=Vice Versa反之亦然Ww.a.=with average水渍险(单独海损赔偿)war=with risk担保一切险W/B=way bill warehouse book货运单,仓库簿wgt=weight重量whf=wharf码头W/M=weight or measurement重量或容量w.p.a.=with particular average单独海损赔偿W.R.=War Risk战争险W.R.=warehouse receipt仓单wt=weight重量Xx.d.=ex dividend除息XX=good quality良好品质XXX=very good quality甚佳品质XXXX=best quality最佳品质Yyd.=yard码yr.=your,year你的,年ZZ=Zone地区,地带ZCL=Zone for free Commercial自由贸易区。

语法术语中英文

语法术语中英文

语法术语中英文1. Noun (名词)countable uncountable (可数名词、不可数名词)Number of N (名词的数)Irregular plurals (不规那么复数)Genitive case of N (名词的所有格)Double genitive (双重所有格)2.Pronoun (代词)Personal pronoun (人称代词)Possessive pronoun (物主代词)Reflexive pronoun (反身代词)Interrogative pronoun (疑问代词)Indefinite pronoun (不定代词)3.Numeral (数次)Cardinal 、ordinal numbers (基数词、序数词)Percentage (百分数)Fraction (分数)Decimal (小数)Multiple (倍数)4.Determiner (限定词)Definite, indefinite, zero articles (定冠词,不定冠词,零冠词)Quantifiers (数量词)5.Preposition (介词)6.Adjective (形容词)Attributive 定语Predicative 表语Adverb clause equivalent 副词性从句7. Adverb (副词)Modifier of Adj / Adv / Prep-phrase / N-Phrase / Adverb-clause (形容词、副词、介词短语、副词性从句的修饰语)The comparative and superlative degrees of Adj / Adv (形容词和副词的比较级和最高级)9. Verb classes (动词)Transitive and intransitive verbs(及物动词和不及物动词)Auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries(助动词和情态动词)Semi-auxiliaries (半助动词)Phrasal verbs (短语动词)10. Tense (时态)Simple present, past, future and with modals (一样此刻时,一样过去时,一样以后时和情态助动词加动词)Present and past progressive(此刻进行时和过去进行时)Future progressive and with modals(以后进行时和情态动词加进行时)Present and past perfect(此刻完成时和过去完成时)Future perfect and with modals (以后完成时和情态动词加完成时)Present perfect progressive(此刻完成进行时)Past perfect progressive (过去完成进行时)voice (被动语态)Passive voice in simple tense(被动语态的一样时态)Passive voice in perfect and progressive tenses (被动语态的完成和进行时态)Passive voice of phrasal verbs (短语动词的被动语态)12.Subjunctive mood (虚拟语气)13.To V (Infinitive 动词不定式)as subject, object and complement (用作主语,宾语和补足语)Indicating purpose / result (表示目的和结果)Modifying adjective (修饰形容词)as post modifier in a noun phrase (后位修饰名词)to be + V-ed2, to have + V-ed2, to be + V-ing (不定式的被动式,完成式和进行式)14.V-ing (Gerund 动名词)object, subject and predicative (宾语, 主语和表语)N / Pronouns or their possessive + V-ing as subject and object (名词/ 代词或其所有格加动名词作主语和宾语)Prep + N / Pronouns or their possessive + V-ing (介词加名词/代词或其所有格加动名词)being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as a noun equivale nt (动名词的被动式,完成式和完成被动式起名词作用)15pre-modifier and post modifier in a noun phrase 此刻分词和过去分词)as complement (补足语)as an adverb clause equivalen t(作状语)When / while, etc. + V-ing / V-ed2 (When / While 等加此刻分词或过去分词)(with) N + V-ing / V-ed2 ( [ with ] 名词加此刻分词或过去分词)Dangling V-ing as adverb clause equivalen t(无归属此刻分词作状语)being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as an adverb or adjective clause equivalen t(此刻分词的被动式、完成式和完成被动式作状语或定语)16. Basic sentence patterns and sentence elements (大体句型和句子成份)Pattern 1: S + VPattern 2: S + V + CsPattern 3: S + V + OPattern 4: S + V + Oi + OdPattern 5: S + V + Od + Co17. Interrogative form (疑问形式)Negative form (否定形式)Passive form (被动形式)relative clause (定语从句)Restrictive and non-restrictive (限制Pare nt hesis (插入语)Omission (省略)Omission through coordination (并列结构中的省略)Negation (否定)Total negation (全数否定)Partial negation (部份否定)Double negation (双重否定)Transferred negation (转移否定)性和非限制性定语从句)Appositive clause (同位语从句)Noun phrase appositive to clause(名词短语作句子的同位语)Clause of time and space(时刻从句和地址从句)Clauses of condition, concession and con tras t (条件从句、妥协从句和对照从句)Clauses of cause, result and purpose(缘故从句、结果从句和目的从句)Clauses of manner and comparison(方式从句和比较从句)Clauses of proportion and other types(比例从句和其它从句)3rd person pronouns, and plurals of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns (第三人称代词,第一、二人称代词的复数)indefinite pronouns (不定代词)(+ of + N / Pron)Subjec t-verb inversion(主语与谓语倒装)朗文高级英语语法》第一章动词时态概述(Overview Of Verb Tenses)1- 1 一样时态(The Simple Tenses)1- 2 进行时态(The ProgressiveTenses)31- 3 完成时态(The Perfect Tenses)1- 4 完成进行时态(The PerfectProgressive Tenses)1-5 时态用法总结(Summary Chart ofVerb Tenses)1- 6 -ing 和-ed 形式的拼写(Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms)第二章一样此刻时,一样过去时,此刻进行时和过去进行时(Present And Past,Simple And Progressive)2- 1 一样此刻时(Simple Present) 2- 2 此刻进行时(Present Progressive)2- 3 静态动词( Stative Verbs)2-5 规那么动词和不规那么动词(Regular and Irregular Verbs)2-6 规那么动词:-ed的发音(RegularVerbs: Pronunciation of -ed Endings)2-7 不规那么动词表(Irregular Verbs: an Alphabetical List)2-8 易混淆的动词:raise/rise, set/sit, lay/lie (Troublesome Verbs: raise/rise, set/sit, lay/lie)2-9 一样过去时(Simple Past)2-10 过去进行时(Past Progressive)2-11进行时态与always连用表示抱怨(Using Progressive Verbs with always to Complain)2-12 进行时态中地址状语的用法(Using Expressions of Place with Progressive Verbs) being + Adjective)3- 1 此刻完成时(Present Perfect)2-4 am/is/are being+形容词(am/is/are第三章完成时和完成进行时(Perfect And Perfect Progressive Tenses)3- 2 此刻完成进行时(Present Perfect Progressive) 3- 3 过去完成时(Past Perfect)3- 4 过去完成进行时(Past Perfect Progressive)第四章以后时(Future Time)4- 1 一样以后时:will 和be going to (Simple Future: will and be going to)4- 2 will 与be going to 的比较(will vs. be going to)4- 3 历时刻状语从句表示以后(Expressing the Future in Time Clauses)4-4 用一样此刻时和此刻进行时表示以后(Using the Present Progressive and the Simple Present to Express Future Time)4- 5 以后进行时(Future Progressive)4- 6 以后完成时(Future Perfect)4-7 以后完成进行时(Future Perfect Progressive)第五章时刻状语从句和时态的温习(Adverb Clauses Of Time And Review Of Verb Tenses)5- 1 时刻状语从句:形式(Adverb Clauses of Time: Form)5- 2 历时刻状语从句表示时刻关系(Using Adverb Clauses to Show Time Relationships)第六章主谓一致(Subject-verbAgreement)6-1以-s或-es结尾的词:用法、发音和拼写(Final -s/-es: Use, Pronunciation, and Spelling)6-2 大体的主谓一致问题(BasicSubject-verb Agreement)6-3 主谓一致:表达数量(Subject-verb Agreement: Using Expressions of Quantity)6-4 主谓一致:there be的用法(Subject-verb Agreement: Using there + be)6- 5 主谓一致:不规那么用法(Subject-verb Agreement: Some Irregularities)第七章名词(Nouns)7- 1 名词复数形式的规那么和不规那么转变(Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns)7- 2 所有格(Possessive Nouns)1037- 3 名词作修饰语(Using Nouns as Modifiers)7-4 可数名词和不可数名词(Count andNoncount Nouns)7- 5 不可数名词(Noncount Nouns)7- 6 常见不可数名词(Some Common Noncount Nouns)7-7 冠词的大体用法(Basic ArticleUsage)7-8 冠词用法的大体原那么(General Guidelines for Article Usage)7-9 数量的表达(Expressions of Quantity)7-10 a few 和few, a little 和little 的用法(Using a few and few; a little and little)7-11 带of 的数量表达(Using of in Expressions of Quantity)7-12 all (of)和both (of)〔All (of) and both (of) 7-13 单数的数量表达:one, each, every (Singular Expressions of Quantity: one, each, every)第八章代词(Pronouns)8- 1 人称代词(Personal Pronouns)8- 2 人称代词:与类属名词、不定代词的一致性(Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Generic Nouns and Indefinite Pronouns)8-3 人称代词:与集合名词的一致性(Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Collective Nouns)8- 4 反身代词(Reflexive Pronouns)8-5 you, one 和they 用作非人称代词(Using you, one, and they as Impersonal Pronouns)8- 6 other 的形式(Forms of other)8-7 other 的常见表达(CommonExpressions with other)第九章情态动词(一) (Modals, Part 1)9- 1 概述(Introduction)9-2 I作主语的礼貌请求(PoliteQuestions with I as the Subject)9-3 you 作主语的礼貌请求(PoliteQuestions with you as the Subject)9- 4 would you mind 用作礼貌请求(Polite Requests with would you mind)9- 5 表示必需:must, have to, have got to (Expressing Necessity: must, have to, have got to)9-6 没必要要和禁止:have to和must的否定形式(Lack of Necessity and Prohibition: have to and must in the Negative)9-7 忠告:should, ought to, had better (Advisability: should, ought to, had better)9-8 should 的过去式(The Past Form of should)9-9 期望:be supposed to (Expec tatio ns: be supposed to)9-10 提议:let's, why don't, shall I/we(Making Suggestions: let's, why don't, shall I/we)9-11 提议:could与should的比较(Making Suggestions: could vs. should) 第十章情态动词(二) (Modals, Part 2)10- 1 表示确信程度:此刻时(Degrees of Certainty: Present Time)10-2 表示确信程度:此刻时的否定形式(Degrees of Certainty: Present Time Negative)10-3 表示确信程度:过去时(Degrees of Certainty: Past Time)10-4 表示确信程度:以后时(Degrees of Certainty: Future Time)10-5 情态动词的进行式(Progressive Forms of Modals)10-6 表示能力:can 和could (Ability:can and could)10-7 would 表示过去重复性的动作(Using would to Express a RepeatedAction in the Past)10-8 表示偏向: would rather(Expressing Preference: would rather)10-9 情态动词和短语情态动词的结合(Combining Modals with Phrasal Modals)10-10 情态动词和类似表达的总结表(Summary Chart of Modals and Similar Expressions)第十一章被动语态(The Passive)11-1 被动语态的组成(Forming the Passive)11-2 被动语态的用法(Using thePassive)11-3 间接宾语用作被动语态的主语(Indirect Objects Used as Passive Subjects)11-4 情态动词与短语情态动词的被动语态(The Passive Form of Modals and Phrasal Modals)11-5 静态被动语态(Stative Passive)11-6 常见静态被动语态动词 + 介词(Common Stative Passive Verbs + Prepositions)11-7 get 与被动语态(The Passive with get) 11-8 分词形容词(Participial Adjectives)第十二章名词性从句(Noun Clauses)12-1 概述(Introduction)12-2 以疑问词开头的名词性从句(Noun Clauses Beginning with a Question Word)12-3以whether或if开头的名词性从句(Noun Clauses Beginning with whether or if)12-4疑问词后接不定式(Ques tion Words Followed by Infinitives)12-5 以that 开头的名词性从句(NounClauses Beginning with that)12-6 直接引语(Quoted Speech)12-7 间接引语:名词性从句中动词的形式(Reported Speech: Verb Forms in Noun Clauses)12-8 名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法(Using the Subjunctive in Noun Clauses)12-9 带有-ever的辞汇的用法(Using -ever Words)第十三章定语从句(Adjective Clauses)13- 1 概述(Introduction)13-2 定语从句的关系代词作主语(Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Subject)13-3 定语从句的关系代词作动词的宾语(Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Verb)13-4 定语从句的关系代词作介词的宾语(Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Preposition)13-5 定语从句的经常使用句型(UsualPatterns of Adjective Clauses)13-6 whose 的用法(Using whose)13-7定语从句中where的用法(Using where in Adjective Clauses)13-8 定语从句中when的用法(Using when in Adjective Clauses)13-9 定语从句修饰代词的用法(Using Adjective Clauses to Modify Pronouns)13-10 定语从句中标点符号的利用(Punctuating Adjective Clauses) 13-11 定语从句中数量的表示方式(Using Expressions of Quantity in Adjective Clauses)13-12 名词+of which 的用法(U sing Noun + of which)28613-13 which修饰整个句子的用法(Using which to Modify a Whole Sentence)28613-14 将定语从句简化为形容词短语:概述(Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases: Introduction)13-15 将定语从句转变成形容词短语(Changing an Adjective Clause to an Adjective Phrase)第十四章动名词和不定式(一) (GerundsAnd Infinitives, Part 1)14- 1 动名词:概述(Gerunds: Introduction)14-2 动名词作介词的宾语(Using Gerunds as the Objects of Prepositions)14-3 后面接动名词的常见介词短语(Common Preposition CombinationsFollowed by Gerunds)14-4 后面接动名词的常见动词(CommonVerbs Followed by Gerunds)14-5 go+动名词(go + Gerund)14-6后面接动词-ing形式的固定搭配(Special Expressions Followed by -ing)14-7 后面接不定式的常见动词(CommonVerbs Followed by Infinitives)14-8 后面既可接不定式又可接动名词的常见动词(Common Verbs Followed by either Infinitives or Gerunds)14-9 后面接动名词的动词列表(Reference List of Verbs Followed byGerunds) 14-10 后面接不定式的动词列表(Reference List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives)14-11 it +不定式;动名词和不定式作主语(it + Infinitive; Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects) And Infinitives, Part 2)15-1 表示目的的不定式:in order to (Infinitive of Purpose: in order to)15-2 后面接不定式的形容词(Adjectives Followed by Infinitives)15-3 不定式与too和enough连用(Using Infinitives with too and enough)15-4 不定式和动名词的被动语态和完成式(Passive and Past Forms of Infinitives and Gerunds)15-5 need 后接动名词或不定式的被动语态形式(Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives Following need)15-6 所有格修饰动名词(Using a Possessive to Modify a Gerund)15-7 感官动词的用法(Using Verbs of Perception)15-8 let和help后接动词原形(Using the Simple Form after let and help)15-9 使役动词的用法:make, have, get(Using Causative Verbs: make, have, get)第十五章动名词和不定式(二) (Gerunds第十六章并列连词(Coordinating16-1 平行结构(Parallel Structure)16-2 成对连词:both・・・and; not only… but also; either … or; neither … nor (Using Paired Conjunctions: both . . . and; not only . . . but also; either . . . or; neither . . . nor)16- 3 用并列连词连接独立分句(Combining Independent Clauses with Coordinating Conjunctions)第十七章状语从句(Adverb Clauses)17- 1 概述(In troduc tion)17-2 缘故状语从句(Using Adverb Clauses to Show Cause and Effect)17-3表达对照(意外的结果):even though 的用法〔Expressing Contrast (Unexpected Result): Using even though〕17-4 表达直接对照:while和whereas (Showing Direct Contrast: while and whereas)17-5条件状语从句:if从句(Expressing Conditions in Adverb Clauses: 17-6 条件状语从句:whether or not和even if 的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using whether or not and even if)17-7 条件状语从句:in case和in the event that 的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using in case and in the event that)17-8 条件状语从句:unless的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using unless)17-9 条件状语从句:only if的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using only if)第十八章将状语从句简化为修饰性的副词短语(Reduction Of Adverb Clauses To Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18- 1 概述(In troduc tion)18-2 将时刻状语从句简化为修饰性的副词短语(Changing Time Clauses to Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18-3 用修饰性的副词短语表达“与此同时”的概念(Expressing the Idea of “During the Same Time” in Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18-4 用修饰性的副词短语表示因果关系(Expressing Cause and Effect in Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18-5 在修饰性的副词短语中利用“upon + -ing” (Using upon + -ing in Modifying Adverbial Phrases)第十九章表示因果、对照和条件关系的关联词(Connectives That Express Cause And Effect, Contrast, And Condition)19-1 because of 和due to 的用法(Using because of and due to)19-2用过渡词表示因果关系:therefore 和consequently (Using Transitions to Show Cause and Effect: therefore and consequently)19-3 句型和标点符号小结(Summary ofPatterns and Punctuation)19-4其它表示因果关系的方式:such… that 和so …that (Other Ways of Expressing Cause and Effect: such . . . that and so . . . that)19-5 表示目的:so that的用法(Expressing Purpose: Using so that)19-6 表示对照(意料之外的结果) 〔Showing Contrast (Unexpected Result)〕19-7 表示直接对照(Showing Direct Contrast)19-8 表示条件:otherwise 和or (else) 的用法〔Expressing Conditions: Using otherwise and or (else)〕19-9 关联词小结:因果、对照和条件关系(Summary of Connectives: Cause and Effect, Contrast, Condition)第二十章条件句和表达愿望的方式(Conditional Sentences And Wishes)20- 1 条件句中一样动词形式概述(Overview of Basic Verb Forms Used in Conditional Sentences)20-2 此刻和以后的真实条件句(True in the Present or Future)20-3 此刻和以后的非真实条件句(与事实相反)〔Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Present or Future〕20-4 过去的非真实条件句 (与事实相反) 〔Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Past〕20-5 在条件句中利用动词的进行时形式(Using Progressive Verb Forms in Conditional Sentences)20-6条件句中“混合时刻”的用法(Using“ Mixed Time ” in ConditionalSentences)42420-7 if 的省略(Omitting if)20-8 暗含的条件(Implied Cond it ions)20-9 as if / as though 的用法(Using as if/as though) 20-10 wish后面的动词形式(Verb Forms Following wish)20-11 用would 表达关于以后的希望(Using would to Make Wishes about the Future)434and Objects)A-2 介词和介词短语(Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases) A-3 形容词(Adjectives)A-4 副词(Adverbs)A-5 be 动词(The Verb be)A-6 系动词(Linking Verbs)B单元:疑问句(Questions)B-1 一样疑问句和特殊疑问句的形式(Forms of Yes/No and Information Questions)B-2 疑问词(Ques tion Words)B-3 简化的一样疑问句(Shortened Yes/No Questions)B-4 否定疑问句(Negative Questions) B-5 反意疑问句(Tag Questions)附录增补语法单元(Supplementary Grammar Units)A 单元:大体语法术语(Basic GrammarTerminology)C 单元:缩写(Contractions) D单元:否定句(Negatives)D-1 not与其它否定词的用法(Using not and Other Negative Words)A-1 主语、动词和宾语(Subjects, Verbs,D-2 幸免“重复两次否定” (Avoiding Double Negatives)D-3 以否定词开头的句子(Beginning a Sentence with a Negative Word)E 单元:介词搭配(Preposition Combinations)E 形容词和动词的介词搭配(Preposition Combinations withAdjectives and Verbs)F 单元:用来举例和延续观点的关联词(Connectives To Give Examples And To Continue An Idea)F-1 用来举例的关联词(Connectives to Give Examples)F-2 用来延续观点的关联词(Connectives to Continue the Same Idea)G 单元:动词形式的回忆练习(Verb Form Review Exercises)。

中英文对照术语表精选全文

中英文对照术语表精选全文

加速试验
acceptance criteria
认可标准
accuracy
准确性
acelerated/stress stability Studies
加速/强力破坏稳定性研究
acetylation
乙酰化作用
achiral assay
非手性测定
achlorhydric elderly
老年性胃酸缺乏症
action limits
内控限值
active components/comcound/moiety
活性成分
active ingredient
活性组分
adaption to specific culture conditions
特定培养条件的适应
additives
添加剂
adjuvant
佐剂
adventitious agents
精选全文完整版(可编辑修改)
中英文对照术语表(ICH 质量)
英文
中文
abbreviated or abridged aplication
简略申请
abnormal karyology
异常核形
absorbed moisture
吸附水
acceptable daily intake
可接受的日摄入量
acceptable test
2 / 21
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中英文对照术语表

中英文对照术语表

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------中英文对照术语表A Absorption costing(完全成本法)Accelerated depreciation method(加速折旧法) Account(账户) Account form (账户式) Account payable(应付账款) Account receivable (应收账款) Accounting(会计) Accounting cycle(会计循环)Accounting equation(会计恒等式) Accounting period concept (会计期间概念) Accounting system(会计系统) Accounts payable subsidiary ledger(应付账款明细分类账)(应付账款明细分类账) Accounts receivable subsidiary ledger(应收账款明细分类账)(应收账款明细分类账) Accounts receivable turnover (应收账款周转率) Accrual basis(应计制;权责发生制)Accruals(应计项目) Accrued assets(应计资产) Accrued expenses(应计费用) Accrued liabilities(应计负债) Accrued revenues(应计收入) Accumulated depreciation(累计折旧)Accumulated other comprehensive income(累计其他全面收益)(累计其他全面收益) Activity base (driver)(作业基础/动因)Activity-based costing (ABC)(作业成本计算法) Adjusted trial balance(调整后试算平衡表) Adjusting entries(调整分录)Adjusting process(调整过程)Administrative expenses (general expenses)(管理费用(一般费用))Aging the receivables(应收账款账龄分析) Allowance method(备抵法)1/ 12Amortization(摊销)Annuity(年金)Assets(资产)Available-for-sale securities(可供出售证券) Average cost method(平均成本法) Average rate of return(平均回报率) B Balance of the account(账户余额) Balance sheet(资产负债表) Balanced scorecard(平衡记分卡) Bank reconciliation (银行存款余额调节表) Bond(债券) Bond indenture(债券契约) Book value(账面价值) Book value of the asset(资产的账面价值) Boot(补价) Bottleneck(瓶颈) Break-even point (盈亏临界点) Budget(预算) Budget performance report(预算业绩报告) Budgetary slack(预算松弛) Business(企业)Business entity concept(企业主体概念) Business stakeholder (企业利益相关者) Business strategy(企业战略) Business transaction(经济业务) C Capital expenditures(资本性支出) Capital expenditures budget(资本支出预算) Capital investment analysis(资本投资分析)Capital leases(资本性租赁) Capital rationing(资本分配)Carrying amount(账面金额) Cash(现金) Cash basis(现金制;收付实现制) Cash budget(现金预算) Cash dividend(现金股利) Cash equivalents(现金等价物) Cash flows from financing activities(筹资活动现金流量)(筹资活动现金流量)Cash flows from investing activities(投资活动现金流量)(投资活动现金流量) Cash flows from operating activities(经营---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 活动现金流量)(经营活动现金流量) Cash payback period(现金回收期) Cash payments journal(现金付款日记账) Cash receipts journal(现金收款日记账) Cash short and over account (现金余缺账户) Certified public accountant (CPA)(注册会计师) Chart of accounts(会计科目表) Clearing account(清理账户) Closing entries(结账分录) Closing process(结账程序) Combination strategy(混合战略) Common stock(普通股)Common-size statement(通用报表) Component(成分;组成部分)Comprehensive income(全面收益)Consolidated financial statements(合并财务报表)(合并财务报表) Consolidation(创立合并) Continuous budgeting(滚动预算) Contra account (抵减账户) Contract rate(约定利率) Contribution margin(贡献毛益) Contribution margin ratio(贡献毛益率) Controllable expenses(可控费用)Controllable variance(可控差异)Controller(主计长)Controlling account(控制账户)Conversion costs(加工成本) Copyright(版权) Corporation (公司) Cost(成本) Cost accounting system(成本会计系统)Cost allocation(成本分配) Cost behavior(成本性态) Cost center(成本中心) Cost of goods sold(产品销售成本) Cost of goods sold budget(产品销售成本预算) Cost of merchandise sold(商品销售成本) Cost of production report(生产成本报3/ 12告) Cost per equivalent unit(单位约当产量成本) Cost price approach(成本价格法)Cost variance(成本差异)Cost-volume-profit analysis(本-量-利分析)Cost-volume-profit chart(本-量-利图) Credit memorandum (贷项通知单) Credits(贷记) Cumulative preferred stock (累积优先股) Currency exchange rate(货币汇率) Current assets(流动资产) Current liabilities(流动负债) Current ratio(流动比率) Currently attainable standards(当前可达标准) D Debit memorandum(借项通知单)Debits(借记) Decentralization(分权) Declining-balance method(余额递减法) Deferred expenses(递延费用) Deferred revenues(递延收入) Deficiency(亏损) Deficit(亏损)Defined benefit plan(固定收益计划) Defined contribution plan (固定缴款计划) Depletion(折耗) Depreciation(折旧)Depreciation expense(折旧费用) Differential analysis(差异分析) Differential cost(差异成本) Differential revenue (差异收入) Differential strategy(差异化战略) Direct labor cost(直接人工成本) Direct labor rate variance(直接人工工资率差异) Direct labor time variance(直接人工工时差异)Direct materials cost(直接材料成本) Direct materials price variance(直接材料价格差异)(直接材料价格差异) Direct materials purchases budget(直接材料采购预算)(直接材料采购---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 预算) Direct materials quantity variance(直接材料数量差异)(直接材料数量差异) Direct method(直接法) Direct write-off method(直接注销法) Discontinued operations(停止经营)Discount(贴现息;折价) Discount rate(贴现率) Dishonored note receivable(拒付应收票据) Dividend yield(股利收益率)Division(分部) Doomsday ration(终极流动比率) Double-entry accounting(复式会计) Drawing(提款) DuPont formula(杜邦公式) E Earnings per common share (EPS)(每股收益)Earnings per common share (EPS) on common stock(普通股每股收益) E-commerce(电子商务) Effective interest rate method (实际利率法)Effective rate of interest(实际利率)Electronic funds transfer (EFT)(电子资金转账) Elements of internal control(内部控制要素) Employee fraud(员工舞弊)Employee s earnings record(员工收入记录) Equity method(权益法) Equity securities(权益证券) Equivalent units of production(约当产量) Ethics(伦理) Expenses(费用)Extraordinary items(非常项目) F Factory overhead cost(制造费用) FICA tax(联邦社会保险税) Financial accounting (财务会计) Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)(财务会计准则委员会) Financial statements(财务报表) Finished goods inventory(完工产品存货) Finished goods ledger(完工5/ 12产品分类账) First-in, first-out (fifo) method(先进先出法)Fiscal year(会计年度) Fixed (plant) assets(固定资产) Fixed asset impairment(固定资产减值) Fixed assets(固定资产)Fixed costs(固定成本) Flexible budget(弹性预算) FOB (free on board) destination(目的地交货) FOB (free on board) shipping point(装运地交货)(装运地交货) Free cash flow(自由现金流量) Fringe benefits(额外福利) Future value(未来价值,终值) G General journal(普通日记账) General ledger(总分类账) Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)(公认会计原则) Goal conflict(目标冲突) Goodwill (商誉) Gross pay(工资总额) Gross profit(毛利) Gross profit method(毛利法) H Held-to-maturity securities(持有至到期证券) High-low method(高低点法) Horizontal analysis (水平分析) I Ideal standards(理想标准) Income from operations (operating income) (营业利润)(营业利润) Income statement(损益表) Income summary(收益汇总) Indirect method (间接法) Inflation(通货膨胀) Initial public offering (IPO)(首次公开招股) Intangible assets(无形资产) Internal controls(内部控制) Internal rate of return method(内含回报率法) Inventory shrinkage(存货损耗) Inventory turnover (存货周转率) Investment center(投资中心) Investment turnover(投资周转率) Investments(投资) Invoice(发票)---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------J Job cost sheet(分批成本计算单) Job order cost system(分批成本计算法) Journal(日记账) Journal entry(日记账分录)Journalizing(编制分录) Just-in-time (JIT) processing(适时加工制) L Last-in, first-out (lifo) method(后进先出法)Ledger(分类账) Leverage(杠杆收益) Liabilities(负债)Limited liability corporation (LLC)(有限责任公司)(有限责任公司) Liquidation(清算) Long-term liabilities(长期负债)Low-cost strategy(低成本战略) Lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) method(成本与市价孰低法)(成本与市价孰低法) M Management Discussion and Analysis (MDA)(管理层讨论与分析) Managerial accounting(管理会计) Manufacturing business(制造企业)Manufacturing cells(制造单元) Margin of safety(安全边际)Market price approach(市场价格法) Markup(加成) Master budget(全面预算) Matching concept(配比概念) Materiality concept(重要性概念)Materials inventory(材料存货)Materials ledger(材料分类账) Materials requisitions(领料单) Maturity value(到期值) Merchandise inventory(商品存货) Merchandising business(商业企业) Merger(吸收合并)Minority interest(少数股权)Mixed cost(混合成本)Multiple-step income statement (多步式损益表) N Natural business year(自然营业年度) Negotiated price approach(协7/ 12议价格法) Net income(净利润) Net loss(净亏损) Net pay (工资净额) Net present value method(净现值法) Net realizable value(可变现净值) Nonparticipation preferred stock(非参与优先股)(非参与优先股) Note receivable(应收票据) Number of days sales in inventory(存货销售周期)(存货销售周期) Number of days sales in receivables(应收账款周转天数)(应收账款周转天数) Number of times interest charges are earned(利息保障倍数) O Operating leases(经营性租赁)Operating leverage(经营杠杆) Opportunity cost(机会成本)Other comprehensive income(其他全面收益) Other expense(其他费用) Other income(其它收入) Outstanding stock(流通在外股票) Overapplied factory overhead(制造费用过度分配)(制造费用过度分配) Owners equity(所有者权益) P Paid-in capital(实缴资本) Par(面值) Parent company(母公司)Partnership(合伙企业) Partnership agreement(合伙契约)Patents(专利权) Payroll(工资) Payroll register(工资表)Period costs(期间成本) Periodic method(定期盘存制)Permanent differences(永久性差异) Perpetual method(永续盘存制) Petty cash fund(备用金) Physical inventory(实地盘存) Post-closing trial balance(结账后试算平衡表)Posting(过账) Predetermined factory overhead rate(预定制造费用分配率)(预定制造费用分配率) Preferred stock(优先股)---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Premium(溢价) Prepaid expenses(预付费用) Present value (现值) Present value concept(现值概念) Present value index(现值指数) Present value of an annuity(年金现值)Price-earnings (P/E) ratio(市盈率) Price-earnings ratio (市盈率) Prior period adjustments(前期调整) Private accounting(内部会计) Proceeds(贴现净额) Process(流程;步骤)Process cost system(分步成本计算法)Process manufacturers(分步制造企业) Product cost concept(产品成本概念) Product costs(产品成本) Production budget(生产预算) Profit center(利润中心) Profit margin(销售利润率)Profitability(获利能力) Profit-volume chart(利润-产量图)Promissory note(承兑票据) Property, plant, and equipment (财产、厂房和设备)(财产、厂房和设备) Proprietorship(独资企业) Public accounting(公共会计) Purchase method(购买法) Purchase return or allowance(购货退回或折让) Purchases discounts(购货折扣) Purchases journal(采购日记账) Q Quick assets(速动资产) Quick ratio(速动比率) R Rate earned on common stockholders equity(普通股股东权益收益率) Rate earned on stockholders equity(股东权益收益率)(股东权益收益率) Rate earned on total assets(总资产收益率) Rate of return on investment (ROI)(投资回报率)(投资回报率) Ratio of fixed9/ 12assets to long-term liabilities(固定资产对长期负债比率)(固定资产对长期负债比率) Ratio of liabilities to stockholders equity(负债对股东权益比率)(负债对股东权益比率) Real accounts(实账户) Realization(变现) Receivables(应收款项) Receiving report(收货单) Relevant range(相关范围)Report form(报告式) Residual income(剩余收益) Residual value(残值)Responsibility accounting(责任会计)Responsibility center(责任中心)Restrictions(限制)Restructuring charge(重组费用) Retail inventory method(零售价格法) Retained earnings(留存收益) Retained earnings statement(留存收益表) Revenue expenditure(收益性支出)Revenue journal(收入日记账) Revenue recognition concept (收入确认概念) Revenues(收入) Reversing entry(转回分录) S Sales(销售收入) Sales budget(销售预算) Sales discounts(销售折扣) Sales mix(销售组合) Sales returns and allowances(销售退回与折让) Selling expenses(销售费用)Service business(服务企业) Service department charges(服务部门费用) Single-step income statement(单步式损益表)Sinking fund(偿债基金) Slide(滑位) Solvency(偿债能力)Special journals(专用日记账) Standard cost(标准成本)Standard cost systems(标准成本系统) Stated value(设定价值) Statement of cash flows(现金流量表) Statement of---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ members equity(成员权益报表) Statement of owner s equity (所有者权益表) Statement of partnership equity(合伙企业权益表)(合伙企业权益表)Statement of partnership liquidation(合伙企业清算表)(合伙企业清算表) Statement of stockholders equity(股东权益表) Static budget(固定预算)Stock(股票) Stock dividend(股票股利) Stock split(股票分割) Stockholders(股东) Stockholders equity(股东权益)Straight-line method(直线法) Subsidiary company(子公司)Sunk cost(沉没成本) T T account(T 型账户) Target costing (目标成本法) Taxable income(应税所得) Temporary (nominal) accounts(临时性(虚)账户)(临时性(虚)账户) Temporary differences(暂时性差异) Temporary investments(临时性投资)Theory of constraints (TOC)(限制理论) Time tickets(计工单) Time value of money concept(货币时间价值概念)(货币时间价值概念) Total cost concept(完全成本概念) Trade discounts(商业折扣) Trade-in allowance(以旧换新折让)Trademark(商标) Trading securities(交易证券) Transfer price(转移价格) Transposition(换位) Treasury stock(库藏股票) Trial balance(试算平衡) Two-column journal(两栏式日记账) U Uncollectible accounts expense(坏账费用)Underapplied factory overhead(制造费用分配不足)(制造费用分11/ 12配不足) Underwriting firms(证券包销公司) Unearned revenue (预收收入) Unearned revenues(预收收入) Unit contribution margin(单位贡献毛益) Unit of measure concept(计量单位概念) Units-of-production method(产量法) Unrealized holding gain or loss(未实现持有利得或损失) V Value chain(价值链)Variable cost concept(变动成本概念) Variable costing(变动成本计算) Variable costs(变动成本) Venture capitalist (VC)(风险投资家) Vertical analysis(垂直分析) Volume variance(产量差异) Voucher(付款凭单) Voucher system(付款凭单制度) Work in process inventory(在产品存货) Work sheet(工作底稿) Working capital(营运资本) Yield(收益率) Zero-based budgeting(零基预算)。

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2.0.1城市居民city's residential2.0.1 民用建筑civil building供人们居住和进行公共活动的建筑的总称。

2.0.2 居住建筑residential building供人们居住使用的建筑。

2.0.3 公共建筑public building供人们进行各种公共活动的建筑。

2.0.5 停车空间parking space停放机动车和非机动车的室内、外空间。

2.0.7 道路红线boundary line of roads规划的城市道路(含居住区级道路)用地的边界线。

2.0.8 用地红线boundary line of land;property line各类建筑工程项目用地的使用权属范围的边界线。

2.0.9 建筑控制线building line有关法规或详细规划确定的建筑物、构筑物的基底位置不得超出的界线。

2.0.10 建筑密度building density;building coverage ratio在一定范围内,建筑物的基底面积总和与占用地面积的比例(%)。

2.0.11 容积率plot ratio,floor area ratio在一定范围内,建筑面积总和与用地面积的比值。

2.0.12 绿地率greening rate一定地区内,各类绿地总面积占该地区总面积的比例(%)。

2.0.4 城市绿化 urban greenirng,urban planting 栽种植物以改善城市环境的活动。

2.0.5 城中绿地 urban green space2.0.13 日照标准insolation standards根据建筑物所处的气候区、城市大小和建筑物的使用性质确定的,在规定的日照标准日(冬至日或大寒日)的有效日照时间范围内,以底层窗台面为计算起点的建筑外窗获得的日照时间。

2.0.1 城市用地竖向规划 vertical planning on urban field城市开发建设地区(或地段),为满足道路交通、地面排水、建筑布置和城市景观等方面的综合要求,对自然地形进行利用、改造,确定坡度、控制高程和平衡土石方等而进行的规划设计。

2.0.2 高程 elevation以大地水准作为基准面,并作零点(水准原点)起算地面各测量点的垂直高度。

2.0.7 平坡式 tiny slope style用地经改造成为平缓斜坡的规划地面形式。

2.0.8 台阶式 stage style用地经改造成为阶梯式的规划地面形式。

2.0.9 混合式 comprehensive style用地经改造成平坡和台阶相结合的规划地面形式。

2.0.10 台地 stage台阶式用地中每块阶梯的用地。

2.0.1 办公建筑 office building供机关、团体和企事业单位办理行政事务和从事各类业务活动的建筑物。

2.0.2 公寓式办公楼 apartment-office building由统一物业管理,根据使用要求,可由一种或数种平面单元组成。

单元内设有办公、会客空间和卧室、厨房和厕所等房间的办公楼。

2.0.3 酒店式办公楼 hoteL-office building提供酒店式服务和管理的办公楼。

2.0.4 综合楼 multiple-use building由两种及两种以上用途的楼层组成的公共建筑。

2.0.8商住楼 business–living building底部商业营业厅与住宅组成的高层建筑。

2.0.11高级住宅 high–grade residence建筑装修标准高和设有空气调节系统的住宅。

2.0.5 商务写字楼 business office budilding在统一的物业管理下,以商务为主,由一种或数种单元办公平面组成的租赁办公建筑。

2.0.17 商业服务网点 commercial serving cubby2.0.11 场地平整 field engineering使用地达到建设工程所需的平整要求的工程处理过程。

2.0.12 坡比值 grade of side slope两控制点间垂直高差与其水平距离的比值。

2.0.3 住宅单元 residential building unit由多套住宅组成的建筑部分,该部分内的住户可通过共用楼梯和安全出口进行疏散。

2.0.4 套 dwelling space由使用面积、居住空间组成的基本住宅单位。

2.0.7 公共绿地public green space满足规定的日照要求、适合于安排游憩活动设施的、供居民共享的集中绿地。

2.0.14 层高storey height建筑物各层之间以楼、地面面层(完成面)计算的垂直距离,屋顶层由该层楼面面层(完成面)至平屋面的结构面层或至坡顶的结构面层与外墙外皮延长线的交点计算的垂直距离。

2,0.15 室内净高interior net storey height从楼、地面面层(完成面)至吊顶或楼盖、屋盖底面之间的有效使用空间的垂直距离。

2.0.16 地下室basement房间地平面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高的1/2者为地下室。

2.0.17 半地下室semi-basement房间地平面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高的1/3,且不超过1/2者为半地下室。

2.0.18 设备层mechanical floor建筑物中专为设置暖通、空调、给水排水和配变电等的设备和管道且供人员进入操作用的空间层。

2.0.2 自然层floor按楼板、地板结构分层的楼层。

2.0.20 架空层 open floor仅有结构支撑而无外围护结构的开敞空间层。

2.0.9 建筑物通道 passage为道路穿过建筑物而设置的建筑空间。

2.0.10 架空走廊 bridge way建筑物与建筑物之间,在二层或二层以上专门为水平交通设置的走廊。

2.0.21 台阶 step在室外或室内的地坪或楼层不同标高处设置的供人行走的阶梯。

2.0.22 坡道 ramp连接不同标高的楼面、地面,供人行或车行的斜坡式交通道。

2.0.16 阳台 balcony供使用者进行活动和晾晒衣物的建筑空间。

2.0.18 雨篷 canopy设置在建筑物进出口上部的遮雨、遮阳篷。

2.0.23 飘窗 bay window为房间采光和美化造型而设置的突出外墙的窗。

2.0.24 骑楼 overhang楼层部分跨在人行道上的临街楼房。

2.0.1裙房 skirt building2.0.2建筑高度 building altitude2.0.32 采光daylighting为保证人们生活、工作或生产活动具有适宜的光环境,使建筑物内部使用空间取得的天然光照度满足使用、安全、舒适、美观等要求的技术。

2.0.35 通风ventilation为保证人们生活、工作或生产活动具有适宜的空气环境,采用自然或机械方法,对建筑物内部使用空间进行换气,使空气质量满足卫生、安全、舒适等要求的技术。

2.1.1 建筑边坡 building slope在建(构)筑物场地或其周边,由于建(构)筑物和市政工程开挖或填筑施工所形成的人工边坡和对建(构)筑物安全或稳定有影响的自然边坡。

在本规范中简称边坡。

2.1.4 永久性边坡 pennanent slope使用年限超过2年的边坡。

2.1.5 临时性边坡 temporary slope使用年限不超过2年的边坡2.0.8 疏散出口 evacuation exit用于人员离开某一区域至另一区域的出口。

2.0.9 安全出口 safe exit通向避难走道、防烟楼梯间和室外的疏散出口。

2.0.10 疏散走道 evacuation walk用于人员疏散通行至安全出口或相邻防火分区的走道。

2.0.11 避难走道 fire-protection evacuation walk设置有防烟等设施,用于人员安全通行至室外出口的疏散走道。

2.0.12 防烟楼梯间 smoke prevention staircase在每层楼梯间和主体建筑之间设置有专用防烟设施,能达到防烟目的的楼梯间。

2.0.14 设计使用年限design working life设计规定的结构或结构构件不需进行大修即可按其预定目的使用的时期。

住宅术语:2.0.1 住宅residential buildings供家庭居住使用的建筑。

2.0.2 套型dwelling size按不同使用面积、居住空间组成的成套住宅类型。

2.0.3 居住空间habitable space系指卧室、起居室(厅)的使用空间。

2.0.4 卧室bed room供居住者睡眠、休息的空间。

2.0.5起居室(厅)living room供居住者会客、娱乐、团聚等活动的空间。

2.0.6厨房kitchen供居住者进行炊事活动的空间。

2.0.7卫生间bathroom供居住者进行便溺、洗浴、盥洗等活动的空间。

2.0.8使用面积usable area房间实际能使用的面积,不包括墙、柱等结构构造和保温层的面积。

2.0.9标准层typical floor平面布置相同的住宅楼层。

2.0.10层高storey height上下两层楼面或楼面与地面之间的垂直距离。

2.0.11室内净高interior net storey height楼面或地面至上部楼板底面或吊顶底面之间的垂直距离。

2.0.12阳台balcony供居住者进行室外活动、晾晒衣物等的空间。

2.0.13平台terrace供居住者进行室外活动的上人屋面或由住宅底层地面伸出室外的部分。

2.0.14过道passage住宅套内使用的水平交通空间。

2.0.15壁柜cabinet住宅套内与墙壁结合而成的落地贮藏空间。

2.0.16吊柜wall-hung cupboard住宅套内上部的贮藏空间。

2.0.17跃层住宅duplex apartment套内空间跨跃两楼层及以上的住宅。

2.0.18自然层数natural storeys按楼板、地板结构分层的楼层数。

2.0.19中间层middle-floor底层和最高住户入口层之间的楼层。

2.0.20单元式高层住宅tall building of apartment由多个住宅单元组合而成,每单元均设有楼梯、电梯的高层住宅。

2.0.21塔式高层住宅apartment of tower building以共用楼梯、电梯为核心布置多套住房的高层住宅。

2.0.22通廊式高层住宅gallery tall building of apartment以共用楼梯、电梯通过内、外廊进入各套住房的高层住宅。

2.0.23走廊gallery住宅套外使用权的水平交通空间。

2.0.24地下室basement房间地面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高的1/2者。

2.0.25半地下室semi-basement房间地面低于室外地面的高度超过该房间净高的1/3,且不超过1/2者。

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