《货币金融学》课程习题参考答案-第十四章-201009

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《货币金融学》参考答案[43页]

第一章参考答案一、关键概念1．金银铸币制，就是指由国家统一铸造，具有一定重量和成色，铸成一定形状并标明面值的金属货币。

2．代用纸币，又称兑现纸币，就是指以纸张为币材印成一定形状，标明一定面额的货币。

持有这种货币可随时向发行银行或政府兑换成铸币或金银条块，其效力与金属货币完全相同。

3．信用货币，有广义与狭义之分。

广义的信用货币是指由借贷行为而产生的各种信用凭证，如商业票据、银行券、纸币和政府债券等；狭义的信用货币，又称不兑现纸币，是指货币本身价值低于货币价值，并不能与贵金属兑换的具有普遍接受性的货币。

4．电子货币是指使用电子计算机系统进行储存和处理的存款货币。

5．价值尺度，又称价值单位、价值标准、计算单位或记账单位。

货币是一种尺度，一种单位，可以衡量所有商品和劳务的价值，从而使其可以方便进行比较，这就是货币的价值尺度职能。

6．流通手段，当货币在商品交易中起媒介作用时，就是发挥流通手段职能。

7．支付手段，就是指货币充当延期支付的标准。

8．贮藏手段，货币退出流通领域而处于静止状态时，就发挥贮藏手段的职能，或者说价值贮藏或财富贮藏。

9．世界货币，是指随着对外经济往来和国际贸易的发展，货币必然要越出国界，在世界市场上发挥一般等价物的作用。

10．货币的一般定义：货币就是在商品或劳务的支付中或债务的偿还中被普遍接受的任何东西。

11．金融资产的流动性：是指迅速转换成现实购买力或现款而不致遭受名义价值损失的能力。

12．狭义货币，是指立即可以作为流通手段和支付手段的货币，它强调的是货币的流通媒介或支付职能。

13. 广义货币，是指在狭义货币基础上加上定期存款、储蓄存款。

它强调的则是货币的价值贮藏功能。

14．货币制度，简称币制，就是指国家为了适应经济的需要，以法律形式所确定的货币发行和流通的结构、体系与组织形式。

15．本位币和辅币：本位币又称主币，是一国的基本通货，是用于计价、结算的惟一合法的货币。

辅币是主币单位以下的小额通货，供日常零星交易与找零之用。

米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter14英文习题

米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter14英文习题Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 14 Central Banks: A Global Perspective14.1 Origins of the Federal Reserve System1) The First Bank of the United StatesA) was disbanded in 1811 when its charter was not renewed.B) had its charter renewal vetoed in 1832.C) was fundamental in helping the Federal Government finance the War of 1812.D) None of the above.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) The Second Bank of the United StatesA) was disbanded in 1811 when its charter was not renewed.B) had its charter renewal vetoed in 1832.C) is considered to be the primary cause of the bank panic of 1907.D) None of the above.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) The public's fear of centralized power and distrust of moneyed interests led to the demise of the first two experiments in central banking, otherwise known asA) the First Bank of the United States and the Second Bank of the United States.B) the First Bank of the United States and the Central Bank of the United States.C) the First Central Bank of the United States and the SecondCentral Bank of the United States.D) the First Bank of North America and the Second Bank of North America.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) The financial panic of 1907 resulted in such widespread bank failures and substantial losses to depositors that the American public finally became convinced thatA) the First Bank of the United States had failed to serve as a lender of last resort.B) the Second Bank of the United States had failed to serve as a lender of last resort.C) the Federal Reserve System had failed to serve as a lender of last resort.D) a central bank was needed to prevent future panics.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) What makes the Federal Reserve so unique compared to other central banks around the world is itsA) centralized structure.B) decentralized structure.C) regulatory functions.D) monetary policy functions.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking14.2 Structure of the Federal Reserve System1) Which of the following is NOT an entity of the Federal Reserve System?A) Federal Reserve BanksB) the Comptroller of the CurrencyC) the Board of GovernorsD) the Federal Open Market CommitteeAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) Which of the following is an entity of the Federal Reserve System?A) the U.S. Treasury SecretaryB) the FOMCC) the Comptroller of the CurrencyD) the FDICAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) The three largest Federal Reserve banks (New York, Chicago, and San Francisco) combined hold more than ________ percent of the assets of the Federal Reserve System.A) 25B) 33C) 50D) 67Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking4) The Federal Reserve Banks are ________ institutions since they are owned by the ________.A) quasi-public; private commercial banks in the district where the Reserve Bank is locatedB) public; private commercial banks in the district where the Reserve Bank is locatedC) quasi-public; Board of GovernorsD) public; Board of GovernorsAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) Each Federal Reserve bank has nine directors. Of these ________ are appointed by the member banks and ________ are appointed by the Board of Governors.A) three; sixB) four; fiveC) five; fourD) six; threeAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) The nine directors of the Federal Reserve Banks are split into three categories: ________ are professional bankers, ________ are leaders from industry, and ________ are to represent the public interest and are not allowed to be officers, employees, or stockholders of banks.A) 5; 2; 2B) 2; 5; 2C) 4; 2; 3D) 3; 3; 3Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) Member commercial banks have purchased stock in their district Fed banks; the dividend paid by that stock is limited by law to ________ percent annually.A) fourB) fiveC) sixD) eightAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) The Federal Reserve Bank of ________ houses the open market desk.A) BostonB) New YorkC) ChicagoD) San FranciscoAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) The president from which Federal Reserve Bank always hasa vote in the Federal Open Market Committee?A) PhiladelphiaB) BostonC) San FranciscoD) New YorkAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking10) An important function of the regional Federal Reserve Banks isA) setting reserve requirements.B) clearing checks.C) determining monetary policy.D) setting margin requirements.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking11) Which of the following functions is NOT performed by any of the twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks?A) check clearingB) conducting economic researchC) setting interest rates payable on time depositsD) issuing new currencyAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking12) All ________ are required to be members of the Fed.A) state chartered banksB) national banks chartered by the Office of the Comptroller of the CurrencyC) banks with assets less than $100 millionD) banks with assets less than $500 millionAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking13) Of all commercial banks, about ________ belong to the Federal Reserve System.A) 10%B) one halfC) one thirdD) 90%Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking14) Prior to 1980, member banks left the Federal Reserve System due toA) the high cost of discount loans.B) the high cost of required reserves.C) a desire to avoid interest rate regulations.D) a desire to avoid credit controls.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking15) The Fed's support of the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 stemmed in part from itsA) concern over declining Fed membership.B) belief that all banking regulations should be eliminated.C) belief that interest rate ceilings were too high.D) belief that depositors had to become more knowledgeable of banking operations. Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking16) Banks subject to reserve requirements set by the Federal Reserve System includeA) only nationally chartered banks.B) only banks with assets less than $100 million.C) only banks with assets less than $500 million.D) all banks whether or not they are members of the Federal Reserve System.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) The Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980A) established higher reserve requirements for nonmember than for member banks.B) established higher reserve requirements for member than for nonmember banks.C) abolished reserve requirements.D) established uniform reserve requirements for all banks.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) There are ________ members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.A) 5B) 7C) 12D) 19Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking19) Members of the Board of Governors areA) chosen by the Federal Reserve Bank presidents.B) appointed by the newly elected president of the United States, as are cabinet positions.C) appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the Senate.D) never allowed to serve more than 7-year terms.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking20) Each governor on the Board of Governors can serveA) only one nonrenewable fourteen-year term.B) one full nonrenewable fourteen-year term plus part of another term.C) only one nonrenewable eight-year term.D) one full nonrenewable eight-year term plus part of another term.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking21) The Chairman of the Board of Governors is chosen from among the seven governors and serves a ________, renewable term.A) one-yearB) two-yearC) four-yearD) eight-yearAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking22) While the discount rate is "established" by the regionalFederal Reserve Banks, in truth, the rate is determined byA) Congress.B) the president of the United States.C) the Senate.D) the Board of Governors.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking23) Which of the followings is a duty of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System?A) setting margin requirements, the fraction of the purchase price of the securities that has to be paid for with cashB) setting the maximum interest rates payable on certain types of time deposits under Regulation QC) regulating credit with the approval of the president under the Credit Control Act of 1969D) All governors advise the president of the United States on economic policy.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking24) Which of the followings is NOT a current duty of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System?A) setting margin requirements, the fraction of the purchase price of the securities that has to be paid for with cashB) setting the maximum interest rates payable on certain types of time deposits under Regulation QC) approving the discount rate "established" by the Federal Reserve banksD) voting on the conduct of open market operationsAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking25) The Federal Open Market Committee usually meets ________ times a year.A) fourB) sixC) eightD) twelveAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking26) The Federal Reserve entity that makes decisions regarding the conduct of open market operations is theA) Board of Governors.B) chairman of the Board of Governors.C) Federal Open Market Committee.D) Open Market Advisory CouncilAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking27) The Federal Open Market Committee consists of theA) five senior members of the seven-member Board of Governors.B) seven members of the Board of Governors and seven presidents of the regional Fed banks.C) seven members of the Board of Governors and five presidents of the regional Fed banks.D) twelve regional Fed bank presidents and the chairman of the Board of Governors. Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking28) The majority of members of the Federal Open Market Committee areA) Federal Reserve Bank presidents.B) members of the Federal Advisory Council.C) presidents of member banks.D) the seven members of the Board of Governors.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking29) Each Fed bank president attends FOMC meetings; although only ________ Fed bank presidents vote on policy, all ________ provide input.A) three; tenB) five; tenC) three; twelveD) five; twelveAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking30) Although reserve requirements and the discount rate are not actually set by the ________, decisions concerning these policy tools are effectively made there.A) Federal Reserve Bank of New YorkB) Board of GovernorsC) Federal Open Market CommitteeD) Federal Reserve BanksAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking31) The research document given to the Federal Open Market Committee that contains information on the state of the economy in each Federal Reserve district is called theA) beige book.B) green book.C) blue book.D) black book.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking32) The teal book is the Fed research document containingA) the forecast of national economic variables for the next three years.B) forecasts of the money aggregates conditional on different monetary policy stances.C) information on the state of the economy in each Federal Reserve district.D) both A and B.E) A, B and C.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking33) The Federal Open Market Committee's "balance of risks" is an assessment of whether, in the future, its primary concern will beA) higher exchange rates or higher unemployment.B) higher inflation or a stronger economy.C) higher inflation or a weaker economy.D) lower inflation or a stronger economy.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking34) Subject to the approval of the Board of Governors, the decision of choosing the president ofa district Federal Reserve Bank is made byA) all nine district bank directors.B) the six district bank directors elected by the member banks.C) three district bank directors who are professional bankers.D) district bank directors who are not professional bankers.E) class A and class B directors.Answer: DAACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities35) Why does the Federal Reserve Bank of New York play a special role within the Federal Reserve System?Answer: The New York district contains the largest banks in the country. The New York Fed supervises and examines these banks to insure their soundness and the safety of the nation's financial system. The New York Fed conducts open market operations and foreign exchange transactions for the Fed and Treasury. The New York Fed belongs to the Bank for International Settlements, so its president and the chairman of the Board of Governors represent the U.S. at the monthly meetings of the world's central banks. The New York Fed president is the only president of a regional Fed who is a permanent voting member of the FOMC.AACSB: Reflective Thinking36) Who are the voting members of the Federal Open Market Committee and why is this committee important? Where does the power lie within this committee?Answer: The FOMC determines the monetary policy of the United States through its decisions about open market operations. It also effectively determines the discount rate and reserve requirements. The seven members of the Board of Governors, the president of the New York Fed, and four of the other eleven regional bank presidents are voting members on a rotating basis. Within the FOMC, the chairman of the Board of Governors wields the power.AACSB: Reflective Thinking14.3 How Independent is the Fed?1) Instrument independence is the ability of ________ to setmonetary policy ________.A) the central bank; goalsB) Congress; goalsC) Congress; instrumentsD) the central bank; instrumentsAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) The ability of a central bank to set monetary policy instruments isA) political independence.B) goal independence.C) policy independence.D) instrument independence.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) Goal independence is the ability of ________ to set monetary policy ________.A) the central bank; goalsB) Congress; goalsC) Congress; instrumentsD) the central bank; instrumentsAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) The ability of a central bank to set monetary policy goals isA) political independence.B) goal independence.C) policy independence.D) instrument independence.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) Members of Congress are able to influence monetary policy, albeit indirectly, through their ability toA) withhold appropriations from the Board of Governors.B) withhold appropriations from the Federal Open Market Committee.C) propose legislation that would force the Fed to submit budget requests to Congress, as must other government agencies.D) instruct the General Accounting Office to audit the foreign exchange market functions of the Federal Reserve.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) Explain two concepts of central bank independence. Is the Fed politically independent? Why do economists think central bank independence is important?Answer: Instrument independence is the ability of the central bank to set its instruments, and goal independence is the ability of a central bank to set its goals. The Fed enjoys both types of independence. The Fed is largely independent of political pressure due to its earnings and the conditions of appointment of the Board of Governors and its chairman. However, some political pressure can be applied through the threat or enactment of legislation affecting the Fed. Independence is important because there is some evidence that independent central banks pursue lower rates of inflation without harming overall economic performance.AACSB: Reflective Thinking14.4 Should the Fed be Independent?1) The case for Federal Reserve independence does NOTinclude the idea thatA) political pressure would impart an inflationary bias to monetary policy.B) a politically insulated Fed would be more concerned with long-run objectives and thus be a defender of a sound dollar and a stable price level.C) policy is always performed better by an elite group such as the Fed.D) a Federal Reserve under the control of Congress or the president might make the so-called political business cycle more pronounced.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) The political business cycle refers to the phenomenon that just before elections, politicians enact ________ policies. After the elections, the bad effects of these policies (for example, ________ ) have to be counteracted with ________ policies.A) expansionary; higher unemployment; contractionaryB) expansionary; a higher inflation rate; contractionaryC) contractionary; higher unemployment; expansionaryD) contractionary; a higher inflation rate; expansionaryAnswer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking3) The strongest argument for an independent Federal Reserve rests on the view that subjecting the Fed to more political pressures would impartA) an inflationary bias to monetary policy.B) a deflationary bias to monetary policy.C) a disinflationary bias to monetary policy.D) a countercyclical bias to monetary policy.Answer: AAACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities4) Critics of the current system of Fed independence contend thatA) the current system is undemocratic.B) voters have too much say about monetary policy.C) the president has too much control over monetary policy on a day-to-day basis.D) the Board of Governors is held responsible for policy missteps.Answer: AAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments5) Recent research indicates that inflation performance (low inflation) has been found to be best in countries withA) the most independent central banks.B) political control of monetary policy.C) money financing of budget deficits.D) a policy of always keeping interest rates low.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) Make the case for and against an independent Federal Reserve.Answer: Case for: 1. An independent Federal Reserve can shield the economy from the political business cycle, and it will be less likely to have an inflationary bias to monetary policy.2. Control of the money supply is too important to leave to inexperienced politicians.Case against: 1. It is undemocratic to have monetary policy be controlled by a small number of individuals that are not accountable. 2. In the past, an independent Fed has not used itsfreedom wisely. 3. Its independence may encourage it to pursue its own self-interest rather than the public's interest.AACSB: Ethical understanding and reasoning abilities14.5 Explaining Central Bank Behavior1) The theory of bureaucratic behavior suggests that the objective of a bureaucracy is to maximizeA) the public's welfare.B) profits.C) its own welfare.D) conflict with the executive and legislative branches of government.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) The theory of bureaucratic behavior when applied to the Fed helps to explain why the FedA) was supportive of congressional attempts to limit the central bank's autonomy.B) was so secretive about the conduct of future monetary policy.C) sought less control over banks in the 1980s.D) was willing to take on powerful groups that may threaten its autonomy.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) What is the theory of bureaucratic behavior and how can it be used to explain the behavior of the Federal Reserve?Answer: The theory of bureaucratic behavior concludes that the main objective of any bureaucracy is to maximize its own welfare, which is related to power and prestige. This can explain why the Federal Reserve has defended its autonomy, avoidsconflict with Congress and the president, and its push to gain more control over banks.AACSB: Analytical Thinking14.6 Structure and Independence of the European Central Bank1) Under the European System of Central Banks, the Executive Board is similar in structure to the ________ of the Federal Reserve System.A) Board of GovernorsB) Federal Open Market CommitteeC) Federal Reserve BanksD) Federal Advisory CouncilAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) Under the European System of Central Banks, the Governing Council is similar in structure to the ________ of the Federal Reserve System.A) Board of GovernorsB) Federal Open Market CommitteeC) Federal Reserve BanksD) Federal Advisory CouncilAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) Under the European System of Central Banks, the National Central Banks have the same role as the ________ of the Federal Reserve System.A) Board of GovernorsB) Federal Open Market CommitteeC) Federal Reserve BanksD) Federal Advisory CouncilAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) Members of the Executive Board of the European System of Central Banks are appointed to ________ year, nonrenewable terms.A) fourB) eightC) tenD) fourteenAnswer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) Which of the following statements comparing the European System of Central Banks and the Federal Reserve System is TRUE?A) The budgets of the Federal Reserve Banks are controlled by the Board of Governors, while the National Central Banks control their own budgets and the budget of the European Central Bank.B) The European Central Bank has similar power over the National Central Banks when compared to the level of power the Board of Governors has over the Federal Reserve Banks. C) Just like the Federal Reserve System, monetary operations are centralized in the European System of Central Banks with the European Central Bank.D) The European Central Bank's involvement in supervision and regulation of financial institutions is comparable to the Board of Governors' involvement.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) The Governing Council usually meets ________ times a year.A) fourB) sixC) eightD) twelveAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) In the Governing Council, the decision of what policy to implement is made byA) majority vote of the Executive Board members.B) majority vote of the heads of the National Banks.C) consensus.D) majority vote of all members of the Governing Council.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) The central bank which is generally regarded as the most independent in the world because its charter cannot be changed by legislation is theA) Bank of England.B) Bank of Canada.C) European Central Bank.D) Bank of Japan.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) Explain the similarities and differences between the European System of Central Banks andthe Federal Reserve System.Answer: The similarities between the two are in their structure. The National Central Banks of the member countries of the Eurosystem have the same role as the Federal Reserve Banks in the Federal Reserve System. The Executive Board and theGoverning Council of the Eurosystem resemble the Board of Governors and the Federal Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve System, respectively. There are three major differences between the two. The first difference is concerning the control of the budgets. In the Fed, the Board of Governors controls the budgets of the Reserve Banks while in the Eurosystem, the National Banks control the budget of the European Central Bank. The second difference is the monetary operations of the Eurosystem are conducted by the National Banks, so they are not as centralized as the monetary operations in the Federal Reserve System. Finally, the European Central Bank is not involved in the supervision and regulation of the financial institutions in the euro zone while the Federal Reserve is involved with the regulation and supervision of the financial institutions in the United States.AACSB: Reflective Thinking14.7 Structure and Independence of Other Foreign Central Banks1) On paper, the Bank of Canada has ________ instrument independence and ________ goal independence when compared to the Federal Reserve System.A) less; lessB) less; moreC) more; lessD) more; moreAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) The oldest central bank, having been founded in 1694, is theA) Bank of England.B) Deutsche Bundesbank.C) Bank of Japan.D) Federal Reserve System.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) While legislation enacted in 1998 granted the Bank of Japan new powers and greater autonomy, its critics contend that its independence isA) limited by the Ministry of Finance's veto power over a portion of its budget.B) too great because it need not pursue a policy of price stability even if that is the popular will of the people.C) too great since the Ministry of Finance no longer has veto power over the bank's budget.D) limited since the Ministry of Finance can dismiss senior bank officials.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) Regarding central bank independenceA) the Fed is more independent than the European Central Bank.B) the European Central Bank is more independent than the Fed.C) the trend in industrialized nations has been to reduce central bank independence.D) the Bank of England has the longest tradition of independence of any central bank in the world.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) The trend in recent years is that more and moregovernmentsA) have been granting greater independence to their central banks.B) have been reducing the independence of their central banks to make them more accountable for poor economic performance.C) have mandated that their central banks focus on controlling inflation.D) have required their central banks to cooperate more with their Ministers of Finance. Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) Which of the following statements about central bank structure and independence is TRUE?A) In recent years, with the exception of the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan, most countries have reduced the independence of their central banks, subjecting them to greater democratic control.B) Before the Bank of England was granted greater independence, the Federal Reserve was the most independent of the world's central banks.C) Both theory and experience suggest that more independent central banks produce better monetary policy.D) While the European Central Bank is independent, it is not as independent as the Federal Reserve.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking。

《货币金融学》课程习题参考答案-第五章-201009[1]

第五章外汇与汇率一、填空1．外汇统收统支2．官定市场3．名义汇率实际汇率4．r=P A/P B r1=r0（P A1/P B1）/（P A0/P B0）5．金融资产说6．10二、判断1．对2．错3．错4．错5．对6．对7．错8．错9．对10．错11．对三、单选1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．C 6．D 7．C四、多选` 1．ABC 2．ABCD 3．AC五、问答1．什么是外汇？我国所谓的外汇有那些具体表现形式？答：现代经济生活中的外汇，主要是指以外币表示的债权债务证明。

更确切的讲，外汇是以外币表示的金融资产，可用作国际间结算的支付手段，并能兑换成其他形式的外币资产和支付手段。

我国现行的《中华人民共和国外汇管理条例》所称的外汇，是指下列以外币表示的可以用作国际清偿的支付手段和资产：（1）外国货币，包括纸币、铸币；（2）外币支付凭证，包括票据、银行存款凭证、邮政储蓄凭证等；（3）外币有价证券，包括政府债券、公司债券、股票等；（4）特别提款权；（5）其他外汇资产。

2．比较外汇与本币的不同。

一国居民持有的外汇在本国境内是否具有货币的各种职能？为什么？答：一般地，可以将外汇定义为一切外国货币；现代经济生活中的外汇，主要指以外币标示的债权债务证明。

外汇作为货币，与本币都是债权债务证明，这是没有区别的。

如果要加以区分，那就是外汇还包括股票这类所有权证。

而在论及国内货币时，所有权证则不包括在货币之内。

尽管理论上外汇与本币的职能并无实质性的区别，但事实上居民持有外汇在本国境内能否行使如同本币一般的职能，还要取决于本币是否已经实现了完全可兑换。

而即使是实现了完全可兑换，也只是允许本币及外汇的自由进出境和相互自由兑换，并未赋予任何外汇在境内日常交易中充当价值尺度、交易媒介或支付手段的职能。

3．现行人民币汇率制度属于哪种汇率制度？其主要内容是什么？答：我国现行的是以市场供求为基础的、有管理的浮动汇率制度。

这是1994年外汇体制改革建立起来的，属于管理浮动型的汇率制度。

《货币金融学》米什金第14专题货币政策操作、货币政策工具与货币政策

如果盯住准备金，市场冲击导致准备金需求曲线移动，导致联邦基金利率波动；
如果盯住利率，在准备金需求曲线变动时，准备金供给曲线必须随之变动，即导致了准备金的波动。

可见无法同时选定数量型和价格型中介指标。

【补充】泰勒规则
准备金的供需曲线如图所示，央行不限制准备金存款存放又无限供给准备金时，套利机制导致，基准利率（联邦基金利率）被控制在贴现贷款利率（
准备金（ier）之间，即所谓“利率走廊”
三大法宝
1，公开市场操作——直接影响基础货币中非借入准备金（
2，再贴现——直接影响借入准备金部分（BR）
基金利率，特殊情况下有效，此时iﬀ=id
3，调整法定准备金率——动货币乘数（r）——货币供给过程表明，法准率变动不会对准备金的量产生影响，而是通过影响货币乘数
【热点】利率走廊
，传统的（一般性）货币政策工具
）公开市场操作。

货币金融学习题册及答案

第一章货币与经济练习题一、选择题(含单项选择与多项选择)1、货币的两个基本职能是：。

A、交易媒介B、支付手段C、价值尺度D、价值贮藏2、在下列经济行为中，货币执行支付职能的是。

A、发放工资B、交纳税款C、银行借贷D、分期付款3、货币在执行职能时，可以是观念上的货币。

A、交易媒介B、价值贮藏C、支付手段D、价值尺度4、下列说法哪项不属于信用货币的特征。

A、可代替金属货币B、是一种信用凭证C、依靠银行信用和政府信用而流通D、是足值的货币。

5、一般情况下，货币流动性结构的变动与通货膨胀间的关系是：。

A、高通货膨胀时，货币的流动性比率会下降B、高通货膨胀时，货币的流动性比率会上升C、通货紧缩时，货币的流动性比率会上升D、通货紧缩时，货币的流动性比率会下降6、下列有关币制说法正确的是。

A、平行本位制下会产生“劣币驱逐良币”的现象B、双本位制下容易出现“双重价格”的现象C、金银复本位制是一种不稳定的货币制度D、双本位制下金币作为主币，银币为辅币7、实物货币形态中被人们选择作为货币的商品必须具有的特性：A、价值含量较大B、易于保存C、容易分割D、人们都乐于接受8、信用货币具有的特征是：A、是价值符号B、是负债货币C、可以任意发行D、国家强制性9、价值尺度与价格标准的区别在于：A、内在与外在B、目的与手段C、自发与人为规定D、变化不一样10、货币危机性最大的职能是：A、通手手段B、支付手段C、贮藏手段D、国际货币11、我国的货币层次划分中一般将现金划入层次：A、M0B、M1C、M2D、M312、货币层次控制重点的确定原则有：A、相关性B、可测性C、可控性D、流动性13、虚金本位制也叫：A、金币本位制B、金块本位制C、生金本位制D、金汇兑本位制14、金银复合本位制的主要缺陷是：A、造成价值尺度的多重性B、违反独占性和排他性C、引起兑换比率的波动D、导致币材的匮乏15、金银复本位制向金本位制的过渡方式是。

A、平行本位制B、双本位制C、跛行本位制D、金块本位制16、下列关于货币层次说法正确的是。

参考答案：第十四章开放经济的均衡

第十四章开放经济的均衡一、填空1.服务贸易收益项目2.复式簿记净误差与遗漏3.自主性交易调节性交易4.贸易差额经常项目差额国际收支总差额5.经济周期调整汇率/本币升值或贬值6.国际间的利率差7.国内资金的需要偿还外债的能力8.外汇储备政策宣示效应9.扩大总需求扩大总供给10.财政收支银行信贷收支二、判断1.对2.对3.错4.错5.对6.对7.错8.对 9.错 10.对 11.对 12.对 13.错 14.对三、单选1.D2.C3.A4.B5.B四、多选1.ABC2.ABCD3.BC4.ABCD5.ACD五、问答1. 简述国际收支平衡表的构成。

并解释为什么在国际收支经常出现差额的情况下，国际收支平衡表总可以实现平衡。

答：国际收支平衡表是一个统计报表，全面系统的记录一国国际收支状况。

通常，把国际收支平衡表的项目划分为四类：经常项目、资本和金融项目、储备资产变动以及净误差与遗漏。

国际收支平衡表是按复式簿记原理编制的。

但在实践中，国际收支平衡表的编制是通过对各个子项目的统计进行的。

由于统计数据来源不一、时间不同等原因，借方合计与贷方合计之间总是存在一定的差额。

为此就需要一个平衡项目即净误差与遗漏。

当贷方大于借方时，就将差额列入该项目的借方；反之列入该项目的贷方。

正是由于净误差与遗漏项目的存在，使得国际收支平衡表总可以实现平衡。

2.如何理解国际收支的失衡？引起失衡的原因主要有哪些？答：在判断国际收支是否平衡时，国际上通行的方法是从性质上将国际收支平衡表上各个项目区分为自主性交易和调节性交易。

如果一国国际收支不必依靠调节性交易而通过自主性交易就能实现基本平衡，是国际收支平衡；反之，则不是。

引起国际收支失衡的原因很多，主要有：（1）一国处于经济发展阶段，常常需要进口大量技术、设备和重要原料，而出口一时难以相应增长，因而出现贸易和国际收支差额。

（2）受经济结构制约（3）受物价和币值的影响。

如果一国发生通货膨胀，国内物价上涨，出口商品成本随之提高；而进口商品在汇率不变情况下，价格相对较低，引起进口增加，结果是恶化易状况和国际收支状况。

货币金融学习题答案汇总

货币练习题一、选择题(含单项选择与多项选择)1. 货币的两个基本职能是（）。

A、交易媒介B、支付手段C、价值尺度D、价值贮藏2. 货币在执行（）职能时，可以是观念上的货币。

A、交易媒介B、价值贮藏C、支付手段D、价值尺度3. 下列说法哪项不属于信用货币的特征（）。

A、与金属货币挂钩B、是一种信用凭证C、依靠银行信用和政府信用而流通D、是足值的货币。

4. 我国的货币层次划分中一般将现金划入（）层次：A、M0B、M1C、M2D、M35. 虚金本位制也叫（）。

A、金币本位制B、金块本位制C、生金本位制D、金汇兑本位制6. 金银复合本位制的主要缺陷是（）。

A、造成价值尺度的多重性B、违反独占性和排他性C、引起兑换比率的波动D、导致币材的匮乏7. 金银复本位制向金本位制的过渡方式是（）。

A、平行本位制B、双本位制C、跛行本位制D、金块本位制8. 下列哪种经济体中，支付体系的效率最低？（）。

A、使用黄金作为商品货币的经济体B、易货经济C、使用不兑现纸币的经济体D、使用通货和存款货币的经济体9. 下列哪种经济体中，商品和服务可以直接交换成另外的商品和服务？（）。

A、使用黄金作为商品货币的经济体B、易货经济C、使用不兑现纸币的经济体D、使用通货和存款货币的经济体10.下列哪个不是货币的目的或功能？（）。

A、价值储藏B、交易媒介C、避免通货膨胀的冲击D、价值尺度11.下列哪种是商品货币的例子？（）A、5美元钞票B、基于在美国的某银行账户签发的支票C、信用卡D、战俘集中营中的香烟E、上述选项都正确12.下列哪种是不兑现纸币的例子？（）A、5美元钞票B、20美元金币C、原始社会中用做货币的贝壳D、战俘集中营中的香烟二、判断题(在下列题目中，你认为是对的打√，错的打×)1、在市场经济条件下，支票和信用卡都是货币。

( )2、易货经济的效率很低，因为想要达成，必须实现“需求的双重吻合”。

( )3、由于货币具有较好的流动性，通常成为人们价值贮藏的首选。

货币金融学习题及答案

一、单项选择：（每小题1分，共15分）1、货币在衡量并表示商品价值量大小时，执行（）职能。

A、价值尺度B、流通手段C、支付手段D、世界货币2、凯恩斯认为交易动机和预防动机决定的货币需求取决于（）。

A、利率水平B、价格水平C、收入水平D、预期水平3、通货膨胀与通货紧缩都是一种（）。

A、经济现象B、货币现象C、企业现象D、市场现象4、商业银行最基本的资金来源是（）。

A、存款类资金来源B、非存款类资金来源C、中央银行的贴现借款D、国际金融市场融资5、我国目前的法定存款准备金率是（）。

A、6%B、8%C、12%D、13%6、外国筹资者在另一国市场上发行并已发行市场所在国货币计值的债券是（）。

A、欧洲债券B、国际债券C、外国债券D、国内债券7、信用最基本的特征是（）。

A、让渡性B、付息性C、偿还性D、收益性8、现代金融体系的主体是（）。

A、商业银行B、中央银行C、政策性银行D、非银行金融机构9、中国人民银行从1984年开始执行中央银行职能后使用的最主要的货币政策工具是（）。

A、利率B、存款准备金率C、贷款计划D、公开市场业务10、把金融创新的动因归结于交易成本的降低的是（）。

A、弗里德曼B、诺斯C、凯恩D、希克斯和尼汉斯11、下列属于间接融资方式的是（）。

A、商业信用B、银行信用C、国家信用D、消费信用12、强调流动性为先的管理理念的理论是（）。

A、资产管理理论B、负债管理理论C、资产负债综合管理理论D、资产负债外管理理论13、货币政策诸目标之间呈一致性关系的是（）。

A、物价稳定与经济增长B、经济增长与充分就业C、充分就业与国际收支平衡D、物价稳定与充分就业14、出口方银行向外国进口商或进口方银行提供的贷款是（）。

A、卖方信贷B、买方信贷C、国际金融机构贷款D、政府贷款15、金本位制下，决定两国货币汇率的基础的是（）。

A、货币含金量B、铸币平价C、中心汇率D、货币实际购买力二、多项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1、在下列各项中，属于中央银行“银行的银行”职能的内容是（）。

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第十四章开放经济的均衡
一、填空
1.服务贸易收益项目
2.复式簿记净误差与遗漏
3.自主性交易调节性交易
4.贸易差额经常项目差额国际收支总差额
5.经济周期调整汇率/本币升值或贬值
6.国际间的利率差
7.国内资金的需要偿还外债的能力
8.外汇储备政策宣示效应
9.扩大总需求扩大总供给
10.财政收支银行信贷收支
二、判断
1.对
2.对
3.错
4.错
5.对
6.对
7.错
8.对 9.错 10.对 11.对 12.对 13.错 14.对
三、单选
1.D
2.C
3.A
4.B
5.B
四、多选
1.ABC
2.ABCD
3.BC
4.ABCD
5.ACD
五、问答
1. 简述国际收支平衡表的构成。

并解释为什么在国际收支经常出现差额的情况下，国际收支平衡表总可以实现平衡。

答：国际收支平衡表是一个统计报表，全面系统的记录一国国际收支状况。

通常，把国际收支平衡表的项目划分为四类：经常项目、资本和金融项目、储备资产变动以及净误差与遗漏。

国际收支平衡表是按复式簿记原理编制的。

但在实践中，国际收支平衡表的编制是通过对各个子项目的统计进行的。

由于统计数据来源不一、时间不同等原因，借方合计与贷方合计之间总是存在一定的差额。

为此就需要一个平衡项目即净误差与遗漏。

当贷方大于借方时，就将差额列入该项目的借方；反之列入该项目的贷方。

正是由于净误差与遗漏项目的存在，使得国际收支平衡表总可以实现平衡。

2.如何理解国际收支的失衡？引起失衡的原因主要有哪些？
答：在判断国际收支是否平衡时，国际上通行的方法是从性质上将国际收支平衡表上各个项目区分为自主性交易和调节性交易。

如果一国国际收支不必依靠调节性交易而通过自主性交易就能实现基本平衡，是国际收支平衡；反之，则不是。

引起国际收支失衡的原因很多，主要有：
（1）一国处于经济发展阶段，常常需要进口大量技术、设备和重要原料，而出口一时难以相应增长，因而出现贸易和国际收支差额。

（2）受经济结构制约
（3）受物价和币值的影响。

（4）受汇率变化的影响。

若本币升值，则不利于出口，并刺激进口。

（5）受利率变化的影响。

一般情况下，利率相对降低时，或资本流入会减少，或资本流出会增加。

（6）受经济周期变化的影响。

繁荣时期，经常项目可能出现逆差，也可能出现顺差；而在萧条时期，随着生产的下降，一般会导致国际收支恶化。

3. 什么是国际储备？为什么要强调外汇储备的适度规模？
答：国际储备是一国或地区官方拥有的可以随时使用的国际储备性资产。

传统上，国际储备的作用主要是应付国际收支失衡、维持汇率稳定。

在新兴市场国家国际储备越来越被看作是信心的标志。

国际储备资产中的主要组成部分是外汇储备。

保持一定的外汇储备，是调节外汇收支和市场总供求的重要手段。

但外汇储备并非是越多越好。

原因有三：（1）可能增加对货币均衡的压力。

（2）外汇储备表现为持有一种以外币表示的金融债权，相应的资金存在国外，并未投入国内生产使用。

所以外汇储备过大，等于相应的资金“溢出”，对于资金短缺的国家是不合算的。

（3）外汇储备还可能由于外汇汇率贬值而在短期内蒙受巨大损失。

关于适度外汇储备水平，一个常用指标是认为应维持相当于3-4个月进口额的外汇储备；另一个指标是最后清偿率，国际公认的警戒线为130%。

全面考察外汇储备是否适度还要结合各自的国情特点。

4.简述国际资本流动的原因及其经济影响。

答：国际资本流动是指资本跨越国界的移动过程，一般是通过国际间的借贷、有价证券的买卖或者其他财产所有权的交易来完成的。

资本在国际间流动的根本原因是各国的资本收益率不同。

整体上看，国际资本流动促进了世界经济的增长和稳定，表现在如下一些方面：一定程度上打破了国与国之间的界限，使资本在全球范围内进行有效配置，有利于世界总产量的提高和经济福利的增加；通过各种方式的投资和贷款，使得国际支付能力有效地在各国之间进行转移，有助于国际贸易的顺利开展和全球性国际收支的平衡；国际直接投资有效地促进了生产技术在全球范围内的传播，使科学技术成为人类的共同财富；国际证券投资可以使投资者对其有价证券资产进行更为广泛的多元化组合，从而分散投资风险。

除此之外，国际资本流动对世界经济也带来了一些不利影响，主要是冲击了所在国的经济，便捷了国际金融风险的传递。

国际资本流动，无论是对输入国经济还是对输出国经济，影响都是多渠道、多方面，必须具体全面分析。

5.我国利用外资的形式主要有哪些？
答：利用外资是我国改革开放的重要战略措施。

它有利于补充国内建设资金不足，有利于引进先进技术促进产业升级，有利于吸收先进的企业管理经验，有利于创造更多的就业机会和增加国家财政收入。

外国直接投资一直是我国利用外资的主导方式，指非居民对我国的企业投资，并由此而获得对企业的控制权。

对外借款主要有外国政府贷款、国际金融组织贷款、国际商业贷款等。

在国际金融市场上发行的以外币表示的债券是一种广泛采用的筹资渠道。

除债券外，还包括
大额可转让存单、商业票据等等。

境外股票融资现在已经成为我国利用外资的重要手段。

此外，还有项目融资、国际金融租赁等利用外资的方式。

6. 确立外债规模时应考虑哪些因素？
答：外债是指一切本国居民对非居民承担的、契约性的、以外国货币或者本国货币为核算单位的、有偿还义务的负债。

利用外债规模必须适当。

确定外债规模要考虑两个基本因素：国内资金的需要和偿还外债的能力
所谓国内资金的需要有两层含义：（1）资金缺口（2）外汇缺口
关于偿债能力，从宏观看，国际通行的指标包括（1）偿债率（2）债务率（3）负债率在外债的规模掌握中，上述指标均为参考指标，对于具体国家，要综合各因素具体分析。

7. 试分析比较不同汇率制度下一国的国际收支状况对该国货币供给可能的影响。

答：由对外经济贸交易引起的国际收支，必然影响国内货币供给和货币流通状况。

这种影响又因为所实行的汇率制度的不同而有所差异。

在固定汇率制度下，外汇收支对货币供给的影响表现在两个层次上：商业银行活动与中央银行活动。

在一国外汇收支顺差时，商业银行购入的外汇大于售出，货币供给量表现为净增加，反之则缩减。

与此同时，如货币供给过大，外汇汇率趋降，中央银行会在市场收购外汇，其结果是有可能扩大货币供给量。

可见，在固定汇率制度下，一国外汇收支有顺差，则构成增加货币供给的压力，反之则会相应缩减货币供应量。

在浮动汇率制度下，汇率主要是受供求关系的变动来调节，从而外汇收支逆差国的货币汇率会下降，顺差国的货币汇率会上升。

市场汇率的变动，又会引起外汇收支顺差或者逆差反方向变化，并使原来出现的外汇收支逆差和顺差有可能短暂存在。

因而从理论上说，在浮动汇率下，不致因外汇收支逆差或顺差的长期存在而导致货币供给量的长期扩张或收缩。

不过，当政府为了实现某种政策目标在公开市场上收购或者抛售外汇时，自然引起货币供应量的扩张和收缩。

8. 试归纳对外收支是如何影响市场总供求的？
答：总供求状况是经济均衡中的基本问题，也是其主要标志。

在对外开放条件下，影响总供求的变量扩大了。

诸如商品进出口、资本的流出入和非贸易收支等，构成新的因素。

我们把外汇收支对总供给、总需求的影响简化为对进出口、资本收支两大项的影响。

商品出口表示国外对国内商品的需求，构成了扩大总需求的因素；商品进口则表示增加国内商品可供量，构成扩大总供给的因素。

总供求的均衡公式扩展到：消费支出+投资支出+（出口-进口）=消费品供应+生产品供应
资本流入，如同国内投资支出一样，会扩大总需求；资本流出，表示部分投资流向国外，国内投资需求减少，总供给相对扩大。

总供求均衡公式扩展为：消费支出+投资支出+（出口-进口）=消费品供应+生产品供应+（资本流出-资本流入）
外汇收支作为沟通内外的渠道，对总供求还具有特殊的调节作用。

（1）调节社会总产品和国民收入的总额及其在分配、使用方面的矛盾，有可能使一定时期内社会总产品的分配额和使用额并不简单受产出制约。

（2）促进技术开发和产业调整。

（3）转化资源（4）提高国民收入、开辟财源。

汇率反映本币与外币的折算关系，不同的折算比率对总供给和总需求有不同影响。

然而，必须认识到，从根本上说，外汇收支及其平衡是建立在国内经济良性循环基础之上的。

（1）无论是发展进口或是利用外资，其基础在于出口能力的不断增长。

（2）外汇收支与国内资金循环交织在一起，因而受到国内资金循环状况，尤其是财政收支和银行信贷收支
平衡状况的制约。