Researchmethodology解读
论文研究方法英文
论文研究方法英文Research Methodology in a ThesisIntroduction:Research methodology refers to the overall approach and systematic process employed in conducting a study or an investigation. It outlines the strategies, techniques, and tools used to gather, analyze, and interpret data in order to draw meaningful conclusions and contribute to knowledge in a particular field. This section will discuss the research methodology used in a thesis, highlighting the various components and their relevance.Research Design:The research design outlines the overall structure and plan for conducting the study. It provides a blueprint for how the study will proceed, including the research questions or hypotheses, variables to be examined, and the overall approach to data collection and analysis. The research design can be qualitative, quantitative, or a combination of both, depending on the nature of the research problem and objectives.Data Collection:Data collection methods involve gathering information or data fromrelevant sources to answer the research questions or test the hypotheses. There are various data collection methods, including interviews, surveys, observations, experiments, and document analysis. The choice of data collection methods depends on the nature of the research problem, availability of resources, and ethical considerations.Sampling:Sampling refers to the process of selecting a subset of individuals, entities, or elements from a population for research purposes. The sample should be representative of the population to ensure that the findings can be generalized. Common sampling methods include random sampling, stratified sampling, and purposive sampling. The sample size should be determined based on statistical considerations, such as the confidence level and desired margin of error.Data Analysis:Data analysis involves transforming raw data into meaningful information through the use of statistical techniques and other analytical tools. The specific data analysis techniques depend on the research design and the type of data collected. Qualitative data analysis may involve coding, categorizing, and thematic analysis, while quantitative data analysis often involves descriptive statistics, inferential statistics,and regression analysis.Validity and Reliability:Validity refers to the extent to which the research findings accurately represent the phenomena under investigation. Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of the research findings over time and across different researchers or study settings. Validity and reliability are critical considerations in ensuring the rigor and credibility of a study. Various strategies, such as triangulation, member checking, and inter-rater reliability, can be employed to enhance validity and reliability.Ethical Considerations:Ethical considerations involve the protection of participants' rights and the ethical conduct of research. This includes obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity, minimizing harm and risks, and maintaining integrity in data collection and analysis. Researchers should adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain necessary ethical approvals, particularly when involving human subjects.Conclusion:In summary, the research methodology in a thesis involves the selection of an appropriate research design, data collection methods, sampling,data analysis, and consideration of validity, reliability, and ethical considerations. A rigorous and systematic research methodology enhances the credibility and usefulness of the study findings, contributing to knowledge in the respective field.。
Research Methodology
Chapter 3 Research Methodology3.1 IntroductionThe research method it involves three elements which are the data collection, analysis and interpretation to help the researcher doing the research propose for their studies. In this study it applied the quantitative research method to find the housing index of Shanghai during 2000 to 2009, also the mortgage to income index during this period. By doing the research, for better and accurate measurement and analysis of these data to generate the better results, it has been applied the standardization (norming) method to the sampling data. The process of standardization, also called norming, removes the effect of relevant but different characteristics in order to make the important differences visible. (Neuman.W, 2011) And it also uses the secondary data analysis. The data collection will belong to secondary data collection. The sources of data are mainly in DataStream, National Bruno Database, ShangHai Bruno Database, Journal Article and Local Real-estate Agency Report, and the results will represent and analysis in finding part.3.2 Research strategy and ApproachesBy doing research there has two strategies one is quantitative research and the other is qualitative research. For quantitative research means using the numbers and statistic method. It attracts from particular instances to seek general description or test causal hypotheses; it seeks measurements and analyses that are easily replicable by other researchers. (King, Keohane, Verba, 1994.pp.3-4) And for qualitative research is multimethod in focus, involving an interpretive naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means qualitative researchers study things in their natural setting, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of meaning people bring to them. It is involves use variety of empirical materials, case study, personal experience, interview, observation, interactional, visual text etc, that describe routine and problematic moments and meanings in people’s life. (Denzin, Lincoln, 1994, p2)Basic on above definition of quantitative and qualitative research methodology, according to this study is accessing housing affordability ratio to evaluate how people affordability during the decade, the research basic on analysis the statistic data and theoretical formulations, and tends to be on numerical measurements of specific aspects of phenomena, therefore the quantitative research has applied strategy in this study. After the strategy chosen, it needs to find the approaches to generate the results and analysis. Basic on the research purpose and objective, the foundation of this research is basic on the theory of housing affordability, which is called the price to income ratio indicator. This ratio is to interpreted the relationship between the housing price and people’s income, and it is by far the most welcome measure of housing affordability in policy research and mass media.(Hulchanski,1995) The price to income indicator is the ratio of median/mean market price of a standardized housing unite to median/mean(before –tax or disposable)household/family income. This ratio measures the relative shares of income spending on housing and aims to capture the cost burden of housing on household income. Also it can be considering as an index measurements.3.2.1 The reason to choose the housing affordability indexAs the developing and transforming of China Real Estate, nowadays it already becomes the significant components in domestic economic reform. Also the massive benefit from the real estate section makes it becomes the pillar industry in the domestic area and local cities. However during the time of the transforming of real estate, the properties prices has quickly changed to the market-oriented price, but the local householders income has not changed so much, therefore to obtained the information of the market situation and people’s consumption ability become more important for government to regulate the real estate market and make the responsible policies to protect people in different level’s, also it is important for commercial banks to landing money to the real estate developer and also to make a good portfolio to different housing mortgage loaners.When the housing affordability hasn’t appearance, if a country or cities plan to measure the level of people’s residential consumption, need to do a lot of research works. The research may including the level of economy development, the level of people’s income, housing price, the weight of commodity expenses in people’s income, the government housing supporting policies, and the mortgage term which required by the banking, etc. it not only because the large mount of working preparation, but also with different research aspects the results may generate the different way as well, it is hard to confirm the accuracy of its findings. Later, through the repeated experiment and practice and theory development, the housing affordability has been brought out. According to experts in this area, they have defined a housing cost burden of around 30 percent of income as affordable. And the proper range for housing burden to income ratio is 4 to 6. Currently, many countries are using the housing affordability ratio, the way to choose this index not only it is simple to understand, but the level of housing burden to income which is less than 30%. This is reasonable standard has been internationally recognized.In the middle of 19th century, lots of scholars has studied on the price to income ratio, the roots of this ratio can be back to the earlier of 19th century, at that time it used as studies of household budgets and in the commonly used turn-of-the-century expression 'one week's pay for one month's rent'. After following decades, people made a lots improvements to this ratio, and During the 1980s the often undefined term 'housing affordability' has come into widespread popular usage in North America and Western Europe with a growing body of literature, (Hallett, 1993; Linneman & Megbolugbe, 1992; Whitehead, 1991) And in 1995 Hulchanski at his paper identified six distinct ways in which the housing expenditure-to-income ratio is being used as an assumed measure of affordability.However the housing affordability ideal for the first time introduced to China in early of 1990’s by The World Bank's Chief Economist Bertrand Renaud, he has brought a new concept of a price to income ratio to the nation. In fact, the price earnings ratio isan indicator that reflects the ability of residential housing affordability to housing market conditions. It is also a comprehensive index to measure a country or a city the urban housing consumption level.According to the Bertrand Renaud, there have two foundations to decide the range of housing to income ratio which is safety in 4 to 6. First is the basis on the saving payment model, which is display below,m−1P/I=a×∑(1+i)nn=0‘P’ indicates the housing price;‘I’ indicate the household annual income,‘a’ indicate the proportion of particular saving for purchasing the house to the householder annual income‘m’ indicate the duration of saving‘n’ indicate the interest rateThrough the simple saving payment model it can interpret that the rational housing affordability is related to the percentage of housing purchasing saving of annual income, the saving duration and the interest rate. For this basis may lead to the further study on the mortgage payment, which will discuss later.The second foundation is that by cooperation with different countries in the worldwide.The real estate just transformed in the late of the 19th century which is year of 1998, during the 20years it has dramatic changes, the booming of the real estate become unreasonable. Not like the developing countries, the real estate market is market orientated, with the long time improving and experience with government regulation, the market is more maturated.3.1.4 Research question and research proposition。
ResearchMethodology研究方法、目的
ResearchMethodology研究方法、目的Research MethodologyThis thesis will explore the feminism in Mrs. Dalloway in through analysis and induction and deduction process.Analysis is a classic research method by breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of the topic. This technique has been applied in many fields, especially in the study of mathematics and logic, and it has been widely adopted in literary text interpretation. Woolf believes that human history should be interpreted from female perspective in order to create a new civilization, and her feminism is obviously embodied in her novels such as Mrs. Dalloway. In this novel犷Woolf shows several ideas about feminism and these ideas are analyzed respectively.Induction is a way of reasoning using known facts to produce general laws. Deduction is a way of determining from the general principle in relation to a particular event, thing or fact. In the paper author studied the novel and inducted from the creation of the characters and setting the general ideas of feminism developed in the novel. In the early 1920s, Virginia Woolf developed her ideology about social political, economic and cultural system in the patriarchal society, and her thoughts can be applied in the analysis of her feminism. Form her novels. By the two reasoning process, the paper attempts to explore the hidden theme and overall ideology in the novel.Research GoalChina's study on feminism was borrowed from the west, and the same kind of patriarchy ruled in some places in China, especially in the rural area, and women were suffering from thesame kind of pain and agony as one sees in' the novel. Virginia Woolf's perception on feminism helps one to achieve a better understanding on the issue. In this paper, Virginia Woolf's opinion in Mrs. Dalloway is explored, alongwith her effort to promote women in the fight against the masculine suppression in pursuit of equal social status.To take this step, women then explore the contexts and reasons for why we experience what we experience. They examine history, the economy, the political economy and material realities, and ask who benefits, and how it is that unhelpful but dominant ideas are held in place (such as `women must be youthful and beautiful', or `father knows best', or `boys will be boys'). We ask how it is that we find ourselves colluding with these ideas that hurt us; what are we up against when we try and resist or act differently; what are our successes and triumphs and the conditions for these, and so on. Importantly, they may also investigate men, men's actions, and ideology, practices and institutions which favor men, or they might research men and women together.All of these questions comprise the critical process of examining the `structural' matters which surround and shape them, so that they can begin to form theories about alternative ways of acting.This thesis aims to seek the thread of lines that offers clues to the issue of feminism, the question that concerns author's interest are: how women can acquireself-confidence to come back to oneself and become an individual with the identity and strong will, and how women in the novel search to break away from the confinesof the society, a complete being not like a flower in greenhouse. Virginia argued that women should expand their horizon and enrich life experience to embody a new value. Women can have a hopeful future if they make effort and find time to explore life in a new way. Society offers the best resources where women can draw on develop their capabilities.Chapter Two Literature ReviewVirginia Woolf's feminism has long been studied by scholars around the world.In this section, the researches of feminism in Mrs. Dalloway both abroad and at home are introduced.。
研究问题选择research-method知识讲解
A good research topic
• good access to existing literature or information or data
• responds to some interesting debates or ideas
• achievable in the time available • within your capabilities, interests and
• research questions more suitable for resources of post-graduate students
• both require rigorous analysis to succeed
Research question tips
• read around the subject • become familiar with some of the literature • identify ideas/debates in the field chosen • think about what the answers might be like • be realistic about what can be proved or not
news • too broad a topic • too many lines of enquiry
The research question
• defined as the line of investigation you want to make for the subject/topic chosen
probability • is capable of being repeated with comparable
管理学研究方法知识点总结
一、研究方法的概念及特点1. 研究方法的概念研究方法是指用于获取、分析、解释、理解和评价研究对象的方法论和技术手段的总体。
研究方法是科学研究活动的重要组成部分，它是科学研究活动能否达到科学的根本标准。
研究方法是涉及科学研究活动实践的一门学科。
2. 研究方法的特点（1）科学性：研究方法应基于科学原理和理论，严谨可靠，不能是主观意识的任意行为。
（2）操作性：研究方法是对具体研究问题的操作规程，必须是可操作的、能够具体指导实践的。
（3）通用性：研究方法具有一定的普遍性和适用性，不同研究领域间的研究方法具有相似性。
（4）创新性：研究方法需具备创新性，要求不断推陈出新，不断继续向前发展。
二、研究方法的分类1. 按研究目的和手段分类（1）定性研究方法：侧重于对研究对象的特点、性质、关联等进行描述、分析和解释，通过文字、图片等形式呈现出来。
（2）定量研究方法：侧重于利用数量分析、统计分析等手段，对研究对象的数量特征、数量关系等进行分析和解释。
2. 按研究范围分类（1）宏观研究方法：研究对象是总体的、全局的，关注于各种资源、人或机构之间的关系。
（2）微观研究方法：研究对象是局部的、个体的，关注于单个个体或小团体的行为。
3. 按照研究途径分类（1）实证研究方法：依靠实证数据进行研究，着重于观察、实验、调查等手段，强调研究结果的可验证性和可重复性。
（2）理论研究方法：在理论层面上对相关问题进行分析、探讨，侧重于对各种理论体系进行建构、整合，强调研究过程的逻辑性和系统性。
1. 定性研究方法在管理学中的应用定性研究方法在管理学领域中有着广泛的应用，主要体现在组织行为、人力资源管理、领导和决策等方面。
定性研究方法注重通过深度访谈、内容分析、现象观察等手段，获取对管理问题的深入理解，为管理实践提供理论支撑。
2. 定量研究方法在管理学中的应用定量研究方法在管理学领域中也有重要的应用价值，主要体现在市场营销、财务管理、运营管理等方面。
学术研究中的调查研究方法
学术研究中的调查研究方法摘要：调查研究方法是一种广泛应用于学术研究的重要工具，它通过收集和分析数据来了解事物或现象的本质和规律。
本文旨在介绍调查研究方法的基本概念、实施步骤、优点和缺点，并结合具体案例进行分析，以期为学术研究提供有益的参考。
一、引言学术研究是探索未知、解释现象、提供解决方案的重要手段。
在学术研究中，调查研究方法是一种常用的方法，它通过收集和分析数据来了解事物或现象的本质和规律。
调查研究方法具有客观性、系统性和可重复性的特点，能够为学术研究提供可靠的数据支持。
二、调查研究方法的基本概念调查研究方法是一种通过观察、访谈、问卷调查、实验等方式收集数据的方法。
这些数据可以是定量数据（如数字、表格）或定性数据（如文字描述、案例分析）。
通过对数据的分析和解读，调查研究者可以得出事物的本质和规律，为学术研究提供依据。
三、调查研究方法的实施步骤1.确定研究问题：明确研究目的和范围，确保研究问题具有实际意义和可行性。
2.制定调查计划：根据研究问题，设计调查问卷或制定访谈提纲，确定调查对象和范围。
3.实施调查：根据调查计划，进行实地调查，收集数据。
4.数据整理和分析：对收集到的数据进行整理、编码、统计分析，得出结论。
5.撰写报告：将调查结果以文字、图表等形式呈现，形成报告。
四、调查研究方法的优点和缺点优点：1.客观性：调查研究方法通过系统地收集数据，能够避免主观臆断，提供客观的证据。
2.系统性：调查研究方法通常采用标准化、规范化的操作流程，确保数据的可靠性和准确性。
3.可重复性：调查研究方法所收集的数据和方法通常具有公开性和透明度，便于他人重复进行类似的研究。
缺点：1.局限性：调查研究方法可能受到样本选择、数据收集方法、数据解读等因素的影响，导致结果存在一定的误差。
2.成本较高：实地调查需要投入大量的人力、物力和财力，包括问卷设计、人员培训、实地调查、数据分析等环节。
3.时间较长：实地调查需要一定的时间来完成，可能会影响研究的进度和时效性。
写好一篇Methodology的要点有哪些？
写好一篇Methodology的要点有哪些？Methodology中文翻译是科学方法论，说白了便是你写这篇论文所应用的方式是啥，及其为啥那样的方式，最终是怎么做。
针对大毕业论文dissertation，每一篇都是会有这一部分,可是不一样的是毕业论文中依据其研究对象，科学研究目地和总体目标的不一样(research object,research aim and objectives)所选用的科学方法论是各有不同的，可是全部的methodology都是有一个同样的目地，那便是其內容可以告知老师自身的毕业论文或者研究室应用的方式是啥，也就是表述自身讲怎样进行毕业论文和科学研究。
要想写好一篇methodology，最先要清晰Methodology的定义和目地。
怎么才能写好methodology一部分，实际上，外国大学的methodology是有一定的文件格式的，不管研究方案和目标怎样的不一样，全部的methodology都需要分三步走，都务必包含四个层面。
三步走：第一步表述你的科学研究方式(research approach)，即，你需要表述干什么科学研究，在哪儿做科学研究，为何这样做及其你需要明确用哪种研究思路，是定性分析還是定性研究这些。
第二步论述你的研究设计(research design)，在这儿你需要详尽表述到你的数据来源，及其会得到一个大约哪些的数据统计分析预测分析这些。
四个层面：who，what，how，method of data analysis.在其中：who非常值得就是你的科学研究中的研究对象，即participant。
what指的是materialshow指的是procedures如果你交待清晰了之上三个层面的情况下，随后必须描绘一下你分析数据的方式(method of data analysis)不管研究方案(research objectives)怎样的不一样，这四点就是你写methodology不容忽视的四个层面。
research methodologies in translation studies
research methodologies in translation studies
研究方法论是翻译研究领域中一项至关重要的研究领域。
它为研究人员提供了不同的研究方法和工具，以便从不同的角度和视角对翻译现象进行深入的研究。
在翻译研究领域中，研究方法包括定量和定性研究方法，文献研究，社会学研究和历史研究等。
通过使用这些方法，研究人员可以探索诸如翻译的历史和文化背景、翻译的语言和文化差异、翻译的过程和策略等核心问题。
此外，翻译研究中的质性研究方法，如认知翻译学、功能翻译学和交际翻译学等，也得到广泛应用。
这些方法主要关注翻译中译者的认知过程、翻译的交际目的和翻译对社会文化的影响等方面。
在翻译研究领域中，研究方法的选择取决于研究问题、研究目的和研究对象等因素。
因此，研究人员需要仔细考虑研究方法的选择，并确保所选方法能够有效地回答研究问题和实现研究目的。
总之，研究方法论在翻译研究中具有重要意义。
通过使用不同的研究方法和工具，研究人员可以深入了解翻译现象，探索翻译过程中的关键问题，并为翻译实践和教育提供有价值的参考。
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The precise purpose of your reading of the literature will depend on your research approach, this may either be: 1. Deductive approach-using the literature to help you identify theories and ideas that you will test using data in which case you develop a theoretical or conceptual framework or 2. Inductive approach-in this approach you will be planning to explore your data and to develop theories from them that you will subsequently relate to the literature
The action research spiral
Saunders, Doing Research in Business and Management PowerPoints on the Web , 1st Edition © Mark N.K. Saunders 2012
Primary research or Field research
Weaknesses of Primary research
The main disadvantages of primary research are that it: Can be difficult to collect and/or take a long time to collect.
Primary research involves getting original data directly about the product and market. Primary research data is data that did not exist before. It is designed to answer specific questions of interest to the business. Most primary research is collected using:
Comparing Primary vs Secondary Data
Primary data New data specifically collected in the current project Researcher is primary user
Secondary data Data already exists, collected for some other purpose Researcher is secondary user
The phenomenological approach is a descriptive, interpretative approach to research based on the premise that the social world is too complex for scientific study. This is an approach in which human experiences are examined through detailed descriptions of the people being studied.
There are two widely acknowledged schools of thoughts underpinning research philosophies: Positivism and phenomenology or Interpretivist.
Gill and Johnson (2002) defined positivism as an approach that emphasizes the use of methods that are presumed to be used in the natural sciences and the social sciences. Phenomenology on the other hand is a study of how things appear to people, thus how people experience the world. They argue that the positivist approach is based on the assumption that the world consists of social reality that can be observed objectively and analysed statistically to produce law-like generalization. With the positivist approach, human action is seen to be a result of external stimuli that can be analysed into causeand-effect relationships.
Timing – data may be instantly available Cost – cost of collecting new data avoided Experience – the 'trial and error' experience of those who collected
Is expensive to collect. May provide mis-leading results if the
sample is not large enough or chosen with care; or if the questionnaire questions are not worded properly.
the original data can be exploited Scale – possibly larger samples than would otherwise be possible
Weaknesses of Secondary research – Q6
The main disadvantages of using secondary research are:
Strengths of Secondary research
The main advantages of using secondary research are:
Provided the information exists, it is usually quicker
and cheaper than primary research. It can provide a perspective on the whole market, giving the business a feel for whether they should spend more money on developing products for that market. For instance they could find out that there are not enough potential customers for the product to break even.
This is data which is already in existence. It may comprise of existing business documents or other publications. Business documents that a business may use for secondary market research include: Mintel reports – market research agency Sales figures Information from competitors Government publications – statistics website Newspapers Internet Trade journals
Forms of secondary data
Strengths of Primary research
The main advantages of primary research and data are that it is: Up to date. Specific to the purpose – asks the questions the business wants answers to. Collects data which no other business will have access to (the results are confidential). In the case of online surveys and telephone interviews, the data can be obtained quite quickly (think about how quickly political opinion polls come out).
Slidon
Saunders, Doing Research in Business and Management PowerPoints on the Web , 1st Edition © Mark N.K. Saunders 2012