论文外文翻译正文
本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。
此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。
英语专业论文外文翻译
1. IntroductionAmerica is one of the countries that speak English. Because of the special North American culture, developing history and the social environment, American English has formed its certain unique forms and the meaning. Then it turned into American English that has the special features of the United States.American English which sometimes also called United English or U.S English is the form of the English language that used widely in the United States .As the rapid development of American economy, and its steady position and strong power in the world, American English has become more and more widely used. As in 2005, more than two-thirds of English native speakers use various forms of American English.The philologists of the United States had divided the English of the United States into four major types: “America n creating”; “Old words given the new meaning”; “Words that eliminated by English”;“The phonetic foreign phrases and the languages that are not from the English immigrates”[1].Compared to the other languages, American English is much simple on word spelling, usage and grammar, and it is one of the reasons that American English is so popular in the world.The thesis analyzes the differences between American English and British English. With the main part, it deals with the development of American English, its peculiarities compared to that of British English, its causes and tendency.2. Analyses the DifferencesAs we English learners, when we learning English in our junior or senior school, we already came across some words that have different spellings, different pronunciations or different expressions, which can be represented by following contrasted words: spellings in "color" vs. "colour"; pronunciations in "sec-re-ta-ry" vs. "sec-re-try";expressions in "first floor" equals to "the ground floor". With the above words, the former represents American English, and the latter represents British English. They are not errors but just the differences between the two languages.To be consistent in the use of English, and more importantly, to be understood easily, there is a need for the nonnative speaker to know that which words have distinct meanings and pronunciations depending on whether they are used by a Briton or an American. This is necessary not only for the sake of communication, but also for avoiding embarrassment.Many differences exist between American English and British English we have already knew. However, there are still many differences that we are not familiar with. In this part, the author will analyze the differences in several categories like spelling, pronunciation, grammar, usage and so on.2.1 SpellingThere are many differences between British English and American English in terms of spelling. After analysis by some linguists, it is said that the American English has a different tendency in pronounce, according to economical and phonetic standards. American spelling tends to reflect pronunciation, and British spelling tends to reflect grammatical or historical implications as well. Letters that not needed are being kicked out, and words are spelled as how they sound. The following examples can explain this.With "our" in words of British English like colour, humour, flavour, etc. are changed to "or" in the equivalent words of American English, like color, humor, flavor, etc. With the pronounce letter "u" being kicked out. Words ending with "-re" in British English are changed to "- er" in American English. According to its pronunciation, like "centre" and "metre" in British English, but "center" and "meter" in American English.More examples are as follows: (with the former is American English and the latter is British English)[2]center centre; check (money) cheque; color colour; curb kerb; gray grey; honor honour; inquire enquire; jail gaol; jewelry jewellery; labor labour; organization organization.2.2 Pronunciation differencesThere are of course great regional differences in pronunciation within both countries. For instance, basket，the word “a”in after、class and basket pronounce [æ] in American English，but [ɑ:] in British English.(The following examples mentioned all come from Oxford Advanced Learner’s English –Chinese Dictionary)(1) There is [hw] that correspond with [w] in American English. such as which，white，when，why. In British English :[wit∫]，[wait]，[wen]，[wai]，but in American English : [hwit∫]，[hwait]，[hwen]，[hwai].(2)There is [r] behind the vowel in American English ，such as: far，poor. In British English: [fa:]，[pu]，but in American English: [far]，[pur]，[hir].(3)In British English [l] pronounces surd before the vowel, (clearl)，and pronounces mix(混音) behind the vowel (darkl)；However,in American English, no word pronounces [l]. For instance，like, filling, till，well.(4) When the phonetic symbol [t] appears between the two vowels and behind the accentuation or between the voiced consonant and the vowel, it will pronounce [d]. Such as city: [`sidi].2.3Vocabulary differencesThe average use of the total English vocabulary, the number of words which are used only in one or the other country is very small, but the problem for learners of English is that these words are among the mostcommon in the language. There are many words that are used almost exclusively by Americans, which are understood by most Britons, and vice versa. But there are others that can cause difficulty. For example, most Britons know that Americans call biscuits cookies and flats apartments, but not so many know what an alumnus or a fender is. Similarly, Americans know that what they call their yard is called a garden in Britain and that trucks are Lorries, but common British English words like pistols or off-license may mean nothing to them.2.3.1Same meaning, different wordsThe majority of the significance in glossary between American English and British English is identical, but there still exists some difference. For example, the same thing can be expressed by different words in both languages. The following examples are typical. American English: British English:bathroom，toilet, W.C./or loo; closet, cupboard;corn ,maize; drugstore, chemist's;gas/ gasoline , petrol; line , queue; oven , cooker; round-trip ticket , return ticket; suspenders , braces; truck , lorry;underpass , subway; undershirt , vest;vacation, holiday; etc. [4]2.3.2. Same words, different meaningThe identical word expresses the different meaning between British English and American English.For example:Word American English British Englishrubber condom Tool used to erasepencil markingsdate appointment daycupboarddresser A wardrobeassistant2.4 GrammarBritish English and American English grammar are the same in most sense; there are however some interesting variations. For example,there are differences in certain verb forms. In American English, thepast tense of fit is fit; in British English, it is fitted. Americanssay I've gotten to know her well; while British: I've got to know her well.Other differences involved the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just andyet.British English:I've just had lunchI've already seen that filmHave you finished your homework yet?American English:I just had lunch OR I've just had lunchI've already seen that film OR I already saw that film.Have your finished your homework yet? OR Did you finish your homework yet?As another example, Americans are much more likely to be technically correct in the agreement of collective noun and verb form than Britons.So in standard American English it would be: The team is playing wellthis season whereas in British English, it is common and acceptableto say the team are playing well. Similar differences can be seen inthe use of words like government, committee etc.: The government is... (American English). The government are… (British English).2.5 UsageThere are countless other small and interesting differences between American English and British English, which come under the heading of usage. Take the useful expression used in American English through, means up to and including. e.g. The exhibition is showing March through June. The equivalent expression in British English is from March to June, but this is ambiguous. Does the exhibition close at the end of May or the end of June? To avoid any misunderstanding, it is necessary to say something like: The exhibition is showing from March to the end of June.As another example: for Americans, the number billion has 9 zeros (a thousand million); for most Britons it has 12 zeros (a million million). Zero itself is a more common word in American English than in British English, where naught is more widespread. Americans say the number 453 as four hundred fifty three, whereas in Britain it would be said four hundred and fifty three. Time expressing also is different, and may cause confusion like 4/12/1981(month first) in the USA and 12/4/1981 (day first) in the UK.2.6 The causes of the differencesAt first there were no distinctions between British English and American English known to us in the development of contemporary English. But later in the 20th century, America emerged to be a great power and began to participate the practice of the world affairs. During the World War II, America demonstrated a great strength in the leadership of the world in world various forums. And after the world war, America emerged to be one of the only two superpowers in the world. Thus and thus, the distinctive ways Americans spoken, wrote was being analyzed, studied or learned by the people of other countries, including even British. What are the causes that led to American English distinctive from British English? Or we may say exactly were there any changes in thenew environment that led to the formation of American English in the near or around 400 years after British colonist’s settlement i n the American land (which took place at the beginning of the 17th century)?2.6.1 Old words, new meaningThose who came to the new American environment had to use their own words to name or express the new things that are similar to the original thing.For example, the word "corn”. In British English, it meant and still means the main cereal food "wheat". But in America then, the main cereal food was not wheat but maize, so they call this maize "corn". At that time, they add a word "Indian" before the "corn", so called "Indian corn" to point to maize. But later, for convenient, people in America just call it "corn" instead of using its full name "Indian corn”. So now we say "pop-corn" rather than "pop-Indian-corn". Americans speak "corn" to refer to wheat, while British still speak "corn" to refer to wheat. Of course, many other examples can also support this point.2.6.2 Native Language to Express Something New.These can be found in some names of places, of animals etc… Name of place: like Ohio (which originally means Ohio River), Mississippi (originally refers to Mississippi River which means Father of waters),Kentucky (means and of tomorrow)[5]Name of animals: like moose, raccoon, skunk etc.Name of plants: hickory, sequoia, squash etc.2.6.3 Brought in the Words of Other Languages.America is known as a country of different peoples, one word"melting-pot" can express this [6]. Even at the beginning of the 17th century when America became a colony of Britain, the people who settled in that land were not purely English or British. In fact, the total population of people from other countries of Europe or other part of world is far more than that of British. But all accept English that could understand as their language. But anyhow, inevitably, these populations other than British brought some words of their own languages in coexisted with the English.Later, as America developed, more and more people from other countries like China began to immigrate to America to find some new life. One sentence can express that urge " all people are eagle to see the Status of Liberty". In this, some words of their own languages were also brought into American English. Following more examples: From American Indian: moose(驼鹿)，chipmunk(金花鼠)，raccoon(獾熊)，sachem(酋长).From German: beer soup(啤酒汤)，semester(学期)，hex（符咒）.From French: cent(分)，voyager(航海家)，chute(瀑布).From Spanish: marijuana(大麻)， buckaroo（牛仔）， conch（海螺），poncho（披风）.This is also one of the main reasons that caused the formation of American English. Another example,Chop-suey,[7](a kind of American－Chinese food made by several sources like pork, rice, onion and so on) , word originally from the Guang Dong Hua language in China is taken by the Webster Dictionary. Expressions like "long time no see"(好久不见) imitate the way of Chinese saying and is taken by NIC's Dictionary of American English Phrases Essential American Idioms.[8]3. The Peculiarities of American English.The above section has described the causes of differences between British English and American English. Now this section will tell about the peculiarities of American English.As compared to the British English, there are several obviousfeatures of American English. First, part of the American English is of still of old or have past. Second, American English develops rapidly. Third, American English are consistent, a singly, not various kinds of American English. The formation of American English is deeply connected to its social prevailing custom and the nation disposition.3.1 Part of the American English is still of Old or having Past.Both in pronunciation and in word-spelling, For example, in American English the words like "fast, path and half" are not the same as the British pronounce [a:] , which actually the same as that of the British in the 17th century or 18th century. But now , British has already changed its pronunciation in these words to [fa:st]，[pa:I]，[ha:f]Another example like the words "sick" and "ill". [9] Originally these two words have the same meaning, no special different, but later in British English, "ill" means some soft discomfort, while "sick" means some tough disease, same with the feeling of sickness and disgusting. But in American English, now "ill " is rarely in use, and "sick " can be used to mean all kinds of discomforts or diseases both the little discomforts and the tough disease, which is the same as its original meaning.Another example: I guess as I think, I suppose, I believe e.g.: I guess you are wrong.(我想你错了) It was used wildly in Britain in 17th, and now they seldom use this. But Americans had kept it down.In this sense, American English is more close to the old English in some ways.3.2 Quick DevelopmentAt the same time, American English developed very quickly, became so distinctive that can be divided from what we called "the standard English" (which refers to the British English).[10] So now we come to the second feature of the American English that is its quick development.Now, in words amount, words of American English is bigger than that of British English. In structure, it's more complicated than that of British English. And thus, American English is more prepared to absorb more words, to change its spellings and pronunciations and it did do so. So now American English is different from the British English in many ways: like spelling, reading, meaning, tone grammar etc. For example, in spoken tone, American spoken English has much less ups and downs, unlike that of the British English. So American spoken- English is much simpler in tone, and easier to be understood, while the British English tone has many ups and downs, nice in hearing but harder in understanding.3.3 Consistence and creatingThe third feature of American English is its consistence and creating. For one thing, it has much more local accents or dialects than any other languages. And its local dialect does not have much effect on its national consistence. In the whole American country, people speak the same American English with the same standard. Among all the bigger countries in the world, no one has the similar language consistence as in America. For another, Americans have created new words and gave the new concepts by changing its form. For example: Pizzazz(时髦派头的人)，bellhop(俱乐部男侍)，debunk(揭露真相),cahoots(共谋)，taikonaut (太空人).4. The History and Recent Development of American EnglishHundreds years ago, Americans spoke the same kind of language that the British spoke. When they put words on paper, they use the same vocabulary and spelling. It is true that American English and British English grew from the same roots, but gradually the language came to be somewhat different.4.1 Origin of the divisionHistorical Linguists say that spoken English was almost the same in the American colonies and Britain two-hundred years ago. Americans began to change the sound of their speech after the Revolutionary War in 1776[11]. They wanted to make it different to separate themselves from the British in language, and then American English was no longer a colonial variety of the English of London but had entered its national period. Political independence was soon followed by cultural independence, of which a notable Founding Father was Noah Webster [12]. As a schoolmaster, Webster recognized that the new nation needed a sense of linguistic identity. Accordingly he set out to provide dictionaries and textbooks for recording and teaching American English with American models. The need Webster sought to fill was twofold: to help Americans realize they should no longer look to England for a standard of usage and to foster a reasonable degree of uniformity in American English. To those ends, Webster's dictionary, reader, grammar, and blue-backed speller were major forces for institutionalizing what he called Federal English.4.2 Noah Webster.Webster recognized that the new nation needed a sense of linguistic identity. Accordingly, he set out to provide dictionaries and textbooks for recording and teaching American English with American models. The need Webster sought to fill was twofold: to help Americans realize they should no longer look to England for a standard of usage and to foster a reasonable degree of uniformity in American English. To those ends, Webster's dictionary published in 1828.Webster's dictionary established rules for speaking and spelling the words used in American English. [13]Webster wrote that all words should be said in the order of the letters that spell them. For example, “c-e-n-t-e-r,” instead of theBritish “c-e-n-t-r-e.”Noah Webster said every part of a word should be spoken. That is why Americans say “sec-re-ta-ry” instead of “sec-re’try,” and many other examples.4.3 The ImmigrationThe different languages of many people who came to the United States also helped make American and British English different. Many of their foreign words and expressions became part of English as Americans speak it. The first wave of English-speaking immigrants was settled in the North America in the 17th century, and then more and more settlers realized that they had to talk in new ways to communicate with their new neighbors. Moreover, the settlers had come from various districts and social groups of England, so there was a homogenizing effect: those in a given colony came to talk more like one another and less like any particular community in England. All these influences combined to make American English a distinct variety of the language.4.4 DevelopmentAmerican English has developed in the change of the history and produced a great influence to the British English.4.4.1 Up-to-Now Development and Its TendencyIn 20th Century, especially after the two world wars, because of American surprisingly rapid development, and while at the same time, an Imperialist Britain has its great influence in the 20th century become a history, American English as a different part of English then formed. Based on America's powerful politics, economy, culture, etc, American style of culture and living began to overwhelm the rest of the world, (Britain, with no exception) through its films, media and other things. An influential linguist Sir Ernest Gowers has confessthat in his famous English dictionary A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, using the words "symptoms of surrender by the older competitor to the younger and more vigorous".[14]In the past fifty years, the United States has overtaken England as the primary disseminator of the English language.American Culture has influenced so many countries over the world. Food Corporations like McDonalds, KFC and Red Rooster are now found everywhere also American television programs like OC, Desperate housewives and Lost. American English is playing a big part in the world, and is affecting other languages in the world. This is also the same with American Music and films, which are constantly being promoted everywhere.The influence of America has taken the American English to the whole world. As Otto Friedrich et al said: “It was the British Empire, on which the sun never set, that originally spread English around the globe, along with tea breaks, cuffed trousers and the stiff upper lip. But when the imperial sun finally set after World War II, the American language followed American power into the vacuum.”[15]4.4.2 The Interfusion of both American and British EnglishSome linguists worried that the division between American English and British English would widen as time goes. But that's not true, as the increasingly developing of international media and communication; the gap between the two divisions of English has already tended to be minimized. Like the "fall", "OK" (All Right) in American English now used commonly in Britain. And the "lift" "sweets" in British English now also used by Americans often [16].So as time goes to a more modern future, the division between the two although still exists, but would be understood almost wholly by two different language users. And the two languages are affecting each other.5. ConclusionsThere are many differences between American English and British English, which explain why there exist American English and British English. And indeed, American English has its own distinctive features, which have already been described in detail in this thesis. All this differences and distinctive features of American English make it a special different branch of English.In author’s opinion,American English is full of human, plentiful ness ideas and unique. Since 20 century, with the affection of the movies, broadcasting and comic strips of the America, the speed of the broadcasting of the new words and phrases in England is as fast as in America. The British youth generation can speak American English very fluency. One magazine [17]in England even announced a series of articles exclusively, introducing the explanation of the meaning of the American slang, and the meaning of new phrase to educate the youth.So there is no doubt that American English had made the great contribution to the English development. In other words, they are affecting and developing each other.As English learners, when learning American English, and came across some words that have different spellings, different pronunciations or different expressions, we should be aware of using them. It is author’s sincere hope that this paper will serve for people to get more information about America English.Bibliography[1] Peter Trudgill & Jean Hannah. International English [M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000:13-27[2] 陆国强. 现代英语词汇[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000:44-70[3] 李嘉玉陈永培. 英语语调[M]. 商务印书馆，1989:86-96[4] 候维瑞. 英国英语与美国英语[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1992:120-135[5] 桂灿昆. 美国英语应用语音学[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1985:88-95[6] Lakoff.R. Language and Context [M]. Language: 75-82[7] A.C.Gimson. “An Introduction to the pronunciation of English”. [M]. London: Edward Amold (publishers)Ltd: 64-78[8]Fielnand*moser. 英语简史[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000:90-106[9] 钟道隆. 听遍全世界[M]. 北京：清华大学出版社，1995:75-95[10] Oxford Advanced Lean’s Dictionary of Current English[S]. Oxford University Press, 1974:82[11] 邓炎昌刘润清. 语言与文化[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社，1995:46-51[12] 朱文俊. 现代英语语言与文化研究[M]. 北京：北京语言学院出版社:15-55[13] Wrbster’s New word Dictionary of the American Language.( Second college edition )[S]. William Collins publishers Inc,1980: 11 [14] Cohen. nguage Learning.[M]. Boston: Henle & Heinle publisher:78-87[15] Alexander.L.G. Longman English Gramma[M]. New York: Longman.Inc,1998:80-92[16] Ganshina.M & Vasilevsikaya.N. English Grammar.[M]. Moscow: Foreign Language publishing House,1954:100-113[17] Poutsma.H. A Grammar of late modern English[M]. London: P. Noordhoff, Groningen:66-87。
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
核准通过，归档资料。
未经允许，请勿外传!浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译The influence of political connections on the firm value of small and medium-sized enterprises in China政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值的影响1摘要中小型企业的价值受很多因素的影响,比如股东、现金流以及政治关联等.这篇文章调查的正是在中国政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。
通过实验数据来分析政治关联对企业价值效益的影响.结果表明政府关联是关键的因素并且在中国对中小型企业的价值具有负面影响。
2重要内容翻译2。
1引言在商业界,有越来越多关于政治关联的影响的经济研究。
它们发现政治关联能够帮助企业确保有利的规章条件以及成功获得资源，比如能够最终提高企业价值或是提升绩效的银行贷款，这种政治关联的影响在不同的经济条件下呈现不同的效果。
在高腐败和法律制度薄弱的国家，政治关联对企业价值具有决定性因素1的作用.中国由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转变，政府对市场具有较强的控制作用，而且有大量的上市企业具有政治关联。
中小型企业发展的很迅速，他们已经在全球经济环境中变得越来越重要。
从90年代起, 政治因素对中国的任何规模的企业来说都变得越来越重要,尤其是中小型企业的价值。
和其他的部门相比较，中小型企业只有较小的现金流，不稳定的现金流且高负债率.一方面，中小型企业改变更加灵活；另一方面,中小型企业在由于企业规模以及对银行来说没有可以抵押的资产，在筹资方面较为困难。
企业如何应对微观经济环境和政策去保证正常的企业活动，并且政治关联如何影响企业价值？这篇论文调查政治关联和企业价值之间的联系,并且试图去研究企业是否可以从政治关联中获利提升企业价值。
2.2定义这些中小型企业之所以叫中小型企业，是和管理规模有关。
对这些小企业来说，雇员很少，营业额较低,资金一般由较少的人提供,因此，通常由这些业主直接管理企业。
毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】
因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见,特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。
外文翻译（包含原文)(宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：(宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team，Korean Film Council（小四号）出处：(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358～P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996～现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四）在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。
上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。
在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。
1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。
但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35。
8%，到2001年更是达到了50%。
虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。
虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。
当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。
姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。
从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。
毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)
译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。
道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。
本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。
研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。
一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。
随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性．在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。
交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况．转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。
此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。
继在2０世纪70年代初和8０年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在20０３年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费；直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。
然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。
道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
毕业论文外文翻译两篇
毕业论文外文翻译两篇篇一：毕业论文外文翻译外文资料翻译译文：概述是一个统一的Web开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级Web应用程序所必需的各种服务。
作为.NETFramework的一部分提供。
当您编写应用程序的代码时，可以访问.NETFramework中的类。
您可以使用与公共语言运行库(CLR)兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码，这些语言包括MicrosoftVisualBasic、C#、和J#。
使用这些语言，可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的应用程序。
包括：∙页和控件框架∙编译器∙安全基础结构∙状态管理功能∙应用程序配置∙运行状况监视和性能功能∙调试支持∙XMLWebservices框架∙可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理∙可扩展的设计器环境页和控件框架是一种编程框架，它在Web服务器上运行，可以动态地生成和呈现网页。
可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求网页，会向请求浏览器呈现标记（例如HTML）。
通常，您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页，因为会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。
但是，您可以针对诸如MicrosoftInternetExplorer6的特定浏览器设计网页，并利用该浏览器的功能。
支持基于Web的设备（如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理(PDA)）的移动控件。
网页是完全面向对象的。
在网页中，可以使用属性、方法和事件来处理HTML元素。
页框架为响应在服务器上运行的代码中的客户端事件提供统一的模型，从而使您不必考虑基于Web的应用程序中固有的客户端和服务器隔离的实现细节。
该框架还会在页处理生命周期中自动维护页及该页上控件的状态。
使用页和控件框架还可以将常用的UI功能封装成易于使用且可重用的控件。
控件只需编写一次，即可用于许多页并集成到网页中。
这些控件在呈现期间放入网页中。
页和控件框架还提供各种功能，以便可以通过主题和外观来控制网站的整体外观和感觉。
可以先定义主题和外观，然后在页面级或控件级应用这些主题和外观。
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Technique summary on the deformation monitoringtowards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel Abstract.This paper discusses in length the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel. The diversion tunnel lies on the left side of the dam. Its main task is to diverse the water so that the construction on the dam can be fulfilled successfully. On one hand, it tells us how to build the plane (two-dimensional) control network and how to conduct the horizontal displacement; on the other hand, it tells us how to set up the vertical control network and how to carry out the vertical displacement.Keywords:diversion tunnel, high side-slope, deformation monitoring, Horizontal displacement, vertical displacement1 Introduction to the diversion tunnelThe diversion tunnel and its related projects lies on the opposite side of the underground workplace, namely, the left bank of the Shuibuya Valley. Its natural slope is 255 meters high, consisting of soft rocks and hard rocks. The geological structure is so complicated. Specifically speaking, the slope contains two parts, with the above part hard and the below part soft; meanwhile, it also contains lots of fissures.To protect the worker’s safety during the construction period, it is quite necessary to carry out the rigorous monitoring towards the high side-slope.2 Coordinate system(1)Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System, 1954;(2)Wusong Altitude system, 1956;(3)Gauss projection 3° Zone;(4)Central Meridian 111°.3 Introdution to deformation of StructuresWhen the structure is being constructed and in use, so many factors will cause five phenomena, such as: structure subsidence, structure displacement, structure oblique and structure fissure etc. These factors mainly include: the uneven geological component of the foundation, the difference of the physical attribute of the soil, the rigid deformation of the soil, the change in the underground water, the change of the atmospheric temperature, the selfweight of the structure itself and the effect of the dynamic weight (such as the wind, the vibration etc.)These phenomena generally called as deformation.Deformation can be classified into two kinds according to the time, namely, long-period deformation and short-period deformation; it can also be classified into static deformation and dynamic deformation.3.1 deformation observation and its characteristicsThe term “deformation observation” means such work that by using surveying tools or specific tools get the deformation result periodically that caused by structure weight and the outside factors.Through the deformation monitoring, we can check the stability of the structure and the geological components, timely find some unusual problems, guarantee the quality and the safety of the structure, get an insight into the mechanics of the deformation, test related theory of the structure design and the hypothesis of the movement of the crust, build the forecast deformation model and theory, and give a scientific and objective appraisal towards the attribute of some new structure, new material.The deformation includes the inner observation and outer observation. The two kinds of observations are independent on one hand; on the other hand, both of them also rely on the other. So the two kinds of observations should go hand in hand so that they can verify and complement each other. 3.2 the characteristics of deformation observationCompared with the conventional survey, deformation observation has such the following characteristics:(1) Require more rigorous precision;(2) Require more observations;(3) Require more rigorous adjustment;(4) The basic methods for deformation observation.The methods for deformation observation can be classified into four categories:No.1 conventional geodetic methods. such as: leveling, trigonometric leveling, trilateration, triangulations, traverse survey etc. The method has such the following advantages as: high precision, more flexible, suitable to different deformation body and working environment, but it also has some drawbacks. For example, it needs more tough work, not easy to carry outautomatic and consecutive monitoring.No.2 photogrammetry. This method especially suitable to carry out dynamic deformation observation. However, it requires more fieldwork and has lower precision.No.3 physical method. This method can easily be used to conduct automatic deformation observation consecutively and remote survey. It has relatively higher precision, covers relatively smaller range.No.4 Space surveying technique. This method includes VLBI, GPS etc. This method is more advanced. We can conduct an observation of a larger scale range. It is the main tool to study the deformation of the crust and the subsidence of the crust and the subsidence of the earth ground.All in all, the specifical method for deformation observation is decided by such the following factors as the attribute of the structure, the usage information, the observation precision, the environmental factors and requirements towards the monitoring.4 the setting-up of horizontal control network and the monitoring of the horizontal displacement4.1 Type of horizontal displacement and deformation of structureIn order to obtain an insight into the measurement of large structure, a simplified explanation will be sufficient. Genially, movements with respect to structures may be classified into three types:(1) Relative or differential movements within the structures, causing permanent and elastic deformations. The pattern of these movements depend entirely on the type of the type of structure and the outside factors that cause them. It is therefore not possible to make any specifications without additional data.(2) Absolute movements of the structure as a whole considered as d rigid body. They commence as soon as the foundations are laid. The weight steadily increasing till the construction is finished.(3) As a consequence of the absolute movements, movements in the regions adjacent to the structures may occur. They may be subdivided into permanent and elastic ones, and may be in lateral and vertical directions. The movements are usually relative rapid at the beginning and slow down as the construction proceeds.Formerly, Geodetic methods were the only ways of testing relativemovements in structures. They have lost some of their significance since physical methods have gained in importance. They are, however, still very useful in combination with the latter methods and have the advantage of giving immediate results. It’s for this reason that they are still employed, especially as control measurements for the behavior of dams.The dimension of the movements depends largely on the slope and the building material of the structure, the purpose for which it is used, the uplift pressure form ground and the shear forces.If it is desirable to check the behavior of a structure after its completion, provisions may be made during the construction for the location of the survey marks, shafts for plumb line devices, clinometers seats, theologize stations etc.4.1 The setting-up of the horizontal control network4.2.1 GPSTo better understand the concept of GPS, I want to anatomize the term: “Global positioning system”Global: Anywhere on earth. Well, almost anywhere, but not inside buildings, underground, in sever precipitation, under heavy tree canopy, or anywhere else not having a direct view of a substantial portion of the sky. The radio waves that GPS satellites transmit have very short lengths-about 20cm. A wave of this length is good for measuring because it follows a very straight path, unlike its longer cousins, such as AM and FM band radio waves, that may bend considerably. Unfortunately, short waves also do not penetrate very well. So the transmitter and the receiver must have much solid matter between them, or the waves are blocked, as light waves are easily blocked.Positioning: Answering brand new and age-old human questions. Where are you? How fast are you moving and in what direction? What direction you should go to get to some other specific location, and how long would it take at your speed to get them? And, most importantly for GIS, where have you been?System: A collection of components with connections among them. Components and links have characteristics.The EarthThe first major component of GPS is Earth itself: its mass and itssurface, and the space immediately above. The mass of the Earth holds the satellites in orbit. From the point of view of physics, each satellite is trying to fly by the Earth at four kilometers per second. The Earth’s gravity pulls on the satellite vertically so it falls. The trajectory of its fall is a track that is parallel to the curve of the Earth’s surface.The surface of the Earth is studded with little “monuments”-carefully positioned mental or stone markers-whose coordinates are known quite accurately. These lie in the “numerical gratitude” which we all agree forms the basis for geographic position. Measurements in the units of the gratitude, and based on the positions of the monuments, allow us to determine the poison of any object we choose on the surface of the Earth.Earth-circling satellitesThe U.S.GPS design calls for a total of 24 solar-powered transmitters, forming a constellation such that several are “visible” from any point on Earth at any given time. The first one was launched on February 22, 1978. In mid-1994 all 24 were broadcasting. The standard “ constellation” of 24 includes three “spares”.The satellites are at a “middle altitude” of 20200 km, roughly 12600 statute miles or 10900 nautical miles, above the Earth’s surface.This puts them above the standard orbital height of the space shuttle, most other satellites, and the enormous amount of space junk that accumulated. They are also well above Earth’s air, where they are safe from the effect of atmospheric drag. GPS satellites are below the geosynchronous satellites, usually used for communication and sending TV and other signals back to Earth-based fixed antennas. These satellites are 35420 km above the Earth, where they hang over the equator relaying signals from and to ground-based stations.The NAVSTAR satellites are neither polar nor equatorial, but slice the Earth’s latitude at about 55 degree, Executing a signal revolution every 12 hours. Further, although each satellite is in a 12hour orbit, an observer on Earth will see it rise and set about 4 minutes earlier each day. They are four satellites in each of six distinct orbital planes. The orbits are almost exactly circular. The combination of the Earth’s rotational speed and the satellites’orbits produces a wide variety of tracks across the Earth’s surface. Below is a view of tracks, which occurred during the first two hours after noon on St. Patrick’s Day, 1996. You are looking down on the Earth, directly at the equator, the north-south meridian passes through Lexington, Kentucky. Asyou can see, the tracks near the equator trend to the almost north-south.GPS satellites move at a speed of 3.87 km/sec. Each weighs about 860 kilograms and has a size of about 8.7 meters with the solar panels extended. Space buffs might want to know that they usually get into orbit on top of Delta Ⅱ rockets fired from the Kennedy Spaceflight Center in Florida. Ground-based stationsWhile the GPS satellites are free from drag by the air, their tracks are influenced by the gravitational effects of the moon and by the solar wind. Further, they are crammed with electronics. Thus, both their tracks and their innards require monitoring. This accomplished by four ground-based stations, located on Ascension Island, at Diego Garcia, in Hawaii, and kwajalein. Each satellite passes over at least one monitoring station twice a day. Information developed by the monitoring station is transmitting back to the satellites, which in turn rebroadcasts it to GPS receivers. Subjects of a satellite’s broadcast are the health of the satellite’s electronics, how the track of the satellites, and other, more esoteric subjects which need not concern us at this point. Other ground-based stations exist, primarily for uploading information to the satellites; the master control station is in Colorado Springs, Colorado. ReceiversThis is the part o the system with which you will become most familiar. In most basic form, the satellites receiver consist of(1) an antenna(2) electronics to receive the satellite signals(3) a microcomputer to process the data that determines the antenna position, and to record position valued(4) controls to provide user input to the receiver, and a screen to display information.More elaborate units have computer memory to store position data points and the velocity of the antenna. This information may be uploaded into a computer and then installed in a geographic information system. Another elaboration on the basic GPS unit is the ability to receive data from and transmit data to other GPS receivers-a technique called “real time differential GPS” that may be used to considerably increase the accuracy of positioning finding.Receiver manufacturersIn additional to being an engineering marvel and of great benefit to many concerned with spatial issues as complex as national defense or as mundane as refinding a great fishing spot, GPS is also big business. Dozens of GPS receiver builders exist from those who manufacture just the GPS “engine” to those who provide a complete unit for the end user.The United States Department of DefenseThe U.S.DoD is charged by law with developing and maintaining NAVSTAR. It was, at first, secret. Five years elapsed from the first launch in 1978 until news of GPS came out in 1983. In the decade since-despite the fact that parts of the system remain highly classified-mere citizens have been cashing in on what one manufacturer calls “The Next Utility”. There is little question that the design of GPS would have been different had it been a civilian system “from the ground up”. But then, GPS might not have been developed at all. Many issues must be resolved in the coming years. For instance, the military deliberately corrupts the GPS signals so that a signal GPS unit, operating by itself (i.e., autonomously), cannot assure accuracy of better than 100 meters. But the DOD is learning to play nicely with the civilian world. They and we all hope, of course, that the civil uses of GPS will vastly outpace the military need.GPS in useThis time, we decided to choose GPS Trimble 4800 and 4700 manufactured by the America. Its specified precision is 5mm+1ppm×D (D means the distance between the tow stations). The field work is strictly according to the requirements of the 《Code for GPS Survey》.Specifically speaking:(1) Before the observation was conducted, we carried out forecasts and choose the advantageous period. As known to us all, measuring also entails performing a physical operation such as preparations (either instrument setting-up or calibration or both), centering, pointing, matching, setting, comparing and reading etc.(2) During the observation was conducted; we observed consecutively 120 minutes or so. Meanwhile, we looked for some information about the satellites through the menu on the receiver. If we found some unusual phenomena, we would record them down onto the recorder.(3) After the observation was conducted, we transmitted data to the computer to conduct adjustment of observations by some software.4.2.2 LEICA DI 2002As known to all of us, elctro-opitcal distance measuring techniques are also subject to a number of systematic effects whose sources and chatacterictics must be determined and alleviated. Of these errors, the following are mentioned here: a change in the signal frequency (due to variations in wave propagation velocity; the instrument (and sometimes the reflector or remote unit) may not be properly centered on the ends of the line to be measured; and the path of propagation of the signal may not conform to the straight line assumpted and may be deviated because of environmental and other factors.To avoid or alleviate the above-mentioned effect on the results, we decided to take the following steps strictly according to certain codes.(1) Set the measuring instrument and reflector at the two ends of the line to be measured respectively, center.(2) Switch on the measuring instrument, target the reflector precisely, and check the signal reflected by the reflector. If qualified, begin to measure; if not qualified, repeat the above-mentioned steps.(3) To avoid the coarse errors, it is quite necessary to read twice per targeting. Then, repeat it! The reason why we followed such work was to minimize the effect of the error into accidental ones.(4) Record the data down to the booklet. Then, read the vertical angles, record them down into the correspondent parts. When measuring, remember to read the temperature displayed on the thermometer and the pressure displayed on the QIYTAJI.(5) When all the jobs were done, remember to conduct oblique correction according to the vertical angles and the atomospherical correction according to the T&P. Finally, we got the horizontal distance.4.2.3 trigonometric leveling traverse observationThe routine is (BM01) TN01-TN02-SBY05-TN03-TN04 (BM04). This step was conducted strictly according to scale Ⅳ requirements specified by the 《Code for Hydraulic and Hydroelectric Construction》.4.2.4 the horizontal displacementIn this step, we mainly utilize three sides forward intersection to calculate the three- dimensional coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the monitored points.5. Vertical control network and vertical displacement monitoringIn this step, we mainly carried out the structure subsidence monitoring by precise leveling. No attempt was made to carry out oblique monitoring etc. Specifically speaking:(1) Leveling routine (twice)SBYII05-BM01-LD05-LD06-BM02-LD02-LD01-BM04-BM03-SBYII01-BM03-BM04-LD01-LD02-BM02-LD06-LD05-BM01-SBYII05;BM03-LD02-LD01-BM04;BM01-LD05-LD06-BM02;(2) Rigorous adjustmentAfter this step, we got such the following results:The primary elevation results for both working points and monitored points;The primary plane and altitude results for both working points and monitored points;The horizontal distance projected to elevation 300.6 conclusionThe whole design is quite reasonable and practicable. Under the circumstances of disadvantageous working surroundings, we fulfilled one breakthrough by taking advantage of two kinds of surveying tools, namely, GPS and the conventional surveying tools, such as Leica DI 2002, Ni002 etc.Practice proves that the design is reasonable, the work is tough but qualified, and the results are dependable!译文(translation)关于高边坡引水隧道变形监测技术综述1 工程概述导流洞出口高边坡开挖，正面边坡有9个开挖马道,马道高程从365米到229.5米，开挖高度为160多米，侧面边坡有8个开挖马道，马道高程从350米到229.5米，开挖高度为150多米。