chapter 3 summary

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(将下列每段英文翻译成中文)

(将下列每段英文翻译成中文)

Translation ( Translate each of the following passage into Chinese )翻译(将下列每段英文翻译成中文)Chapter 1 Summary 蔡信杰03391004 陈彬033910051,Public finance ,also known as public sector economics or public economics, focuses on the taxing and spending activities of government and their influence on the allocation of resources and distribution of income.财政学,即公共经济学,焦点是税收和政府支出以及它们在分配资源和分配收入上的影响。

2,Public finance economists analyze both actual policies and develop guidelines for government activities . In the latter role, economists are influenced by their attitudes toward the role of government in society.财政学同时为政府行为分析现有方针和发展知道思路。

在未来作用中,经济受到在社会中有利于政府的关注者的影响。

3,In all organic view of society , individuals are valued only by their contribution to the realization of social goals. These goals are determined by the government.在一种有机的社会观中,个别价值只是由它们对实现政府目标所做出贡献来评价的。

HotEssay分享Summary怎么写

HotEssay分享Summary怎么写

HotEssay分享Summary怎么写Summary主要是指文章的提要(或简介),既然称之为提要,即包含提炼和要点两个方面。

在科技文献和教科书中,提要强调对研究课题内容的概括,比如实验内容、目的、研究的展望等方面的简述。

提要对字数的要求比较灵活,可长可短。

既可以图文并茂,也可以广征博引。

既可放在文前,也可以置于文后。

Summary一般在完成完成后再写作,主要目的是帮助了解文章。

在写作上,Summary要求简洁且有概括性。

下面我们就详细分析下Summary怎么写。

一、Summary写作要点1.Summary写作要点:不要将举例、说明或其他不重要的以及不必要的细节写进概要里。

长度:是原文的1/4或1/3、全面:用自己的话将内容要点以精简的方式写出来。

准确:要点写作注意是写原作的观点和态度。

连贯:与只列举重点词或词组的描述不同,概要写作以段落为单位,过渡词的使用不可或缺,这样的结构让文章读起来更通顺。

Summary写作要点:Book Summary是国外很多老师在布置Book Review或者Book Report作业的时候经常会写到。

这里就给大家说说这Book Summary该如何去写。

当留学生们读完了老师要求读完的书或者文章之后就可以开始写作业了,用自己的话来讲述这本书或者这篇文章的基本内容,比如主角都有谁,事情在哪发生等等。

假如来到了一家书店或图书馆,即便你忘掉了书的名字,只要回忆出足够的信息,就可以请店员或图书管理员帮助你找出目标书目。

所以简单总结的话,故事梗概写作要不蔓不枝、扼要贴题。

概要内容要有核心要素及简要情节介绍,要点全且不失语境;开门见山地点明故事的中心思想,删除细节,只留主要观点。

3.Chapter Summary的写作要点:Chapter Summary也就是章节概述,那么我们该如何定义Chapter Summary呢?章节概述就是一本书主要内容之精华,讲述故事的重点,点明首要角色、次要角色,写清故事发生的地点。

简爱英文章节概括及读后感

简爱英文章节概括及读后感

<Jane Eyre>Chapter1Summary:Jane Eyre was always ill-treated at Gateshead Hall where her aunt, Mrs. Reed and her cousins-Eliza, John and Georgiana lived. Once, she was reading on the window-seat behind a curtain. John came and drove her away. To her anger, she defended herself, but her aunt came and commanded to lock her in the red-room.Feelings: I feel really bad for Jane as a child at her age. Imagine if I were her at that time, I may give myself up and die early. Even if facing such bad situation, she still loved reading. I admire her very much.Chapter2Summary: Jane was dragged away by two servants, Bessie and Miss Abbot, and locked in the red-room. It was the place where her Uncle Reed died. Thus, the whole atmosphere reminded her of ghosts. She couldn’t stand it anymore and passed out.Feelings: I can’t help feeling that Jane was suffering some kind of mental disease because her aunt and cousins’ attitude towards her. Poor little child! I hope some time in the future it can be healed.Chapter3Summary:The doctor Mr. Lloyd came to see if Jane was OK. He asked her whether she would like to go to school or not and that was all. Meanwhile, Miss Abbot told Bessie about Jane. Her mother was Mr. Reed’s sister. She married a nearly penniless clergyman, and her father was furious and had nothing more to do with her. They went away to work among poor people, caught typhoid, and died when Miss Jane was a baby, so she was sent to Gateshead Hall. Bessie felt sorry after hearing these.Feelings: Jane was sure unfortunate, but to some extent, she was really lucky. She had someone like Bessie who cared about her. I think Jane will start a new life at school.Chapter4Summary: Jane was introduced to a school’s headmaster Mr. Brocklehurst. Her aunt talked bad about her to that tall, grim man, which means her school life didn’t have a good beginning.Feelings:I just feel sick for Mrs. Reed’s behavior. One cannot judge others no matter what, let alone she was Jane’s aunt. What she had done could probably destroy Jane’s whole life!Chapter5Summary:Jane arrived at a school at Lowood. The living condition there was really poor. Girls there only had a little food to eat and some of it couldn’t be called as “food”. But there was a teacher called Miss Miller who cared about the girls, ordering extra bread and cheese for them.Feelings: I wonder why on earth there was a school like that in the past. What kind of parents would send their children to hell on earth? I am worried about Jane right now.Chapter6Summary:Helen was a friend of Jane when she was at school. There was a teacher called Miss Scatcherd who was always directed against Helen. She scolded Helen whenever she had a chance. But Helen was pretty positive towards these. She believed that since life was short, we should be happy.Feelings: Helen had a strong character as a kid. I think that must due to her early experience as an orphan. She could face anything peacefully. Many adults can’t do that in my opinion.Chapter7Summary: Mr. Brocklehurst announced to all the girls in the school that Jane was a liar and he warned them against her. But Helen trusted her and gave her courage.Feelings: It’s rude to say bad things about others no matter in front of them or behind their backs. Mr. Brocklehurst’s behavior can be really hurtful. Chapter8Summary:Miss Temple was another person who chose to believe Jane. She asked Mr. Lloyd whether Jane’s side of story was true. As Mr. Lloyd convinced Jane’s word, Miss Temple announced to the school that Jane was innocent of Mr. Brocklehurst’s charges against her.Feelings: Miss Temple is that kind of person who gives you a light of hope when you are truly down. It’s a great luck to have such a person be your side and support you. I think Miss Temple will influence Jane throughout her lifetime. Chapter9Summary: Typhoid fever struck Lowood when spring came. Thus, many of the students were kept apart. Helen was also ill, not typhoid but with consumption. Knowing Helen might die soon, Jane couldn’t help tiptoeing to the room Helenstayed in to be with her as her last company. They spent a night together and Helen died in Jane’s arm during her dream.Feelings:Helen’s death was a great loss for Jane in my opinion. But anyhow, Helen’s spirit leaves a deep impression on me, and I believe, on everyone who has ever read this book.Chapter10Summary: Soon after the typhoid, there was an inquiry, which brought to light the truth about Lowood with its wretched clothing, poor food, and bad conditions. Lowood was put into the care of kind and sensible trustees, and both diet and clothing improved. After six years of study there, Jane became a teacher. After her tutor both in study and in life, Miss Temple, get married and left, Jane decided to leave as well. On her last night at Lowood, Bessie visited her with her son Bobby. She brought the news about Gateshead to Jane.Feelings: It’s time for Jane to find a new place to go. She had been at Lowood for so many years and she should search for some new opportunity and start a new life at Thornfield Hall.Chapter11Summary: On arriving at Thornfield Hall, Jane met the house keeper Mrs. Fairfax and her student Adele whose guardian was Mr. Edward Fairfax Rochester, who was also the owner of the house. She also met a solidly built servant called Grace Poole.Feelings: I guess Jane can live an at least comfortable life here at Thornfield Hall since nobody is after her. Jane’s bright new life starts right now.Chapter12Summary:Jane met Mr. Rochester on her way to post a letter. Mr. Rochester sprained his ankle in the lane.Feelings: It’s a pretty strange way to meet your employer the first time like that.I bet there would be interesting stories between them.Chapter13Summary: Adele was having a lot of trouble concentrating when she knows Mr. Rochester was downstairs—she kept trying to sneak downstairs to see him or to guess what presented he might have brought her. Mr. Rochester and Jane talked about Jane’s early experiences and Mr. Rochester called Jane as elf. Thus, Jane considered Mr. Rochester changeful and abrupt.Feelings: I kind of feel the same as Jane did. How could an almost stranger say such rude thing during our first chat? If I were Jane, I might be really angry.Chapter14Summary: One evening, Rochester sent for Jane and Adele after dinner. Suddenly, because she was staring at him, Rochester asked Jane if she thought he’s handsome. Without thinking, she gave an honest answer: no. Rochester told her that he’s feeling chatty tonight, and order ed Jane to chat with him about something. While Jane and Rochester had been talking, Adele had run out to try on one of the dresses that were among her new presents from Rochester. When she comes back and frolics around in the dress, she looks just like her mother. Feelings: I don’t know why but I just feel that the whole conversation between them is super intense and kind of awkward to me...Chapter15Summary: One day when Mr. Rochester and Jane were wandering in the garden, Mr. Rochester talked about Adele’s mother, Celine Varens. That evening, Jane finds Rochester asleep in his bed with the curtains and his bedclothes on fire, and she puts out the flames and rescues him.Feelings: I feel like the relationship between Jane and Mr. Rochester is changing-I see something about love.Chapter16Summary:Mrs. Fairfax told Jane that Mr. Rochester was taking a trip to Mr. Eshton’s house which was filled with girls who were fond of Mr. Rochester, especially Blanche Ingram, Lord Ingram’s daughter. After hearing this, Jane was pretty sure that Mr. Rochester would not be with her no matter what, so she became really sad.Feelings:I don’t think Mr. Rochester is that kind of guy who only cares about money and beauty to be honest. And if he has feelings for Jane, he may marry her. Chapter17Summary:Everyone spends the three days making frantic preparations for all the guests. When they rode up, some in carriages and some on horses, a beautiful woman in a purple dress was riding beside Rochester. It’s Blanche Ingram! The visitors enter, and Jane sat with Adele, half-listening to their noise and trying to keep Adele from running down and bothering them. Blanche and Rochester sang a song, and Jane wanted to leave, but she’s mesmerized by Rochester’s voice. As soon as he finished, she slipped out into the hallway. Rochester came out after Jane and asked why she didn’t come and talk to him in the drawing room. He wanted her to come back, but he could tell she’s about to cry, so he let her go. Feelings:Now I am more than sure that Jane was in love with Mr. Rochestercompletely. It’s obvious that Miss Blanche’s heart is not as beautiful as her appearance, so basically Mr. Rochester won’t choose her over Jane.Chapter18Summary: With Rochester absent, a stranger arrived at Thornfield. The stranger, whose name was Mason, claimed to be an old friend of Mr. Rochester’s. Later that day, a strange gypsy woman arrived, offering to tell their fortunes. Blanche Ingram went first. Everyone waited excitedly for her to come back and tell them what the woman said, but when she did come back she said the woman was obviously a fraud. The servant, Sam, told Jane that the gypsy woman said she kne w there’s another single woman in the group, and that she thought that must mean her. Jane’s curious about the woman, so she went to see her and had her own fortune told.Feelings:Though I wonder who Mason was, I’m more excited about the story between Jane and that “gypsy woman”. It could be really interesting!Chapter19Summary: Jane entered the library and saw the old gypsy woman reading a prayer-book by the fire. Her hat and handkerchief threw shadows over her face. The gypsy asked Jane about Mr. Rochester, and when she did n’t say much in response, the gypsy suggested that Mr. Rochester was in love with Blanche Ingram. Jane admitted that the rumor was that Rochester and Blanche were engaged, but corrected the woman on one thing—they were not in love. In a moment, the woman’s voice change d—the old gypsy woman was Mr. Rochester in disguise, and he’s just been mes sing with everyone. She told him about Mason’s arrival, and he’s so horrified that he c ouldn’t even stand up anymore. Then, Jane called Mason to meet Mr. Rochester in the room.Feelings: From this chapter, I’m happy to see that Mr. Rochester loved Jane too and he wanted to see if Jane had the same feelings as he did. From our point of view, they both love each other more than anything. However, Mr. Rochester’s behavior shows that Mason’s presence means somethi ng terrible has happened, or will happen.Chapter20Summary: Everyone in the house is woken up by all the noise. The guests stumble around in the corridor in their robes, but nobody seems to know what’s going on. Jane gets dressed, then sits by the window waiting. Mr. Rochester knocks on her door and asks her to come with him. He sends Jane back to get a sponge and some salts.Rochester tells Jane to stay with Mason and to make sure he stays awake, but not to talk to him at all for any reason. He gives her the sponge, which is bloody now, so that she can tend to the wound a little, too. For along time, Jane stays there, wiping blood, trying to keep him conscious. Rochester says that he warned Mason, and Mason should have listened. Mason says he thought he could have done something to make things better. While Mason is sent away, Rochester and Jane are left alone together outside the house, and he asks her to walk with him in the woods as the sun is rising before they go back to Thornfield Hall.Feelings: Mason is bitten by somebody! Who on earth he is? Why he comes to Thornfield? Who is the person that bites Mason? What’s their relationship with Mr. Rochester? There are still lots of answers to be found.Chapter21Summary: One afternoon, Jane is visited by Mr. Reed’s coachman. He tells Jane that John Reed is dead and that Mrs. Reed had a stroke when she heard. Jane goes in to see Mrs. Reed, who is lying ill in bed. Mrs. Reed is still harsh and bad-tempered, but she does want Jane to stay so that they can talk things over. As she’s dying, Mrs. Reed apologizes to Jane for concealing a letter from Jane’s uncle, John Eyre, which came three years ago. Mrs. Reed lets Jane read the letter, in which John asked where Jane was so that he could write a will making her the heir of his fortune when he died. Then Mrs. Reed admits something else: she wrote to John Eyre and told him Jane died of typhoid at Lowood.Feelings: Mrs. Reed’s behavior crossed the line. No matter what she has no right to conceal Jane’s letter from her uncle. She could treat Jane badly, but when somebody else wants to treat her like his own child, she just robbed her chance away? That’s not what elder people should do to her child.Chapter22Summary: Jane goes back to Thornfield. During the next two weeks, it’s pretty quiet and seems like Mr. Rochester is busy preparing his wedding with Blanche Ingram.Feelings: Sometimes things are not like what it seems to be. I’m sure it is Jane who Mr. Rochester really loves and the bride is going to be Jane instead of Blanche Ingram.Chapter23Summary: Rochester asks Jane to walk with him. Jane and Rochester sit on the bench under the chestnut tree. Rochester asks her to marry him. And of course, Jane agrees.Feelings: Looks like what I guess finally comes true. But everything is just way too perfect…Chapter24Summary: The next morning, Jane is blissfully happy and wonders if this is all a dream. Rochester starts telling Jane about all the fancy jewelry and clothes he’s going to give her. She looks him in the eye, and tells him that, if he keeps decking her out in expensive clothes and jewelry and behaving so badly about it, she’ll never wear anything he buys her.Feelings: The dialogues between them are cute and full of sweetness. They could have a successful marriage.Chapter25Summary:The previous evening, Jane went to bed, but couldn’t sleep. She thought she could hear a weird howling sound in the wind. When Jane woke up, there was a burning candle on the table in her room. Then Jane noticed that her closet door was open and someone was messing with her wedding dress and veil. Jane sat up in bed, shocked: the woman wasn’t anyone she knew at Thornfield, but someone else, a stranger. The stranger was a tall woman with long, dark hair dressed in white; her face was disturbing, with bloodshot red eyes, swollen, dark lips, and thick black eyebrows. The strange woman was wearing Jane’s wedding veil, and, as Jane watched, the woman pulled it off, tore it in half, and trampled on it. Jane asks Mr. Rochester who the woman is. Rochester says that she imagined this nightmarish creature. Jane’s not really satisfied wit h this explanation, but she pretends to be to make Rochester feel better.Feelings: It could be a nightmare even if in dreams, let alone it real happens. That strange woman might be somebody who has a special and interesting identity.Chapter26Summary: It's the day of Jane and Rochester's wedding. It should be the happiest day of Jane's life, but during the church ceremony two men show up claiming that Rochester is already married. Mrs. Rochester is Bertha Mason, the "madwoman in the attic" who tried to burn Rochester to death in his bed, stabbed and bit her own brother, and who’s been doing other creepy things at night. Rochester was tricked into marrying Bertha fifteen years ago in Jamaica. Rochester claims that he’s not really married because his relationship with Bertha isn’t a real marriage. He wants Jane to go and live with him in France, where they can pretend to be a married couple and act like husband and wife. Jane refuses to be his next mistress and runs away before she’s tempted to agree.Feelings: What a mess! I bet that’s not what Mr. Rochester wants and also not what Jane wants. Actually, none of them did anything wrong, but life is life. Chapter27Summary: Jane stays in her room for most of the day with a debate raging in herhead: does she really have to leave Thornfield? Rochester wants Jane to go with him to France and live with him in a villa there as his "virtual" wife. He claims that he’s not really married and that Jane would basically be his wife, not his mistress. Jane realizes that what matters most is her own respect for herself, and that it’s even more important for her to cling to her principles at this difficult moment. Jane wakes up early and packs a few small things, leaving all the presents Rochester bought her.Feelings: God bless Jane! Hope she has made the right choice and will start a new life somewhere else.Chapter28Summary: Jane travels in a random direction away from Thornfield. Having no money, she almost starves to death before being taken in by the Rivers family, who live at Moor House near a town called Morton.Feelings: Jane is not that lucky, she never made it to live a happy life she wants. But she is lucky, too. She has got some warm-hearted people who are willing to help when she is in danger. I don’t know how to express that, but it’s sad to know life isn’t easy at all.Chapter29Summary: The Rivers siblings—Diana, Mary, and St. John—are about Jane’s age and well-educated, but somewhat poor. They take whole-heartedly to Jane, who has taken the pseudonym "Jane Elliott" so that Mr. Rochester can’t find her. Feelings: Jane has friends at her own age right now. They could get along with each other well.Chapter30Summary: Jane wants to earn her keep, so St. John arranges for her to become the teacher in a village girls’ school.St. John gets a letter stating that the Rivers’ Uncle John is dead. Jane watches as all the members of the Rivers family behave somewhat strangely about this—they’re not exactly sad; she’s not sure what they’re feeling. St. John explains that their uncle had argued with their father long before, and that he had a fortune of twenty thousand pounds, but decided to leave all the money to another relative.Feelings: Well, Jane has an uncle whose name is John, and the Rivers happens to have an Uncle John too? That’s definitely not a coincidence. The truth is that the Rivers are actually Jane’s cousin! She has her family right now!Chapter31Summary: Jane moves into her little cottage, which is simple but adequate. St.John tells her about his own experience—a year ago, he thought that he hated being a priest, but then he felt called by God to become a missionary. A young woman comes up and wishes St. John good evening. St. John completely freaks out for a moment, but then calms himself down and turns to talk to her. Jane notices how beautiful the woman is. It turns out that this is Miss Rosamond Oliver, the daughter of the man who’s paying Jane’s salary. Miss Oliver says she’ll come and help Jane out at the school sometimes. Miss Oliver tries to talk to St. John about normal things like a recent dance, but St. John is cold and disapproving.Feelings: I do think St. John is like that kind of crazy man who knows nothing but hi work. He may do harm to Jane.Chapter32Summary: On a school holiday, Jane is sitting alone at home, finishing the picture of Rosamond Oliver, when St. John drops by to bring her a new book to read. When he sees the portrait, he becomes disturbed. Jane asks St. John about the portrait for a bit, and even tually he admits that he knows it’s of Rosamond. She offers to make a copy for him—if he will admit that he wants one. St. John admits that he wants a copy of the picture, but says that it wouldn’t be good for him to have it. St. John pulls a piece of scra p paper over the portrait so that he doesn’t have to look at it anymore—and then he sees something on the paper that really surprises him. Jane can’t figure out what it is, but he tears off a piece and keeps it. Feelings: Clearly Rosamond Oliver and St. John love each other. So I think it’s not worthy of giving up their love and insisting on choosing a missionary’s wife. Chapter33Summary: St. John arrives, even though he had to struggle through the snow. He won’t tell her why he’s there, and he’s behaving really strangely. She starts to worry that he might be a little bit insane. It comes out that Diana, Mary, and St. John are all Jane’s cousins!When Jane’s Uncle Mr. Eyre dies and leaves his fortune to Jane, she shares her inheritance with the other three.Feelings: Jane hadn’t had the feeling of being with true families since she was sent to Gateshead Hall. I’m so happy for her that she finally finds a real home for her.Chapter34Summary: St. John wants to be more than Jane’s cousin. He admires Jane’s work ethic and asks her to marry him, learn Hindustani, and go with him to India on a long-term missionary trip. Jane refuses because she knows she doesn’t love St. John. Jane offers to go to India with him, but just as his cousin and co-worker, not as his wife. St. John won't give up and keeps pressuring Jane to marry him.Feelings:I still can’t understand St. John’s insane behavior. Things end up like nobody is happy.Chapter35Summary:Just as Jane’s about to give in, she supernaturally hears Mr. Rochester’s voice calling her name from somewhere far away.Feelings: I know Jane is meant to be Mr. Rochester’s wife. Even if they are so far away from each other, they can still hear the other’s voice through their heart. Chapter36Summary: Jane arranges a journey back to Thornfield. Jane comes up toward Thornfield walking along the wall of the orchard. She peeks out from around a corner of the wall... and sees a complete ruin. It’s burned down, blackened and collapsed. Shocked, Jane goes back to the inn and asks the host what happened. From him she learns the whole story of what happened: Bertha burned down the house in the middle of the night by setting fire to what used to be Jane’s own bed. Rochester saved the servants and then climbed up to a high wall where Bertha was standing to try to rescue her, but she jumped off and committed suicide. Rochester was blinded and lost a hand when the wall collapsed. Jane asks where Rochester is now, and the innkeeper tells her that he’s at his other hom e, Ferndean. Jane arranges to go there in a chaise right away.Feelings: Oh! Mr. Rochester is disabled right now. I couldn’t help thinking if Jane didn’t leave Thornfield, Mr. Rochester won’t lose his sight and his hand, and they could have live a happy life right now. Is Jane’s decision to leave wrong? It’s not obviously. Maybe that’s what life is like, full of strange combinations of circumstances.Chapter37Summary: Jane goes to Ferndean to find Rochester. When she comes up to the house, she sees him coming out and watches him for a long time without letting him know she’s there.Jane offers to be Rochester’s nurse or housekeeper, convinced that he will immediately ask her to m arry him again, but he doesn’t. Jane insists that R ochester eat supper, which he usually doesn’t. In the morning, Jane comes down to breakfast, and then takes Rochester outside so they can stroll in the wood and meadows. They sit down in a dry place and Rochester asks Jane to tell him where she’s been and what’s happened to her. Rochester laments his blindness and lost hand, but asks Jane to marry him anyway. She accepts gladly. Rochester also tells Jane that, four days before, between eleven and twelve at night, he called her name three times frantically—and he heard her respond. He thinks that perhaps they met in spirit. Jane doesn’t tell Rochester that she heard him call her name and responded to him while she was sitting, miles away,<Jane Eyre> with St. John.Feelings: Just like “No matter the ending is perfect or not, you cannot disappear from my world.” Even though Mr. Rochester loses something, he gains love and that’s the most important thing for him. The story finally comes down to this point and I just wish they can be happy together..Chapter38Summary: They have a quiet wedding, and after two years of marriage Rochester gradually gets his sight back. They also have a son.Feelings: What can I say right now? I’m just honored to see such a romantic life experience of Jane Eyre, who is that kind of women I admire.Question1Mr. Rochester asked Jane Eyre twice to marry him. (In Chapter23 and Chapter37) Jane agreed to both but the first time they didn’t get married successfully because Jane knew about Mr. Rochester had already been married during their wedding. I think the reason why Jane chose to marry to Mr. Rochester even if he lost one of his hands and got blind was when she was away from Mr. Rochester at the Moor House, she realized she really cared about and was deeply in love with him. This time she chose to follow her heart instead of others’ words or judgments. Where there is great love, there are always miracles. Question2•Turning point No.1: when Mrs. Reed sent her to Lowood•Turning point No.2: when Jane met Helen and Temple at Lowood•Turning point No.3: when she left Lowood and started to teach at Thornfield Hall•Turning point No.4: when she fall in love with Mr. Rochester•Turning point No.5: when she knew Mr. Rochester had already been married and decided to leave Thornfield Hall•Turning point No.6: when she found the Moor House as a shelter•Turning point No.7: when she noticed her friends was also her family •Turning point No.8: when she returned to find Mr. Rochester11/ 11。

morphology-syntax-形态学-句法学

morphology-syntax-形态学-句法学

Chapter 3&4 summary于梦婷翻译方向班2014417791Chapter 3Morphology --one of the scope of linguistics is instructed in chapter 3. Morphology refers to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure. Different rules apply to classify words.First one is part of speech(词性). Second one is meaning expressed. Third one is different classes.①NounsVerbs ②lexical words(content words)Adjectives ③open class wordsWords can be divided into AdverbsConjunctionsPrepositions ②grammatical words(functional words)Articles ③closed class wordsPronounsLinguists define word as the smallest free form found in language. A free form is simply an element that does not have to occur in a fixed position with respect to its neighboring elements;in many cases, it can even appear in isolation. For instance, The boys left. The plural marking -s is not a free form.The most important component(部分)of a word structure is the morpheme(词素, 形态素)t he smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.Free and bound morpheme MorphemeAllomorphs (语素变体)A morpheme which can be a word byitself is called free morpheme.(自由词素)A morpheme that must be attachedto another one is a bound morpheme.(粘着词素)The morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English has two forms:a before a word that begins with a consonant and an before a word that begins with a vowel. The variant (不同的)forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs.We can set out to analyze the internal structure of words from three aspects.1、free and bound morphemes2、Root ,affix and stem3、Derivational and infectional morphemesAlthough there are lots of rules of formation ,we can see it morphologically since learning morphology.1、inflection (屈折法) -ing-ed-er-est-‘s-s……2、compounding (复合构词法)3、derivation (派生法)4、conversion (转化法)A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called free morpheme.(自由词素)A morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.(粘着词素) Root is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzea without total loss of identity. Stem is the main part of a word to which affixes are added. Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. A derivational morpheme (派生词素)refers to one that creates an entirely new word. It may take the form of prefix or a suffix. -en -ate -ic … An inflectional morpheme (屈折词素)provides further grammatical information about an existing lexical item. English inflectional morphemes are largely in the form of suffix.It refers to the process of adding an affix to a word or changing it in some other way according to the rules of the grammar of a language. Compounding refers to the process of conjoining two or more free morphemes to form a new word. Eg.bittersweet, rianbow … Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes. Eg.n →v to tape … Derivation is an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct form that of its bases.。

书虫分享年中每一章总结

书虫分享年中每一章总结

书虫分享年中每一章总结英文回答:Chapter 1: Introduction.In the first chapter of "Bookworm Shares: Mid-Year Summary," I will provide an overview of the book and its main themes. This chapter serves as an introduction to the entire book, setting the stage for the subsequent chapters.Chapter 2: Character Development.The second chapter delves into the importance of character development in literature. It explores howauthors create well-rounded and relatable characters, and the impact these characters have on the reader's experience. Additionally, it discusses different techniques used by authors to bring characters to life.Chapter 3: Plot and Structure.Chapter 3 focuses on the crucial elements of plot and structure. It examines the various narrative structures employed by authors, such as linear, nonlinear, and episodic. The chapter also explores the different plot devices and techniques authors use to engage readers and create compelling storylines.Chapter 4: Setting and Atmosphere.In Chapter 4, we explore the significance of setting and atmosphere in literature. It discusses how authors use descriptive language and imagery to transport readers to different times and places. The chapter also examines the role of atmosphere in creating mood and enhancing the overall reading experience.Chapter 5: Themes and Symbolism.Chapter 5 delves into the exploration of themes and symbolism in literature. It discusses how authors use symbols to convey deeper meanings and messages. The chapteralso explores the importance of identifying and analyzing themes to gain a deeper understanding of the text.Chapter 6: Writing Style and Language.The focus of Chapter 6 is on the writing style and language used by authors. It examines different writing techniques, such as figurative language, dialogue, and narrative voice. The chapter also discusses how an author's writing style can impact the reader's engagement with the text.Chapter 7: Reader's Perspective.In Chapter 7, we shift our attention to the reader's perspective and the role of interpretation in literature. It explores how readers bring their own experiences, beliefs, and biases to the reading process. The chapter also discusses the importance of critical thinking and analysis in understanding and appreciating literary works.Chapter 8: Conclusion and Reflection.The final chapter of the book serves as a conclusion and reflection on the topics covered in previous chapters. It summarizes the key points discussed and encourages readers to continue exploring and engaging with literature. The chapter also provides some final thoughts and insights on the transformative power of books.中文回答:第一章,引言。

《演讲的艺术》chapter1-5课后summary

《演讲的艺术》chapter1-5课后summary
The speech communication process includes seven elements: speaker, message, channel, listener,feedback, interference, and situation. The interaction of these elements determines the outcome of any public speech.
Although you will write a complete manuscript or outline of your speech when preparing it, you should deliver it extemporaneously. This means you have rehearsed fully and can present your talk from a brief set of speaking notes. Concentrate on establishing eye contact with the audience and on speaking in a dynamic, engaged tonof voice
The general purpose of your speech will usually be to inform or to persuade. When your general purpose is to inform, your goal is to communicate information clearly, accurately, and interestingly. When your general purpose is to persuade, your goal is to win listeners over to your point of view

查理和巧克力工厂第三章读书笔记英文

查理和巧克力工厂第三章读书笔记英文

查理和巧克力工厂第三章读书笔记英文如果您想了解《查理和巧克力工厂》的第三章的读书笔记,以下是一个可能的英文读书笔记示例:Title: Chapter 3 - The First Golden TicketSummary:In Chapter 3 of "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" by Roald Dahl, the story takes an exciting turn as the first golden ticket is found. Here are the key points from this chapter:1. Setting:The chapter begins in the Bucket family's small house, where Charlie lives, and later moves to the outside world as news of the golden tickets spreads.2. Introduction of Chocolate Factory:The potential for finding golden tickets leads to the introduction of Willy Wonka's famous chocolate factory. The factory is known for its magical creations and has been closed to the public for many years.3. The First Ticket Found:The excitement builds as the first golden ticket is discovered by Augustus Gloop, a greedy German boy. He finds it inside a Wonka chocolate bar, which causes a frenzy among chocolate lovers worldwide.4. Media Coverage:The news of the golden ticket discovery quickly spreads through newspapers, television, and radio. People everywhere become obsessed with finding the remaining tickets.5. Charlie's Hopes:As Charlie's poverty-stricken life continues, he dreams of finding a golden ticket, which would grant him a chance to visit the elusive chocolate factory.Example Quote:"Great Scott! There it was, right in front of my own eyes! The first golden ticket!" (Dahl, p. 38) This chapter sets the stage for the adventure Charlie and the other ticket winners are about to embark upon. The reader is left wondering whether Charlie will find a golden ticket and be granted access to the magical chocolate factory.Please note that this is just a sample summary and it can be revised or expanded based on your specific requirements or preferences.。

学术英语写作总结-学术英语写作总结

学术英语写作总结-学术英语写作总结

专业英语写作考点总结Part ІAcademic English Writing (专业英语写作)Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose,organization, style, flow and presentation.(学术写作六要素:写作对象,目的,组织结构,文体特征,表达连贯和宣讲或宣读)。

2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分(1)description of a situation (描述情况)(2)Identification of a problem (甄别问题)(3)Description of a solution (描述解决方法)(4)Evaluation of the solution (评估解决方法)3、Formal Grammar Style:(正规的语法风格)(1) Generally avoid contractions (一般来讲避免使用略缩词)例:won’t改为will not(2)Use the more appropriate formal negative forms (使用更为适宜的正规的否定形式)例:not...any改为no not...much改为little not...many改为few (3)Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. (限制使用多个词连用的表达法)例:句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。

(4)Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing atextbook or other instructional materials). (避免向读者说“你”)例:You can see the results in Table 1.改为:The results can be seen in Table 1.(5)Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while inothers they are not. (使用直接引语时需谨慎)例:What can be done to lower costs?改为:It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered.或者We now need to consider how costs may be lowered.(6)Place adverb within the verb. (将副词放于动词词组内)例:This model was developed by Krugman originally.改为:This model was originally developed by Krugman.(7)Consider whether you should split infinitives.(考虑是否该使用割裂不定式)例:We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8)Aim for an efficient use of words. (目的是为了有效地使用词汇)例:There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising.改为:Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise.习题:(1)You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.错误:使用了you。

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Chapter 3
Using costs in decision making
1 How Management accounting supports internal decision making
●Pricing-market-determined price, cost plus pricing.
●Product Planning-target costing.
●Budget
●Performance
●Contracting-In cost reimbursement contracts organizations are reimbursed their cost plus anincrement for the goods or service they provide under the contract.
2 Variable and fixed costs
Variable cost-A variable cost is one that increases proportionally with changes in the activity levelof some variable.
Variable cost =Variable cost per unit of the cost driver *Cost driver units.
Fixed cost-A fixed cost is a cost that does not vary in the short run with a specified activity. Total cost =Variable cost +Fixed cost
3 Cost- Volume –Profit Analysis
Agood understanding of cost and revenue behavior is critical in providing decisionmakers with an understanding of the relationship betwe en a project’s revenues, costs,and profits.
Profit =Revenue -Total costs =Revenue -Variable costs -Fixed costs
4 Developing and Using the CVP equation
The difference between total revenue and total variable cost is called the contribution margin. The contribution margin per unit is the contribution that eachunit makes to covering fixed costs and providing a profit.
Profit =Unit sales *(Price per unit $ Variable cost per unit)-$ Fixed costor
Profit =Contribution margin per unit *Units produced and sold-Fixed costs
units needed to be sold =(target profit + fixed cost) /contribution margin per unit
5 Other useful cost definitions
Mixed cost- A mixed cost is a cost that has a fixed component and a variable component. Step variable costs- A step variable cost increases in steps as quantity increases.
Incremental cost -An incremental cost is the cost of the next unit of production and is similar to the economist’s notion of marginal cos t.
Sunk cost- A sunk cost is a cost that results from a previous commitment and cannot berecovered.
Relevant cost-A relevant cost is a cost that will change as a result of some decision.
Opportunity cost-Opportunity cost is the maximum value forgonewhen a course of action is chosen.
Avoid cost-A cost that can be avoided by undertaking some course of action is called
an avoidable cost. The most obvious avoidable costs are variable costs. If productionceases all variable costs associated with that production process are avoided.
With these ideas in mind, we now turn to consider how these various costconcepts (sunk, relevant, opportunity, and avoidable) occur in common managementdecisions.We will look atfour types of decisions where these concepts provide usefulinsights:
. Make versus buy decisions and outsourcing.
. Decision to drop a product.
. Costing order decisions—the floor price.
. Short-term product mix decisions (with constraints).
6 Make-Or- Buy –The outsourcing Decision
Deciding whether to contract out for a product orservice is known as the make-or-buy decision.Many qualitative considerations go into a make-or-buy decision. These includethe reliability of the supplier in meeting quality and delivery requirements and thestrategic importance of the activity being outsourced.
Manufacturing Costs
Direct materials
Direct labor
Manufacturing overhead
7 The Decision to Drop A Product
Organizations abandon a product when it is unprofitable either because revenues nolonger exceed costs or because another organization offers to buy the rights to theproduct at a favorable price.
8 Costing Orders
Different examples illustrate management accounting in decision making.
The chapter also introduced the decision-makingprinciple that the only relevant items in a decision arethose costs that change as a result of the decision. Therelevant cost concept was explored in the contextof the make-or-buy decision, the decision to drop aproduct or department, the order decision, and theshort-term product mix decision.The discussion in the chapter pointed out thatpractice frequently witnesses violations of therelevant cost principle—one of the most commonviolations being the sunk cost phenomenon. The consequenceis that decision makers need to avoid introducingirrelevant data into their decision making.。

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