国际商务期末复习总结

CHAP6 国际贸易理论Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口） Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差）It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）Absolute Advantage 绝对优势Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品The Benefit of Absolute Advantage and Free TradeThe Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage国际分工的原则---绝对优势The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易1. To Production:the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率the Quantity of Production 产品质量2. To Consumer:Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费Comparative Advantage比较优势Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，甚至从别国购买自己更能有效生产的产品是有意义choose bigger one in two advantages and smaller one in two disadvantages 两利取重两害取轻Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 俄林理论Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factorendowments（天赋）– the extent to which a country is endowed with resources like land, labor, and capital 赫克歇尔和俄林认为比较优势是由各国生产要素禀赋的差异引起的，指一国的一些资源比如土地，劳动力还有资本The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce赫克歇尔俄琳理论预测一国将出口密集型使用本国充足要素的产品，进口密集使用本国稀缺要素的产品To take advantage of factor of endowmentsNew Trade Theory 新贸易理论New trade theory suggests that the ability of firms to gain economies of scale (unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output) can have important implications for international tradeNew trade theory suggests that:through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average cost of those goods贸易可以通过对规模经济的影响增加消费品的种类，降低这些商品的平均成本in those industries when output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant p roportion of total world demand, the global market may only be able to support a small number of enterprises 一些应该达到规模经济的产业，所生产的产品占世界总需求的比重较大，这样全球市场就只能容纳数量很少的企业Factor Endowments 要素禀赋Factor endowments refer to a nation’s position in factors of production n ecessary to compete in a given industry 要素禀赋理论意味着国家态度对一个特定行业生产要素的竞争是很必要的A nation's position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage国家对生产要素的使用态度可以导致比较优势These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced (skilled labor, infrastructure, technological know-how) 要素可以是基础的也可以是高等的First-Mover Advantages 第一进入者优势Being a first mover can have important competitive implications, especially if there are economies of scale and the global industry will only support a few competitors第一进入者有重要的竞争影响，特别是规模经济或者全球行业只有少量竞争者时Firms that establish a first-mover advantage may dominate global trade in that product公司建立了第一个优势可能会在全球贸易中占主导地位Porter’s Diamond波特的钻石理论Michael Porter tried to explain:(1)why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry, while some nations fail 为什么一个国家在特定行业取得国际成功(2 )how to get successful in a particular industry: identified four attributes that promote or impede the creation ofcompetitive advantage:如何在特定行业取得成功，确定了4大特性促进或阻碍竞争优势的建立Factor endowments 要素禀赋Demand conditions需求情况Relating and supporting industries相关与支持产业Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry 企业组织，战略与竞争CHAP8 国际直接投资FDI 国际直接投资Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities to produce and/or market ina foreign country国际直接投资发生在一家企业在国外直接投资用于生产或者销售时FDI can be:1)greenfield investments- the establishment of a wholly new operation in a foreign country.新设投资，在国外开设新的企业2)acquisitions or mergers with existing firms in the foreign country在国外收购或合并一家现成的企业Stock of FDI 国际直接投资的存量Outflows of FDI are the flows of FDI out of a country对外直接投资是一国国际直接投资的流出Inflows of FDI are the flows of FDI into a country外来直接投资是一国国际直接投资的流入Why do firms choose FDI instead of:(1)exporting - producing goods at home and then shipping them to the receiving country for sale 出口涉及在国内生产货物然后将其运到购买这些货物的国家(2)licensing - granting a foreign entity the right to produce and sell the firm’s product in return for a royalty feeon the license granting.技术授权是赋予外国公司生产和销售其产品的权利，并对其销售的每一个产品收取转让费An export strategy can be constrained by:(1) transportation costs 运费(2) trade barriers 贸易壁垒(3) can not take the advantage of factors endowment 不能发挥要素禀赋的优势Foreign direct investment may be undertaken as a response to actual or threatened trade barriers such as import tariffs or quotas国际直接投资的增长速度超过世界贸易和产出的原因回避未来的贸易壁垒；民主政治制度和自由市场经济转变的总体趋势；世界经济的全球化Benefits And Costs Of FDIHost-Country Benefits 东道国的收益1.resource transfer effects - FDI can make a positive contribution to a host economy by supplying capital, technology, and management resources that would otherwise not be available资源转移效应国际直接投资对东道国的经济有积极的贡献，他可以提供东道国所缺乏的资本，技术和管理经验2.employment effects - FDI can bring jobs to a host country that would otherwise not be created there就业效应是指能为东道国带来原先没有的就业机会3.balance of payments effects - a country’s balance-of-payments account is a record of a country’s payments to and receipts from other countries国际收支效应。