第1章船舶结构和驾驶台设备

Chapter 1 the Ship’sStructure and BridgeEquipmentsShip’s StructureThe foremost part i s called the bow and the rearmost part i s called stern. When standing in a ship and facing the bow，the left-hand side is called port side and the right-hand side i s called the starboard side.All permanent housing above the main deck is known as superstructure. At the fore end is the forecastle. At the after end is the poop.The main part of a ship is the hull. This is the area between the main decks，the sides and the bottom. It is made up of frames covered with plating. The hull is divided up into a number of watertight compartments by decks and bulkheads. Bulkheads are vertical steel walls going across the ship and along. Decks divide the hull horizontally. Those dividing up cargo spaces are known as tween-decks. The hull contains the engine room，cargo space and a number of tanks. In dry cargo ships the cargo space is divided into holds，in liquid cargo ships it i s divided into tanks. At the fore end of the hull are the fore-peak tanks and at the after end the after peak tanks. They are used for fresh water and water ballast. The space between the holds and the bottom of the hull contains double bottom tanks. These are used for ballast water and fuel.第1章船舶结构和驾驶台设备船舶结构船舶最前部分称为船首，最后部分称为船尾。

面向船首站在船上，左手一侧称为左舷，右手一侧称为右舷。

主甲板以上的所有永久性结构称为上层建筑。

在前端是艏楼。

在后部是艉楼。

船舶的主要部分是船体。

这是主甲板、翼板和船底围成的区域。

它是由覆盖有船壳板的肋骨构成的。

船体由甲板和舱壁分成许多水密分舱。

舱壁是纵横竖直钢质围壁。

甲板水平分隔船体。

划分货物空间的甲板称为二层甲板。

船体包括机舱、货物舱位和一些液体舱。

在干货船上，货物舱位被分成货舱，在液货船上货物舱位被分成液货舱。

在船体的首端是艏尖舱，尾端是艉尖舱。

它们是用于装淡水和压载水的。

船体的货舱和船体之间的空间是双层底。

它们是用于装压载水和燃料的。

(be made up of…由……构成)(watertight compartment 水密分舱)(the fore-peak tank 艏尖舱)(the after peak tank 艉尖舱)(double bottom tank 双层底舱)The main deck covers the cargo spaces or holds. There are openings cut in the deck，and these openings are the hatches，one to each主甲板覆盖货舱。

甲板上有一些开口，这些开口是舱口，一个货舱一个舱口。

船舶使用起重机或吊杆将货物吊入舱内或卸出。

hold. Ships use either cranes or derricks to lift the cargo into the hold and di scharge it. A derrick is simply a strong boom，made of steel or wood，that can swing from side to si de. A wire from a powerful winch runs over a block at the head of the derrick. It’s quite a simple arrangement. A crane i s usually a much more complicated and expensive piece of lifting machinery. But a lot of ships are fitted with cranes.The forecastle on a ship is a small extra deck above the main deck，forward of number one hold，right up in the bows. It carries the anchors and their cables. The windlass is for raising and lowering the anchors. There are the port and starboard cable stoppers on the forecastle. The cable comes up from the cable locker through the spurling pipe，over the gypsy on the windlass，through the stopper and down through the hawse-pipe. Right forward of the forecastle is the jackstaff.The forecastle head is where the chief officer is stationed when the vessel is coming to a berth or a mooring. The second officer is on the poop，ready to look after the stern mooring lines or hawsers. In this way，the two ends of the ship can be secured as preci sel y and quickly as possible. There is an ensign staff right aft of the poop.There are two open wings of the bridge. They project out to the full width of the ship on each side，port and starboard. In between is the wheelhouse；that’s enclosed for protection from the weather. And above the wheelhouse is the standard compass platform，one good magnetic compass is put there as far as possible from the ship’s magnetic field. And that’s the 吊杆是由钢铁或木材制作的简单坚固的起重杆，并能从一舷旋转到另一舷。

连接强力绞车的钢丝缆经过一个滑轮连接在吊杆头上。

吊杆是一种简单的装置。

起重机通常是更复杂和昂贵的起重机械。

但是，许多船舶装备起重机。

(hatch 舱口)(hold 货舱)(boom 吊杆，悬臂)船舶上的首楼是高出主甲板的一块小的额外甲板，位于1号舱前部，在船首的正上方。

艏楼上载有锚和锚链。

起锚机用于起锚和抛锚。

艏楼上有左右制链器。

锚链从锚链舱出来经过锚链管，绕过锚机滚筒，通过制链器再向下到锚链筒。

艏楼最前端是船首旗杆。

(cable stopper 制链器)(cable locker 锚链舱)(spurling pipe 锚链管)(gypsy 锚机滚筒)(hawse-pipe 锚链筒)当船舶靠泊或系泊时，艏楼是大副值班的位置。

二副是在艉楼值班，做好照料船尾系缆或艉缆。

这样，船舶的两头的安全就能得到尽可能快和准确的保证。

艉楼的最后端有船尾旗杆。

(ensign staff 船尾旗杆)驾驶台有敞开的两翼。

该两翼向两侧，即向左右舷突出船体整个宽度。

两翼中间是操舵室；操舵室是封闭的以防止天气的影响。

操舵室正上方是标准罗经平台。

在这里放置一部性能好的磁罗经，并且尽可能远离船舶磁场。

这部罗经被称为标准罗经。

标准罗经被认为具有比主操舵罗经小得多的自差。

但实际上，我们是一直使用陀螺罗经的。

compass they call the “standard”.The standard compass is supposed to have quite a lot less deviation error than the main steering compass.B ut actually we use a gyrocompass nearly all the time.There are several pairs of mooring bitts and fairlead fitted with rollers along the deck for wires and warps. The roller fairleads can cut down chafe and friction，so the owners are glad to reduce wear and tear，by using roller fairleads all over the place.A traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure amidships. She may have three holds forward of the bridge and two holds aft of the bridge. Derricks are supported by masts and samson posts. They are sowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are enough lifeboats，on the port and starboard si de amidships.A ship is made fast to the quayside by mooring lines. The standard mooring lines consi st of headline，forward breast line and forward spring line and stern line，aft breast line and aft spring line. Any of these lines may be doubled. Each line has a large eye spliced in the end. The eye is placed over a bollard on the quayside. If there i s another line already on the bollard，the eye of the second line shoul d be taken up through the eye of the first line before placing it over the bollard. Thi s makes it possible for either line to be let go first.Bridge EquipmentAs soon as possible after joining a ship and before taking over the first watch，a watch沿着甲板有几对系缆桩和带滚轮的导缆器供系缆和拖缆通过。