张奎武《英美概况》(第4版)笔记和课后习题详解-上册(英国)【圣才出品】
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题 (教 育)【圣才出品】
第1章教育1.1 复习笔记I. A Brief Introduction to American EducationII. Elementary EducationIII. Secondary EducationIV. Higher Education—College and University1. General Introduction2. Types of Institutions3. Faculty Members4. Part-time Working and Student’s Organization V. Admission, and Academic Levels1. Admission2. Academic Levels and Academic Calendar3. CreditsVI. Graduate StudyVII. Well-known Universities in America1. Ivy League2. Harvard University3. Yale UniversityVIII. LibrariesI. A Brief Introduction to American Education (美国教育的概况)1. Education has been greatly respected throughout the history of the United States.在美国的历史进程中，教育受到了很高的重视。
2. At the turn of the twentieth century, public education developed more rapidly and more people got the opportunity of going to school.20世纪之交，公共教育发展迅速，越来越多的人得到了受教育的机会。
II. Elementary Education (初等教育)1. Many children begin their school education at the age of six and children usually graduate from high school at the age of 18.很多孩子6岁开始上学，18岁高中毕业。
英美概况第四版上册课后练习题含答案
英美概况第四版上册课后练习题含答案简介《英美概况》是一本全面介绍英国和美国的文化、历史、政治、经济和社会现象的教材。
第四版上册是其最新版本，为了帮助读者更好地掌握教材内容，本文主要介绍了《英美概况》第四版上册的课后练习题及其答案。
课后练习题第一章马恩列斯主义的世界影响1.为什么20世纪初期，马克思主义在俄国和中国得到了很多支持者？答案：在俄国和中国，工业化程度较低，社会阶级结构明显，人民处于经济和政治上的不利地位，马克思主义提供了一种解释和改变社会状况的思想和方法，因此在这些国家得到了很多支持者。
2.马恩列斯主义的三个基本组成部分是什么？答案：哲学、政治经济学和科学社会主义是马克思主义的三个基本组成部分。
第二章英美宪政制度的深层问题1.英美宪政制度的两个特点是什么？答案：一是权力均衡制度的实行，二是国家最高权力代表制度的实行。
2.英国议会制度的基本形式是什么？答案：英国议会制度的基本形式是下院和上院的双院制。
第三章英国的政治体系及其现状1.请简要介绍英国两大主要政党的区别。
答案：英国两大主要政党是保守党和工党。
保守党主张经济自由主义、传统价值观和强硬外交政策，工党主张社会民主主义、平等和国际主义。
2.英国各地区的议员数目是不同的，为什么？答案：英国根据各地区的人口数确定议员数目，保证各地区在议会中的代表权重相当。
第四章美国的政治体系及其现状1.美国总统、参议员和众议员的任期分别是多久？答案：美国总统任期为4年，参议员任期为6年，众议员任期为2年。
2.美国政治体系中的分权制度是什么？答案：美国政治体系中的分权制度是各州与中央政府之间权力的分立和制衡，各州政府在一定范围内有独立的权力。
结语以上是《英美概况》第四版上册的部分课后练习题及其答案。
本文仅供参考，读者们可以通过这些练习题，更好地掌握教材的内容。
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(美国的电影)【圣才出品】
第6章美国的电影6.1 复习笔记I. HollywoodII. The Hollywood Walk of FameIII. Beverly HillsIV. “Oscar”and Academy AwardsV. “Golden Globe Awards”and “The HFPA”VI. Some of the Well-known Directors and Film Stars1. Marilyn Monroe2. Elizabeth T aylor3. Julia Roberts4. Steven SpielbergI. Hollywood (好莱坞)1. In 1886, H. H. Wilcox bought an area and his wife then christened it “Hollywood.”1886年，威尔克斯特买了一块地，他的妻子命名为“好莱坞”。
2. In 1911, the Nestor Company opened Hollywood’s first film studio.1911年，内斯特公司创建了好莱坞第一个电影制片厂。
3. In 1985, the Hollywood Boulevard commercial and entertainment district was officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places.1985年，好莱坞星光大道正式列为国家历史名胜。
4. Many best known American films have been produced in Hollywood: Gone with the Wind (1940), The Sound of Music (1966), The Godfather (1974), etc.很多著名的美国电影都是好莱坞制作的，包括《飘》(1940)，《音乐之声》(1966)和《教父》(1974)等等。
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(教 育)【圣才出品】
第1章教育1.1 复习笔记I. Systems of primary and secondary education1. State school2. Independent or “public” schoolII. Elementary education1. State school system2. Independent school systemIII. Secondary education1. State school system2. Independent school systemIV. Higher educationV. Oxford and Cambridge1. Oxford University2. Cambridge UniversityI. Systems of primary and secondary education (中小学教育制度)1. State school(the majority) (公立学校(大多数))(1) The Department of Education and Science establishes standards to whichschools ought to conform and it sends out one of Her Majesty’s Inspectors to visit and make thorough reports on the work of every school.(2) The central government provides a large part of the money, but there is onlya fairly loose state control over the schools throughout the country.(3) Compulsory education①All children must receive a full time education from 5 to 18.②If a child fails to attend school, a School Attendance Officer will come to his house to find out why.③Parents can educate the child themselves under the approval of an inspector.(4) The head teacher has plenty of autonomy in deciding what is to be taught and how the teaching is to be carried out.(1) 中央教育与科学部为学校设置规范并派督学到学校进行详细检查。
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(经济)【圣才出品】
第3章经济3.1 复习笔记I. The Characteristics of the British EconomyII. IndustryIII. AgricultureIV. Trade and Finance1. Trade2. FinanceI. The Characteristics of the British Economy（英国国家经济的特点）1. Britain is one of the world’s most advanced manufacturing and trading nations.2. British agriculture does not produce enough food to meet the country’s basic needs.3. British industry is operated by many different types of firms.4. The British labor force is remarkably homogeneous.1. 英国是世界上最发达的制造业和贸易国家。
2. 英国的农业满足不了国家的基本需求。
3. 英国的工业由很多不同类型的公司操纵。
4. 英国的劳动力是同质的。
II. Industry（工业）1. Most of the industries were concentrated in specialized industrial areas: cotton in eastern Lancashire; wool in the West Riding of Yorkshire; linen in Northern Ireland: ship building on the Clyde, the northeast coast, and Northern Ireland; and iron and steel and chemicals in the north, the Midlands, and South Wales.2. Machine industries were more widely distributed. The specialized manufacturing regions were also the chief coal-mining districts.1. 英国工业较为集中在一些特殊地区：兰开郡东部的棉花区，约克郡西莱丁的羊毛区，北爱尔兰的亚麻区，克莱德河上、东北海岸和北爱尔兰的造船区、英国北部、中部和威尔士南部的钢铁和化学区。
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(自然资源)【圣才出品】
第2章自然资源2.1 复习笔记I. WaterII. FuelsIII. Metal OresIV. Saline DepositsV. Useful RocksI. Water（水资源）The free-flowing rivers of Britain provide abundant surface water.英国的河流为其提供了丰富的表层水。
II. Fuels（能源燃料）1. Some coalfields lie in the midland valley of Scotland; in Lancashire, Yorkshire in England; and in South Wales. Coal production reached a peak in 1913.2. In 1964—1966, major resources of natural gas were discovered in the continental shelf beneath the North Sea.1. 英国有世界上较大的煤田，分布在苏格兰中部山谷、英格兰兰开郡、约克郡和威尔士南部。
1913年产煤高达3亿吨。
2. 1964—1966年，大量天然气在北海的大陆架发现。
III. Metal Ores（金属矿）1. Iron ores are in Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire.2. British lead ores lie in the regions of the northern and southern Pennines, Flint-Denbigh, and the Mendip Hills.1. 铁矿主要分布在林肯郡和北安普敦郡。
2. 铅矿主要分布在奔宁山脉的北部和南部，登比和沿海平原丘。
IV. Saline Deposits（盐矿）Most of the common salt is obtained from the thick salt series beneath Cheshire. 大部分盐来自柴郡的厚盐层中。
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(封建制度的衰落)【圣才出品】
第3章封建制度的衰落3.1 复习笔记I. The First Half of the Hundred Years’ WarII. The Economic Changes and Wat Tyler’s Rising1. The Economic Changes2. Wat Tyler’s RisingIII. The Second Half of the Hundred Years’ WarIV. The Wars of the RosesI. The First Half of the Hundred Years’ War (百年战争的前期)1. T he Hundred Years’ War began in 1337 and ended in 1453. It was a series of wars, with victory now on one side, now on the other.2. T he first half of the Hundred Years’ War saw English loss. Later, black death killed one third of the English people and halted the war.1. 百年战争开始于1337年，结束于1453年。
它指的是一系列的战争，双方都各有输赢。
2. 百年战争的前期，英国处于劣势。
黑死病使人口锐减三分之一，一度中断了战争。
II. The Economic Changes and Wat Tyler’s Rising (经济形势的变化和瓦特·泰勒的起义)1. The Economic Changes (经济形势的变化)(1) Feudalism in England began to decline in the nearly 14th.(2) The vigorous economic progress of the 13th-century petered out early in the 14th century. A natural economy gradually gave way to a money economy.(3) The shortage of labor caused by the Black Death gave a chance for agricultural laborers in villages.(1) 14世纪早期，英国的封建制度开始衰落。
张奎武《英美概况》笔记及习题(饮食与就餐习惯)【圣才出品】
第2章饮食与就餐习惯2.1 复习笔记I. Food and DrinksII. Restaurants and BarsIII. Dining HabitsIV. Dining CustomsI. Food and Drinks (食物和饮料)1. Food (食物)(1) Americans eat meat well-done, rare or medium.(2) Large numbers of immigrants have brought their special ways of cooking to America for years.(3) The main course for the American meals is usually meat, fish or poultry.(4) Ice cream and apple pie can be found anywhere in the United States. Hot dogs and hamburgers are greatly enjoyed by all American children.(1) 美国人吃肉可分全熟、半熟和半生熟。
(2) 大量移民把他们独特的烹饪方式带到美国。
(3) 美国饭的主食通常是肉、鱼或家禽。
(4) 冰淇淋和苹果派在美国随处可见。
热狗和汉堡是所有美国儿童喜欢的食物。
2. Drinks (饮料)(1) Coffee and tea are two of the most popular hot drinks.(2) In the United States many people prefer to drink their coffee “black”without cream or sugar.(3) Sometimes “coffee break”is taken among the workers in the middle of the morning or afternoon.(4) There are some other drinks in America which are also popular, such as milk and milk drinks called milkshakes, and fruit juices etc.(1) 咖啡和茶是最受欢迎的热饮料。
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上册（英国）
英国
第一部分英国地理
Ⅰ. Multiple Choices.
1. Three of the following are characteristics of London. Which of the four is the EXCEPTION?
A. London is a political, economic and cultural centre of the country.
B. London has a larger population than all other cities in England.
C. London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the world.
D. London has played a significant role in the economic construction of the country.
【答案】C
【解析】伦敦是英国最大的城市，也是世界上最大的城市之一，并非是最大的城市。
2. Which of the following is not a political division on the island of Great Britain?
A. England
B. Scotland
C. Northern Ireland
D. Wales
【答案】C
【解析】大不列颠岛上共有三个政治分区，分别为England（位于南部，面积最大、人口最稠密），Scotland（位于北部，拥有三大自然区：北部高地、中部低地和南部丘陵）和Wales（位于西部）。
Ireland是大不列颠岛之外的另一个岛屿，包含英国的Northern Ireland 和the Republic of Ireland。
故选C。
3. Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of London?
A. The cultural centre.
B. The business centre.
C. The financial centre.
D. The sports centre.
【答案】D
【解析】伦敦是英国的文化和商业中心，也是世界金融中心。
4. Which of the following is NOT true about Britain?
A. It used to be a powerful imperial country in the world.
B. It plays an active role as a member of the European Union.
C. It is a relatively wealthy and developed country.
D. It used to be one of the superpowers in the world.
【答案】D
【解析】直到现在，英国仍然是世界上最强大的国家之一。
因此D项错误。
5. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the UK economy?
A. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies.
B. Britain has experienced a relative economic decline since 1945.
C. There has been a period of steady decreasing of living standards.
D. Some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capita. 【答案】C
【解析】自1945年二战结束以来，英国经历了经济衰退，但是这是一种相对衰退，而不是绝对衰退。
英国比1945年更富有了，生产力更强了。
但是由于其他国家发展得更快，所以英国经济从第2位下滑至第6位。
因此，说英国国民的生活水平持续下降是不正确的。
总体上，人们的生活水平仍然在上升。
6. Which of the following was NOT the reason for the relative economic decline since 1945?
A. Britain did not invest in modern equipment and new products.
B. Britain spent a high proportion of its national wealth on the military.
C. Britain had been heavily in debt to finance the war.
D. Britain had carried out the nationalization of the businesses.
【答案】D
【解析】为了给战争筹集资金，英国已经背上了沉重的债务，这意味着英国在进入战后阶段时已经面临严重的经济问题了。
随着帝国时代的完结,英国失去了原材料基地和广阔的市场。
俗称大英帝国的“皇冠上的珠宝”的印度于1947年赢得了独立。
1979年撒切尔夫人上台以后，实施了一系列国有企业私有化的措施。
因此，英国在这一时期并没有实行国有化的措
施。
7. Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK?
A. Beef cattle.
B. Dairy cattle.
C. Chicken.
D. Sheep.
【答案】D
【解析】绵羊是英国数量最多的家畜。
8. Where is the best agricultural land in Britain?
A. In the southeast of England.
B. In the northeast of England.
C. In the southeast of Scotland.
D. In the northeast of Scotland.
【答案】A
【解析】英国最好的农业用地是英格兰东南部。
9. Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector?
A. Shell.
B. ICI.
C. RTZ.
D. British Gas.
【答案】B
【解析】帝国化学工业公司（ICI）是世界上第二大油漆制造商。
它并不是能源部门的企业。
10. Which of the following used to be the last independent car company in the UK?
A. Ford.
B. Peugeot.
C. Rover.
D. BMW.
【答案】C
【解析】罗孚公司（Rover）是英国最后一个被外国收购的汽车公司。
11. In the aerospace industry, which of the following countries is ahead of Britain?
A. Germany.
B. The U.S.
C. Russia.
D. France.
【答案】B
【解析】英国航空业仅次于美国，位居世界第二位。
12. Which civil airline was started in 1924 after the First World War?
A. Imperial Airways.
B. British Airways.
C. Hawker-Siddeley Aviation.
D. The British Aircraft Corporation.
【答案】A
【解析】帝国航空（Imperial Airways）是英国航空（British Airways）的前身，1924年成立，1974年和英国欧洲航空及其关联的公司合并，组成了英国航空。
13. What did Frank Whittle do in 1937?
A. He invented the first jet plane.
B. He developed the first jet engine.
C. He made the first powered flight.
D. He made the trans-Atlantic flight.
【答案】B
【解析】弗朗克·惠特尔于1937年改进了飞机喷气发动机，但这并不是他的发明。
14. Which company became an important aero-engine manufacturer after WWI?
A. Boeing.
B. Rolls Royce.
C. McDonnel-Douglas.
D. Hawker-Siddeley Aviation.
【答案】B
【解析】劳斯莱斯公司在一战后成为重要的航空引擎制造商。