2018年大学英语四级真题答案及解析
2018年12月大学英语四级真题及答案(第三套)
2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第3套）Part I Writing (30minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of starting a career after graduation. You should write at least120 words but no more than 180 words._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)说明：由于2018年12月四级考试全国共考了2套听力，本套真题听力与前2套内容完全一样，只是顺序不一样，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。
Part ⅢReading Comprehension ( 40 minutes )Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How a Poor, Abandoned Parisian Boy Became a Top ChefA) When you drop a piece of food on the floor, is it really OK to eat if you pick it up within five seconds? An urban food myth contends that if food spends just a few seconds on the floor, dirt and germs won’t have much of a chance to contaminate it. Research in my lab has focused on how food becomes contaminated, and we’ve done some work on this particular piece of wisdom.B) While the “five-second rule” might not seem like the most pressing issue for food scientists to get to the bottom of, it’s still worth investigating food myths like this one because they shape our beliefs about when food is safe to eat.C) So is five seconds on the floor the critical threshold（门槛）that separates a piece of eatable food from a case of food poisoning? It’s a bit more complicated than that. It depends on just how many bacteria can make it from floor to food in a few seconds and just how dirty the floor is.D) Wondering if food is still OK to eat after it’s dropped on the floor is a pretty common experience. And it’s probably not a new one either. A well-known, but inaccurate, story about Julia Child may have contributed to this food myth. Some viewers of her cooking show, The French Chef, insist they saw Child drop lamb on the floor and pick it up, with the advice that if they were alone in the kitchen, their guests would never know.E) In fact it was a potato pancake, and it fell on the stovetop, not on the floor. Child put it back in the pan, saying, “But you can always pick it up and if you’re alone in the kitchen, who’s going to see it?” But the misremembered story persists. It’s harder to pin down the origins of the oft-quoted five-second rule, but a 2003 study reported that 70% of women and 56% of men surveyed were familiar with the five-second rule and that women were more likely than men to eat food that had dropped on the floor.F) So what does science tell us about what a few moments on the floor means for the safety of your food? The earliest research report on the five-second rule is attributed to Jillian Clarke, a high school student participating in a research project at the University of Illinois. Clarke and her colleagues introduced bacteria to floor tiles（瓷砖）and then placed cookies on the tiles for varying times. They reported bacteria were transferred from the tiles to the cookies within five seconds, but didn’t report the specific amount of bacteria that made it from the tiles to the food.G) But how many bacteria actually transfer in five seconds? In 2007, my lab at Clemson University published a study in the Journal of Applied Microbiology. We wanted to know if the length of time food is in contact with a contaminated surface affected the rate of transfer of bacteria to the food. To find out, we introduced bacteria to squares of tile, carpet or wood. Five minutes after that, we placed either bacon or bread on the surface for 5,30 or 60 seconds, and then measured the number of bacteria transferred to the food. We repeated this exact procedure after the bacteria had been on the surface for 2,4,8 and 24 hours.H) We found that the number of bacteria transferred to either kind of food didn’t depend much on how long the food was in contact with the contaminated surface—whether for a few seconds or for a whole minute. The overall number of bacteria on the surface mattered more, and this decreased over time after the initial introduction. It looks like what’s at issue is less how long your food stays on the floor and much more how contaminated with bacteria that patch of floor happens to be.I) We also found that the kind of surface made a difference as well. Carpets, for instance, seem to be slightly better places to drop your food than wood or tile. When a carpet was contaminated, less than 1% of the bacteria were transferred. But when the food was in contact with tile or wood, 45-70% of bacteria were.J) Last year, a study from Aston University in the UK used nearly identical parameters（参数）to our study and found similar results. They also reported that 87% of people asked either would eat or had eaten food fallen on the floor.K) Should you eat food fallen on the floor then? From a food safety standpoint, if you have millions or more bacteria on a surface, 0.1% is still enough to make you sick. Also, certain types of bacteria are extremely harmful, and it takes only a small number to make you sick. For example, 10 bacteria or less of an especially deadly strain of bacteria can cause severe illness and death in people with compromised immune systems. But the chance of these bacteria being on most surfaces is very low.L）And it’s not just dropping food on the floor that can lead to bacterial contamination. Bacteria are carried by various “media”, which can include raw food, moist surfaces where bacteria have been left, our hands or skin and from coughing or sneezing（打喷嚏）. Hands, foods and utensils（器皿）can carry individual bacteria living in communities contained within a protective film. These microscopic layers of deposits containing bacteria are known as biofilms and they are found on most surfaces and objects. Biofilm communities can harbor bacteria longer and are very difficult to clean. Becteria in these communities also have an enhanced resistance to sanitizers（清洁剂）and antibiotics compared to bacteria living on their own.M）So the next time you consider eating fallen food, the odds are in your favor that you can eat it without getting sick. But in the rare chance that there is a micro-organism that there is a micro-organism that can make you sick on the exact spot where the food dropped, you can be fairly sure that the bug is on the food you are about to put in your mouth.N）Research or common sense tells us that the best thing to do is keep your hands, utensils and other surfaces clean.36. A research project found bacteria made their way to the food on the floor in five seconds.37. Whether food is contaminated depends much on the number of bacteria that get onto it.38. Food contamination may result from various factors other than food dropping on the floor.39. Males are less likely than females to eat food that may have been contaminated.40. The author’s research centers around how food gets contaminated.41. Keeping everything clean is the best way to stay healthy.42. Chances are you will not fall sick because of eating food picked up from the floor.43. For a long time people have had the experience of deciding whether or not to eat food picked up from the floor.44. Some strains of bacteria are so harmful that a tiny few can have deadly consequences.45. Researchers found how many bacteria got onto the food did not have much to do with how long the food stayed on a contaminated floor.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 and 50 are based on the following passage.The latest in cat research reveals that the lovely animal seems to have a basic grasp on both the laws of physics and the ins and outs of cause and effect.According to a newly published study, cats seem to be able to predict the location of hiding prey（猎物）using both their ears and an inborn（天生的）understanding of how the physical world works.In a recent experiment, Japanese researchers taped 30 domestic cats reacting to a container that a team member shook. Some containers rattled（发出响声）；others did not. When the container was tipped over, sometimes an object fell out and sometimes it didn’t. It turns out that the cats were remarkably smart about what would happen when a container was tipped over. When an object did not drop out of the bottom of a rattling container, they looked at it for a longer time than they did when the container behaved as expected. “Cats use a causal-logical understanding of noise or sounds to predict the appearance of invisible objects,” lead researcher Saho Takagi says in a press release. The researchers conclude that cats’ hunting style may have developed based on their common-sense abilities to infer where prey is, using their hearing.Scientists have explored this idea with other endearing creatures: babies. Like cats, babies appear to engage in what’s called “preferential looking”—looking longer at things that are interesting or unusual than things they perceive as normal. When babies’ expectations are violated in experiments like the ones performed with the cats, they react much like their animal friends. Psychologists have shown that babies apparently expect their world to comply with the laws of physics and cause and effect as early as two months of age.Does the study mean that cats will soon grasp the ins and outs of cause and effect? Maybe. Okay, so cats may not be the next physics faculty members at America’s most important research universities. But by demonstrating their common sense, they’ve shown that the divide between cats and humans may not be that great after all.46.What do we learn from a newly published study about cats?A) They can be trained to understand the physical world.B) They know what kind of prey might be easier to hunt.C) They have a natural ability to locate animals they hunt.D) They are capable of telling which way their prey flees.47. What may account for the cats’ response to the noise from the containers?A) Their inborn sensitivity to noise.B) Their unusual sense of direction.C) Their special ability to perceive.D) Their mastery of cause and effect.48. What is characteristic of the way cats hunt, according to the Japanese researchers?A) They depend on their instincts. C) They wait some time before attack.B)They rely mainly on their hearing. D) They use both their ears and eyes.49. In what way do babies behave like cats?A) They focus on what appears odd.B) They view the world as normal.C) They do what they prefer to do.D) They are curious about everything.50. What can we conclude about cats from the passage?A) They have higher intelligence than many other animals.B) They interact withe the physical world much like humans.C) They display extraordinarily high intelligence in hunting.D) They can aid physics professors in their research work.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Imagine you enter a car with no steering wheel, no brake or accelerator padals（踏板）. Under a voice-activated command, you say an address. “The fastest route will take us 15.3 minutes. Should I take it?” You say “yes” and you are on your way. The car responds and starts moving all by itself. All you have to do is sit back and relax.How weird would it be if, one day in the future, everyone had such a car? No crazy driving, no insults, no cutting in; traffic laws would be respected and driving much safer. On the other hand, imagine the cost savings for local police enforcement and town budgets without all those speeding and parking tickets.A new technology has the potential to change modern society in radical ways. There’s no question that self-driving vehicles could be an enormous benefit. The potential for safer cars means accident statistics would drop: some 94% of road accidents in the U.S. involve human error. Older drivers and visually-or physically-impaired people would gain a new level of freedom. Maintaining safe speeds and being electric, self-driving cars would drastically reduce pollution levels and dependency on non-renewable fuels. Roads would be quieter, people safer.But we must also consider the impact of the new technology on those who now depend on driving for their livelihoods. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, in May 2015 there were 505,560 registered school bus drivers. The American Trucking Association lists approximately 3.5 million professional truck drivers in the U.S.The companies developing self-driving vehicles should be partnering with state and federal authorities to offer retraining for this massive workforce, many of whom will be displaced by the new technology. This is similar to what’s happening in the coal and oil industries a situation that fuels much of the current political discontent in this country. New technologies will, and should, be developed. This is how society moves forward. However, progress can’t be one-sided. It is necessary for the companies and state agencies involved to consider the ethical consequences of these potential changes to build a better future for all.51.What would be the impact of the extensive use of driverless cars?A) People would be driving in a more civilized way.B) It would save local governments a lot of money.C) More policemen would be patrolling the streets.D) Traffic regulations would be a thing of the past.52. How would the elderly and the disabled benefit from driverless cars?A) They could enjoy greater mobility.B) They would suffer no road accidents.C) They would have no trouble driving.D) They could go anywhere they want.53. What would be the negative impact of driverless cars?A) The conflict between labor and management would intensify.B) The gap between various sectors of society would be widened.C) Professional drivers would have a hard time adapting to new road conditions.D) Numerous professional drivers would have to find new ways of earning a living.54. What is the result of the introduction of new technologies in energy industries?A) Political dissatisfaction.B) Retraining of employees.C) Fossil fuel conservation.D) Business restructuring.55. What does the author suggest businesses and the government do?A) Keep pace with technological developments.B) Make new technologies affordable to everyone.C) Enable everyone to benefit from new technologies.D) Popularize the use of new technologies and devices.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。
2018年12月大学英语四级真题及答案(第一套)
2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第1套）Part I Writing (30minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least120 words but no more than 180 words. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) !Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. A) Land a space vehicle on the moon in 2019.B) Design a new generation of mobile phones.C) Set up a mobile phone network on the moon.D) Gather data from the moon with a tiny device.(2. A) It is stable. B) It is durable.C) It is inexpensive. D) It is sophisticated. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A) It lasted more than six hours.B) No injuries were yet reported.C) Nobody was in the building when it broke out.D) It had burned for 45 minutes by the time firefighters arrived.4. A) Recruit and train more firefighters.;B) Pull down the deserted shopping mall.C) Turn the shopping mall into an amusement park.D) Find money to renovate the local neighborhood.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. A) Shrinking potato farming. B) Heavy reliance on import.C) Widespread plant disease. D) Insufficient potato supply.6. A) It intends to keep its traditional diet.}B) It wants to expand its own farming.C) It is afraid of the spread of disease.D) It is worried about unfair competition.7. A) Global warming. B) Ever-rising prices.C) Government regulation. D) Diminishing investment.Section BDirections：In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.!Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) Informative. B) Inspiring.C) Dull. D) Shallow.9. A) She types on a keyboard. B) She does recording.C) She takes photos. D) She takes notes.10. A) It keeps her mind active. B) It makes her stay awake.C) It enables her to think hard. D) It helps her kill time.11. A) It enables her to improve her pronunciation.;B) It helps her better remember what she learns.C) It turns out to be an enjoyable way of learning.D) It proves to be far more effective than writing.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) To spend her honeymoon.B) To try authentic Indian food.C) To take photos of the Taj Mahal.<D) To trace the origin of a love story.13. A) In memory of a princess.B) In honor of a great emperor.C) To mark the death of an emperor of the 1600s.D) To celebrate the birth of a princess’s 14th child.14. A) It looks older than expected.B) It is built of wood and bricks.C) It stores lots of priceless antiques. ~D) It has walls decorated with jewels.15. A) Their streets are narrow.B) They are mostly crowded.C) Each one has a unique character.D) Life can be tedious in some places.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will `hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) They help spread the latest technology.B) They greatly enrich people’s leisure life.C) They provide residents with the resources needed. %D) They allow free access to digital books and videos.17. A) By helping them find jobs.B) By inspiring their creativity.C) By keeping them off the streets.D) By providing a place of relaxation.18. A) Their interaction with teenagers proved fruitful.B) They used libraries less often than teenagers.C) They tended to visit libraries regularly. .D) Their number increased modestly.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) It is the cleverest cat in the world.B) It is the largest cat in Africa.C) It is an unusual cross breed.D) It is a large-sized wild cat.20. A) They are as loyal as dogs.】B) They have unusually long tails.C) They are fond of sleeping in cabinets.D) They know how to please their owners.21. A) They shake their front paws.B) They teach them to dive.C) They shower with them.D) They shout at them.}Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) Anxious and depressed.B) Contented and relieved.C) Excited but somewhat sad.D) Proud but a bit nervous.23. A) It is becoming parents’ biggest concern.B) It is gaining increasing public attention.C) It is depends on their parents for success.；D) It starts the moment they are born.24. A) Set a good example for them to follow.B) Read books and magazines to them.C) Help them to learn by themselves.D) Choose the right school for them.25. A) Their intelligence.B) Their home life.C) The effort they put in learning.]D) The quality of their school.Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension ( 40 minutes ) Section A/Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26 occurring in the developing world.The figures include a number of costs 27 with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes 28 like home heating and cooking, has remained 29 over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris Murray 30 it as an “urgent call to action.”“One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little 31 ,”he said.·The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income 32 nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low-and middle-income countries live in places where they 33 experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution.But the problem is not limited 34 to the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in the . as a result of related illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel(柴油) 35 have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands.Section BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Food-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress…[A] Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralph’s market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving her some idea on how to feed kids who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning” he asks her. “The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the fro zen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”[B] Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Health alliance. The cente r’s ‘Shop with Your Doc’ program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.[C] Nadeau notices the pre-made macaroni (通心粉)-and-cheese boxes in Sc ott’s shopping cart and suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and real cheese. “So I’d have to make it”she asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it. “I’m not sure they’d eat it. They just won’t eat it.”[D] Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse that.” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.[E] Nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but it’s making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying solely on medications (药物). By prescribing nutritional changes or launching programs such as ‘Shop with your Doc’, they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat. “There’s no question people can take things a long way toward reversing diabetes, reversing high blood pressure, even preventing can cer by food choices,” Nadeau says.[F] In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of ST. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which completed its pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in how to cook it. “We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food,” says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital’s medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives. “We want people to understand what they’re eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”[G] In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine —that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findingsincreasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nation’s hig h rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.[H] “It’s a different paradigm(范式) of how to treat disease,” says Dr. Brenda Rea, who helps run the family and preventive medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctor s in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing patients’ nutritional habits. The medical center and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not only learn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.;[I] Many people don’t know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patient’s life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patient’s family. “What people eat can be medicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease.”[J] Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation(炎症), for example, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet —particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.[K] “As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen,” says Nguyen. “In the same way physicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voice in it.”36. More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.37. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.38. There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.39. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.40. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.：41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.42. Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.43. Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.44. Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.45. Americans’ high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Passage One[Questions 46 and 50 are based on the following passage.California has been facing a drought for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution system. The problem is growing as the population of the state continues to expand. New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling of wells could only reach depths of 1,000 feet, but due to new pumping practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted (抽取). The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers(地下蓄水层)below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought.It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other concerns. The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep in the gradual settling down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant space left is compacted by the weight of the earth above.Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating(脱盐)the ocean water in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where feasible, but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. Wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage.One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some wells may even need to undergo desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost. Research from the exhaustive study of groundwater from over 950 drilling logs has just been published. New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2,700 billion cubic meters of freshwater.could California’s drought crisis be solved according to some researchersA) By building more reserves of groundwater.B) By drawing water from the depths of the earth.]C) By developing more advanced drilling devices.D) By upgrading its water distribution system.can be inferred about extracting water from deep aquifersA) It was deemed vital to solving the water problem.B) It was not considered worth the expense.C) It may not provide quality freshwater.D) It is bound to gain support from the local people.48. What is mentioned as a consequence of extracting water from deep underground…A) The sinking of land surface. C) The damage to aquifers.B) The harm to the ecosystem. D) The change of the climate.49. What does the author say about deep wellsA) They run without any need for repairs.B) They are entirely free from pollutants.C) They are the ultimate solution to droughts.D) They provide a steady supply of freshwater.50. What may happen when deep aquifers are used as water sources（A) People’s health may improve with cleaner water.B) People’s water bills may be lowered considerably.C) The cost may go up due to desalination.D) They may be exhausted sooner or later.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.The AlphaGo program’s victory is an example of how smart computers have become. >But can artificial intelligence (AI) machines act ethically, meaning can they be honest and fairOne example of AI is driverless cars. They are already on California roads, so it is not too soon to ask whether we can program a machine to act ethically. As driverless cars improve, they will save lives. They will make fewer mistakes than human drivers do. Sometimes, however, they will face a choice between lives. Should the cars be programmed to avoid hitting a child running across the road, even if that will put their passengers at risk What about making a sudden turn to avoid a dog What if the only risk is damage to the car itself, not to the passengersPerhaps there will be lessons to learn from driverless cars, but they are not super-intelligent beings. Teaching ethics to a machine even more intelligent than we are will be the bigger challenge.About the same time as AlphaGo’s triumph, Microsoft’s ‘chatbot’ took a b ad turn. The software, named Taylor, was designed to answer messages from people aged 18-24. Taylor was supposed to be able to learn from the messages she received. She was designed to slowly improve her ability to handle conversations, but some people were teaching Taylor racist ideas. When she started saying nice things about Hitler, Microsoft turned her off and deleted her ugliest messages.AlphaGo’s victory and Taylor’s defeat happened at about the same time. This should be a warning to us. It is one thing to use AI within a game with clear rules and clear goals. It is something very different to use AI in the real world. The unpredictability of the real world may bring to the surface a troubling software problem.Eric Schmidt is one of the bosses of Google, which own AlphoGo. He thinks AI will be positive for humans. He said people will be the winner, whatever the outcome. Advances in AI will make human beings smarter, more able and “just better human beings.”does the author want to show with the examp le of AlphaGo’s victory A)Computers will prevail over human beings./B)Computers have unmatched potential.C)Computers are man’s potential rivals.D)Computers can become highly intelligent.does the author mean by AI machines acting ethicallyA)They are capable of predicting possible risks.B)They weigh the gains and losses before reaching a decision.C)They make sensible decisions when facing moral dilemmas.D)They sacrifice everything to save human lives."is said to be the bigger challenge facing humans in the AI ageA)How to make super-intelligent AI machines share human feelings.B)How to ensure that super-intelligent AI machines act ethically.C)How to prevent AI machines doing harm to humans.D)How to avoid being over-dependent on AI machines.do we learn about Microsoft’s “chatbot” TaylorA)She could not distinguish good from bad.B)She could turn herself off when necessary.{C)She was not made to handle novel situations.D)She was good at performing routine tasks.1. 2二、具体阐述在大城市生活面临的挑战＜3. 55. What does Eric Schmidt think of artificial intelligence A) It will be far superior to human beings. B) It will keep improving as time goes by. C) It will prove to be an asset to human beings. D) It will be here to stay whatever the outcome.]Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人度增长。
2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷及详细答案(三套全)
2. A) It is stable. B)It is durable.
C) It is inexpensive. D) It istions 3 to 4 are based on the new report you have just heard。 3. A) It lasted more than six hours.
2018 年 12 月大学生英语四级真题试卷及详细答案(三套全)
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2018 年 12 月大学生英语四级真题试题一(完整版)........................................................................................................... 1 快速对答案........................................................................................................................................................................... 14 2018 年 12 月大学生英语四级真题试卷一详细答案(精品)............................................................................................. 15 2018 年 12 月大学生英语四级真题试题二(完整版)......................................................................................................... 61 快速对答案........................................................................................................................................................................... 75 2018 年 12 月大学生英语四级真题试卷二详细答案(精品)............................................................................................. 75 2018 年 12 月大学生英语四级真题试题三(完整版)....................................................................................................... 120 快速对答案......................................................................................................................................................................... 129 2018 年 12 月大学生英语四级真题试卷三详细答案(精品)........................................................................................... 129
2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题完整版(含答案)
2018 年12 月大学英语四级考试真题完整版（含答案解析）Part I Writing (30minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of studying abroad. You should write at least120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. A) A man was pulled to safety after a building collapse.B) A beam about ten feet long collapsed to the ground.C) A rescue worker got trapped in the basement.D) A deserted 100-year-old building caught fire.2. A) He suffered a fatal injury in an accident.B) He once served in a fire department.C) He was collecting building materials.D) He moved into his neighbor ’ s old house.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A) Improve the maths skills of high school teachers.B) Change British people ’ s negative view of maths.C) Help British people understand their paychecks.D) Launch a campaign to promote maths teaching.4. A) Children take maths courses at an earlier age.B) The public sees the value of maths in their life.C) British people know how to do elementary calculations.D) Primary school teachers understand basic maths concepts.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. A) He owns a fleet of aircraft.B) He is learning to be a pilot.C) He regards his royal duties as a burden.D) He held a part-time job for over 20 years.6. A) He can demonstrate his superior piloting skills.B) He can change his focus of attention and relax.C) He can show his difference from other royalty.D) He can come into closer contact with his people.7. A) They enjoyed his company.B) They liked him in his uniform.C) They rarely recognised him.D) They were surprised to see him.Section BDirections：In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, youwill hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) They were skilled carpenters themselves.B) It didn ’t nee u d ch m capital to start with.C) Wood supply was plentiful in Romania.D) They saw a business opportunity there.9. A) Provide quality furniture at affordable prices.B) Attract foreign investment to expand business.C) Enlarge their company by hiring more workers.D) Open some more branch companies in Germany.10. A) They are from her hometown.B) They are imported from Germany.C) They all come from Romania.D) They come from all over the continent.11. A) All across Europe. B) Throughout the world.C) Mostly in Bucharest. D) In Romania only.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) Go to a concert with him and his girlfriend.B) Try out a new restaurant together in town.C) Go with him to choose a pearl for Susan.D) Attend the opening of a local restaurant.13. A) It is sponsored by local restaurants.B) It specializes in food advertizing.C) It is especially popular with the young.D) It provides information on local events.14. A) They design a special set of menus for themselves.B) They treat themselves to various entertainments.C) They go to eat at different stylish restaurants.D) They participate in a variety of social events.15. A) More restaurants will join Restaurant Week.B) This year ’s Restaurant W w ee i lk l start soon.C) Bigger discounts will be offered this Restaurant Week.D) More types of food will be served this Restaurant Week.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the fourchoices marked A), B), C), D). Then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) Rewarding them for eating vegetables.B) Exposing them to vegetables repeatedly.C) Improving the taste of vegetable dishes for them.D) Explaining the benefits of eating vegetables to them.17. A) They were disliked most by children.B) They were considered most nutritious.C) They were least used in Belgian cooking.D) They were essential to children ’ s health.18. A) Vegetables differ in their nutritional value.B) Children ’ s eating habits can be changed.C) Parents watch closely what children eat.D) Children ’ s choices of food vary greatly.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) Space exploration has serous consequences.B) India has many space exploration programs.C) There is quite a lot to learn about the moon.D) A lot of garbage has been left on the moon.20. A) It is costly to bring back. B) It is risky to destroy.C) It is of no use on Earth. D) It is damaged by radiation.21. A) Record details of space exploration.B) Monitor the change of lunar weather.C) Study the effect of radiation and vacuum on its materials.D) Explore the possibility of human settlement on the moon.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) It is likely to remain a means of business communication.B) It is likely to be a competitor of various messaging apps.C) It will gradually be replaced by social media.D) It will have to be governed by specific rules.23. A) Save the message in their file.B) Make a timely response.C) Examine the information carefully.D) See is any action needs to be taken.24. A) It is to be passed on. B) It is mostly junk.C) It requires no reply. D) It causes no concern.25. A) Make it as short as possible.B) Use simple and clear language.C) Adopt an informal style of writing.D) Avoid using capitals for emphasis.Part ⅢReading Comprehension ( 40 minutes )Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.Have you ever used email to apologize to a colleague? Delivered a 26 to a subordinate ( 下属)with a voice-mail message? Flown by plane across the country just to deliver important news in person? The various communication options at our fingertips today can be good for 27 and productivity —and at the same time very troublesome. With so many ways to communicate, how should a manager choose the one that's best —28 when the message to be delivered is bad or unwelcomenews for the recipient? We've 29 business communication consultants and etiquette ( 礼仪)experts to come up with the following guidelines for 30 using the alternative ways of delivering difficult messages.First of all, choose how personal you want to be. A face-to-face communication is the most 31 . Other choices, in descending order of personalization, are: a real-time phone call, a voice-mail message, a handwritten note, a typewritten letter, and the most 32 is email. Some of these may change order according to the 33 situation or your own preferences; for example, a handwritten note might seem more personal than voice-mail. How do you decide on the best choice for the difficult message you've got to deliver? “My 34 concern is: How can I soften or civilize this message?”says etiquette expert Dana Casperson. “ Sowhen I apologize, I usually choose in -person first, or a phone conversation as my top alternative, and maybe a handwritten note next. Apologizing by email is something I now totally 35 . ”A) avoidI) rewardB) convenience J) silentC) effectivelyD) escapeK) specificE) intimate L) surveyedF) particularly M) unfriendlyG) primary N) warningH) prompt O) witnessedSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which theinformation is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with aletter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How a Poor, Abandoned Parisian Boy Became a Top ChefA) The busy streets in Paris were uneven and caked in thick mud, but there was always a breathtaking sight to see in the shop windows of Patisserie de la Rue de la Paix. By 1814, people crowdedoutside the bakery, straining for a glimpse of the latest sweet food created by the young chef who worked inside.B) H is name was Marie-Antoine Car me,êand he had appeared, one day, almost out of nowhere. Butin his short lifetime, which ended exactly 184 years ago today, he would forever revolutionize Frenchgourmet food （美食）, write best-selling cook books and think up magical dishes for royals and otherimportant people.C) C ar ême's childhood was one part tragedy, equal part mystery. Born the 16th child to poorparents in Paris in either 1783 or 1784, a young Car me was sudêdenly abandoned at the height of theFrench Revolution. At 8 years old, he worked as a kitchen boy for a restaurant in Paris in exchange forroom and board. By age 15, he had become an apprentice （学徒）to Sylvain Bailly, a well-knowndessert chef with a successful bakery in one of Paris's most fashionable neighborhoods.D) C ar ême was quick at learning in the kitchen. Bailly encouraged his young apprentice to learn toread and write. Car meêwould often spend his free afternoons at the nearby National Library readingbooks on art and architecture. In the back room of the little bakery, his interest in design and his bakingtalent combined to work wonders —he shaped delicious masterpieces out of flour, butter and sugar.E) I n his teenage years, Car ême fashioned eatable copies of the late 18th century's most famous buildings—cookies in the shape of ruins of ancient Athens and pies in the shape of ancient Chinese palaces and temples. Sylvain Bailly, his master, displayed these luxuriant creations —often as large as 4feet tall —in his bakery windows.F) C ar ême's creations soon captured the discriminating eye of a French diplomat, Charles Mauricede Talleyrand-P riégord. Around 1804, Talleyrand challenged Car ême to produce a full menu for his personal castle, instructing the young baker to use local, seasonal fruits and vegetables and to avoidrepeating main dishes over the course of an entire year. The experiment was a grand successandTalleyrand's association with French nobility would prove a profitable connection for Car me. êG) French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was known to be unimpressed by the declining taste ofearly 18th century cooking, but under pressure to entertain Paris's high society, he too called Car me tohis kitchen at Tuileries Palace. In 1810, Car ême designed the extraordinary cake for the wedding of Napoleon and his second bride, Marie-Louise of Austria. He became one of the first modern chefs tofocus on the appearance of his table, not just the flavor of his dishes. “ Iwant order and taste. A5 / 19well- displayed meal is enhanced one hundred percent in my eyes, ”he later wrote in one of his cookbooks.H) I n 1816, Car ême began a culinary (烹饪的) journey which would forever mark his place ashistory's first top chef. He voyaged to England to cook in the modern Great Kitchen of the prince regent(摄政王)，George Ⅳ, and crossed continents to prepare grand banquets for the tables of Tsar AlexanderⅠ of Russia. Never afraid to talk up his own accomplishments, a boastful Car ême made a fortune aswealthy families with social ambitions invited him to their kitchens. Later, in his cook books, he wouldoften include a sketch of himself, so that people on the street would be able to recognize—andadmire —h im.I) C ar ême's cooking displays became the symbol of fine French dining; they were plentiful, beautifuland imposing. Guests would fall silent in wonder as servants carried Car me's fancy creaêtions into thedining hall. For a banquet celebrating the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia's visit to George Ⅳ 's BrightonPavillion on Jan. 18, 1817, the menu featured 120 different dishes, highlighting eight different soups, 40main courses, and 32 desserts.J) A s he traveled through the homes of early 19th century nobility, Car meêforged the new art ofFrench gourmet food. Locked in hot kitchens, Car êmecreated his four “mother sauces. ”Thesesauces—béchamel, velout ,éespagnole and allemande—formed the central building blocks for manyFrench main courses. He also perfected the souffl —éa baked egg dish, and introduced the standardchef's uniform —the same double-breasted white coat and tall white hat still worn by many chefs today.The white clothing conveyed an image of cleanliness, according to Car ême—and in his realm,appearance was everything.K) B etween meals, Car mêe wrote cook books that would be used in European kitchens for the nextcentury. His manuals including The Royal Parisian Baker and the massive five-volume Art of FrenchCooking Series (1833-1847, completed after his death) first systematized many basic principles of cooking,complete with drawings and step-by-step directions. Long before television cooking shows, Car êmewalked readers through common kitchen tasks, instructing them to “trythis for yourself, athome” as famous American Chef Julia Child might do, many years later.L）In the end, however ，it was the kitchen that did Car me in. Dêecades of working over coal fires intight, closed spaces with little fresh air (to ensure his dishes would not get cold) had fatally damaged hislungs. On Jan. 12, 1833, Car me dieêd just before he turned 50.M ）But in his lifetime, Car me, evêe r confident, could see beyond his short domination in the kitchen.He wanted to “ sethe standard for beauty in classical and modern cooking, and prove to the distantfuture that the French chefs of the 19th century were the most famous in the world, ” as he wrote papers.N）Decades later, chef Auguste Escoffier would build upon Car me's conceptêof French cuisine （烹饪）. But in the very beginning, there was just Car me, the toêp chef who elevated dining into art.36. Car37. Car mêe was among the first chefs who stressed both the appearance and flavor of dishes.mêe wanted to show to later generations that French chefs of his time were most outstanding6 / 19in the world.38. Car39. Car40. Car mêe benefited greatly from serving a French diplomat and his connections. mêe learned his trade from a famous dessert chef in Paris.mêe's creative works were exhibited in the shop windows by his master.41. Car ême's knowledge of art and architecture helped him create extraordinary desserts out ofordinary ingredients.42. Many people in Paris were eager to have a look at the latest sweet food made by Car me. ê43. Car44. Car45. Car mêe became extremely wealthy by cooking for rich and socially ambitious families. mêe's writings dealt with fundamental cooking principles in a systematic way.mêe's contribution to French cooking was revolutionary.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You shoulddecide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line throughthe centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 and 50 are based on the following passage.Roughly the size of a soda can, sitting on a bookshelf, a relatively harmless gadget may be turningfriends away from your home. The elephant in your living room is your Internet-connected securitycamera, a device people are increasingly using for peace of mind in their homes. But few stop to thinkabout the effect these devices may have on house guests. Should you tell your friends, for instance, thatthey're being recorded while you all watch the big game together?“It'scertainly new territory, especially as home security cameras become easier to install, s”a ysLizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute, America's foremost manners advisors. “I think it willbe very interesting to see what etiquette （礼仪）emerges in terms of whether you tell people you have acamera or not, and whether guests have a right to ask that it be turned off, if it's not a security issue.Post wants to make clear that she's not talking about legal rights, but rather personal preferenc.She also wants to explain that there are no right or wrong answers regarding manners on this front yet,because the technology is just now becoming mainstream. Besides, the Emily Post Institute doesn'tdictate manners.When it comes to security cameras, Post says it's a host's responsibility to make sure guests feelcomfortable within their home. “ I'm always a fan of being open and honest. ” For instance, if the ho casually acknowledges that there is a camera in the room by telling a story about it, that may be enoughto provide an opening for a guest to say if they are uncomfortable.However, if a contractor is working in your home, you don't need to tell them that there are cameraswatching. Then again, the air of accountability that the camera generates can also work in contractors'favor. “ If anything does go wrong while they're in the house, they don't want to be blamed for it,says. “In fact, the camera could be th t e hing that proves that they didn't steal the $20, or knock the vaseoff the table. ”46. F or what reason may your friends feel reluctant to visit your home?A) The security camera installed may intrude into their privacy.B) They don ’t want their photos to e c b irculated on the Internet.7 / 19C) The security camera may turn out to be harmful to their health.D) They may not be willing to interact with your family members.47.What does Lizzie Post say is new territory?A) The effect of manners advice on the public.B) Cost of applying new technologies at home.C) The increasing use of home security devices.D) Etiquette around home security cameras.48. What is Lizzie Post mainly discussing with regard to the use of home security cameras?A) Legal rights. C) Likes and dislikes of individuals.B) M oral issues D) The possible impact on manners.49. What is a host ’ s responsibility regarding security cameras, according to Lizzie Post?A) Making their guests feel at ease.B) Indicating where they are.C) Turning them off in time.D) Ensuring their guests ’privacy.50. In what way can the home security camera benefit visitors to your home?A) It can satisfy their curiosity.B) It can prove their innocence.C) It can help them learn new technology.D) It can make their visit more enjoyable.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.PepsiCo is to spend billions of dollars to develop drinks and snacks and reformulate existing oneswith lower sugar, salt and fat, as consumers demand healthier options and regulatory pressure intensifiesamid an obesity epidemic （流行病）.The maker of Mountain Dew and Gatorade has been one of the earlier movers in the industry tooffer products with reduced levels of unhealthy ingredients —PepsiCo claims a packet of its chips nowcontains less salt than a slice of white bread. However, its new 10-year plan makes clear it believes it stillhas a long way to go.Shifting eating habits, including a sharp drop in consumption of sparkling drinks, have forcedradical change on the industry. But those shifts have yet to be reflected in record obesity levels, whichstand at 36.5% overall in the US.Indra Nooyi, PepsiCo chairman, said the plan to make its products healthier was important for thecompany's growth. But on the subject of obesity, she pointed out that consumers ’lifestyles have changed significantly, with many people being more sedentary （久坐不动的）not least because more time isspent in front of computers. She said PepsiCo's contribution was to produce healthier snacks that stilltasted good.“ Society has to change its habits, ”she added. “ We can't do much to alter sedentary lifestyles, but can provide consumers with great-tasting products, low in salt, sugar and fat. In the past we had to havea taste trade-off. But we're breaking that trade- off. ”PepsiCo's plan for its foods and drinks is based on guidelines from the World Health Organisation, which last week backed using taxes on sparkling drinks to reduce sugar consumption. Initiatives also include efforts to reduce its environmental impact, water consumption and materials used in packaging by 2025.PepsiCo did not say exactly how much it planned to invest to reach its goals. However, Dr Mehmood Khan, chief scientific officer, said the company had doubled research and development spending in the past five years and was “committed to sustaining investment ”ad, d ing that companies cannot cost-cut their way to increasing sales. PepsiCo's research and development budget in 2015 was $754 million.51. W hy is PepsiCo making a policy change?A) To win support from the federal government.B) To be more competitive in the global market.C) To satisfy the growing needs for healthy foods.D) To invest more wisely in the soft drink industry.52. What does PepsiCo think it will have to do in the future?A) Invest more to develop new snacks.B) Reduce levels of obesity in the US.C) Change consumers ’ eating habits.D) Keep on improving its products.53. Why does PepsiCo plan to alter its products, according to Indra Nooyi?A) To ensure the company’ s future development.B) To adapt to its customers ’ changed taste.C) To help improve its consumers ’lifestyles.D) To break the trade-off in its product design.54. What does Indra Nooyi say about the obesity epidemic?A) It is mainly caused by overconsumption of snacks.B) It results from high sugar and salt consumption.C) It is attributable to people ’ s changed lifestyles.D) It has a lot to do with longer working hours.55. What has PepsiCo been doing to achieve its objective?A) Studying WHO ’s guidelines. B) Increasing its research funding.C) Expanding its market overseas. D) Cutting its production costs.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.越来越多的中国人现在的确离不开手机了。
2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷及详细答案(三套全)
2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷及详细答案(三套全)目录2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题一(完整版) (1)快速对答案 (14)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷一详细答案(精品) (15)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题二(完整版) (61)快速对答案 (75)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷二详细答案(精品) (75)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题三(完整版) (120)快速对答案 (129)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试卷三详细答案(精品) (129)2018年12月大学生英语四级真题试题一(完整版)Part I Writing (30 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an a short easy on the challenges of living in a big city.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2018年6月大学生英语四级真题试卷及答案(三套全)
2018 年 6 月大学英语四级真题试卷一及答案(完整版)..................................................................................................... 1 答案........................................................................................................................................................................................15 2018 年 6 月大学英语四级真题试卷二及答案(完整版)................................................................................................... 16 答案........................................................................................................................................................................................30 2018 年 6 月大学英语四级真题试卷三及答案(完整版)................................................................................................... 31 答案........................................................................................................................................................................................41
2018年12月大学英语四级真题及答案(第一套)
2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第1套）Part I Writing (30minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of living in a big city. You should write at least120 words but no more than 180 words. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1. A) Land a space vehicle on the moon in 2019.B) Design a new generation of mobile phones.C) Set up a mobile phone network on the moon.D) Gather data from the moon with a tiny device.2. A) It is stable.B) It is durable.C) It is inexpensive.D) It is sophisticated. Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3. A) It lasted more than six hours.B) No injuries were yet reported.C) Nobody was in the building when it broke out.D) It had burned for 45 minutes by the time firefighters arrived.4. A) Recruit and train more firefighters.B) Pull down the deserted shopping mall.C) Turn the shopping mall into an amusement park.D) Find money to renovate the local neighborhood. Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5. A) Shrinking potato farming.B) Heavy reliance on import.C) Widespread plant disease.D) Insufficient potato supply.6. A) It intends to keep its traditional diet.B) It wants to expand its own farming.C) It is afraid of the spread of disease.D) It is worried about unfair competition.7. A) Global warming.B) Ever-rising prices.C) Government regulation.D) Diminishing investment. Section BDirections：In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) Informative.B) Inspiring.C) Dull.D) Shallow.9. A) She types on a keyboard.B) She does recording.C) She takes photos.D) She takes notes.10. A) It keeps her mind active.B) It makes her stay awake.C) It enables her to think hard.D) It helps her kill time.11. A) It enables her to improve her pronunciation.B) It helps her better remember what she learns.C) It turns out to be an enjoyable way of learning.D) It proves to be far more effective than writing. Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A) To spend her honeymoon.B) To try authentic Indian food.C) To take photos of the Taj Mahal.D) To trace the origin of a love story.13. A) In memory of a princess.B) In honor of a great emperor.C) To mark the death of an emperor of the 1600s.D) To celebrate the birth of a princess’s 14th child.14. A) It looks older than expected.B) It is built of wood and bricks.C) It stores lots of priceless antiques.D) It has walls decorated with jewels.15. A) Their streets are narrow.B) They are mostly crowded.C) Each one has a unique character.D) Life can be tedious in some places. Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) They help spread the latest technology.B) They greatly enrich people’s leisure life.C) They provide residents with the resources needed.D) They allow free access to digital books and videos.17. A) By helping them find jobs.B) By inspiring their creativity.C) By keeping them off the streets.D) By providing a place of relaxation.18. A) Their interaction with teenagers proved fruitful.B) They used libraries less often than teenagers.C) They tended to visit libraries regularly.D) Their number increased modestly. Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) It is the cleverest cat in the world.B) It is the largest cat in Africa.C) It is an unusual cross breed.D) It is a large-sized wild cat.20. A) They are as loyal as dogs.B) They have unusually long tails.C) They are fond of sleeping in cabinets.D) They know how to please their owners.21. A) They shake their front paws.B) They teach them to dive.C) They shower with them.D) They shout at them.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22. A) Anxious and depressed.B) Contented and relieved.C) Excited but somewhat sad.D) Proud but a bit nervous.23. A) It is becoming parents’ biggest concern.B) It is gaining increasing public attention.C) It is depends on their parents for success.D) It starts the moment they are born.24. A) Set a good example for them to follow.B) Read books and magazines to them.C) Help them to learn by themselves.D) Choose the right school for them.25. A) Their intelligence.B) Their home life.C) The effort they put in learning.D) The quality of their school.Part ⅢReading Comprehension ( 40 minutes ) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.Millions die early from air pollution each year. Air pollution costs the global economy more than $5 trillion annually in welfare costs, with the most serious 26 occurring in the developing world.The figures include a number of costs 27 with air pollution. Lost income alone amounts to $225 billion a year.The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Indoor pollution, which includes 28 like home heating and cooking, has remained 29 over the past several decades despite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.Director of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Chris Murray 30 it as an “urgent call to action.”“One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe, over which individuals have little 31 ,”he said.The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor income 32 nearly 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low-and middle-income countries live in places where they 33 experience dangerous levels of outdoor air pollution.But the problem is not limited 34 to the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in the U.S. as a result of related illnesses. In many European countries, where diesel(柴油) 35 have become more common in recent years, that number reaches tens of thousands.Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Food-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress[A] Several times a month, you can find a doctor in the aisles of Ralph’s market in Huntington Beach, California, wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food. On one recent day, this doctor was Daniel Nadeau, wandering the cereal aisle with Allison Scott, giving her some idea on how to feed kid s who persistently avoid anything that is healthy. “Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning?” he asks her. “The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper, and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare, you can take the frozen fruit out the night before and have it ready the next morning.”[B] Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center, part of the St. Joseph Hoag Heal th alliance. The center’s ‘Shop with Your Doc’ program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for the service, plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.[C] Nadeau notices the pre-made macaroni (通心粉)-and-cheese boxes in Scott’s shopping cart and suggests she switch to whole grain macaroni and real cheese. “So I’d have to make it?”she asks, her enthusiasm fading at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject it. “I’m not sure they’d eat it. They just won’t eat it.”[D] Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children. “In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “And only 5 percent of our foo d is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse that.” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese. Score one point for the docto r, zero for diabetes.[E] Nadeau is part of a small revolution developing across California. The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades, but it’s making progress as physicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment, rather than relying sol ely on medications (药物). By prescribing nutritional ch anges or launching programs such as ‘Shop with your Doc’, they are trying to prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat. “There’s no question people can take things a long way toward reversin g diabetes, reversing high blood pressu re, even preventing cancer by food choices,” Nadeau says.[F] In the big picture, says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and president of ST. Joseph Hoag Health, medical institutions across the state are starting to make a philosophical switch to becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, which completed its pilot phase and is about to expand on an ongoing basis to five clinic sites throughout the city. The program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive training in how to cook it. “We really want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food,” says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospital’s medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives. “We want people to understand what they’re eating, how to prepar e it, the role food plays in their lives.”[G] In Southern California, Loma Linda University School of Medicine is offering specialized training for its resident physicians in Lifestyle Medicine — that is a formal specialty in using food to treat disease. Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can benefit substantially from dietary changes. Nonetheless, physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that the salt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the American diet contrib ute to the nation’s high rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization, 80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.[H] “It’s a different paradigm(范式) of how to treat disease,” says Dr. Brenda Rea, who helps run the family and preventive medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease, in part, by changing patients’ nutritional habits. The medical center and school at Loma Linda als o has a food cupboard and kitchen for patients. This way, patients not only learn about which foods to buy, but also how to prepare them at home.[I] Many people don’t know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat things up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually transform a patient’s life. And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patient’s family. “What people e at can be medicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one o f the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease.”[J] Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation(炎症), for example, or make the body inhospitable to cancer cells. In general, many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet — particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.[K] “As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen,” says Nguyen. “In the same way p hysicians used to smoke, and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voic e in it.”36. More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.37. There is a special program that assigns doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.38. There is growing evidence from research that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.39. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.40. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.41. One food-as-medicine program not only prescribes food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.42. Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.43. Diabetes patients are advised to eat more plant-based food.44. Using food as medicine is no novel idea, but the movement is making headway these days.45. Americans’ high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat. Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 and 50 are based on the following passage.California has been facing a drought for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution system. The problem is growing as the population of the state continues to expand. New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling of wells could only reach depths of 1,000 feet, but due to new pumping practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted (抽取). The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers(地下蓄水层)below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought.It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other concerns. The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep in the gradual settling down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant space left is compacted by the weight of the earth above.Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating(脱盐)the ocean water in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where feasible, but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. Wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage.One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some wells may even need to undergo desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost. Research from the exhaustive study of groundwater from over 950 drilling logs has just been published. New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2,700 billion cubic meters of freshwater.46.How could California’s drought crisis be solved according to some researchers?A) By building more reserves of groundwater.B) By drawing water from the depths of the earth.C) By developing more advanced drilling devices.D) By upgrading its water distribution system.47.What can be inferred about extracting water from deep aquifers?A) It was deemed vital to solving the water problem.B) It was not considered worth the expense.C) It may not provide quality freshwater.D) It is bound to gain support from the local people.48. What is mentioned as a consequence of extracting water from deep underground?A) The sinking of land surface. C) The damage to aquifers.B) The harm to the ecosystem. D) The change of the climate.49. What does the author say about deep wells?A) They run without any need for repairs.B) They are entirely free from pollutants.C) They are the ultimate solution to droughts.D) They provide a steady supply of freshwater.50. What may happen when deep aquifers are used as water sources?A) People’s health may improve with cleaner water.B) People’s water bills may be lowered considerably.C) The cost may go up due to desalination.D) They may be exhausted sooner or later.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.The AlphaGo program’s victory is an example of how smart computers have become.But can artificial intelligence (AI) machines act ethically, meaning can they be honest and fair?One example of AI is driverless cars. They are already on California roads, so it is not too soon to ask whether we can program a machine to act ethically. As driverless cars improve, they will save lives. They will make fewer mistakes than human drivers do. Sometimes, however, they will face a choice between lives. Should the cars be programmed to avoid hitting a child running across the road, even if thatwill put their passengers at risk? What about making a sudden turn to avoid a dog? What if the only risk is damage to the car itself, not to the passengers?Perhaps there will be lessons to learn from driverless cars, but they are not super-intelligent beings. Teaching ethics to a machine even more intelligent than we are will be the bigger challenge.About the same time as AlphaGo’s triumph, Microsoft’s ‘chatbot’ took a bad turn. The software, named Taylor, was designed to answer messages from people aged 18-24. Taylor was supposed to be able to learn from the messages she received. She was designed to slowly improve her ability to handle conversations, but some people were teaching Taylor racist ideas. When she started saying nice things about Hitler, Microsoft turned her off and deleted her ugliest messages.AlphaGo’s victory and Taylor’s defeat happened at about the same time. This should be a warning to us. It is on e thing to use AI within a game with clear rules and clear goals. It is something very different to use AI in the real world. The unpredictability of the real world may bring to the surface a troubling software problem.Eric Schmidt is one of the bosses of Google, which own AlphoGo. He thinks AI will be positive for humans. He said people will be the winner, whatever the outcome. Advances in AI will make human beings smarter, more able and “just better human beings.”51.What does the author want to show wit h the example of AlphaGo’s victory?A)Computers will prevail over human beings.B)Computers have unmatched potential.C)Computers are man’s potential rivals.D)Computers can become highly intelligent.52.What does the author mean by AI machines acting ethically?A)They are capable of predicting possible risks.B)They weigh the gains and losses before reaching a decision.C)They make sensible decisions when facing moral dilemmas.D)They sacrifice everything to save human lives.53.What is said to be the bigger challenge facing humans in the AI age?A)How to make super-intelligent AI machines share human feelings.B)How to ensure that super-intelligent AI machines act ethically.C)How to prevent AI machines doing harm to humans.D)How to avoid being over-dependent on AI machines.54.What do we learn about Microsoft’s “chatbot” Taylor?A)She could not distinguish good from bad.B)She could turn herself off when necessary.C)She was not made to handle novel situations.D)She was good at performing routine tasks.55. What does Eric Schmidt think of artificial intelligence?A) It will be far superior to human beings.B) It will keep improving as time goes by.C) It will prove to be an asset to human beings.D) It will be here to stay whatever the outcome.Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.由于通信网络的快速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人度增长。
2018年6月份大学生英语四级真题试卷及详细答案(三套全)word版
2018 年6 月大学生英语四级真题试题一(完整版)Part I Writing (30 minutes) (请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an a short easy on the importance of speaking ability and how to develop it.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear questions, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Questions 1 to 2 are based on the new report you have just heard.1.A) The return of a bottled message to its owner'saughter.B)A New Hampshire man's joke with friends on hiswife.C)A father's message for his daughter.D)The history of a century-old motel.2.A) She wanted to show gratitude for his kindness.B)She wanted to honor her father's promise.C)She had been asked by her father to do so.D)She was excited to see her father's handwriting.Questions 3 to 4 are based on the new report you have just heard。
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2018年6月大学英语四级真题（第1套)Part?I? Writing?（30?minutes）Directions:?For?this?part,?you?are?allowed?30minutes?to?write?a?short?essay?on?the?importanceof?reading?ability?and?how?to?develop?it.?You?should?write?at?least?120?words?but?no?more?than180?words.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Part?II ?Listening?Comprehension?(25?minutes)Section?ADirections:?In?this?section,?you?will?hear?threenews?reports.?At?the?end?of?each?news?report,?youwill?hear?two?or?three?questions.?Both?the?news?report?and?the?questions?will?be?spoken?onlyonce.?After?you?hear?a?question,?you?must?choose?the?best?answer?from?the?four?choicesmarked?A),?B),?C)?and?D).?Then?mark?the?corresponding?letter?on?Answer?Sheet1with?a single?line?through?the?centre.Questions?1?and?2?are?based?on?the?news?report?you?have?just?heard.1.A)?The?return?of?a?bottled?message?to?its?owner's?daughter.B)?A?New?Hampshire?man's?joke?with?friends?on?his?wife.C)?A?father's?message?for?his?daughter.D)?The?history?of?a?century-old?motel.2.?A)?She?wanted?to?show?gratitude?for?his?kindness.B)?She?wanted?to?honor?her?father's?promise.C)?She?had?been?asked?by?her?father?to?do?so.D)?She?was?excited?to?see?her?father's?handwriting.Questions?3?and?4?are?based?on?the?news?report?you?have?just?heard.3.?A)?People?were?concerned?about?the?number?of?bees.B)?Several?cases?of?Zika?disease?had?been?identified.C)?Two?million?bees?were?infected?with?disease.D)?Zika?virus?had?destroyed?some?bee?farms.4.?A)?It?apologized?to?its?customers.?B)?It?was?forced?to?kill?its?bees.C)?It?lost?a?huge?stock?of?bees.D)?It?lost??million?dollars.Questions?5?to?7?are?based?on?the?news?report?you?have?just?heard.5.?A)?It?stayed?in?the?air?for?about?two?hours.B)?It?took?off?and?landed?on?a?football?field.C)?It?proved?to?be?of?high?commercial?value.D)?It?made?a?series?of?sharp?turns?in?the?sky.6.?A)?Engineering?problems.?B)?The?air?pollution?it?produced.C)?Inadequate?funding.?D)?The?opposition?from?the?military.7.?A)?It?uses?the?latest?aviation?technology.?B)?It?flies?faster?than?a?commercial?jet.C)?It?is?a?safer?means?of?transportation.D)?It?is?more?environmentally?friendly.Section?BDirections:?In?this?section,?you?will?hear?two?long?conversations.?At?the?end?o f?eachconversation,?you?will?hear?four?questions.?Both?the?conversation?and?the?qu estions?will?bespoken?only?once.?After?you?hear?a?question,?you?must?choose?the?best?answer?from?the?fourchoices?marked?A),?B),?C)?and?D).?Then?mark?the?corresponding?letter?on?Answ er?Sheet?1with?a?single?line?through?the?centre.Questions?8?to?11?are?based?on?the?conversation?you?have?just?heard.8.?A)?It?seems?a?depressing?topic.?B)?It?sounds?quite?alarming.C)?It?has?little?impact?on?our?daily?life.?D)?It?is?getting?more?serious?these?days.9.?A)?The?man?doesn't?understand?Spanish.B)?The?woman?doesn't?really?like?dancing.C)?They?don't?want?something?too?noisy.D)?They?can't?make?it?to?the?theatre?in?time.10.?A)?It?would?be?more?fun?without?Mr.?Whitehead?hosting.B)?It?has?too?many?acts?to?hold?the?audience's?attention.C)?It?is?the?most?amusing?show?he?has?ever?watched.D)?It?is?a?show?inappropriate?for?a?night?of?charity.11.?A)?Watch?a?comedy.?B)?Go?and?see?the?dance.C)?Book?the?tickets?online.?D)?See?a?film?with?the?man.Questions?12?to?15?are?based?on?the?conversation?you?have?just?heard.12.?A)?Most?of?her?schoolmates?are?younger?than?she?is.B)?She?simply?has?no?idea?what?school?to?transfer?to.C)?There?are?too?many?activities?for?her?to?cope?with.D)?She?worries?she?won't?fit?in?as?a?transfer?student.13.?A)?Seek?advice?from?senior?students.B)?Pick?up?some?meaningful?hobbies.C)?Participate?in?after-school?activities.D)?Look?into?what?the?school?offers.14.?A)?Give?her?help?whenever?she?needs?it.B)?Accept?her?as?a?transfer?student.C)?Find?her?accommodation?on?campus.D)?Introduce?her?to?her?roommates.15.?A)?She?has?interests?similar?to?Mr.?Lee's.B)?She?has?become?friends?with?Catherine.C)?She?has?chosen?the?major?Catherine?has.D)?She?has?just?transferred?to?the?college.Section?CDirections:?In?this?section,?you?will?hear?three?passages.?At?the?end?of?each?p assage,?you?willhear?three?or?four?questions.?Both?the?passage?and?the?questions?will?be?spo ken?only??you?hear?a?question,?you?must?choose?the?best?answer?from?the?four choicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Thenmarkthecorrespondingletter on?Answ er?Sheet?1?with?a?single?line through?the?centre.Questions?16?to?18?are?based?on?the?passage?you?have?just?heard.16.?A)?To?investigate?how?being?overweight?impacts?on?health.B)?To?find?out?which?physical?drive?is?the?most?powerful.C)?To?discover?what?most?mice?like?to?eat.D)?To?determine?what?feelings?mice?have.17.?A)?When?they?are?hungry.B)?When?they?are?thirsty.C)?When?they?smell?food.D)?When?they?want?company.18.?A)?They?search?for?food?in?groups.B)?They?are?overweight?when?food?is?plenty.C)?They?prefer?to?be?with?other?mice.D)?They?enjoy?the?company?of?other?animals.Questions?19?to?21?are?based?on?the?passage?you?have?just?heard.19.?A)?Its?construction?started?before?World?War?I.B)?Its?construction?cost?more?than?$ 40?billion.C)?It?is?efficiently?used?for?transport.D)?It?is?one?of?the?best?in?the?world.20.?A)?To?improve?transportation?in?the?countryside.B)?To?move?troops?quickly?from?place?to?place.C)?To?enable?people?to?travel?at?a?higher?speed.D)?To?speed?up?the?transportation?of?goods.21.?A)?In?the?1970s.B)?In?the?1960s.?C)?In?the?1950s.?D)?In?the?1940s.Questions?22?to?25?are?based?on?the?passage?you?have?just?heard.22.?A)?Chatting?while?driving.?B)?Messaging?while?driving.C)?Driving?under?age.?D)?Speeding?on?highways.23.?A)?A?gadget?to?hold?a?phone?on?the?steering?wheel.B)?A?gadget?to?charge?the?phone?in?a?car.C)?A?device?to?control?the?speed?of?a?vehicle.D)?A?device?to?ensure?people?drive?with?both?hands.24.?A)?The?car?keeps?flashing?its?headlights.B)?The?car?slows?down?gradually?to?a?halt.C)?They?are?alerted?with?a?light?and?a?sound.D)?They?get?a?warning?on?their?smart?phone.25.?A)?Installing?a?camera.?B)?Using?a?connected?app.C)?Checking?their?emails.?D)?Keeping?a?daily?recordPart?Ⅲ?Reading?Comprehension ?(40?minutes)Section?ADirections:?In?this?section,?there?is?a?passage?with10?blanks.?You?are?required toselectoneword ?for each?blank?from?a?list?of?choices?given?in?a?word?bank?following?the?passage .?Read?thepassage?through?carefully?before?making?your?choices.?Each?choice?in?the?ban k?is?identifiedby?a?letter.?Please?mark?the?corresponding?letter?for?each?item?on?Answer?Sh eet?2?with?asingle?line?through?the?centre.?You?may?not?use?any?of?the?words?in?the?bank morethanonce.An office tower on Miller Street in Manchester is completely covered in solar panels. They are used to create some of the energy used by the insurance company inside. When the tower was first __26__ in 1962, it was covered with thin square stones. These small square stones became a problem for the building and continued to fall off the face for 40 years until a major renovation was __27__ . During this renovation the building's owners, CIS, __28__ the solar panel company, Solar century. They agreed to cover the entire building in solar panels. In 2004, the completed CIS tower became Europe's largest __29__ of vertical solar panels.A vertical solar project on such a large __30__ has never been repeated since.Covering a skyscraper with solar panels had never been done before, and the CIS tower was chosen as one of the "10 best green energy projects". For a long time after this renovation project, it was the tallest building in the UnitedKingdom, but it was __31__ overtaken by the Mill bank Tower.Green buildings like this aren't __32__ cost-efficient for the investor, but it does produce much less pollution than that caused by energy __33__ through fossil fuels. As solar panels get __34__ , the world is likely to see more skyscrapers covered in solar panels, collecting energy much like trees do.Imagine a world where building the tallest skyscraper wasn't a race of __35__ , but rather one to collect the most solar energy.A)?cheaper?B)?cleaner?C)?collection?D)?competed?E)?constructed?F)?consulted?G)dimension?H)?discovered?I)?eventually?J)?height?K)?necessarily?L)?production?M)?range?N)scale?O)?undertakenSection?BDirections:?In?this?section,?you?are?going?to?read?a?passage?with?ten?state ments?attached?toit.?Each?statement?contains?information?given?in?one?of?the?paragraphs.?Ide ntify?theparagraph?from?which?the?information?is?derived.?You?may?choose?a?paragraph morethanonce.?Each?paragraph?is?marked?with?a?letter.?Answer?the?questions?by?marki ng?the corresponding?letter?on?Answer?Sheet?2.Some College Students Are Angry That They Have to Pay to Do Their HomeworkA) Digital learning systems now charge students for access codes needed to completecoursework, take quizzes, and turn in homework. As universities go digital, students are complaining of a new hit to their finances that's replacing—and sometimes joining—expensive textbooks: pricey online access codes that are required to complete coursework and submit assignments.B) The codes—which typically range in price from $ 80 to $ 155 per course—givestudents online access to systems developed by education companies like McGraw Hill and Pearson. These companies, which long reaped big profits as textbook publishers, have boasted that their new online offerings, when pushed to students through universities they partner with, represent the future of the industry.C)But critics say the digital access codes represent the same profit-seeking ethos(观念) of the textbook business, and are even harder for students to opt out of.While they could once buy second-hand textbooks, or share copies with friends, the digital systems are essentially impossible to avoid.D) "When we talk about the access code we see it as the new face of the textbookmonopoly (垄断), a new way to lock students around this system," said Ethan Senack, the higher education advocate for the . Public Interest Research Group, to BuzzFeed News. "Rather than $250 (for a print textbook) you're paying $ 120,"said Senack. "But because it's all digital it eliminates the used book market and eliminates any sharing and because homework and tests are through an access code, it eliminates any ability to opt out."E) Sarina Harpet, a 19-year-old student at Virginia Tech, was faced with a toughdilemma when she first started college in 2015—pay rent or pay to turn in her chemistry homework. She told BuzzFeed News that her freshman chemistry class required her to use Connect, a system provided by McGraw Hill where students can submit homework, take exams and track their grades. But the code to access the program cost $ 120—a big sum for Harper, who had already put down $ 450 for textbooks, and had rent day approaching.F) She decided to wait for her next work-study paycheck, which was typically $ 150-$ 200, to pay for the code. She knew that her chemistry grade may take a dive as a result. "It's a balancing act," she said. "Can I really afford these access codes now?" She didn't hand in her first two assignments for chemistry, which started her out in the class with a failing grade.G)The access codes may be another financial headache for students, but for textbookbusinesses, they're the future. McGraw Hill, which controls 21% of the higher education market, reported in March that its digital content sales exceeded print sales for the first time in 2015. The company said that 45% of its $ 140 million revenue in 2015 "was derived from digital products."H) A Pearson spokesperson told BuzzFeed News that "digital materials are lessexpensive and a good investment" that offer new features, like audio texts, personalized knowledge checks and expert videos. Its digital course materials save students up to 60% compared to traditional printed textbooks, the company added. McGraw Hill didn't respond to a request for comment, but its CEO David Levin told the Financial Times in August that "in higher education, the era of the printed textbook is now over."I) The textbook industry insists the online systems represent a better deal forstudents. "These digital products aren't just mechanisms for students to submit homework, they offer all kinds of features," David Anderson, the executive director of higher education with the Association of American Publishers, told BuzzFeed News. "It helps students understand in a way that you can't do with print homework assignments."J)David Hunt, an associate professor in sociology at Augusta University, which has rolled out digital textbooks across its math and psychology departments, toldBuzzFeed News that he understands the utility of using systems that require access codes. But he doesn't require his students to buy access to a learning program that controls the class assignments. "I try to make things as inexpensive as possible," said Hunt, who uses free digital textbooks for his classes but designs his own curriculum. "The online systems may make my life a lot easier but I feel like I'm giving up control. The discussions are the things where my expertise can benefit the students most."K)A 20-year-old junior at Georgia Southern University told BuzzFeed News that she normally spends $ 500-$ 600 on access codes for class. In one case, the professor didn't require students to buy a textbook, just an access code to turn in homework.This year she said she spent $ 900 on access codes to books and programs. "That's two months of rent," she said. "You can't sell any of it back. With a traditional textbook you can sell it for $ 30 - $ 50 and that helps to pay for your new semester's books. With an access code, you're out of that money. "L) Benjamin Wolverton, a 19-year-old student at the University of South Carolina, told BuzzFeed News that "it's ridiculous that after paying tens of thousands in tuition we have to pay for all these access codes to do our homework." Many of the access codes he's purchased have been required simply to complete homework or quizzes. "Often it's only 10% of your grade in class." he said. "You're paying so much money for something that hardly affects your grade—but if you didn't have it, it would affect your grades enough. It would be bad to start out at aB or C." Wolverton said he spent $ 500 on access codes for digital books andprograms this semester.M) Harper, a poultry (家禽) science major, is taking chemistry again this year and had to buy a new access code to hand in her homework. She rented her economics and statistics textbooks for about $ 20 each. But her access codes for homework, which can't be rented or bought second-hand, were her most expensive purchases: $ 120 and $ 85.N)She still remembers the sting of her first experience skipping an assignment due to the high prices. "We don't really have a missed assignment policy," she said."If you miss it, you just miss it. I just got zeros on a couple of first assignments.I managed to pull everything back up. But as a scared freshman looking at theirgrades, it's not fun."36. A student's yearly expenses on access codes may amount to their rent for twomonths.37. The online access codes may be seen as a way to tie the students to the digitalsystem.38. If a student takes a course again, they may have to buy a new access code tosubmit their assignments.39. McGraw Hill accounts for over one-fifth of the market share of college textbooks.40. Many traditional textbook publishers are now offering online digital products,which they believe will be the future of the publishing business.41. One student complained that they now had to pay for access codes in additionto the high tuition.42. Digital materials can cost students less than half the price of traditionalprinted books according to a publisher.43. One student decided not to buy her access code until she received the pay forher part-time job.44. Online systems may deprive teachers of opportunities to make the best use oftheir expertise for their students.45. Digital access codes are criticized because they are profit-driven just likethe textbook ?CDirections:?There?are?2?passages?in?this?section.?Each?passage?is?followed?by?s ome?questionsor?unfinished?statements.?For?each?of?them?there?are?four?choices?marked?A),B),C)andD).?You?should?decide?on?the?best?choice?and?mark?the?corresponding?letter?on?Answer?Sheet2?with?a?single?line?through?the?centre.Passage?OneQuestions?46?and?50?are?based?on?the?following?passage.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Losing your ability to think and remember is pretty scary. We know the risk of dementia (痴呆症) increases with age. But if you have memory slips, you probably needn't worry. There are pretty clear differences between signs of dementia and age-related memory loss.After age 50, it's quite common to have trouble remembering the names of people, places and things quickly, says Dr. Kirk Daffner of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston.The brain ages just like the rest of the body. Certain parts shrink, especially areas in the brain that are important to learning, memory and planning. Changes in brain cells can affect communication between different regions of the brain. And blood flow can be reduced as blood vessels narrow.Forgetting the name of an actor in a favorite movie, for example, is nothing to worry about. But if you forget the plot of the movie or don't remember even seeingit, that's far more concerning, Daffner says.When you forget entire experiences, he says, that's "a red flag that something more serious may be involved." Forgetting how to operate a familiar object like a microwave oven, or forgetting how to drive to the house of a friend you've visited many times before can also be signs of something going wrong.But even then, Daffner says, people shouldn't panic. There are many things that can cause confusion and memory loss, including health problems like temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep, high blood pressure, or depression, as well as medications (药物) like antidepressants.You don't have to figure this out on your own. Daffner suggests going to your doctor to check on medications, health problems and other issues that could be affecting memory. And the best defense against memory loss is to try to prevent it by building up your brain's cognitive (认知的) reserve, Daffner says."Read books, go to movies, take on new hobbies or activities that force one to think in novel ways," he says. In other words, keep your brain busy and working. And also get physically active, because exercise is a known brain booster.does the author say that one needn't be concerned about memory slips?all of them are symptoms of dementia.occur only among certain groups of people.all of them are related to one's age.are quite common among fifty-year-olds.happens as we become aged according to the passage?interaction skills deteriorate.parts of our brain stop functioning.within our brain weakens.whole brain starts shrinking.memory-related symptom should people take seriously?forgetting how to do one's daily routines.to recall details of one's life experiences.to remember the names of movies or actors.confusing the addresses of one's friends.should people do when signs of serious memory loss show up?the brain's cognitive reserve.medications affecting memory.to a professional for assistance.to improve their well-being.is Dr. Daffner's advice for combating memory loss?regular physical and mental checkups.medicine that helps boost one's brain.in known memory repair activities.active both physically and ?TwoPassage TwoQuestions?51?to?55?are?based?on?the?following?passage.A letter written by Charles Darwin in 1875 has been returned to the Smithsonian Institution Archives (档案馆) by the FBI after being stolen twice."We realized in the mid-1970s that it was missing," says Effie Kapsalis, head of the Smithsonian Insitution Archives. "It was noted as missing and likely taken by an intern (实习生), from what the FBI is telling us. Word got out that it was missing when someone asked to see the letter for research purposes," and the intern put the letter back. "The intern likely took the letter again once nobody was watching it."Decades passed. Finally, the FBI received a tip that the stolen document was located very close to Washington, . Their art crime team recovered the letter but were unable to press charges because the time of limitations had ended. The FBI worked closely with the Archives to determine that the letter was both authentic and definitely Smithsonian's property.The letter was written by Darwin to thank an American geologist, Dr. Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden, for sending him copies of his research into the geology of the region that would become Yellowstone National Park.The letter is in fairly good condition, in spite of being out of the care of trained museum staff for so long. "It was luckily in good shape," says Kapsalis, "and we just have to do some minor things in order to be able to unfold it. It has some glue on it that has colored it slightly, but nothing that will prevent us from using it. After it is repaired, we will take digital photos of it and that will be available online. One of our goals is to get items of high research value or interest to the public online."It would now be difficult for an intern, visitor or a thief to steal a document like this. "Archiving practices have changed greatly since the 1970s," says Kapsalis, "and we keep our high value documents in a safe that I don't even have access to."happened to Darwin's letter in the 1970s?was recovered by the FBI.was stolen more than once.was put in the archives for research purposes.was purchased by the Smithsonian Archives.did the FBI do after the recovery of the letter?proved its authenticity.kept it in a special safe.arrested the suspect immediately.pressed criminal charges in vain.is Darwin's letter about?evolution of Yellowstone National Park.cooperation with an American geologist.geological evidence supporting his theory.acknowledgement of help from a professional.will the Smithsonian Institution Archives do with the letter according to Kapsalis?it for research purposes only.it into an object of high interest.it a permanent secret.it available online.has the past half century witnessed according to Kapsalis?interest in rare art objects.changes in archiving practices.of various missing documents.in the value of museum exhibits.Part?IV? Translation?(30?minutes)Directions:?For?this?part,?you?are?allowed?30minutes?to?translate?a?passage?from?Chinese into English.?You?should?write?your?answer?on Answer?Sheet?2.过去，乘飞机出行对大多数中国人来说是难以想象的。