高考真题训练
近五年高考试卷真题语文
一、现代文阅读（每小题5分，共30分）1. 阅读下面的文字，完成下列小题。
① 草原，是天地间最为宽广的画布，它用绿色的画笔，描绘出一幅幅壮丽的画卷。
在这片广袤的土地上，生活着一群勤劳、勇敢、善良的蒙古族人民。
他们在这片土地上繁衍生息，用自己的智慧和汗水，创造了独特的草原文化。
② 蒙古包是草原上最具特色的民居。
它由蒙古族人民自己搭建，用羊毛、木棍和泥土构成。
蒙古包内部装饰简单而温馨，体现了蒙古族人民的审美情趣。
每当夜幕降临，蒙古包里传来阵阵欢声笑语，那是草原人民在欢庆丰收、迎接佳节。
③ 草原上的生活充满了诗意。
蒙古族人民骑马、射箭、摔跤，这些传统技艺代代相传。
在草原上，他们追逐着骏马，驰骋在广袤的原野，尽情地享受大自然的恩赐。
每当夏末秋初，草原上的牧民们会举行盛大的那达慕大会，欢庆丰收，祈求来年风调雨顺。
④ 草原文化是中华民族优秀传统文化的重要组成部分。
它见证了蒙古族人民的勤劳、勇敢和智慧，也展现了草原的壮美和生命的活力。
今天，我们应当传承和弘扬草原文化，让更多的人了解和喜爱这片神奇的土地。
（1）下列对文本相关内容和艺术特色的分析鉴赏，不正确的一项是（）A. 文章通过描绘草原的美丽景色和蒙古族人民的生活，展现了草原文化的独特魅力。
B. 文章运用了丰富的修辞手法，如比喻、排比等，使文章语言生动形象。
C. 文章通过描写蒙古包、那达慕大会等，展现了草原人民的生活习俗和节日庆典。
D. 文章的结尾强调了传承和弘扬草原文化的重要性，表达了作者对草原的热爱之情。
（2）下列对文本相关内容和艺术特色的分析鉴赏，不正确的一项是（）A. 文章开头用“草原，是天地间最为宽广的画布”比喻草原的美丽，生动形象。
B. 文章中“在这片广袤的土地上，生活着一群勤劳、勇敢、善良的蒙古族人民”一句，用“勤劳、勇敢、善良”三个词概括了蒙古族人民的品质。
C. 文章通过描写蒙古包、那达慕大会等，展现了草原人民的生活习俗和节日庆典。
D. 文章的结尾强调了传承和弘扬草原文化的重要性，表达了作者对草原的热爱之情。
高考英语作文真题训练50题含参考范文
高考英语写作真题训练50题含参考范文学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、概要写作1．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Hugging’s Evolutionary OriginsAfter long stretches of social isolation, many of us are longing for the warmth of a hug. Degges-White, a professor focused on social relationships, says that our need for a hug goes all the way back to the survival of our species. When we’re born, we can’t care for ourselves and we need to be comfortable with being held in order to survive. We’re rewarded with a rush of feel-good hormones that come from a nice embrace.When we hug, our brains release the oxytocin hormone, making us feel connected. This connection and sense of community has an important evolutionary role because for humans, the security of our small groups and later communities was crucial to survival. Close contact helped build civilization. We may not know what we are getting from greeting our friends and family with a hug; we just enjoy it. It isn’t until those experiences are taken away that we feel pain and sadness. An elbow bump or air greeting are not enough. Research published in the journal Psychological Science has shown that hugging has a “stress cushioning” effect that may even protect us from chronic illness and infections.When children don’t experience healthy touch, it can impact their development. Kids who didn’t grow up being held, miss out on that sense of safety and protection. They may act out or isolate themselves from those around them. In some cases, the opposite may also be true. Some children may show too much affection, eager for any form of positive attention that they didn’t get at home.Still, to hug or not to hug? That’s the question right now. According to Degges-White, if you’re both vaccinated, go for it; research has shown that the risk of transmission is extremely low. And if you’re vaccinated but you don’t know for sure whether the person you’re hugging has also been vaccinated, it’s still most likely safe.【答案】Hugging has an evolutionary origin. First, new-borns need hugging to survive, for it makes them feel comfortable. Besides, hugging means close contact, which helped to build civilization. When people hug, they feel more bonded. Additionally, hugging helps people feel less stressed and its absence can affect kids’ development negatively. Therefore, huggingis recommended for people who are vaccinated.【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。
如何利用高考真题进行针对性训练
如何利用高考真题进行针对性训练高考对于每一位学子来说都是人生中的一次重要挑战，而高考真题则是备考过程中最宝贵的资源之一。
通过合理有效地利用高考真题进行针对性训练，可以帮助我们更好地了解高考的命题规律、考试重点和题型特点，从而提高备考效率和考试成绩。
那么，究竟应该如何利用高考真题进行针对性训练呢？首先，要明确高考真题的重要性。
高考真题是由专业的命题人员经过精心设计和筛选而成的，具有很高的权威性和代表性。
它们反映了高考的命题趋势和难度水平，能够帮助我们准确把握高考的方向。
与模拟题相比，高考真题更加严谨、科学，能够有效地检验我们的知识掌握程度和解题能力。
在开始利用高考真题进行训练之前，我们需要做好充分的准备工作。
第一步，要系统地复习基础知识。
高考真题往往是对基础知识的综合运用和拓展延伸，如果基础知识不扎实，就很难正确解答真题。
因此，要对照高考大纲，将各个学科的知识点进行梳理和巩固，确保没有遗漏。
第二步，要制定合理的训练计划。
根据自己的学习情况和时间安排，确定每天或每周进行真题训练的时间和数量。
同时，要注意合理分配不同学科和不同题型的训练时间，做到全面兼顾、重点突出。
在进行真题训练时，要注重方法和技巧。
首先，要按照考试规定的时间和要求完成真题。
这样可以帮助我们熟悉考试的节奏和氛围，提高答题速度和时间管理能力。
在答题过程中，要认真审题，理解题意，抓住关键信息。
对于选择题，要善于运用排除法、对比法等技巧，提高答题的准确性；对于主观题，要注意答题的规范性和逻辑性，分点作答，条理清晰。
其次，做完真题后，要认真核对答案，分析自己的错误原因。
对于做错的题目，要仔细研究答案的解题思路和方法，找出自己的不足之处，并进行针对性的强化训练。
同时，要总结答题的经验和技巧，形成自己的解题方法和策略。
除了进行单独的真题训练，还可以对真题进行分类整理和归纳总结。
将同一学科、同一知识点或同一题型的真题放在一起进行比较分析，找出它们的共性和规律。
高考英语真题练习——语法填空(含答案)
语法填空一．词汇应用（共1小题）1．（2018•浙江）Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook．Making Chinese（1）（dish）is seen as especially troublesome．Many westerners（2）come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap（3）can be to eat out．I still remember（4）（visit）a friend who'd lived here for five years and I（5）（shock）when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time．While regularly eating out seems to（6）（become）common for many young people in recent years，it's not without a cost．The obvious one is money；eating out once or twice a week may be（7）（afford）but doing this most days adds up．There could be an even（8）（high）cost on your health．Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in（9）（weigh）problems．If you are not going to suffer this problem，then I suggest that the next time you go to your mums'home（10）dinner，get a few cooking tips from her．Cooking food can be fun．You might also begin to notice the effects not only on your health but in your pocket．二．语法填空（共20小题）2．（2020•山东）Many people have the hobby of collecting things，e．g．stamps，postcard or antiques．In the18th and19th centuries，（1）（wealth）people travelled and collected plants，historical objects and works of art．They kept their collection at home until it got too big（2）until they died，and then it was given to a museum．The80，000objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，（3）（form）the core collection of the British Museum（4）opened in1759．The parts of a museum open to the public（5）（call）galleries or rooms．Often，only a small part ofa museum's collection（6）（be）on display．Most of it is stored away or used for research．Many museums are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors．As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations（模拟）and imagine（7）（they）living at a different time in history or （8）（walk）through a rainforest．At the Jorvik Centre in York，the city's Viking settlement is recreated，and people experience the sights，sounds and smells of the old town．Historical（9）（accurate）is important but so is entertainment．Museums must compete（10）people's spare time and money with other amusements．Most museums also welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children．3．（2020•浙江）Some time after10，000BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived （1），through agriculture．Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on（2）could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown．Farming produced more food per person（3）hunting and gathering，so people were able to raise more children．And，as more children were born，more food（4）（need）．Agriculture gave people theirfirst experience of the power of technology（5）（change）lives．By about6000BC，people（6）（discover）the best crops to grow and animals to raise．Later，they learned to work with the（7）（season），planting at the right time and，in dry areas，（8）（make）use of annual floods to irrigate（灌溉）their fields．This style of farming lasted for quite a long time．Then，with（9）rise of science，changes began．New methods（10）（mean）that fewer people worked in farming．In the last century or so，these changes have accelerated．New power machinery and artificial fertilizers（化肥）have now totally transformed a way of life that started in the Stone Age．4．（2020•河北、湖南、湖北、江西、广东、安徽、福建）China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon．The unmanned Chang'e﹣4probe（探测器）﹣the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess﹣（1）（touch）down last week in the South Pole﹣Aitken basin．Landing on the moon's far side is（2）（extreme）challenging．Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot（3）it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth．The far side of the moon is of particular（4）（interesting）to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters（环形山），more so（5）the familiar near side．Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang'e﹣4（6）（find）and study areas of the South Pole﹣Aitken basin．"This really excites scientists，"Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，"because it（7）（mean）we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon（8）（construct）．"Data about the moon's composition，such as how（9）ice and other treasures it contains，could help China decide whether（10）（it）plans for a future lunar（月球的）base are practical．5．（2020•浙江）Something significant is happening to the world population﹣it is aging．The median（中位数的）age of an American in1950（1）（he）30﹣today it is41and is expected（2）（increase）to42 by2050．For Japan，the（3）（number）are more striking22in1950，46today and53in2050．In 2015，one in12people around the world were over65；by2050，it will be one in six．This aging of the population is driven（4）two factors．The first is declining birth rates：which means old generations are Large（5）（compare）to younger generations，and so，on average，the population becomes（6）（old）than before．This is（7）（particular）true in the US．Thesecond reason is that people are living longer．A child born in the US today has（8）very realistic chanceof living beyond100and needs to plan accordingly．People tend to focus on the first factor．However，greater attention should（9）（place）on longevity （长寿）．It isn't just that people are，on average，living longer．It's also that they are on average healthier （10）more productive for longer．Therefore，they can work for longer，consume more and in general be boost to the economy．6．（2019•上海）Millions of Baby Olive Ridley Turtles Emerge in OrissaNature is full of wonders．In（1）is one of the most breathtaking sights in nature，millions of baby Ridley turtles broke out of their eggshells under the sand at one of their mass nesting grounds in coastal Orissa．The baby turtles started their journey towards the Bay of Bengal（2）they emerged from their nest in the southern district of Ganjam，about175km from Bhubaneshwar．Orissa is the home to three mass nesting sites of the Oliver turtles，a species（3）（threaten）with extinction，and one of the sites，Gahirmatha，（4）around70to80million turtles lay eggs on the beach every year，is considered one of the world's largest nesting sites．The female turtles drag（5）up the beach from the sea，dig a nest，lay at least one hundred eggs，cover and conceal their eggs and nest，and then return to the sea．The females never visit the nest again to take care of the eggs that（6）（deposit）in the warm sand．The baby turtles emerge from the eggs after4560days，then the babies grow without their mother，which is a rare phenomenon in nature，Interestingly，it is on the same beach where they were born（7）the females lay their eggs．In the recent years，sea erosion has led to many turtles'nest（8）（damage）or destroyed．Also，some fierce animals such as dogs and birds（9）（reduce）the number of nesting turtles．And of course man has also had a negative impact（10）using engine﹣powered fishing boats near the turtles'nesting grounds．7．（2019•北京）AOn the first day of my first grade，I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach．I（1）（voice）my biggest concern to my mother，"How will I make friends？"She handed me advice，"Be yourself．"For thepast20years，I have lived by these words．Soon I will graduate and become part of the real world．Nervously （2）（face）challenges，I know I will whisper to（3）（I）the two simple words"Be yourself"．BEarth Day，（4）（mark）on22April，is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection．First celebrated（5）1970，the Day now includes events in more than190 countries and regions（地区）．No matter what you like to do，there is a way to get involved in various（6）（activity）on Earth Day．You can plant a tree，make a meal with locally grown vegetables，or save power﹣the possibilities are endless．CDoes the name of the college you attend really matter？Research on the question（7）（suggest）that，for most students，it doesn't．What students do at college seems to matter much more than（8）they go．The students benefitting most from college are those（9）are totally engaged（参与）in academic life，taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources（资源）．Students should have a proper attitude towards college before thinking about which college to attend，and it's never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and（10）（meaning）college experience．8．（2019•浙江）There are several reasons why school uniforms are good idea．First of all，uniforms help the school look smart．The students feel that they belong to a particular group．When every pupil in the school wears the uniform，nobody（1）（have）to worry about fashion（时尚）．Everybody wears（2）same style of clothes．Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways．A school in Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform．On the edge of the jacket，there is a piece of cloth（3）gives off light in the dark．When the children are walking or（4）（cycle）to school on dark mornings，car drivers can（5）（easy）see them．But can uniforms help improve school standards？The answer（6）this question is not clear．One study in America found that students'grades（7）（improve）a little after the school introduced uniforms．But some students didn't want（8）（wear）the uniform．Other American studies showedno（9）（connect）between uniforms and school performance．School uniforms are（10）（tradition）in Britain，but some schools are starting to get rid of them．Some very good schools don't have a uniform policy．However，uniforms are still popular．Pupils at about90percent of British secondary schools wear uniforms．9．（2019•海南）A90﹣year﹣old has been awarded"Woman Of The Year"for（1）（be）Britain's oldest full﹣time employee﹣still working40hours a week．Now Irene Astbury works from9am to5pm daily at the petshop in Macclesfield，（2）she opened with her late husband Les．Her years of hard work have（3）（final）been acknowledged after a customer nominated（提名）her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year．Picking up her"Lifetime Achievement"award，proud Irene（4）（declare）she had no plans（5）（retire）from her36﹣year﹣old business．Irene said，"I don't see any reason to give up work．I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I（6）（make）over the years．I work not because I have to，（7）because I want to．"Granddaughter Gayle Parks，31﹣who works alongside her in the family business﹣said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award．She said，"We don't have any idea who put grandma forward．When we got a call（8）（say）she was short﹣listed，we thought it was（9）joke．But then we got an official letter and we were blown away．We are so proud of her．It's（10）（wonder）．"10．（2018•上海）My Kid﹣free LifeI had expected to have more free time after my sons，Evan and Alex，each left for college，and I do．The kitchen calendar looks spare．Rarely（1）I need to prepare family dinner every day．There is a lot（2）（little）laundry．When the boys were infants，I wondered how I（3）（spend）all the hours before they were born．（4）I have those hours back，I can focus on my own needs．I had also expected to worry about them when they were away．And I do，Did they get their flu shots（流感疫苗注射）？Will they remember the talks about"good choices"？On the other hand，the worry is mixed with relief．I have seen（5）vigorously they grow without me．Do I miss them？Yes．Both more and less than I'd guessed．Do I feel united for having lost my primary rolein life？No，because over the year，I took great pride（6）the fact that my identity was not dependenton theirs．But，surprisingly，yes．（7）（be）a different kind of mother defines me now．The missing comes at unexpected moments：seeing the school bus drive by，starting to put too many plates on the table．When they have doubts about friendships or job prospects，I can only say，"I'm sure you will figure it out．"And yet，the spaces（8）（empty）by loss are more than filled by what I've found．I now have the chance（9）（see）them as the whole world does but also like no one else ever will．As adults I happened to help create．The rooms（10）the boys used to live look vacant．I feel sadness but also joy．I knew they would leave，but they will find their way back．My home is empty．But overflowing．11．（2018•上海）A comprehensive study of4，500children conducted by the National Institutes of Health in2018 shows that children who spent more than seven hours a day staring at screens showed evidence of premature thinning of their brain's cortex the outer layer that processes sensory information．"We don't know if it（1）（cause）by the screen time．We don't know yet if it's a bad thing．It won't be until we follow them over time （2）we will see if there are outcomes that are associated with the differences that we're seeing in this single snapshot，"Dr．Gaya Dowling．"What we can say is that this is（3）the brains look like of kids who spend a lot of time on screens．And it's not just one pattern．"The problem isn't just screens（4），but also the way screens tempt kids（and adults）away from something far more important：physical activity．More than23percent of adults and80percent of adolescents don't get enough physical activity，and according to a2019report from the World Health Organization（WHO），these patterns of activity and rest arise（5）habits we develop early in life．"What we really need to do is （6）（bring）back play for children，"says Dr．Juana Willumsen，a WHO specialist in childhood obesity and physical activity，in a statement about new WHO guidelines issued in April2019．"This is about making the shift from sedentary time to playtime，while（7）（protect）sleep．"Of course，children aren't completely to blame for their screen addiction．Sometimes，the parents（8）complain about the role of screens in family life are just as guilty of spending too much time in front of one．A2016study（9）（conduct）by Common Sense Media found that parents spend up to nine hours a day in front of screens，mostly not for work﹣related reasons．While78 percent of parents said they believed they were good screen time role models，the study found a disconnect between their behavior and their perception of their behavior．Parents need to limit screen time for themselves and especially for their kids（10）it means playing the bad guy．Our mental and physical health depends on it．12．（2018•浙江）The Caffeine CatchCaffeine，a chemical typically found in coffee，has caused a lot of concern because it is one of the few drugs that show up regularly in our food supply．You probably（1）（use）caffeine since childhood．Caffeine （2）（be）in your first Coke．If you ever enjoyed a chocolate bar，you ate caffeine．Soft drinks arethe major source（来源）of caffeine for most children and even some adults．（3）（recent），caffeine has found its way into orange，apple，and other flavored drinks．Small amounts of caffeine﹣a cup（4）two of coffee a day﹣seem safe for most people．However，some people have trouble with even small amounts．One cup of coffee（5）the late afternoon or evening will cause（6）（they）to stay awake almost all night．Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem （7）（call）caffeinism．You get very nervous and you can't sleep．It is possible（8）caffeine may cause birth defects（缺陷）in humans，too．One study showed that （9）（woman）who drank a lot of coffee，like eight or more cups per day，while they were pregnant were more likely（10）（have）children with birth defects．13．（2017•上海）In the presence of animalsA professor of public health at UCLA says that pet ownership might provide a new form of health care．As far back as the1790s，the elderly at a senior citizens'home in England（1）（encourage）to spend time with farm animals．This would help patients'mental state more than the cruel therapies（2）（use）on the mentally ill at the time．In recent years，scientists have finally begun to find proof（3）contact with animals can increase a sick person's chance of survival and have shown（4）（lower）heart rate，calm upset children，and get people to start a conversation．Scientists think that animals'companionship is beneficial（5）animals are accepting and attentive，and they don't criticize or give orders．Animals have the unique ability to be more social．For example，visitors to nursing homes get more social responses from patients when they come with animal companions．Not only do people seem（6）（anxious）when animals are nearby，but they may also live longer．Studies show that a year（7）heart surgery，survival rates for heart patients were higher for those with pets in their homes than those without pets．Elderly people with pets make fewer trips to doctors than those without animal companions，possibly because animals relieve loneliness．Staying with animals is believed to create a peaceful state of mind，（8）（result）in a favorable environment for everyone．Research confirms that the findings concerning senior citizens can be applied to restless children．They are more easy﹣going when there are animals around，with（9）company they tend to calm down more easily．They involve（10）in playing with animals and the presence of animals conforms them greatly．14．（2017•上海）"Zootopia"Broke Disney RecordsLast weekend，the latest Disney movie，"Zootopia，"broke records．The movie had the largest opening weekend for a Disney animation（动画片）．People across the United States bought more than﹩75million worth of tickets．"Zootopia"is a city of animals．The movie stars a rabbit police officer and a fox criminal（1）team upto find a missing otter（水獭）．He is among several animals that have suddenly disappeared from the city．"Zootopia"（2）（praise）for its sharp humor and strong message since its release．The film explores racism and other issues in its description of relations（3）two kinds of animals in the city．Jared Bush and Phil Johnston wrote"Zootopia．"They told reporters that it started out as a spy movie（4）（set）in several different contexts．But they changed the story（5）they found the animal world especially interesting．They said to（6）something like this．"What's this world like？What's the history of this world？"And then，Bush said，they went to the experts．Not only（7）the writers speak with people who study couture and group behavior，but also they talked with animal experts like zookeepers．The creators have noted that the variety of animals was not easy（8）（produce）in drawings．In the movie，64species live in multiple neighborhoods（9）（represent）different animals'living environments．Disney says"Zootopia"is its（10）（complex）animation yet．The extra effort is certainly paying off at the box office．15．（2017•浙江）Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handfulof small（1）（carrot）and was about to throw them away．But something made her look closer，andshe noticed a（2）（shine）object．Yes，there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her long﹣lost wedding ring．Pahlsson screamed（3）loudly that her daughter came running from the house．"she thought I had hurt （4）（I），"says Pahlsson．Sixteen years（5）（early），Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring（6）（cook）a meal．When she wanted to put the ring back on later，it was gone．She suspected that one of her three daughters ﹣then ten，eight，and six﹣had picked it up，but the girls said they hadn't．Pahlsson and her husband（7）（search）the kitchen，checking every corner，but turned up nothing．"I gave up hope of finding my ring again，"she says．She never replaced it．Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got（8）（sweep）into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，（9）it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted（生长）through it．For Pahlsson，its return was（10）wonder．16．（2016•上海）Stress：Good or Bad？Stress used to be an almost unknown word，but now that we are used to talking about it，I have found that people are beginning to get stressed about being stressed．In recent years，stress（33）（regard）as a cause of a whole range of medical problems，from high blood pressure to mental illness．But like so many other things，it is only too much stress（34）does you harm．It is time you considered that if there were no stress in your life，you would achieve a little．If you are stuck at home with no stress，then your level of performance will be low．Up to a certain point，the more stress you are under，the（35）（good）your performance will be．Beyond a certain point，though，further stress will only lead to exhaustion，illness and finally a breakdown．You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope，by asking yourself（36）number of questions．Do you，for instance，feel that too much is being expected of（37），and yet find it impossible to say no？Do you find yourself getting impatient or（38）（annoy）with people over unimportant things？…If the answer to all those questionsis yes，you had better（39）（control）your stress，as you probably are under more stress than is goodfor you．To some extent you can control the amount of stress in your life．Doctors have worked out a chart showing how much stress is involved in various events．Getting married is50，pregnancy40，moving house20，Christmas12，etc．If the total stress in your life is over150，you are twice as likely（40）（get）ill．17．（2016•上海）Bags of LoveLast year，I was assigned to work at an office near my mother's house，so I stayed with her for a month．During that time，I helped out with the housework and contributed to the groceries．After less than a week，I started noticing that the groceries were running out pretty quickly﹣we were always suddenly out of something．（25）（wonder）how my mum could consume them so quickly，I began observing her daily routine for two weeks．To my surprise，I found that she would pack a paper bag full of canned goods and head out every morning at about nine．Eventually，I decided to follow her and（26）happened truly amazed me．She was taking the food to the refugee camp，in（27）she distributed it to children．I asked around and found out that my mum was very well known in the area．The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother．Then it hit me﹣shy would she mot want to tell me about what she（28）（do）？Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop（29）（buy）the groceries if I found out？When she got home，I told her about my discovery．（30）she could react，I gave her a big hug and told her she didn't need to keep it a secret（31）me．She told me that some of the children lived with an older lady in a shelter while others slept on the streets．For years，my mum has been helping out by giving them whatever food she could spare．I was so impressed by（32）selfless she was．18．（2016•四川）The giant panda（61）（love）by people throughout the world．Chinese scientists（62）（recent）had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby．She was a very（63）（care）mother．For25days，she never left her baby，not even to find something（64）（eat）!She would not let any other pandas come near．She licked the baby constantly to keep it clean．Any smell might attract natural（65）（enemy）that would try to eat the little comforting pats．The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does．（66）it cried，she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats，the mother continued to care for the young panda（67）more than two years．By that time，the panda no longer needed（68）（it）mother for food．However，it stayed with her and leaned about the ways of the forest．Then，after two and a half years，the mother（69）（drive）the young panda away．It was time for her to have a new baby，（70）it was also time for the young panda to be independent．19．（2014•上海）The giant vending machine（自动售货机）is a new village shopVillagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies．However，help is now nearer at hand in the form of the country's first automatic push﹣button shop．Now residents in the Derbyshire village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week．Peter Fox，who is（33）electrical engineer，spent two and a half years working on the project．The machine（34）（equip）with security cameras and alarms，and looks like a mini shop with a brick front，a grey roof and a display window．Mr．Fox said he hoped his invention，（35）is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months，will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities．He said："I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn't find a manufacturer who could deliver what I wanted，so I did it by（36）．The result is what amounts to a huge outdoor vending machine．Yet I think the term automatic shop is far（37）（appropriate）．"In recent years，the commercial pressure from supermarket chains（38）（force）village shops across the country to close．In2010，it was estimated that about400village shops closed，（39）（urge）the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set﹣up new community stores．Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their own volunteer﹣run shops，but Mr．Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution（40）those villages without a local shop．20．（2014•上海）My stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university，I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town．So I decidedto leave home for New York，（1）I might have a better chance to find a good job．（2）（earn）some money to pay the daily expenses，I started work in a local caféas a waiter．I believed that（3）I was offered a good position，I would resign at once．Over time，the high cost of living became a little burden on my already（4）（exhaust）shoulders．On the other hand，my search for a respectable job had not met with much success．As I had studied literature at university，I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies．Mother had said that （5）I wanted to have a better career advancement，I had to find work in the city．Perhaps，（6）my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind．I just did as she had expected．Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it．Apparently，I had difficulty（7）（adapt）myself to life in the city，let alone finding a job to my delight．After nine months of frustration．I eventually decided to go back to my small town．Not until I returned（8）I realise that a quiet town life was the best for me．21．（2012•上海）A．maintained B．serious C．indications D．figures E．anxiousF．concern G crisis H．decided I．available J．reversedFilmgoers should be told how many calories there are in the popcorn，ice cream and soft drinks that they buy in cinemas，according to the Food Standard Agency．Smaller popcorn buckets and drink cups should also be made（41），the nutrition inspector said．Tim Smith，chief executive of the agency，told The77mes that cinemas should help to deal with the country's overweight（42）．"There is a misbelief that popcorn is calorie﹣free，but that is not the case．It is a（43）to us，"he said．"Portion sizes are also a big issue，and there seems to be increasingly big packs onsale．"He spoke as a number of food chains such as Pret A Manger，Wimpey and The Real Greek（44）to put calorie counts on all their menus．A trial scheme（试行方案）with21food companies took place last summer，and（45）are that consumers altered their buying habits when they realised the number of calories in a product．A consultation（征询意见）on the trial ends next month but Mr Smith is already planning the second drive for American﹣style calorie counts and is（46）to win support from cinemas and other entertainment places，from football grounds to concert halls．。
历年高考数学真题(全国卷整理版)
参考公式：如果事件A 、B 互斥，则球的外表积公式如果事件A 、B 相互独立，则其中R 表示球的半径()()()P A B P A P B =球的体积公式如果事件A 在一次试验中发生的概率是p ，则334V R π=n 次独立重复试验中事件A 恰好发生k 次的概率其中R 表示球的半径普通高等学校招生全国统一考试一、选择题1、 复数131ii-++= A 2+I B 2-I C 1+2i D 1- 2i 2、集合A ＝{1.3. m }，B ＝{1，m} ,AB ＝A, 则m=A 0或3B 0或3C 1或3D 1或3 3 椭圆的中心在原点，焦距为4 一条准线为*=-4 ，则该椭圆的方程为A 216x +212y =1B 212x +28y =1C 28x +24y =1D 212x +24y =1 4 正四棱柱ABCD- A 1B 1C 1D 1中，AB=2，CC 1=22 E 为CC 1的中点，则直线AC 1与平面BED 的距离为A 2B 3C 2D 1〔5〕等差数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n ，a 5=5，S 5=15，则数列的前100项和为(A)100101 (B) 99101 (C) 99100 (D) 101100〔6〕△ABC 中，AB 边的高为CD ，假设a ·b=0，|a|=1，|b|=2，则(A)〔B 〕 (C) (D)〔7〕α为第二象限角，sin α＋sin β=33，则cos2α=(A)5-3〔B 〕5-9 (C)59 (D)53〔8〕F1、F2为双曲线C：*²-y²=2的左、右焦点，点P在C上，|PF1|=|2PF2|，则cos∠F1PF2=(A)14〔B〕35 (C)34 (D)45〔9〕*=lnπ，y=log52，12z=e，则(A)*＜y＜z 〔B〕z＜*＜y (C)z＜y＜* (D)y＜z＜*(10) 函数y＝*²-3*+c的图像与*恰有两个公共点，则c＝〔A〕-2或2 〔B〕-9或3 〔C〕-1或1 〔D〕-3或1〔11〕将字母a,a,b,b,c,c,排成三行两列，要求每行的字母互不一样，梅列的字母也互不一样，则不同的排列方法共有〔A〕12种〔B〕18种〔C〕24种〔D〕36种〔12〕正方形ABCD的边长为1，点E在边AB上，点F在边BC上，AE＝BF＝73。
高考语文真题试卷及答案
一、现代文阅读（共20分）阅读下面的文字，完成1—3题。
（一）论述类文本阅读（9分，每小题3分）1. 下列关于原文内容的理解和分析，不正确的一项是（）A. 文章开篇通过引用哲学家的话，引出了“创造”这一核心概念。
B. 文章认为，创造是一种精神状态，是一种主动的、有目的的探索过程。
C. 文章指出，创造的过程往往伴随着挫折和失败，但正是这些挫折和失败，激发了人们的创造力。
D. 文章最后强调，每个人都应该拥有创造的勇气和智慧。
2. 下列关于原文论证的相关分析，不正确的一项是（）A. 文章从创造的定义、创造的过程、创造的意义三个方面进行了论述。
B. 文章采用了举例论证的方法，通过具体事例说明了创造的重要性。
C. 文章通过对比论证，突出了创造与模仿的区别。
D. 文章的论证结构清晰，逻辑严密，论据充分。
3. 根据原文内容，下列说法不正确的一项是（）A. 创造是一种需要付出努力的过程，但并不一定能够成功。
B. 创造是一种需要智慧的过程，需要不断地学习和积累。
C. 创造是一种需要勇气的过程，需要敢于挑战权威。
D. 创造是一种需要环境的过程，需要良好的社会氛围。
（二）文学类文本阅读（11分，每小题3分）阅读下面的文字，完成4—6题。
一位年轻人在公园里散步，看到一位老人在喂鸽子。
年轻人好奇地问：“老爷爷，您怎么这么喜欢鸽子呢？”老人微笑着说：“鸽子是一种很有灵性的动物，它们能给人带来快乐。
”年轻人听了老人的话，心里一动，他决定自己也要养鸽子。
于是，他开始学习如何照顾鸽子，如何训练鸽子。
经过一段时间的努力，他的鸽子终于学会了飞翔。
有一天，年轻人带着他的鸽子去公园。
他看到一位小朋友在哭，于是他走过去问：“小朋友，你怎么了？”小朋友说：“我的鸽子飞走了。
”年轻人安慰他说：“别担心，我的鸽子会帮你找回来的。
”年轻人带着鸽子飞上天空，他让鸽子去寻找那只丢失的鸽子。
鸽子很快就找到了那只丢失的鸽子，并把它带回了小朋友的手中。
小朋友非常高兴，连声谢谢年轻人。
高考语文试卷真题
高考语文试卷真题第Ⅰ卷共36分一、15分，每小题3分1.下列词语中加点的字，每对读音都不相同的一组是A.磅秤/磅礴仿佛/佛手瓜刨除/刨根问底B.钥匙/汤匙漩涡/涡轮机调节/调虎离山C.驻扎/扎实亲事/亲家母伎俩/仨瓜俩枣D.果脯/胸脯胳臂/长臂猿倔强/强颜欢笑2.下列词语中，没有错别字的一组是A.签署发贴子雍容华贵万事俱备，只欠东风B.端详螺丝钉额手称庆兵来将挡，水来土掩C.惊诧震慑力眼花瞭乱一言既出，驷马难追D.延袭扫描仪不屈不饶知己知彼，百战不殆3.依次填入下列横线处的词语，最恰当的一组是办公人员的座椅高度是非常有讲究的。
专家___，许多人办公座椅的高度都存在一定问题，久坐会__疲劳感，并出现腰酸背痛的毛病。
正确的做法是：首先根据工作性质把办公桌调整到一个__的高度，然后再依据自身情况来调整座椅的高度。
A.提出产生适合B.提出引发合适C.提醒产生合适D.提醒引发适合4.下列各句中，加点的成语使用恰当的一项是A.对于这座神秘的古代墓葬，专家们希望能从漫无边际的史料中找到一些关于它的蛛丝马迹。
B.从长辈们的闲言碎语中，他了解到父亲乔明志曾经是一位屡立奇功、威名赫赫的抗日英雄。
C.在44年的记者生涯中，他创作了一批优秀的新闻作品，在中国新闻史上留下了浓墨重彩的一笔。
D.市场调查发现，国内一些商家销售的红木家具质量良莠不齐，有关部门提醒消费者选购时要谨慎。
5.下列各句中，没有语病的一句是A.朝鲜艺术家这次来华表演的歌剧《红楼梦》，受到了中国观众的热烈欢迎，给予了很高的评价。
B.《尚书》记载，东方的夷人部落民风淳朴，人们好让不争且取予有度，因此这个部落被称为“君子之国”。
C.据西藏自治区统计局发布的最新数据显示，在自治区常住人口中，藏族人口占九成以上，为271.6万人。
D.随着大运会的日益临近，深圳随处可见志愿者忙碌的身影，迎接大运会已成为展现志愿者风采的广阔舞台。
二、9分，每小题3分阅读下面的文字，完成6~8题。
04全国高考甲卷(20222024)三年高考真题集训2025年高考语文一轮复习之文言文阅读
【2025高考一轮复习考点专题精练】20222024年全国高考甲卷真题汇总训练（2022·全国甲卷·）阅读下面的文言文，完成1013题。
齐助楚攻秦，取曲沃。
其后秦欲伐齐，齐、楚之交善，惠王患之，谓张仪曰：“吾欲伐齐，齐、楚方欢，子为寡人虑之，奈何？”张仪曰：“王其为臣约车并币，臣请试之。
”张仪南见楚王，曰：“今齐王之罪其于敝邑之王甚厚，敝邑欲伐之，而大国与之欢。
大王苟能闭关绝齐，臣请使秦王献商于之地，方六百里。
若此，则是北弱齐，西德于秦，而私商于之地以为利也，则此一计而三利俱至。
”楚王大说，宣言之于朝廷曰：“不榖得商于之田，方六百里。
”群臣闻见者毕贺，陈轸后见，独不贺。
楚王曰：“不榖不须一兵不伤一人而得商于之地六百里寡人自以为智矣诸士大夫皆贺子独不贺何也”陈轸对曰：“臣见商于之地不可得，而患必至也。
”王曰：“何也？”对曰：“夫秦所以重王者，以王有齐也。
今地未可得而齐先绝，是楚孤也，秦又何重孤国？且先绝齐，后责地，必受欺于张仪。
是西生秦患，北绝齐交，则两国兵必至矣。
”楚王不听，曰：“吾事善矣！子其弭口无言，以待吾事。
”楚王使人绝齐。
张仪反，秦使人使齐，齐、秦之交阴合。
楚因使一将军受地于秦。
张仪知楚绝齐也，乃出见使者曰：“从某至某，广从六里。
”使者反报楚王，楚王大怒，欲兴师伐秦。
陈轸曰：“伐秦，非计也。
王不如因而赂之一名都，与之伐齐，是我亡于秦而取偿于齐也。
”楚王不听，遂举兵伐秦。
秦与齐合，楚兵大败于杜陵。
故楚之土壤士民非削弱，仅以救亡者，计失于陈轸，过听于张仪。
（节选自《战国策·秦策二》）10．下对文中划线部分的断句，正确的项是（）A．不榖不烦一兵/不伤一人而得/商于之地六百里/寡人自以为智矣/诸士大夫皆贺子/独不贺/何也/B．不榖不烦一兵/不伤一人/而得商于之地六百里/寡人自以为智矣/诺士大夫皆贺/子独不贺/何也/C．不榖不烦一兵/不伤一人/而得商于之地六百里/寡人自以为智矣/诸士大夫皆贺子/独不贺/何也/D．不榖不烦一兵/不伤一人而得/商于之地六百里/寡人自以为智矣/诸士大夫皆贺/子独不贺/何也/【解析】“不烦一兵”和“不伤一人”字数相同，结构相似，都是后文“得商于之地六百里”的前提，“而”是连词，所以“而”之前应断开，由此排除A、D。
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【分析】
本题主要考查人口增长的有关知识，意在考查学生读图分析问题的能力，总体难度一般。
5．读图可知，1980-2015年我国妇女总和生育率先增加后降低，然后再增加，总和生育率总体呈下降趋势，新生儿数量波动减少，A错。劳动年龄人口数量受多重因素影响，与短时间内的总和生育率关系不大，B错。由于总和生育率降低，所以人口出生率降低，自然增长率降低，老年人口比重上升，C对。人口自然增长率降低，但不会在短时间内变为负值，D错。故选C。
2．C
【解析】
【分析】
本题主要考查电商的优势及对区域农业发展的影响，意在考查学生理解问题、知识迁移的能力，总体难度一般。
1．电商在中东部地区将西北地区出产的农产品加工、包装、销售是由于中东部地区与西北地区地域差异大，且经济相对发达，西北地区的特色农产品具有广阔的消费市场，A对。东部地区经济发达，土地成本高，B错。加工、包装、销售农产品毒药人才需求不很迫切，C错。农产品的生产地与市场之间的距离不会因在何处包装、加工而产生变化，D错。故选A。
4．图中折线反映了
A．城镇人口比重显著下降
B．第一产业产值逐年下降
C．第三产业发展是城市化的主要动力
D．第二产业比重变化与城市化正相关
总和生育率是妇女在生育年龄期间，平均每人生育的子女数，数值低于2.1为低生育水平，下图为1980-2015年我国妇女总和生育率变化图。
完成下列各题。
5．1980-2015年，我国
A．地表蒸发B．植物截留和蒸腾
C．地下径流D．转化为固态水
15．甲表示的自然带是
A．山地落叶阔叶林带B．山地草原带
C．山地常绿阔叶林带D．荒漠带
下图为“某国2017年人口年龄结构金字塔图”。读图完成下面小题。
16．导致该国青壮年性别比严重失衡的因素是
A．政局动荡B．生育观念C．资源开发D．自然灾害
17．该国最可能位于
(1)根据支流的分布特征，分析图示额尔齐斯河流域降水分布特点及成因。
(2)分析图示额尔齐斯河流域适合白斑狗鱼生长繁殖的自然条件。
(3)说明白斑狗鱼产量低的原因。
25．（题文）（旅游地理）阅读材料，完成下列问题。
日本岐阜县白川乡的合掌村，被誉为“日本传统风味十足的美丽乡村”。该村坐落在海拔较高的山地中，冬季多暴雪。村中的“合掌屋”（下图）最早建于300年前，屋顶坡度达60°，状如双手合掌，因此得名。合掌屋全部采用当地木材建造，这种传统保留至今，合掌屋与穿插其间的花草植物、小溪流水、水田水车等，构成了具有较高审美价值的乡村景观。
9．B
10．B
11．A
【解析】
9．高速公路一般较少经过小的居民点，D错误；该高速公路地处我国西南地区，车流量较小，A错误；两路段雾霾天气不严重，C错误；据图可知，该高速公路是从重庆到贵州的毕节，沿途地势起伏较大，坡度陡，因此乙和丁路段平均限速较低，B正确。故选B。
10．据题干知为7月份，太阳直射点在北半球，此时除极昼极夜区外各地均东北日出西北方日落，四个选项均为上午时段，太阳从东侧照射，且客车向南行驶，题干要求为免受阳光长时间照射且能欣赏窗外风景，因此应右侧靠窗，AC排除；据图可知，从重庆到遵义里程240千米，时速80的话，也需要3个小时，若12:00出发则下午时段太阳会照射到，B正确D错误。故选B。
7．影响农业废弃物分散分布的主要因素是
A．土地B．技术C．资金D．劳动力
8．与分散处理农业废弃物相比，集中处理的主要目的是
A．促进产业集聚B．降低运输成本C．提高规模效益D．促进产业协作
小明同学7月从重庆出发到贵州毕节旅游，收集到的相关高速公路信息如下图所示。据此完成下列各题。
9．乙路段和丁路段平均限速均较低的原因可能是这两条路段
A．新生儿数量持续增加
B．劳动年龄人口数量减少
C．老年人口比重呈上升趋势
D．人口自然增长率由正转负
6．1995年以来,我国总和生育率偏低的原因有
①女性人口比重低②子女养育成本高
③医疗卫生条件改善④妇女生育观念改变
A．①②B．①③C．②④D．③④
近年来，浙江多地将农作物秸科、农药包装物等分散分布的农业废弃物收集起来，集中进行循环利用或无害化处理，完成下列各题。
复习高考真题练习
学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________
一、单选题
我国西北地区盛产苹果、梨、红枣、核桃等特色农产品，电商企业从西北地区采购农产品在中、东部地区进行加工、包装，并在网上大量销售。
完成下列各题。
1．电商企业在中、东部地区加工、包装、销售的主要优势是
（1）根据剑麻生长的气候条件和用途，说明我国国内剑麻纤维产需矛盾较大的原因。
（2）据图指出与其他地区相比，中国公司在基洛萨附近兴建剑麻农场的有利条件。
（3）说明剑麻收割后需要及时加工的原因。
（4）简述当地从中国公司兴建剑麻农场中获得的利益。
26．阅读图文资料，完成下列要求。
白斑狗鱼肉质细嫩，营养丰富，有“鱼中软黄金”之称，白斑狗鱼是肉食性鱼，适宜在16℃以下的水域产卵繁殖，分布于亚洲、欧洲和北美洲的北部冷水水域，栖息环境多为水质清澈、水草丛生的河流，在我国仅见于新疆的额尔齐斯河流域(下图)。额尔齐斯河是我国唯一属于北冰洋水系的河流。
11．影响气温的因素有纬度、地形、洋流、海陆位置等。重庆地处四川盆地，盆地地形不易散热，毕节地处云贵高原，海拔较高，因此气温较低。故选A。
【点睛】第1题考查了考生的区域认知能力，重庆为“山城”，毕节、遵义属于贵州省，云贵高原“地无三尺平”，所以限速的是地形。第2题考查了地球运动的相关知识，但是需要结合图例进行分析，也属于生活中的地理问题，很好地考查了学生运用地理问题解决实际问题的能力。首先是要掌握地球运动的相关知识，即7月份图示区域日出东北，日落西北；结合客车向南行驶，要向欣赏风景，需靠右侧坐；其次要结合图例信息，从重庆到遵义240km，限速是80，即最少需要3小时，从遵义到毕节205km，限速100，即最少需要2.05小时，即全程最少需要5.05个小时，即只有8点出发，才能避免长时间的太阳照射。第3题考查的还是区域认知能力，即对区域地形的认知，不难。
2．电商销售农产品，可以使得销售范围扩大，销售量增大，有利于西北地区特色农业的规模化、专业化、商品化水平的提高，而自给率会降低，故选C。
3．A
4．C
【解析】
【分析】
本题主要考查三次产业及城市化的有关知识，意在考查学生读图分析问题的能力，总体难度一般。
3．读图可知，图中④所占比重最小，应为农业（第一产业），而②③比值较高，应为第三产业及第二产业，随着经济发展，第三产业比重上升，则②为第三产业，③为第二产业，再结合数值来看，浙江省的城市化水平应高于我国平均水平，大约在60-80%左右，所以①为城镇人口比重，故选A。
6．总和生育率是新生儿数量与育龄妇女比值，与女性人口比重高低无关，①错。由于社会经济发展水平提高，子女养育成本高，使得妇女生育率降低，②对。随着医疗卫生条件改善，影响人口平均寿命，对总和生育率影响不大，③错。由于妇女受教育水平提高，妇女生育观念发生变化，④对。故选C。
【点睛】
生育率水平是出生率水平的基础，一般说来，妇女生育率愈高，出生率也愈高；生育率愈低，出生率也愈低。出生率变动除受生育率影响外，还受育龄妇女人数在一个人口集团中所占比例大小的影响。在同一生育率水平下，育龄妇女比例大的人口集团，其出生率高。从整个国家范围来看，在一个时期内人口性别构成变动不大，对出生率变动影响小，但在一个地区，由于行业结构不同，人口的性别构成可能有很大差别。例如重工业城市女性人口比例小，妇女在同样生育率水平下，该地区的出生率就较低，主要受人口年龄构成的影响。
C．降雨后，可吸入颗粒物减少D．风向转为偏南风，风速降低
下图为“我国西部某山地北坡垂直带谱示意图”。据该山地海拔2500～3400m间的一小流域水量平衡实验资料，流域多年平均降水量为460mm，水量支出中蒸发占28%，下渗占2%，不产生地表径流。据此回答下面小题。
14．该小流域内水量支出占比最大的是
4．读图结合上题分析，①为城镇人口比重，②为第三产业，③为第二产业，④为第一产业，城镇人口比重上升，A错。第一产业比重略有降低，但是由于总产值升高，第一产业产值不一定降低，B错。第三产业与城镇人口比重变化为正相关的关系，是城市化动力，C对。第二产业比重变化与城市化呈负相关，D错。故选C。
5．C
6．C
A．车流量大B．平均坡度大C．雾霾天多D．两侧村庄多
10．小明若从重庆出发乘长途汽车经遵义至毕节，为免受阳光长时间照射且能欣赏窗外风景，以下出发时间和座位较好的是
A．6：00出发，左侧靠窗B．8：00出发，右侧靠窗
C．10：00出发，左侧靠窗D．12：00出发，右侧靠窗
11．避暑是小明此次旅游的目的之一。导致7月毕节气温较重庆低的主导因素是
降水序号
降水历时（天）
降水量/mm
汾川河洪峰情况
1
2
53．0
无明显洪峰
2
4
80．3
无明显洪峰
3
5
100．1
无明显洪峰
4
2
73．2
无明显洪峰
5
2
90．7
洪峰流量346m3/s
6
2
54．4
洪峰流量1750m3/s
20．汾川河流域植被覆盖率大幅度提高能够
A．减小降水变率B．减少河水含沙量C．增加降水量D．加大河流径流量
分析合掌村独特旅游景观的形成与自然环境的关系。
24．[地理——选修6：环境保护]
干旱区的柽柳为耐旱灌木，侧向枝条多，种子多，不易发生病虫害，移栽易成活。近年来，某东北林区的公路绿化中引种了柽柳，生长良好。然而不久，在公路两侧的天然林中，发现了柽柳幼苗。
分析该林区潜在的柽柳入侵天然林的危害。
参考答案