供应链英文

供应链英文1.The definition of LogisticsLogistics is the process of strategically managing the procurement, movement and storage of materials, parts and finished inventory (and the related information flows) through the organization and its marketing channels in such a way that current and future profitability are maximized through the cost-effective fulfillment of orders.2.What’s a central theme of this book according to the first paragraph?It is that effective logistics management can provide a major source of competitive advantage –in other words a position of enduring superiority over competitors in terms of customer preference may be achieved through logistics.3.What’s the source of competitive advantage?The source of competitive advantage is found firstly in the ability of the organization to differentiate itself, in the eyes of the customers, from its competition and secondly by operating at a lower cost and hence at greater profit.4.Two vectors of competitive advantagea.Productivity advantageIn many industries there will typically be one competitor who will be the low cost producer and, that competitor will have the greatest sales volume in the sector.Big is beautiful’when it comes to cost advantage.”。

b.Value advantageAn axiom(公理):Customers don’t buy products, they buy benefits.It means:The product is purchased not for itself but for the promise of what it will ‘deliver’.5.Gaining competitive advantage through logistics1)Value chain can be categorized into two types-primary activities and support activities2)Competitive advantage is derived from the way in which firms organize and perform these discrete activities within the value chain.3)To gain competitive advantage over its rivals, a firm must deliver value to its customers through performing these activities more efficiently than its competitors or by performing the activities in a unique way that creates greater differentiation.6. Logistics management has the potential to assist the organization in the achievement of both a cost/productivity advantage and a value advantage.7.The underlying philosophy behind the logistics concept is that of planning and co-ordinating the materials flow from source to user as an integrated system rather than, as was so often the case in the past, managing the goods flow as a series of independent activities.Thus under a logistics management regime（体制）the goal is to link the marketplace, the distribution network, the manufacturing process and the procurement activity in such a way that customers are serviced at a higher level and yet at a lower cost.In other words to achieve the goal of competitive advantage through both cost reduction and service enhancement.8.Supply chainThe supply chain is the network of organizations that are involved，through upstream and downstream linkages，in the different processes and activities that produce value in the form of products and services in the hands of the ultimate consumer.9.Supply chain managementThe mangement of upstream and downstream relationships with suppliers and customers to deliver superior customer value at less cost to the supply chain as a whole.10.Supplier and customer relationship changeIn the past it was often the case that relationships with suppliers and downstream customers were adversarial rather than co-operative. But all costs will ultimately make their way to the final marketplace to be reflected in the price paid by the end user.The leading-edge companies recognize the fallacy and instead to seek to make the supply chain as a whole more competitive through the value it adds and the cost that it reduces overall.They have realized that the real competition is not company against company but rather supply chain against supply chain.11.Relationship between logitics management and supply chain1)It must be recogniazed that the concept of supply chain management whilst relatively new,is in fact no more than an extension of the logic of logitics.Logitics management is primarily concerned with the organization whilst supply chain management recognizes that internal integration by itself is not sufficient.2)Logitics is essentially a planning orientation and framework that seeks to creat a single plan for the flow of product and information through a bussiness.12.Three themes of logistics and supply chain management1)Responsiveness反应性In today’s markets,the supplier has to be able to meet the precise needs of customers in less time than ever before.The key word in this changed environment is agility.2)ReliabilitySignificant improvements in reliability can only be achieved through reengineering the processes that impact performance.A key to improving reliability in logistics processes is enhanced pipeline visibility.3)RelationshipsMore and more companies are discovering the advantages that can be gained by seeking mutually beneficial，long-term relationships with suppliers. Relationship is one that will have to prevail in the future as supply chain competition becomes the norm.13.Elements of customer service1.Pre-transaction elementsWritten customer service policy客户服务策略的书面文件Accessibility易接近性Organization structure组织结构System flexibility系统灵活性.2.Transaction elementsOrder cycle time 订单周期时间Inventory availability 库存可得性Order fill rate订单完成率Order status information订单状况信息Post-transaction elementsAvailability of spares备件可得性Call-out time上门服务时间Product tracing/warranty产品追踪/保证Customer complaints, claims etc客户投诉、索赔14.How to design Service-driven logistics systems一.Identify customers'service needs1.Identify the key components of customer service as seen by customers themselves.2.Establish the relative importance of those service components to customers.3.Identify‘clusters’of customers according to similarity of service preferences.二.Defining customer service objectivesThe definition of appropriate service objectives is made easier if we adopt the concept of the perfect order.The perfect order is achieved when the customer’s service requirements are met in full.The measure of service is therefore defined as the percentage of occasions on which the customer’s requirements are met in full.三.Design the logistics system四.Some key areas where standards are essentialOrder cycle time 订单周期Stock availability 库存可得性Order-size constraints 订单规模限制Ordering convenience 订货便捷性Frequency of delivery 送货频率Delivery reliability 送货可靠性Documentation quality 送货可靠性Claims procedure 索赔程序Order completeness 订单完整性Technical support 技术支持Order status information 订单状态信息15.Principles of logistics costing1.The system should mirror the materials flow. It should be capable of identifying the costs that result from providing customer service in the marketplace.2.The system should be capable of enabling separate cost and revenue analyses to be made by customer type and by market segment or distribution channel.16.How to operate the principlesTo operationalize these principles requires an ‘output’orientation to costing.17.How to develop a gobal logistics strategy1)Focused Factories集中生产By Limiting the range and mix of products manufactured in a single location to achieve considerable economies of scale限制在单一制造点的产品种类和产品组合达到经济规模A number of crucial logistics trade-offs一些重要的物流内部权衡问题Local packs本土化包装Variety of products产品的多样性Production flexibility生产的灵活性2)Centralization of inventoriesFrom national warehouses to RDCs从国家级别的仓库到区域配送中心Inventory reduction-square root rule减少库存——平方根原则Centralized logistics at Lever EuropeLever Europe的集中化物流3)Postponement and localizationAlthough the trend to global brands and products continues, it should be recognized that there are still significant local differences in customer and customer requirements. 虽然产品和品牌的国际化趋势与日俱增，但我们必须认识到顾客和消费者的需求还是有明显的地区性差异。