写作精华段落

历史类之1—历史的作用及重要性The usefulness of studying historyThe importance of history in explaining and understanding change in human behavior is no mere abstraction. Take an important human phenomenon such as alcoholism. Through biological experiments scientists have identified specific genes that seem to cause a proclivity toward alcohol addiction in some individuals. But alcoholism, as a social reality, has a history: rates of alcoholism have risen and fallen, and they have varied from one group to the next. Attitudes and policies about alcoholism have also changed and varied. History is indispensable to understanding why such changes occur. And in many ways historical analysis is a more challenging.One of the leading concerns of contemporary American politics is low voter turnout, even for major elections. A historical analysis of changes in voter turnout can help us begin to understand the problem we face today. What were turnouts in the past? When did the decline set in? Once we determine when the trend began, we can try to identify which of the factors present at the time combined to set the trend in motion. A purely contemporary analysis may shed some light on the problem, but a historical assessment is clearly fundamental—and essential for anyone concerned about American political health today.政治类之1----Law And Legal System注：相关题目分析在最后Introduction to LawLaw serves a variety of functions. Laws against crimes, for example, help to maintain a peaceful, orderly, relatively stable society. Courts contribute to social stability by resolving disputes in a civilized fashion. Property and contract laws facilitate business activities and private planning. Laws limiting the powers of government help to provide some degree of freedom that would not otherwise be possible. Law has also been used as a mechanism for social change; for instance, at various times laws have been passed to inhibit social discrimination and to improve the quality of individual life in matters of health, education, and welfare.Some experts believe the popular view of law overemphasizes its formal, coercive aspects. They point out that if a custom or norm is assured of judicial backing, it is, for practical purposes, law. On the other hand, a statute that is neither obeyed nor enforced is empty law. Social attitudes toward the formal law are a significant part of the law in process. The role of law in China and Japan, for example, is somewhat different from its role in Western nations. Respect for the processes of law is low, at least outside matters of business and industry. Tradition looms much larger in everyday life. Resort to legal resolution of a dispute is truly a last resort, with conciliation being the mechanism that is preferred for social control.Why Do We Need the Law?Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules -- those made by the state or the courts -- are called "laws". Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws areenforced by the courts; if you break a law -- whether you like that law or not -- you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.If we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people -- to live in society --laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in Canada states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected.Goals of the LawIn our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university.Another goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals.However, despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society like Canada, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.【GRE写作】GRE作文issue精华段落——社会类找了几篇issue写的好的各位看起！社会类之1--Problems——Social Problem OverviewProblems of Poverty and WorkMany myths and stereotypes--and many theories--exist about the poor and the causes of poverty. Sociological explanations for poverty focus on societal needs and social forces. In one view, poverty is an outcome of longstanding conflict between haves and have-nots; in another, poverty is actually functional for society. Structural arrangements, such as official unemployment and thestipulation of a poverty line, have the effect of limiting opportunities and justifying social inequality. Thus, poverty is perpetuated through class discrimination and unequal opportunities for upward mobility. Programs and policies for addressing problems of poverty and work, such as the social welfare system and affirmative action, are themselves problems.Problems of Racial and Ethnic InequalityEconomic and political inequalities in any country arise from overconcentrations of wealth and power. Imbalances in the distribution of power can lead to a lack of political representation in government for some groups, the creation of power elites, the loss of personal freedoms and civil liberties, and abuses of authority, of which genocide is an extreme example. Imbalances in the distribution of wealth can lead to the loss of economic opportunity and social mobility, the creation of a permanent underclass, and conditions of illiteracy, unemployment, homelessness, hunger, and disease. The social problems caused by economic and political inequality are a threat to global security.Gender InequalitySocial and institutional contexts for sex discrimination in American life have included the workplace, occupations, wages, income, housing, banking, health care, toys, school, education, employment, consumer marketplace, military, media, religious organizations, and home. Despite a century of social change stimulated by the feminist movement, gender inequality persists, for example, in problems of sexual violence and exploitation and in issues surrounding gender orientation and homosexuality.Aging Society and Inequalities of AgeThe so-call ed “graying of America” has called attention to inequalities of age and the difficulties of caring for growing numbers of elderly in American society. Age is a source of social problems because the very young and the very old may be more vulnerable than other age groups in society. Problems of the elderly, for example, can include poverty, financial insecurity, dependency, isolation, social and political inequality, victimization, and lack of access to adequate housing and health care.法律类法律的制定Laws are legislated by the majority of the society after they have made a final compromise between their interests and are carried out as basic principles to prescribe both government’s right and people’s behaviors in the society，thus maintaining a peaceful, orderly, and relatively stable society.法律不能自动调整以适应时代Laws cannot automatically adjust themselves to the contemporary society as rapid advancement in society and technology is always leading to new problems and challenges and social awareness of emending laws is not always easily aroused among many people. Therefore, it is alwaysobserved that certain laws fail to keep pace with modernization in some angles.法律没有注意到一些人的需求In this way, some traditional weak groups in society may not express their desire for interest strongly enough to arouse public attention. It has taken a long journey for the whole society to recognize and acknowledge the equal rights of women, the civil rights of the blacks, the reasonable right of gay, and so forth.法律的作用Laws have solved a great number of problems and served a variety of functions. Laws, against crimes, help to maintain a peaceful, orderly, and relatively stable society. Property and contract laws ensure common rules in business activities and financial planning. Laws limiting the powers of government reconcile conflicts between citizens and the government.道德Morality is formed in social life and handed down from generation to generation through conversations, behaviors and instructions, which means morality is difficult to be described and written exactly and accurately. As principles concerning with distinction between good and bad, right and wrong behaviors, morality varies form person to person as they have different customs, values, religions and living environment. Therefore, debates on morality are always hot issues and consensus can hardly be reached in certain problems.教育的作用Granted it is essential to lay a firm foundation for potential of personal achievements in a variety of fields through education, education serves to far more than providing knowledge, it also embraces delivering values, beliefs, self-confidence, humanity and morality. Form my perspective, the authentic purpose of education is rooted in not only introducing knowledge but also eliciting the talents of students aimed at helping them to realize their own richness and interests and providing opportunities to further their progress.竞争的好处（由自然过渡到社会，理证+例证（电脑+中国））In this era of rapid advancement in society and technology leading to improvement of living standard, competition is inevitable in nearly all aspects of life. As is known to all, competition serves as the driving force of adaptation and evolution in nature. Animals are struggling for the adequate food and living space in order to cultivate the next generation and ensure the continuity of the species. And the same goes to the human society. In the competition environment of market economy, individuals and companies, for the sake of survival, are bound to improve their services and products, and as a consequence, the entire society prospers. In the past decade, market has witnessed personal computers shrinking in size, increasing in power and declining in price. And the reducing price of telecommunication network has led to the rapid expansion of its usage, which contributes a lot to our convenience of searching information and expressing emotion. Simultaneously, competition is of vital importance to national economy.China has experienced the benefits of competition in the past three decades since her adoption of opening up and reform policy.竞争的负面影响Over competition will lead to serious problems at both individual level and national level. In business competition, people have motivation to steal information or make rumors in order to survive or surpass other competitors if the environment is too sever. In the realm of arms race among powers, continuous competition has wasted a great amount of resources that could be used better in other positive ways. A typical example of is the Star War Program which eventually led to the budget deficiency of America.合作的好处One of the purposes of competition is to separate winners from losers, however, the cooperation provides the opportunity to make every participant a winner. Development in almost all fields calls for cooperation as no one can accomplish such complicated tasks in modern society. For example, a CEO can hardly run a company well without many specialists in aspects such as marketing, finance, human resource, and technology. In a team work, in terms of designing an airport, building a road and even playing basketball, one can not win unless the team wins with discussions, understanding, compromise and tolerance between its members.。