考研英语语法定语
考研英语语法总结经典版
考研英语语法总结经典版一、句子成分1.主语：句子中起名词或代词作用，通常位于句子的开头。
例：Tom likes to play basketball.（主语是Tom）2.谓语：句子中表示动作、状态或存在的部分，通常位于主语之后。
例：She is reading a book.（谓语是is reading）3.宾语：句子中接在动词后面的成分，回答“谁”或“什么”。
例：He bought a new car.（宾语是a new car）4.表语：句子中用来描述主语的成分，通常是形容词、名词或介词短语。
例：The weather is sunny.（表语是sunny）5.定语：句子中用来修饰名词或代词的成分，通常是形容词、数字、名词短语等。
例：The old man lives in the small house.（定语是the small house）6.状语：句子中用来修饰动词、形容词或副词的成分，通常是副词或介词短语。
例：She works hard.（状语是hard）7.同位语：句子中用来解释、说明或补充前面名词或代词的成分。
例：My best friend, Alice, is a doctor.（同位语是Alice）二、时态和语态1.时态：表示动作发生的时间或状态的时间。
-现在时：表示现在正在进行的动作或状态。
例：I am reading a book.-过去时：表示过去发生的动作或状态。
例：He bought a new car.-将来时：表示将来要发生的动作或状态。
例：I will go to the beach tomorrow.-过去完成时：表示过去一些时间之前已经完成的动作或状态。
例：She had finished her homework before dinner.2.语态：表示动作的主体和受体。
-主动语态：表示主语执行动作或状态。
例：He cleans the room every day.-被动语态：表示主语承受动作或状态。
考研英语短语作定语四类情况如何译
考研英语短语作定语四类情况如何译要提升翻译技能就要熟悉语法，还要掌握不同类型的句式的译法。
定语是修饰名词或代词的句子成分。
英语的实词、短语及从句都可以作定语。
下面，小编为大家详细介绍翻译中短语作定语的几种情况。
1. 分词短语作定语2. 介词短语作定语3. 形容词、不定式短语作定语在翻译中，短语作定语常常翻译到中心词前，接下来具体举例说明其考查方式及翻译方法。
1.ing现在分词作定语2000 75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements ---------themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.ing现在分词作定语1) 在哪里划线断句?2) 这句话中ing现在分词作定语在哪?放在哪个中心词前面翻译?翻译：额外的社会压力也可能会产生由于人口爆炸和由大量人口流动所引起的各种问题。
如今，现代交通工具使得大量人口流动变得相对容易。
1998 73)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures ,and may report their findings soon.中小学辅导网wangxiao.so/提示您:翻译：用在南极的路基探测器和气球携载仪器来工作的天体物理学家，正在越来越近的观察这样一些结构，不久就会报告他们的发现成果。
2.Ved过去分词短语作定语2003 63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.翻译：强调搜集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用的跨文化视角，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
考研英语语法：学会辨认六类从句
考研英语语法：学会辨认六类从句从句类型在英语中，经常使用的从句有以下六类：1. 主语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当主语的成分，该句子被称为主语从句。
2. 宾语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当宾语的成分，该句子被称为宾语从句。
3. 表语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当表语的成分，该句子被称为表语从句。
4. 定语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当定语的成分，该句子被称为定语从句。
5. 状语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当状语的成分，该句子被称为状语从句。
6. 同位语从句：一个句子在整个句子中充当同位语的成分，该句子被称为同位语从句。
►从句的辨认如果想辨认从句类型，学生们应该对从句的基本形式有所认识。
无论是哪种从句类型，在句子中充当成分的"句子"应该都具备以下特征：从句=从属连词+句子了解了从句的基本结构，那么应该如何辨别从句类型呢?学生可以在句子中通过简单的公式进行辨认。
常见的从句出现形式有四类：1. 名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句2. 动词+从属连词+句子=宾语从句/表语从句3. ×+从属连词+句子=状语从句4. 从属连词+句子+动词=主语从句对于以上四类从句出现形式有了一定的了解，那么今天就首先看看第一类从句出现形式的辨认方法和注意事项吧!1. 名词+从属连词+句子=定语从句/同位语从句例子1：Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.(1997年Text2)从句类型：定语从句辨别方式：a virtue(名词)+that(从属连词)+many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers(句子)译文：然而，表示友好是一种美德，美国人高度重视这种美德，并期望邻居和陌生人都能有这种美德。
考研英语语法之三大从句
三大从句一、定语从句定语从句，简言之，就是用来做定语的句子，即用于修饰名词或代词的一个具有完整主谓结构的句子。
这个被修饰的名词或代词因为总是在定语从句的前面，所以我们称之为先行词。
而引导定语从句的连词，叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.（一）定语从句的先行词先行词是定语从句所修饰的对象。
只有正确找出先行词，才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分，才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系，分清句子结构，从而正确理解句子。
1. 一个词（通常是名词，也可以是代词）For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.2. 一个短语During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.3. 一个从句The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.4. 一个完整的句子As can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of this condition.They are invited to the state banquet, which was a great honor to them.（二）引导定语从句的关系词1.It is about YOU, and how you performed and what you accomplished in those past jobs –especially those accomplishments that are most relevant to the work you want to do next.She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of the company’s client data, which she intended to draw upon in starting her own business.At the same time, the American Law Institute – a group of judges, lawyers and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight – issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.dream, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.（三）定语从句与先行词的隔离考研英语中有很多复杂的定语从句，它们的先行词并不像常规那样紧靠着关系词，而是在先行词与关系词之间插入了很多成分。
考研英语基础语法汇总
考研英语基础语法汇总一、非谓语动词( V+ing, V+ed)1, 动名词(1)作主语和宾语Saying is easier than doing.说比做容易。
(2)作介词宾语We get pleasure from loving and being loved.我们从爱别人和被别人爱中得到快乐。
2,分词作定语(1)前置The beginning student should be given more encouragement.初学者应多给予鼓励。
A balanced diet provides nutrition for your body.均衡的食物使你的身体获得营养。
(2)后置Those living on a mountain live off the mountain.靠山吃山Children disciplined when they are young will become good citizen.小时候受过良好教育的儿童长大会成为好公民。
3，分词作状语Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.听到这个消息，他们立即出发到上海去了。
Seen from the pagoda, the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees.从这个塔上远眺，紫金山南麓是树的海洋。
Printed white, the house looks bigger.漆成白色后，这房子像是更大了。
Having written an important letter, I litsened to the music for a while.写完一封重要的信之后，我听了一会儿音乐。
Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.持极端观点的人认为，人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，所以对待动物无须考虑道德问题。
英语语法 什么是定语
英语语法什么是定语定语（Adjective）是一种修饰名词或代词的词或词组。
它的作用是描述或限定名词或代词，提供更多的信息，帮助我们更准确地理解和描述所指的事物。
定语可以出现在名词的前面或后面，它可以是单个形容词，也可以是由其他词构成的短语或从句。
不过，无论出现在名词的前面还是后面，定语都与所修饰的名词或代词在性、数和格上保持一致。
下面是一些例子来说明定语的作用：1. The red apple.红色的苹果。
在这个例子中，"red"（红色）是一个单个形容词，它修饰名词"apple"（苹果），提供了苹果的颜色信息。
2. I live in a small house.我住在一所小房子里。
在这个例子中，"small"（小）是一个单个形容词，它修饰名词"house"（房子），提供了房子的大小信息。
3. The book on the table is mine.桌子上的那本书是我的。
在这个例子中，"on the table"（在桌子上）是一个由介词和名词构成的短语，它修饰名词"book"（书），提供了书的位置信息。
4. She is the girl who won the competition.她是那个赢得比赛的女孩。
在这个例子中，"who won the competition"（赢得比赛的）是一个从句，它修饰名词"girl"（女孩），提供了女孩的背景信息。
定语可以用于单个名词或代词，也可以用于名词短语、不定式、从句等。
它可以提供关于大小、颜色、形状、位置、数量、性质、归属等方面的信息。
总结一下，定语是一种修饰名词或代词的词或词组，它提供了关于所指事物的更多信息。
定语可以是单个形容词、短语或从句，它可以出现在名词的前面或后面。
通过使用定语，我们可以更准确地描述和理解所指事物。
考研英语【定语从句】典型例句剖
考研英语【定语从句】典型例句剖析1. Active learning, in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor, is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.【参考译文】积极的学习，即学生们写文章或做实验，然后让一位老师评估他们的作业，对那些还没有完全学会如何学习的学生来说要更为有益得多。
【结构分析】该句可分为两大部分：Active learning, (in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor,)is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn.括号外的内容是主句，括号里的内容是介词+which 模式的定语从句；主句的主语是Active learning，谓语是is，表语是beneficial，far more是状语，其中far是程度副词，相当于much，for those是状语，其后who引导的定语从句中，主语是who，谓体是have not yet fully learned，宾语结构是how to learn。
括号内的定语从句修饰前面的Active learning，由三部分构成，即or…and连接的三个并列句，第一个并列句的主语是students，谓语是write，宾语是essays，第二个并列句的谓语是perform，宾语是experiments，第三个并列句的谓语是have．．．evaluated，宾语是work，by an instructor是状语结构。
考研英语语法同位语从句和定语从句的区别
考研英语语法同位语从句和定语从句的区别英语语法中同位语从句和定语从句经常会被混淆。
下面是小编为大家带来的同位语从句和定语从句的区别的知识，欢迎阅读。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句和定语从句的混淆点是：这两种从句都可以被that引导，而且先行词都是名词。
那么怎么区别呢?首先：先行词虽然都是名词，但是名词在定语从句中做先行词的范围要比同位语从句广泛很多。
同位语从句的先行词是表示信息、观点、主张、事实等(如：idea, view, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, problem, proof, question)等抽象的名词，而定语从句的范围不仅仅是这些名词，换言之，如果是表示具体意义的先行词，那么后面的'从句是定语从句。
并且，连接词在从句中的作用也不一样。
连接词在同位语从句不做成分，因为同位语从句本身的作用是对前面的名词进行解释说明的补充作用;连接词在定语从句中做成分。
换言之，如果连接词如果在从句中做成分，则从句是同位语从句，如果连接词不在从句中做成分，则从句是定语从句。
另外，what, how, whether等不能用引导定语从句，但可用于引导同位从句。
接下来，就来看定语从句和同位语在考研英语翻译的应用。
首先，与that引导定语从句相比，that引导的同位语从句相对要少。
来看一下同位语从句的考察，划线部分为同位语从句，加粗的字体为先行词。
2004- (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.2007- (48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.2008- (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.2010-(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.2010-(48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.2011-(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature.(46) But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.1997-(74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.再次，我们来看一下that引导的定语从句，举两个例子：2001-(71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.对于同位语从句，同位语的先行词不是定语成分，而是被定语所修饰的名词，翻译方法可以是“先行词+是+同位语从句”。
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Look at all these countries I used to own.
exercises:
Many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played.（2008 年 Text4）
exercises:
Many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played.（2008 年 Text4） 许多历史学家开始关注奴隶制所扮演的角色。
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live. （2003 年翻译）
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live. （2003 年翻译） 此外，人类有能力改变他们生活的环境。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Enoki is a kind of food which/that is hard to digest.
exercises:
There exists no language in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.（2005 年 Text4）
翻译规则： 1.找名词后面跟着关系词。 2.把从句部分翻译到名词前面（定语从句小于8个单词）。 3.把从句部分单独成句（定语从句大于8个单词）。
Those are the students who saved the cat. 那些是救了那只猫的学生。
翻译规则： 1.找名词后面跟着关系词。 2.把从句部分翻译到名词前面（定语从句小于8个单词）。 3.把从句部分单独成句（定语从句大于8个单词）。
why / which ?
Your dad will not believe the reason _______ you told him. This is the reason _______ we chose Mr. Li the chairman.
① 定语从句的间隔修饰 ② 关系词的省略 ③ in which
区别：
I can‘t remember who has come to my of office. I can‘t remember the man who has come to my of office. I want to know which book is better. I want to read the book which is better.
2. 分 词
非谓语
doing 现在分词 done 过去分词
作定语（adj.）
主动 被动
定语从句复习
初高中的知识点和练习
定语从句
This is a beautiful girl. This is a girl who is beautiful.
用一个句子充当定语
定语从句
This is a beautiful girl. This is a girl who is beautiful.
非限定性定语从句
知识点和练习
①专有名词
They climbed to the top of Mount Tai, where they enjoyed the view of sunrise.
2015/5/24
②类指
A bear, which is thought as foolish, is actually clever.
许多社会问题的例子
什么可以做定语？
1. 名词way，time，reason，chance，opportunity，need，ability，right，等 用不定式做定语 真题例句： Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote. (2008 text 4) They have no need to cultivate political support. (2012 完型改编）
现在分词短语
5. The window broken by kids is mine.
过去分词短语
什么可以做定语？
对比:
the growth of the use of English
英语的使用的增长
a number of foreign visitors
许多外国游客
那么这句怎么理解？
a host of examples of the social problems
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe.（2004 年翻译） 希腊人认为语言的结构与思想的过程有某种联系，这（种观点）在欧洲扎下了根。
1，修饰名词。在名词后。 2，标志：that, who, which, when, where 3，翻译规则
翻译规则： 1.找名词后面跟着关系词。 2.把从句部分翻译到名词前面（定语从句小于8个单词）。 3.把从句部分单独成句（定语从句大于8个单词）。
Those are the students who saved the cat.
Those are the students who saved the cat and help it to find its home.
翻译规则： 1.找名词后面跟着关系词。 2.把从句部分翻译到名词前面（定语从句小于8个单词）。 3.把从句部分单独成句（定语从句大于8个单词）。
Those are the students who saved the cat and help it to find its home. 就是那些学生，救了那只猫并帮它找到了家。
关系代词/关系副词
who/whom which whose when where why
① 修饰时间 ② 谁 修饰人称 ③ 修饰地点 ④ 修饰物品等名词 ⑤ 谁的 ⑥ 修饰原因
关系代词/关系副词
who/whom
可以用that代替
which
whose
when
where
why
① 修饰时间 ② 谁 修饰人称 ③ 修饰地点 ④ 修饰物品等名词 ⑤ 谁的 ⑥ 修饰原因
什么可以做定语？
真题例句： Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote. (2008 text 4) 在旧时代，奴隶没有选举权。 They have no need to cultivate political support. (2012 完型改编） 他们没有培养政治支持的必要。
考研英语语法
如何找谓语？
do 原形 does 单三 did 过去式
谓语
doing 现在分词／动名词
done 过去分词
非谓语
to do 不定式
doing、done、to do 不能单独做谓语
I do my homework. I am doing my homework. I have done my homework. I want to do my homework.
区别：
宾语从句：在及物动词后面；which（哪一个）that（没有意义），其他连词意义不变 定语从句：在名词后面；which/ that指代被修饰的名词，who/ whom指代被修饰的人
when指代被修饰的时间名词，where指代被修饰的地点名词，why指代reason
另外：what, whether (or not), if 可以引导宾语从句，但不可以引导定语从句
2015/5/24
③先行项是句子
President Obama is changed into a woman, which 2015/5/24 is really funny.
练习：
I didn’t buy the flowers which made her angry.
I didn’t buy the flowers, which made her angry.
什么可以做定语？
2. 为什么有的用doing做定语，有的用done做定语？ 为什么有的在名词前面，有的在后面？
a flying car
The car flying in the sky is mine.
a broken window
The window broken by kids is mine..
一、前置定语
什么可以做定语？
1. a famous American university
形容词
2. two boys need two pens
数词
3. Family risk has risen as well.
名词
4. The shop sells all kinds of hats.
介词短语
I will never forget the day _w_h_i_c_h_/_th_a_t_I spent with Mr. Bean.
where / which ?
The factory _____ I bought is over there. The factory _____ I work is over there.
关系词
关系代词：
that, which, who, whom, whose
关系副词有： when, where, why