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钢筋翻样十大问题及其解决方案

钢筋翻样十大问题及其解决方案

钢筋翻样十大误区及解决方案一、构件抗震等级概念区分为什么我在讲解开始的时候和大家先来肯定这个问题呢?因为,这影响到它的锚固取值,抗震和非抗震构件的锚固值取值是不一样的。

列如:1、框支梁及框支柱。

首先,我们从它的概念出发,在《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》JG3-2002中有说明:因为建筑功能的要求,下部大空间,上部部分竖向构件不能直接连续贯通落地,而通过水平转换结构与下部竖向构件连接。

当布置的转换梁支撑上部的结构为剪力墙的时候,转换梁叫框支梁,而支撑架支梁的就是框支柱。

既然它是主要受力构件,那么我们可以确定它是抗震构件。

2、基础梁。

因为基础梁是无抗震作用的,所以基础梁在计算时不考虑抗震计算,凡遇到需要计算锚固值时只计算La。

3、板、非框梁。

当水平地震来了的时候,在框架结构和剪力墙结构中,框架柱和剪力墙是首当其冲,而框架梁是损能构件,到了非框架梁即次梁和楼板的时候。

已经不考虑抗震了。

所以它是非抗震构件,而框架梁和剪力墙是抗震构件。

总结:1、在基础里面除了筏形板和桩基是抗震的其余都是非抗震的。

2、在地面以上部分里除了楼板、楼梯板和次梁是非抗震的其余都是抗震的。

二、独立基础和条形基础我们的很多预算员在计算独立基础的钢筋和条形基础的钢筋时通常不会考虑到把钢筋进行适当的缩减。

1、独立基础内钢筋长度计算。

在《建筑施工手册》第四版缩印版本P542页中规定当独立基础宽度≥3M时,横向受力钢筋的长度可以减至0.9B,并交叉布置;但06G101-6P47中规定当独立基础宽度≥2.5M时,横向受力钢筋的长度可以减至0.9B,并交叉布置。

见图5-1(图5-1)2、条形基础内主筋长度计算。

在05SG811P12规定当基础长边B≧2.5M时,横向受力钢筋的长度可以减至0.9B,并交叉布置;在《建筑施工手册》第四版缩印版本P542页中规定当条形基础宽度≥1.6M时,横向受力钢筋的长度可以减至0.9B,并交叉布置。

见图5-2(图5-2)三、基础梁内箍筋分布规范及纵筋在端支座内长度计算A、基础梁内上部和下部贯通钢筋的端部构造1、基础主梁(1)、端部无外伸在图集04G101-3P29中说明“端部无外伸构造中基础梁底部与顶部纵筋成对联通设置(可采用通长钢筋、或将底部与顶部钢筋对焊连接后弯折成型),并向跨内延伸或在跨内规定区域内连接。

英语词汇学课后题原题及答案整理缩印版

英语词汇学课后题原题及答案整理缩印版

下列定义所表示的名称:1.a minimum unit of meaning :(morpheme)2.a morpheme to which affixescan be added : (root)3.a linguistic form that can occur as an independent word: (free form)4.a morpheme that must occur with at least one other morpheme: (bound form)5.a bound morpheme attached to a base (root or stem): (affix)6.an affix attached to the beginning of a base (root or stem ): (prefix)7.an affix attached to the end of a base (root or stem) : (suffix)8.an affix (in English,usually a suffix) that changes the form of a word without changing its part of speech or basic meaning: (inflectional affix)9.the process by which noninfectional affixes are added to roots to form words: (derivation)10.the process of joining together two linguistic forms which can function independently : (compounding)各组单词中共同的粘着词根、其词源及语义:1.acoustic,acoustical,acoumeter,acoustician,acoustics,acouphone:(acou-听,GK)2aerodomestics,erodrome,erodynamic,aerofoil,aerogramme,aerolite,aerography,aeronauti cs,aerophysics,aeroplane,aerosphere: (aero-空气GK)3.agenda,agent,agile, active,actor,actual,enact,inactive,transact,interact,react:(ag-,ac-做L)4.agrarian,agricultural,agriculture,agrimotor,agrobiology,agrochemical,agrology,agronom ic,agronomy,agrostology,agrotechnique,agrotechny,agrotown,agrotype: (agr-土地L)5.altimeter,altimetry,altitude,alto,exalt,contralto: (alt-高L)6.amateur,amatory,amiable,amicable,amorous,enamoured,unamiable:(am-,amor-爱L)7.Ample,ampleness,amply,amplidyne,amplification,amplifier,amplify,amplitude,radioam plifier: (ampl-充足L)8.annals,annual,perennial,centennial,annuity,biennial: (ann-年L)9anthropology,philanthropist,misanthropical,anthropotomy,anthropogeneses,anthropogra phy,anthropophagus: (anthrop- 人类GK)10aqualung,aquanaut,aquaplane,aquanelle,aquarium,aquatic,aqueous,aquiculture,aquosity ,subaquatic,subaqueous,terraqueous,aqueduct: (aqu-水L)11archangel,archbishop,arch-criminal,archdeacon,archdiocese,archenemy,archfiend: (arch- 首要GK)12asterisk,asterism,asteroid,astrodome,astrodynamics,astrograph,astrologer,astrology,astr onautics,astronavigation,astronomer,astronomy: (astr- 星GK)13atmosphere,atmolysis,atmometer,atmeter,atmoseal,atmospherics:(atmo-气体GK)14audible,audibility,inaudible,audience,audiology,audio-visual,audiometer,audiophile,aud iophile,audition,auditor,auditorium: (aud- 听L)15atoalarm,autobiographer,autoboat,autobus,autochrome,autoclave,autocrat,autograph,au toinfection,automate,automatic,automation,automobile,autonomy,autotruck,autotype: (auto- 自己GK)16barodynamics,barogram,barograph,barometric,barothermograph:(bar-压力GK)17bathymeter,bathymetric,bathysphere,bathythermograph:(bathy-深海的GK)18Bible,bibliofilm,bibliography,bibliology,bibliolater,bibliomania,bibliophile,bibliophilis m,bibliopole,bibliotheca,bibliotic,bibliotist: (biblio- 书籍GK)19bioassay,biocatalyst,biochemistry,biocide,bioclean,bioclimatic,bioclimatolgy,bioelectri city,biology,biogeneses,biogenic,biogeography,biography,biometerology,bionics,bioscope ,biosyntheses,biotic: (bio- 生命GK)20.Breve,breviary,brevirostrate,brevity,brief,abbreviate,abridge: (bre- 简短L)用否定前缀in-(及其变体),non-,un-构成下列单词的反义词:mature:im regular:ir considerate:in noble:in contentious:non legitimate:il metal:non passive:im ferrous:non accuracy:in endurable:un variance:in inductive: non legible:il reasonable:un rational:ir scrupulous:un staple: non balance:im legalize:il写出下列单词中前缀的意义:antecedent: before byproduct: near apocope: off enclose: in endobiotic: inside epitaph: outside expire: out foretell: before hypocrite: beneath include: in infrared: under intercede: between: intramural: within introspect: into outbid: exceeding overwork: beyond postgraduate: after precede: before proceed: forward retrospect:back subscribe: below superman: above supramundane: beyond transmit: across ultraconservatism: extreme以所列的单词为第一个成分,根据定义写出复合名词(A)green: 1.a stretch of land,round a town,where building is not allowed,so that fields woods,etc,remain:greenbelt 2.a shop-keeper who sells vegetables and fruit:greengrocer3.a young,inexperienced person,especially male,who is easily cheated: greenhorn4.a room in a theatre or concert hall where actors musicians,etc.,can rest when not performing :greenroom(B)hand: 1.a small bag for a woman to carry her money and personal things in: handbag2.a short book giving all the most important information about a subject: handbook3.an apparatus that stops a vehicle,worked by the driver’s hand: handbreak4.a bar of wood or metal fixed beside a place where one walks for holding onto,especially near stairs: handrail(C)after:1.The care or treatment to someone after a period in hospital,prison,etc: aftercare 2.an effect (usually unpleasant) that follows some time after the cause or after the main effect: aftereffect 3.a taste that stays in the mouth after the food that caused it in no longer there : aftertaste 4.an idea that comes later: afterthought (D)sleeping: 1a large thick envelope or bag of warm material for sleeping in when camping:sleeping bag 2a railway carriage with beds for passengers:sleeping car3a pill which helps a person to sleep:sleeping pill4.a partner in a business who takes no active part in its operation: sleeping partner (E) running :1. a person with whom another is running for a pair of political positions of greater or less importance,especially those of President and vice-Prisident: running mate 2. handwriting in which the letters are slanted and the words formed without lifting the pen : running hand 3.a headline repeated on consecutive pages (as of a book):running head 4.a footboard especially at the side of an automobile: running board(F)wash: 1.a large fixed basin for water for washing one’s hands and face: washbasin2.a movable board with a wavy surface against which clothes may be rubbed when washing: washboard3.a woman whose job is to wash clothes,often in her own home:washerwoman4.a cloth that is used for washing one’s face and body : washcloth (G)sun:1.the condition of having sore skin after experiencing the effects of strong sunlight:sunburn 2a flash of sunlight,especially through a break in clouds: sunburst3.the time when the sun is seen to disappear as night begins:sunset4.strong sunlight,as when there are no clouds:sunshine(H)break:1.aa sudden failure in operation:breakdown2.the unlawful cantering of a building,using force : break-in3.the action of forcing a way through the enemy: breakthrough4.a division int smaller parts:breakup(I)out:1.sudden appearance or beginning of something bad:outbreak2.a public show of anger:outcry3.money spent for a purpose :outlay4.a way through which something (usually a liquid or a gas )may go out: outlet将下列复合动词译成汉语Blue-pencil:修改,校正cold-shoulder:冷淡court-martial:对...进行军法审判Handcuff:将...上手铐pitch-fork:骤然;把...塞进sandbag:用沙袋阻塞Shipwreck:船只失事short-circuit:使短路snowball:(滚雪球似的)增长Wisecrack:说俏皮话找出下列句子中由名词转化的动词(答案为黑体字的原形)1.A shy,frightened child…”Name the Czar of Russia”2.At once the villagers formed a circle…3.Agamermnon with the rest of the Greek army sailed away..4.Almost before the Trojans could arm themselves..5.I began to see… would expect a large purse stuffed with..6.A few years ago the landlady locked the front7.An upstairs…,questioned the men and …8.The children headed toward school…9.Like the…,branching out…10.An hour went by and darkness still shrouded…11.They boarded boats12.The day-to-day…hard to measure,13.,smog results14.There are a few success stories in battling air…15.Pollution can be trapped before16.If nations traded item17.She’s the one who’s sapped your confidence.18.…,fairly well dressed but19.The young… by pocketing the money.20.But the preparation … to flake off even…形容词转动词(答案为黑体字的原形)1.Calming d own,…2.Such was Pompeii … has been cleared away.3.Houses and clothes must be cleaned more frequently4.…”helped raise the standard of living and lower the standard of air”5.…There his father opened a business…6.The Academy of Science was closed to him7.…to rise are cooled and…8.He emptied out…9.…,and it took half an hour to free him10.The wet clothes will soon dry in the sun.动词转名词(答案为黑体字的原形)1.Why is thisenormous increase in population …to the spread of the …2.…came to the aid of the surgeon…3.I know my friends from the feel of their faces.4.…personalities by touch5.…,between serves6.…of his slow grins7.…an appealing look.8.…has given rise to these…9.…as if it were a chew of tobacco.10.…get rid of Rex.写出下列报刊标题中使用的截短词的全称 auto workers end strike.(automobile)2.Soviet sub off Japan.(submarine)3.Palestinian demos mark massacres.(demonstrations):first use of nuke weapons not unlawful.(nuclear)5.Viet troops suffer setback in Kampuchea.(Vietnamese)6.Iran asks for into on stolen gems.(information)7.Petrochemical Corp builds 42 banks.(corporation)8.Rural-credit co-ops to get more autonomy.(cooperatives)9.W Europe acts to meet high-tech challenge.(high-technology)10.Setback for governing parties in Euro vote.(European)写出下列首字母拼音词的全称并译成汉语1.AIM: Air Intercept Missile 空中截击导弹2.BADGE: Base Air Defence Ground Environment 基地防空地面警备系统3.BAR: Browning Automatic Rifle 勃朗宁自动步枪4.CAR: Civil Air Regulations 民航条例5.CORE: Congress of Racial Equality 争取权平等大会6.DOP: developing-out paper 相纸7.FIA T: Fabbrica Italiana Automobili 菲亚特汽车公司8.MAP: Military Aid Program 军事援助计划9.MOSS: manned orbital space station 在人轨道空站10.MOUSE: minimum orbital unmanned satellite the earth 不载人的最小地球卫星11.NANA: North America Newspaper Alliance 北美报业联盟12.NA TO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织13.OPEC;Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织14.SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks限制战略武器会谈15.SAM: surface-to-air missile 地对空导弹16.SEA TO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organizaion 东南亚条约组织17.SHAPE: Supreme Head quarters of Allied Powers in Europe 欧洲盟军最高司令部18.UFO :Unidentified Flying Object 不明飞行物19.Vera: Vision electronic recording apparatus 电子录像机20.Zip: Zone improvement plan 邮政编码制度写出下列复合动词是什么词逆生而来1.globe-trot:globe-trotter2..brainwash:brainwashing3.ghost-write:ghost-writer4.sleep-walk:sleep-walker5.spoon-feed:spoon-fed6.air-condition:air-conditioning7.book-keep:book-keeper 8.browbeat:browbeating9..caretake:caretaker 10.gatecrash:gatecrasher11.housebreak:housebreaker 12.housekeep:housekeeper13.mass-produce:mass-production 14.muckrake:muckraker15.proof-read:proof-reading 16.sightsee:sightseeing17.stage-manage:stage-manager 18.merry-make:merry-making19.street-walk:street-walker 20.window-shop:window-shopping下列概念意义可以用什么英语单词确切的表达出来:A.1.to walk laboriously,with effort:pold,trudge2.to walk like a duck:waddle3.to walk in a pompous or affected manner:struct4.to slide and drag the feet:stagger5.to walk in a loose,ungainly way:slouch6.to walk with long steps:stride7.to walk affectedly with short steps:mince8.to walk slowly,wasting time:dawdle9.to walk as if wearing slippers:shuffle10.to walk in a busy,active way:hustleB.1.to speak in a slow,prolonged manner:drawl2.to make involuntary breaks in utterance:stammer3.to express displeasure with compressed lips:mutter4.to talk rapidly,making inarticulate sounds:gabble5.to pronounce the sibilant letter imperfectly:lisp6.to have a friendly talk about family things:chat,yarn7.to spread idle gossipe:tattle8.to talk on and an about trifling,childish things:prattle9.to speak with contempt:sneer10.to speak fanatically:rave根据下列动物的属性,指出他们的象征意义:1.ant:frugality and provision2.ape:uncleanness,malice,lust3.bat:blindness4.bear:ill—temper5.bee:industey6.bull:strength7.calf:lumpshness 8.camel:submission9.cat:deceit 10.cock:vigilance11.crocodile:hypocrisy 12.crow:longevity13.dog:fidelity 14.dove:innocence15.eagle:majesty 16.elephant:sagacity17fly:feebleness 18.fox:cunning19goose:conceit 20.hare:timidity下列名词都来自古英语,写出与下列名词对应的源拉丁语的形容词:1.brother:fraternal2.Cat:feline3.child:puerile4.daughter:filial5.day:diurnal6.dog:canine7.ear:auricular 8.earth:terrestrial 9.egg:oval10.eye:ocular 11.father:paternal 12.fire:igneous13.foe:hostile 14.fox:vulpine 15.friend:amicable16.hand:manual 17.head:capital 18.heart:cordial19.heaven:celestial 20.horse:equine 21.husband:marital22.kidney:renal 23.knight:equestrian 24.life:vital25.light:lucid 26.lip:labial 27.man:humank:lactic 29.mind:mental 30.moon:lunar31.mother:maternal 32.mouth:oral :nominal34.night:nocturnal 35.nose:nasal 36.ox:bovine37.room:spacious 38.sea:marine 39. sheep:ovine40.sight:visible 41.skin:cutaneous 42.son:filial43.spring:vernal 44.stream:fluvial 45.star:stellar46.sun:solar 47.time:temporal 48.tongue:lingual49.tooth:dental 50.town:urban 51.tree:arboreal52.truth:veracious 53.war:bellicose 54.water:aqueous55.wife:conjugal 56.world:mundane 57.worm:vermicular58.woman:feminine 59.youth:juvenile 60.book:literaey选择适当的单词填入句子1.He waited with( bated) breath.2.The brother and sister are both (blondes).3.There is a (break)in the clouds.4.Her (bridal) grown was trimmed with lace.5.A (pedal) of the bicycle fell off.6.Cromwell (reigned) over England like a king.7.The wreckers began to (raze) the building.8.Although we watched carefully,the guard remained (stationary) for one hour.9.Edgar cannot sail until he has a full (complement) of men for hiscrew,and …..10.Eric was a tireless scholar,he would (pore)over his books without a breakuntil….将下列各组词分别填入句子A 1 .John’nature was so (sanguine) that we all felt cheered up….2. The battle was so (sanguinary) that hardly a combatant …...B 1. We could not have a worse judge than the one we had,he wascompletely (uninterested) in the case and …..2. We could not have a better judge than Judge Blandford; he wasfriendly,knowledgeable,and above all completely (disinterested).C 1. Although we played them on even terms for the first half,the second halfwas a (rout). 2. To get to our cottage you follow (route)….D 1. The (official) in charge of the game…2. Time was so (officious)in his new job…..E 1. The dress was made of synthetic ( material).2. The general needs more troops and (materiel).F 1. The (moral) of the story….2. The (morale) of our troops is high.G 1. All men are (fallible).2.The argument,convincing ……..to be (fallacious).H 1. Some say Shakespeare takes (precedence) over all ….2. There was no (precedent)for the granting of a ….I 1. John,who was sulle n and (taciturn) by nature,found that ….2. They arrived at a (tacit) agreement.J 1.The building plans are (impracticable).2.My husband …..,but he is so (unpractical)that he cannot …用英语解释下列句子中help 及其派生词的意义1.If you want to lose some weight,Jim,you must start avoiding second helpings.(secondservings)2.“God help me !”he murmured…..(protest)3.He gave us a helping hand when we were in trouble.(i.e.he helped us)4. Yes,I know he’s a rascal,but I can’t help liking him.( i.e.I can’t but like him)5.Did you have any help from anyone with …..(assistance)6.Don’t be away longer than you can help.(avoid)7.I do think you could have been a bit more helpful .(ready or willing to assist)8.“Help!Help! I’m drowning !”(Save me)9.I am very sorry but I can’t help it .( i.e.I can’t do otherwise)10. Can I help you in any way ?(assist you)11. We are a bit hard up this month,my dear,so don’t spend more than you canhelp .(avoid)12. Give me only a very small helping,please.(serving)13. I’m telling you the truth,so help me God!( i.e.May God punish me if I am not !)14.We’re awfully sorry that we were giggling –but we couldn’t help it .( i.e.do anything tostop it )15.Would you help me to carry this suitcase,please?(assist)16.Would you help me to some potatoes,please ?( i.e.serve me with)17.Your liver is not in a very good condition …….if I could help it .(avoid)18.Your presence was extremely helpful,…(i.e.it gave great assistance)19.The helping you gave me would have fed a football team !(serving)20.The whisky is on the table…Help yourself.( i.e.Take what you want,when you want it )写出下列各组同义词的共同基本意义1Sorrow,grief,anguish …..(distress of mind )2Bad,evil,wicked,…(not ethically acceptable )3Regard,respect ,esteem …(to recognize the worth of a person or thing )4Disprove,refute, confute…(to show or try to show by presenting evidence thar somethingis not true)5.Incline,bias,dispose …(to influence one to have or take an attitude toward something )6.Level,flat,plane …(having a surface without bends,curves or irregularities )7.Generous,liberal,liberate,….(giving freely and unstingily)8.Free,release,liberate, …(to loose from constraint or restraint )9.Frank,candid,open…(show willingness to say what one things or feels)10Envious,jealous (begrudging another’s possession of something )11Assert,declare,affirm,protest …(to state or put forward positively,usually inanticipation of or in the face denial or objection )12. Aggressive,militant,assertive…(conspicuously or obtrusively active or energetic )13.Agile,polite….(acting or moving with easy alacrity)14.Civil,polite,gallant …(observant of forms required by good breeding )15.V ociferous,clamorous,blatant,…(so loud or insistent as to compel attention)16.Bear,suffer,endure …(to put up with something trying or painful )17.Decrease,lessen,diminish…(to grow or make less )18.Heritage,inheritance,patrimony…(something received from a parent orpredecessor)19.Keep retain,detain ..(to hold in one’s possession or under one’s control)20.Bare,naked nude …(deprived of naturally or conventionally appropriate covering)指出并改正误用词语1.The convict paced within the ….(confound) 应改为(confines)2.I remember the name,but …..(replace )…(recall)3.His antisocial behaviour results from lack of…..(formidable)… (formative)4.When I grow up I want to be a…..(pronouncer)…(announcer)5.He left enough leave-way for ….(leave-way)…(leeway)6.The flagrance of her….(flagrance)…(fragrance)7.I found the Oriental dishes….(palpable) …(palatable)8.The corpse had been so dissected over….(dissected)…(dislocated)9.The colonel’s appearance was so marital with….(marital )…(martial)10.Our elementary needs were planned for…..(elementary)..(alimentary)11.It is hoped that this course will enlarge….(perimeter)…(parameter)12.If we look long enough in this material we…(statue)…(statute)13.He desserted his friends just wh en they needed him .(desserted)…(deserted)14.Kurt had been innocuous against influenza,but he….(innocuous)…(inoculated)15.Eric was so ingenuous about household….(ingenuous)..(ingenious)16.The dinosaurs may have been unable to adopt…(adopt)…(adapt)17.After their brief alteration they shook hands,…(alteration )..(altercation)18.The game came to a climatic finish with …(climatic)…(climactic)19.The mountain lions are all extant in the mountains; not….(extant)…(extinct)20.Mother’s dreams were irreverent to the …(irreverent)..(irrelevant)用否定前缀写出下列单词的反义词1arm:disarm 2.honour:dishonor 3.join:disjoin 4.legible:illegible5.legitimate:illegitimate6.mature:immature7.moderate:immoderate8.fertile:infertile9.sanitary:insanitary 10.resolute:irresolute 11.reverent:irreverent 12.trust:mistrust13.fit:misfit 14.understand:misunderstand 15.adjacent:nonadjacent16.existence:nonexistence 17.alliance:non-alliance 18.conscious:unconscious19.intelligence:unintelligent 20.symmetrical:unsymmetrical找出下列各组同义词相应的反义词A1.fast(slow) 2.rapid(leisurely) 3quick(sluggish) 4.hasty (deliberate) 5.speedy(dilatory)B. 1.beautiful (ugly) 2.pretty (plain) 3.fair (foul) 4.lovely (unlovely)C. e (go) 2.arrive (depart) 3 .reach (leave ) 4 .gain (lose )D.1.happiness (misery) 2.joy (sorrow) 3.delight(distress) 4.enjoyment (suffering)下列各词都经历了词义范围的变化,a演变前b演变后,判断词义是扩大还是缩小;1.starve 缩小 a.to die b.die or suffer acute ly from hunger2.person 缩小 a.person b.paster3.box 扩大 a.containter made of boxwood b.container in general4.beef 缩小 a.ox b.meat of the ox5.citizen 扩大 a.city b.inhabitant of state or nation6.voyage 缩小 a.journey b.journey by waterl 扩大 a.place for grinding b.place for milking things8.frock 扩大 a.garment of a monk b.various kinds of garments9.dismantle扩大 a.to strip of dress or mantle b.to strip of furniture or equipment10.campus 缩小 a.field b.grounds of a college11.operate 缩小 a.to perform any operation b.to performance a surgical operation12.charge 扩大 a.load;burden b.task; responsibility,price,etc.13.drowse 缩小 a.to sink b.to sink into sleepyman 扩大 a.one who is not of clergy b.one who is not an expert15.ferry 缩小 a.to carry b.to transport across a river16.chant 缩小 a.to sing b.to intone17.butcher 扩大 a.one who kills he-goats b.one who kills animals for food18.chamber扩大 a.room b.room; legislative body,etc.19.hound 缩小 a.dog b.hunting dog20.tail 扩大 a.hairy caudal appendage of an animal b.anything like an animal’s tail in form or position现代英语中专门术语进入日常生活并扩大了词义,找出与下列术语对应的一般意义1.alibi excuse2.scenario description of a possible3.charismatic having popular appealpulsive habitual5.catalyst any stimulus in hastening a result6.ambiance quality,feeling,etc.of a place7.osmosis subtle or gradual absorption or mingling8.psychology mental processes9.syndrome distinctive or characteristic patern of behaviour10.subliminal of which one is not consciously aware11.parameter determining factor .characteristic12.philosophy practical opinion or body of opinionsplex obsession of any kind14.schizophrenia any mental or emotional disorder15.interface connection16.neurotic nervous,eccentric,given to worry17.sadism cruelty18.bottom line conclusion,clincher19.paradigm typical example of sth20.exhibitionism showing off下列词经历了词义褒贬的变化,a和b是演变前后的词义,判断是褒义化还是贬义化1.sturdy 褒 a.stern stubborn reckless b.stout vigorous firm2.reek 贬 a.smoke b.stink3.counterfeit 贬 a.to copy to reproduce b.to imitate with intent to deceive4.fame 褒 a.rumour report b.celebrity renown5.mischievous 褒 a.disastrous b.playfully annoying6.civil 褒 a.of itizens b.cultured; courteous7.smirk 贬 a.smile b.simper8.glamour 褒 a.spell; enchantment b.attractiveness;allure9.busybody 贬 a.busy person b.officious and meddlesome person10.churl 贬 a.freeman b.boor; niggard11.luxury 褒 a.lust b.sumptuousness12.err 贬 a.wander b.go astray13.chiffon 褒 a.rag b.sheer fabric of silk,etc.14.brook 贬 a.to enjoy ; to make use of b.to endure; to tolerate15.elocution 贬 a.style of speaking b.studied or artificial style of speaking16.fair 贬 a.beautiful;pleasant b.moderate ; tolerable17.sergeant褒 a.servant b.non-commissioned officer18.dizzy 褒 a.foolish b.vertiginous19.inquisition贬 a.investigation b.persecution20.sophisticated 褒 a.overly complex or refined b.sufficiently complex or knowing 动物名称比喻人,还可转化为动词描绘人的动作,说明下列词的隐喻意义A.动物名词1.bull 粗壮的男子2.butterfly 举止轻浮的人(尤指妇女)3.cat 刁钻或居心叵测的女子4.dove 温柔或纯真的妇女,儿童;鸽派(美国)5.goose 傻瓜6.hawk 掠夺成性的人;骗子;鹰派(美国)7.jackal 为虎作伥的人;狗腿子mb 温顺的人;小宝贝9.lion 勇猛异常的男人10.magpie 喋喋不休的人11.mule 执拗或顽固的人12.phoenix 超群出众的人13.pig 肮脏或贪吃的人;警察猪猡14.puss 少女或小姑娘15.serpent 阴险的毒辣的人16.sheep 忸怩,温驯或胆小的人17.skunk 卑鄙可恶的人18.sucker 容易上当受骗的人19.swine 下流坯;鄙俗的人20.vixen 泼妇B.动物名称转化为动词 1.to crow over 洋洋自得 2.to ferret 搜索3.to fish for 探求;绕弯打听4.to gull 欺骗,使人上当5.to hound 追逐逼迫6.to monkey 胡闹;嘲弄;模仿7.to parrot 机械仿效,随声附和8.to rat 变节,告密9.to shark 诈骗.勒索10.to snake 蜿蜒前进;拖曳隐喻的基础是形状,功能,褒贬的类似,据此区别以下斜体词语属哪种类型1.the tail of a procession 形状2.a ray of hope 功能3.a wolf in sheep’s clothing 贬义4.an early bird 褒义5.piercing sound 功能6.a flight of fancy 功能7.the cup of the valley 形状8.crocodile tears 贬义9.forks of the road 形状10.to rivet one’s gaze 形状11.golden hours 褒义12.a saddle in the mountains 形状13.loud colours 功能14.stony politeness 贬义15.the mantle of darkness 功能16.Richad the Lion-Heart 褒义17.torments of jealousy 功能18.the ribs of vault 形状19.a watery style of writing 贬义20.skyrocketing prices 形状21.the book of time 功能22.a loan shark 贬义23.to bridle one’s anger 功能24.a smart invention 褒义25.the head of the school 功能26.to dive into a book 形状27.to lend wings to someone 功能28.a mere wisp of a girl 形状29.the lungs of a city 形状30.an unlicked cub 贬义提喻是局部和整体之间的替代.判断下列A组各词和B组中的黑体词是局部喻整体(1)还是整体喻局部(2)所喻意义A1.head cattle 12.redbreast robin 13.corn maize 24.roof house or home 15.cattle cows 26.wheels automobiles 17.blade sword 18.cutthroat murderer 19.the smiling year spring 210.hard tails mules 111.to dial to telephone 112.fox/beaver the fur of the animal 2B. 1.a motor trip/the motor industry 12.meat and drink 13.a mink coat 24.a basket of provisions 25.to have a word with someone 16.to tread a measure 27.All hands on deck! 18.The law was there in force. 2写出下面委婉用语所代替的词1.to refresh oneself: to eat2.deranged: mad3.necropolis: cemetery4.perspiration: sweat5.unwise: foolish6.expectorate: spit7.indigestion : overeating 8.inexpressibles: trousers9nether garments: pants 10.loan-office: pawnshop11.non-whites :blacks 12.in an interesting condition: pregnant13public comfort station :toilet 14.deuce: devil15Golly : God d: Lord17prevaricate : lie id to rest: buried19paying-guests: tenants 20.to be no more: to die简化下列复合名词并译成汉语1.banner headline:banner头号标题2.howler hat:bowler 圆顶大礼帽3.crepe paper:crepe绉织物(如绉绸、绉布等)4.dandy-cart:dandy 二轮小车5.duck egg:duck 零分6.flashback:flash倒叙7.hoarfrost:hoar 白霜8.human being:human 人9.jacquard loom:jacquard 提花机10.jockstrap:jock(运动员等用的)下身护体11.porter’s knot:knot 垫肩12.kraft paper:kraft牛皮纸13.turning-lathe:lathe 车床14.poet laureate:laureate桂冠诗人15.eyelid:lid 眼睑16.linen paper:linen 亚麻纸17.road metal:metal 碎石料18.smelling salts:salts嗅盐19.sapwood:sap 白木质20.Teddy boy:Teddy 无赖青年指出各对同义词的本族语词1.beak-bill2.break-sever3.feed-nourish4.amity-friendship5.prevent-hinder6.begin-commence7.womanly-feminine 8.wet-humid9.solitary-lonely10.people-folk11.deep-profound 12.exterior-outer13.cordial-hearty14.dale-valley15.have-possess 16.conceal-hid e17deed-action 18.holy-sacred19.give-present 20.aid-help21.inner-interior 22.deadly-mortal23.motherly-maternal 24.question-ask25.masculine-manly26.buy-purchase27.thin-tenuous 28.earthly-terrestrial29.royal-kingly30.fatherly-paternal31violin-fiddle32.domestic-homely33.mount-rise34.world-universe35.answer-reply 36.celestial-heavenly37.vivacious-lively38.bodily-corporal39.brotherhood-fraternity 40.aqueous-watery英译汉 1.Chinese cabbage白菜 2.chinese spinach菠菜3.Chinese date 枣子4.Chinese eddo芋头5.Chinese gooseberry 猕猴桃6.Chinese oil桐油7.Chinese goose 鸿雁8.Chinese wall长城9.Chinese block 木鱼10.Chinese boxes套盒11.Chinese ink 墨12.Chinese puzzle七巧板13.Chinese red 橙红色14.Chinese lantern灯笼15.Chinese chequers 跳棋16.Chinese calendar农历17.Chinese herbal medicine中草药18.Chinese restaurant syndrome中国餐厅综合症将下列科学术语译成汉语:1、aerotrain:飞行火车 2.artificial intelligence:人工智能3.astrobiology:太空生物学4.barratrics:肥胖症治疗法5.callositics:遗传分类学6.cogeneration:废热发电7.cosmodon:太空站8.cryonics:人体冷冻学9.cytoecology:细胞生态学10.datamation:自动化数据处理11.dysgenesis:发育不良12.ecosphere:生态层13.euphenics:优种学14.exocrinology:外分泌学15.fetology:胎儿学16.fibre optics:纤维光学17.hard science:硬科学(指自然科学) 18.inertia welding:惯性焊接rmation retrieval:信息检索unch vehicle:运载火箭21.linear algebra:线性代数22.macroinstruction:宏观指令23.marsquake:火星地震24.microprocessor:微型电脑25.neonatology:新生儿生理学26.nerve agent:神经毒剂27.oncogenicity:致癌性28.parameter:参数,参量29.photobotany:光植物学30.planetology:行星学31.plasma physics:等离子物理学32.quantum chemistry:量子化学33.retro-rocketry:制动火箭学34.revascularization:换血管术35.saucerman:外太空人36.sealab:海底实验室37.selenodesy:月面测量学38.test-tube baby:试管婴儿39.thermal breeder-reactor:热增殖反应堆40.videophone:电视电话将下列新复合词译成汉语:1.after-sale service:售后服务2.apartment complex:公寓建筑群3.arm wrestling:扳手腕4.bad-mouth:恶意中伤5.bait-and switch:“上钩掉包”诱售法的6.beam weapon:激光束武器7.bed-in:露宿示威8.body language:身势语9.bubble top:(汽车)透明防弹圆罩10.buzz word:时髦词语11.convenient food:方便食品12.cruise missile:巡航导弹13.cup-tied:参加优胜杯决赛的14.dark comedy:黑色喜剧15.data bank:数据库16.day-care:日托的17.diet pill:减肥丸18.dunk shot:篮球塞射(砸篮)19.family planning:计划生育20.flick-knife:弹簧折刀21.floor exercise:自由体操22.free-associate:自由联想23.happy hour:(酒吧)减价供应饮料的时间24.honey wagon:垃圾车25.hot-dog:太棒了26.man-on-man:(球赛)人盯人27.overhead walkway:行人大桥28.pop-top/ring pull:易拉罐29.pop wine:果味甜酒30.rent strike:集体抗租31.retort pouch:软装罐头32.shunpike:驾车走支路33.sick-out:集体托病怠工34.shinny-dip:裸泳35.sober-up:解酒的36.space talk:宇航术语37.spy-in-the-sky:侦查卫星38.talk show/chat show:名人现场采访节目39.value-added tax:增值税40.vanity surgery:美容外科将下列各词的英式拼写改为美式拼写:1.draught: draft2.plough: plow3.litre: liter4.offence: offense5.pyjamas: pajamas6.cheque: check7.flyer: flier 8.scepticism: skepticism 9.harbour:harbor10.ensure: insure 11.cosy: cozy 12.manoeuvre: maneuver13.civilise: civilize 14.anaemic: anemic 15.gaol:jail16.inflexion: inflection 17.moustache: mustache 18.oesophagus: esophagus19.queue: cue 20.shew: show将下列各词的英式拼写简化为美式拼写:1.counsellor:counselor2.remould: remold3.axe: ax4.cigarette: cigaret5.jewellery:jewelry6.omelette: omelet7.storey: story 8.good-bye: good-by 9.speciality: specialty10.towards: toward 11.waggon: wagon 12.catalogue: catalog13.aluminium: aluminum 14.levelled: leveled 15.moult:molt16.programme: program 17.judgement: judgment 18.licence: license19.amidst: amid 20.practice,practise: practice用一个英语单词代替下列成语:1.of one’s own accord: voluntarily2.exchange blows with: fight3.get away: escape4.on the nail: immediately5.play false: betray6.a slap in the face: insult7.in a body: collectively 8.make head or tail of: understand9.behind the times: unfashionable e across: discover11.under false colours: falsely 12.make away with: destroy13.from time to time: occasionally 14.call on :visit15.neither rhyme nor reason:nonsense 16.throw cold water on: discourage17.by the way: incidentally 18.by word of mouth: verbally19.lord and master: husband 20.behind closed doors: privately将下列名词性成语译成汉语:1.the ace of trumps:主要的王牌,最有力的理由或要据.2.an apple of discord:争端,祸根3.the apple of one’s eye:珍爱的人或东西4.a beast of burden:驮畜5.a bed of roses:称心如意个环境6.a bird of passage:候鸟,漂泊不定的人7.a fish out of water:不适应环境的人8.a Jack of all trades杂而不精的人9.the lion’s share:最大的一份10.a lion in the tongue:拦路虎(尤指臆想的危难)11.a slip of the tongue:口误12.a snake in the grass:隐患13.a wild goose chase:徒劳的搜索,无益的劳动14.a wet blanket:扫兴的人15.a white elephant:无用而累赘的东西16.a swan song:最后的作品17.sour grapes:酸葡萄18.an iron hand:高压手段19.the green-eyed monster:嫉妒20.a dog in the manger:占着茅坑不拉屎的人将下列隐喻成语的适当形式填入句子:1.The shopkeepers speak in slow,measured tones,and the buyers,overwhelmed by thesepulchral atmosphere, follow suit2.Neither does the river theory“hold water”,in the face of what is known about noduledistribution.3.What now seems to be in the air is a multilateral deal be tween the seven countries…..4.When they find who done that last night,who killed that kid an’its mother,thenhightailed it,they’ll throw the book,and never mind who it is……5.For the mighty army of consumers,the ultimate applications of the computer revolutionare still around the bend of a silicon circuit.6.More than 100 reporters were on hand,and even radio announcers,who for the first timein history were to broadcast a jury trial.7.The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer,and the trial gotunder way.8.P&O,for example,while still out to increase the total…But P&O has no intention ofthrowing in the towel.9.He was struggling with the clasps on his suitcase,and Pug gave him a hand.10.On our way back,every U-boat in the Atlantic will certainly be on battle alert.We shallhave to run the gamut.11.One night Churchill took the floor in the Augusta washroom after dinner,…….12.If,at some future date,it becomes the wish of our sister colonies to effect aseparation,we will not stand in the way .13.The fact that their marriage may be on the rocks,or that their love affairs have beenbroken or even that…14.The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scampered over their fields and,sincethat meat was cheap,the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it.15.Like me,they had been divorced from their origins,and it turned out to make very littledifference….they were mo more at home in Europe than I was.16.But what is Anna Karenina describing if not the tragic fate of the isolated individual,atodds with her time and place?17.The illicit jump we find here,on the threshold of the inquiry,is characteric of the …18.These people vote without a qualm for the political parties that quite sensibly-theircountry arm…to the teeth.19.Nowadays New Year is out of phase with American taste as often as it is out of stepwith American politics.20.The mother was on the verge of panic.She clutched his arm and kept repeating,…1、It may be objected that he is not sophisticated enough to mediate the disputebetween them.有人可能会提出异议说,他没有足够的本领能调解他们之间的纠纷。

给排水管道尺寸距墙距离

给排水管道尺寸距墙距离

不知道大家在刚开始记忆规范、图集的时候有没有觉得特别的费劲,这个尺寸,那个数值的,为了方便大家记忆管道距墙距离,给大家找了一些资料,做了下汇总!并都标明了出处了!有需要的收藏!1、管与管及与建筑构件之间的最小净距《建筑施工手册》第四版,缩印版,第1500页(网上可下载到,大约100Mb)或《水暖工长速查》第119页(杨磊主编化学工业出版社2010年7月第1版)管井管道:敷设在管井内的管道,管道表面(有防结露保温时按保温层表面计)与周围墙面的净距不宜小于50mm。

《建筑施工手册》第四版,缩印版,第1504页2、水暖管离墙距离水暖管离墙距离:标准图规定给水、热水、采暖管(DN15~DN32)中心起距墙表面50mm 为宜,DN40以上取60mm为宜。

因为距离过近,立管阀门安装不便,有时需要破坏墙面才能将阀门装上;距离过远则影响美观,且占用空间(其他管道也一样—清秋怀远)。

均采用管外皮距墙表面30mm;而对于排水管,由于打口所需,采用承口距墙表面50mm。

《给水排水及采暖工程现场施工处理方法与技巧》,第39页3、排水柔性接口铸铁管离墙距离当管道沿墙或墙角敷设时,应保证管道及附件的安装及检修距离,管道与墙体面层净距一般为40~60mm,管道及附件不得入墙,其卡箍与法兰压盖的螺栓位置应调整至墙(角)的外侧,以便于拧紧螺栓。

《排水柔性接口铸铁管技术规程》(DB11/T364-2006,北京地方标准,可在百度文库下载到),第6页4、立管管外皮距建筑装饰面的间距(mm)(明装给水立管)管径32以下32~50 65~100 125~150间距20~25 25~30 30~50 60《建筑给排水及采暖工程施工工艺标准》(DBJ/T61-38-2005)第42页;(此书为陕西地方标准,可在百度文库下载到)采暖干管距墙尺寸:供水干管沿内墙架空敷设,当管径<DB80时,供水干管距墙尺寸为150mm;当管径≥DB80时,供水干管距墙尺寸为180mm。

印刷拼版实用教程

印刷拼版实用教程

印刷拼版实用教程一、印刷品拼版专业术语1、出血印刷品印完后,为使成品外观整齐,必须将不整齐的边缘裁切掉。

裁掉的边缘一般需要留有一定的宽度,这个宽度就是“出血位”。

设计师在设计印刷品时,一般要在成品尺寸外留3mm(如有特殊要也可以多留“出血位”),以防止在成品裁切时裁少了露出纸色(白边),裁多了会切掉版面内容。

留出“出血位”,是设计师设计过程中必须要做的工作。

2、叼口印刷机印刷时叨纸的宽度叫做咬口,咬口部分是印不上内容的。

一般咬口尺寸为10mm-12mm。

在拼版过程中,对纸张大小与页面位置计算时,必须要考虑这个尺寸。

设置页面尺寸时加出咬口宽度。

3、切口宽度指成品图文区域到成品的装订边以外的其它各边的距离。

通常至少设置成与出血相同的尺寸。

例:“出血位”是3mm,则切口宽度至少为3mm。

4、订口订口指印刷成品的装订边。

订口宽度指图文区域到成品订边的距离。

一般无线胶订、骑马订时,订口宽度和翻口方向宽度是一样的。

如果装订方式为平订或胶订,由于装订时要占有一定的宽度,订口宽度应比切口宽度宽一点。

这样,成品两边的空白位置就会一致。

5、贴配页成书时,一张纸(不论大小)上的所有面码组成一帖。

(俗称带)6、裁切线裁切线是成品切边时的指示线。

7、图边线图边线指有效印刷面积的指示线。

8、中线中线是印刷品的水平、垂直等分线,中线可用来在正反印刷时作为正面、反面套印对位用,也可用来在第一色印刷时对印版定位以及后面印色的印版定位用。

9、轮廓线一般用作模切线,是包装容器的后加工方式之一。

10、印张一张印有很多页面的纸张叫一个印张,纸张常用4页、8页、12页、16页、32页、48页等规格印刷,即一张纸上有4页、8页、12页、16页、32页、48页等规格印刷,即一张纸上有4P、8P、12P等(P即为英文Page的缩写)。

11 、套准线3毫米为标准,不同的印刷机械和操作人员,可以适当减少。

同时,右左两侧套准位为重点,咬口一侧甚至可省略。

(完整版)空白九宫格本打印版

(完整版)空白九宫格本打印版

(完整版)空白九宫格本打印版简介
本文档提供了一份空白九宫格本的完整版打印版。

九宫格本是一种用于记录和整理信息的常用工具,可以帮助用户规划、组织和跟踪任务、项目和其他类型的活动。

使用方法
2. 使用打印机将文档打印出来。

3. 您可以根据需要决定打印的份数,建议在开始使用前先打印几张测试。

4. 使用铅笔或钢笔填写所需的信息。

5. 根据任务或项目的不同,您可以使用不同的颜色或符号来区分不同的内容和优先级。

6. 您可以随时添加、修改或删除内容,保持九宫格本的最新状态。

7. 尽量保持九宫格本的整洁和清晰,以便更好地使用和阅读。

注意事项
- 请确保您使用的打印设备正常工作,以获得清晰的打印效果。

- 当您不需要使用九宫格本时,请妥善保存,以便下次使用。

- 本打印版的空白九宫格本仅供个人使用,未经许可请勿用于
商业用途。

结论
如有任何问题或需进一步了解,请随时联系我们。

谢谢!。

拼版和印刷输出注意事项

拼版和印刷输出注意事项

晒版:菲林在晒版时,晒版时间的长短对颜色将产生少许变化。晒版时间 越长,则网点越小,颜色越浅;时间越短,颜色越深; 印刷调墨:印刷机可以控制油墨的浓稀和用量,可以微量调节颜色; 油墨:不同品牌的油墨颜色有轻微差别; 过胶:过光胶颜色发深,过哑胶颜色变浅。 出穴:普通印刷品出穴为3mm,包装类因其用纸普遍较厚如果纸张有多余出 穴为5mm,如用纸紧张3mm也可。 还要注意的几个方面: 印刷机能印刷的最大面积和最大的用纸面积; 所用纸张尺寸; 页面之间的间距。
单击此处添加大标题内容
一般胶印机的叨口为1厘米,所以左右翻能保证印刷成品按正常大小走,而上下自翻版因为需占用 两边共2厘米叨口,所以成品规格要小一些,这是在设计制作时必需要注意的。 例如一个16K印刷品,它的成品要求为210×285cm,加出血后为216×291 cm,拼成4K版为432×582 cm,而4K纸的最大开料尺寸为444×595 cm,从而看出拼成左右4K版后再加上1厘米出穴没有超出纸 张尺寸,可以正常印刷。而一个长条8K印刷品,如果它的成品要求为210×570 cm,加出血后为 216×576 cm,拼成上下自翻4K版为432×576 cm,如果再加上两边叨口共2厘米,以超出4K纸的最 大开料尺寸为444×595 cm,所以不能印刷,这就要求我们在设计制作时要同客户讲清楚后,通过 缩小成品尺寸和出血位才能达到印刷要求;如果拼对开版就没有这种情况发生。
文中图片的模式必须 为CMYK模式,精度最 少为300*300dpi/像素 /英寸。
检查出版物中文字是 否为四色字,如果是, 将其改为单色100%黑。
如采用pagemaker、维 思、方正书版、 Illustrator,必须将 其链接图片文件和原 文件一并拷贝。
photoshop文件最好为psd(未合并层)的文件,以方便修改。 字体最好采用常用字体,如方正、文鼎。尽量不使用少见字体。如已使用, coreldraw和Illustrator先将文字转换为曲线(outline)方式,就可避免因 输出中心无此种字体而无法输出的问题。如有补字文件,必须将补字文件一 并拷贝。 明确告之输出中心印刷物的成品尺寸、印量、印刷用纸等,以方便拼版以及 挂网。 如两页内容相同,只是黑色文字部分不同(经常碰到),那么只需输出第一 页的CMYK四色,以及第二页的K色即可,免得浪费,又省钱。如果只有两色 (如红黑)并且印刷要求并不高,只需将其在一色版内同时输出,并不需要 分成二张。

《开拓开采(煤矿开采学)》期末考试巷道布置图-【缩印8版】

单一煤层采区巷道布置
1、采区运输石门;
2、采区回风石门;
3、采区下部车场;
4、轨道上山;
5、运输上山;
6、上部车场;7,7’、中部车场;8,8’,10、区段回风巷;9,9’、区段运输巷;11、联络巷;12、采区煤仓;13、采区变电所;14、绞车房;15、局部通风机
1.岩石运输大巷;
2.岩石回风大巷;
3.采区下部车场;
4.运输上山;
5.轨道上山;
6.采上车;
7.甩车场;
8.区段回风石门;
9.区段轨道集中平巷;10.区段运输集中平巷;11.联络斜巷;12.溜煤眼;13.回风小石门;14.上分层运输平巷;15.上分层回风平巷;16.采区变电所;17.绞车房;18.区段溜煤眼;19.采区煤仓;20.中分层运输平巷;21.中分层回风平巷;22.行人联络巷
运煤系统工作面---上分层运输平巷14(中分层运输平巷20)-----溜煤眼12----区段运输集中平巷10------区段溜煤眼18----运输上山4------采区煤仓19-----岩石运输大巷1。

缩印操作方法大学生

缩印操作方法大学生
缩印是一种将较大的纸张缩小到适合的尺寸的技术。

通常,大学生在需要打印较大尺寸的文件时,可以通过以下步骤进行缩印操作:
1. 打开文件:使用计算机上的打印软件(例如Adobe Acrobat)打开需要缩印的文件。

2. 调整打印尺寸:在打印设置中选择“页面设置”或类似选项,找到“缩放”或“尺寸”选项。

根据需要缩印的比例,选择合适的百分比。

一般来说,选择50%或自定义百分比是较常见的。

3. 预览页面:在页面设置中,可以预览缩印后的页面效果。

确保页面的内容仍然清晰可读。

4. 选择打印机和纸张:在打印设置中选择打印机,并确认纸张类型和大小。

5. 打印文件:点击“打印”按钮,开始进行缩印打印。

注意事项:
- 缩印之前,请确保文件的字体和图像足够清晰,否则缩印后可能会无法辨认。

- 由于缩印会将较大的内容缩小到较小的纸张上,可能会导致字体变小或细节丢失。

请在打印之前预览页面效果,以确保内容仍然可读。

- 如果需要在多张纸上缩印一个大幅面或海报,可以使用打印机设置中的“拼贴”选项,将图像分割成多个部分打印,然后将它们拼合起来。

综上所述,大学生在需要进行缩印操作时,可以通过打印软件的页面设置来选择适合的缩印比例,并确保内容清晰可读,然后选择合适的打印机和纸张进行打印。

印刷及宣传品印制报价单

印刷及宣传品印制报价单尊敬的客户您好非常感谢您对我们公司的关注和支持。

根据您的要求,我们特别为您提供以下的印刷及宣传品印制报价单。

1.印刷品印制部分:1.1传单/宣传册印刷:-80g双胶纸,四色印刷,单面A4大小,无覆膜:每张0.2元;-105g双胶纸,四色印刷,单面A4大小,无覆膜:每张0.25元;-128g双胶纸,四色印刷,单面A4大小,无覆膜:每张0.3元。

1.2海报印刷:-200g铜版纸,四色印刷,单面A2大小,无覆膜:每张1.5元;-157g双胶纸,四色印刷,单面A2大小,无覆膜:每张1.2元;-128g双胶纸,四色印刷,单面A2大小,无覆膜:每张1元。

1.3名片印刷:-300g双胶纸,彩色印刷,双面,标准尺寸:每张0.1元;-250g双胶纸,彩色印刷,双面,标准尺寸:每张0.08元;-200g双胶纸,彩色印刷,双面,标准尺寸:每张0.06元。

2.宣传品制作部分:2.1画册制作:-32开(A4)尺寸,铜版纸,四色印刷,胶贴装订,300g封面,157g内页:每本12元;-32开(A4)尺寸,铜版纸,四色印刷,胶贴装订,250g封面,128g内页:每本10元;-32开(A4)尺寸,铜版纸,四色印刷,胶贴装订,200g封面,105g内页:每本8元。

2.2报纸制作:- 16开(A3)尺寸,标准新闻纸,黑白印刷,saddle stitch装订:每本2元;- 16开(A3)尺寸,标准新闻纸,彩色印刷,perfect bound装订:每本3元;-16开(A3)尺寸,标准新闻纸,彩色印刷,胶贴装订:每本2.5元。

此外,为确保印刷品和宣传品的质量,我们将提供以下服务:-免费的设计和排版服务,确保印刷品和宣传品的专业外观;-快速的交货时间,根据您的需求及时完成印刷及制作;-灵活的配送方式,可以根据您的需求选择合适的配送方式。

祝商祺!此致。

开本、拼数、页数、印张数、四因子关系及计算方法

开本、拼数、页数、印张数、四因子关系及计算方法开本、拼数、页数、印张数、四因子关系及计算方法2013-09-11 科印传媒《印刷技术》董文光【内容提要】笔者在进行书刊印制工艺设计时,发现书刊的“开本”“拼数”“页数”“印张数”等因子之间存在着一定的关联性,通过适当的数学公式计算,即可方便、快捷地确定出书刊的最佳拼版方式,遂成此文,欣然与广大印刷同仁共同学习和探讨。

书刊印制工艺的设计包括印前设计、制版(含最佳的拼版方式)、印刷和印后加工方法的确定;印刷用纸和装订材料的选择及用纸量的计算;设计合理有效的生产工艺流程;生产设备的选择;制作成本的核算等方面。

笔者在进行书刊印制工艺设计时,发现书刊的“开本”“拼数”“页数”“印张数”等因子之间存在着一定的关联性,通过适当的数学公式计算,即可方便、快捷地确定出书刊的最佳拼版方式,遂成此文,欣然与广大印刷同仁共同学习和探讨。

对术语的理解为便于读者更好地理解本文内容,笔者首先对文中所涉及到的几个与书刊印制相关的术语进行表述,并约定为作者本人对其的理解,这可能会与印刷行业相关术语和定义存在不同,但这仅代表作者个人观点。

1.开本指书刊幅面大小,即书刊的成品尺寸。

目前我国印刷行业常用的单张纸尺寸为787mm×1092mm和889mm×1194mm(有时也用 850mm×1168mm),并将前者纸幅系列的开本称之为小开本,如16开、32开、64开等;把后者纸幅系列的开本称之为大开本,如大16开、大32 开、大64开等;此外,异形开本的有24开、48开等。

近年来,国际开本(A4、A5、A6等)的图书所占比例日趋增大,笔者认为小开本图书的市场份额会不断缩小。

2.页数是指书刊内页总的页码数,包括白页等。

3.拼数是指一个或一组页面在对开纸、四开纸、八开纸正背面上拼版后重复出现的数量。

有1拼、2拼、4拼、8拼、16拼等。

1拼表示整版没有相同的页,2拼表示整版由2个(组)重复页面组成,以此类推。

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汽车设计复习资料---机械工业出版社一、名词解释(每小题3分,共21分)1、后备行程:锁环端面与齿轮结合齿端面的间隙。

2、悬架侧倾角刚度:弹簧上质量产生单位侧倾角时,悬架给车身的弹性恢复力矩。

3、侧倾轴线;在独立悬架中,汽车前部与后部侧倾中心的连线。

4、制动器效能:制动器在单位输入压力或力的作用下所输出的力或力矩。

8、临界转速:当传动轴的工作转速接近于其弯曲固有频率时,即出现共振现象,以致振幅急剧增加而引起传动轴折断时的转速。

1.汽车装载质量:在硬质良好路面上行驶时所允许的额定装载量。

对越野车是指越野行驶时或在土路上行驶时的额定装载量。

2. 轮胎负荷系数:轮胎最大静负荷与额定负荷值之比。

3. 螺旋角:是指锥齿轮节锥表面展开图上的齿形线任意一点A的切线与该点荷节锥顶点连线之间的夹角。

4. 悬架静挠度:fc是指汽车满载静止时,悬架上的载荷FW与此时悬架刚度C之比。

即fc=FW/C5. 离合器后备系数:离合器所能传递的最大静摩擦力矩与发动机最大转矩之比,β =Tc/Temax。

6.侧倾中心:在侧向力的作用下,车身在通过左、右车轮中心的横向平面内发生侧倾时,相对于地面的瞬时摆动中心。

7. 制动器比能量耗散率:单位衬片摩擦面积在单位时间内耗散的能量,e。

1.汽车整备质量:车上带有全部装备(包括随车工具、备胎等),加满燃料、水,但没有装货和载人时的整车质量。

2. 汽车质量系数:汽车装载质量与整车整备质量的比值, m0=me/m0。

3. 悬架动挠度:从满载静平衡位置开始,悬架压缩到结构允许的最大变形时,车轮中心相对车架(车身)的垂直位移fd。

4. 侧倾中心:在侧向力的作用下,车身在通过左、右车轮中心的横向平面内发生侧倾时,相对于地面的瞬时摆动中心。

5. 转向器传动间隙:是指各种转向器中传动副(如齿轮齿条式转向器的齿轮与齿条传动副;循环球式转向器的齿扇与齿条传动副)之间的间隙。

该间隙随转向盘转角的大小不同而改变,这种变化关系称为转向器传动副传动间隙特性。

6. 转向系力传动比:从轮胎接地面中心作用在两个转向论上的合力2Fw与作用在转向盘手力Fh之比,称为转向系力传动比ip。

7. 制动器效能因数:在制动毂或制动盘的作用半径R上所得到的摩擦力(M μ/R)与输入力F0之比。

二、简述下列问题※设计驱动桥基本要求?(1)i0应保证汽车有最佳的动力性和燃料经济性;(2)外形尺寸小,保证hmin;(3)工作平稳,噪声小;(4)质量小;(5)传动效率高;(6)桥壳应当有足够的刚度和强度,保证齿轮正确啮合,并承受和传递车轮与悬架之间的各种力;(7)与悬架导向机构运动协调,对转向驱动桥,还应与转向机构运动相协调;(8)结构简单,工艺性好,制造容易,拆装调整方便。

※离合器设计要求?(1) 可靠的传递Temax ,又能防止传动系过载;(2) 接合平顺柔和,起步时无抖动、冲击;(3)分离迅速,彻底;(4)从动部分转动惯量小;(5)防止传动系产生扭转共振;(6)操纵轻便;(7)吸热、散热能力强;(8)压紧力和摩擦因数在使用中的变化要小。

(9)动平衡良好,强度大,工作可靠,寿命长;(10)结构简单,质量小,工艺性好,拆装、维修、调整方便。

※设计变速器要求?(1)保证汽车有必要的动力性和经济性。

(1分)(2)设置空档,用来切断动力。

(1分)(3)设置倒档。

(1分)(4)设置动力输出装置。

(1分)(5)换档迅速、省力、方便。

(1分)(6)工作可靠,无跳档、乱档、换档冲击现象。

(1分)(7)传动效率要高。

(1分)(8)工作噪声低。

(0.5分)(9)尺寸小,质量小,成本低,维修方便。

(0.5分)※悬架设计要求?(1)具有良好的衰减振动能力;(1.5分)(2)保证汽车有良好的操纵稳定性;(1.5分)(3)汽车制动或加速时要保证车身稳定,减少车身纵倾,转弯时车身侧倾角要合适;(4)有良好的隔声能力;(1分)(5)结构紧凑、占用空间尺寸要小;(1分)(6)可靠地传递各种力,力矩;(1分)(7)在满足零部件质量要小的同时,还要保证有足够的强度和寿命。

(1分)※膜片弹簧特点?工作点最佳位置(1)膜片弹簧具有较理想的非线性弹性特性,弹簧压力在摩擦片的允许磨损范围内基本保持不变,因而离合器工作过程中能保持传递的转矩大致不变(2分);离合器分离时,弹簧压力有所下降,从而降低了踏板力(1分)。

(2)图示说明:(3分)(3)工作点位置的选择:拐点H对应着膜片弹簧压平的位置(1分);工作点B一般取在凸点M和拐点H之间,靠近H点处。

λ1B=(0.8~1.0)λ1H。

(1分)※变速器各档齿轮的配齿过程确定已知条件:ig、A、m(mn)、β(1)确定一档齿轮的齿数(2)修正中心距A(3)确定常啮合传动齿轮副的齿数Z1、Z2(4)确定其它各档的齿数(5)确定倒档齿轮齿数※后备系数?影响其大小的因素?(1)离合器后备系数:离合器所能传递的最大静摩擦力矩与发动机最大转矩之比,β =Tc/Temax。

(2)考虑以下因素,β不宜选取过大:防止传动系过载;紧急接合离合器,T传≥(2~3)Temax;不松开离合器、紧急制动,T传=(15~20)Temax;保证离合器尺寸小,结构简单;减少踏板力,操纵轻便;发动机缸数多,转矩平稳,β可取小些;膜片弹簧离合器可以取小。

(3)下列因素要求β不宜选取过小:衬片磨损后,仍能可靠传递Temax,β宜取大些;防止离合器接合时滑磨过大,导致寿命下降;使用条件恶劣,有拖挂,为提高起步能力;柴油机因工作粗暴,转矩不平稳,β宜取大些。

※膜片弹簧离合器优点:①膜片弹簧具有较好的非线性弹性特性,能保持传递转矩大致不变,且降低踏板力;②··兼起压紧弹簧和分离杠杆的作用,结构简单紧凑、轴向尺寸小,零部件数目少,质量小;③高速旋转时,弹簧压紧力降低很少,性能稳定;④··以整个圆周与压盘接触,使压力分布均匀,摩擦片接触良好,磨损均匀;⑤易于实现良好的通风散热,寿命长;⑥··中心与离合器重心重合,平衡性\(^o^)/~好。

※万向轴设计要求:①保证所连接的两轴的夹角及相对位置在一定范围内变化时,能可靠而稳定的传递动力。

②保证所连接的两轴尽可能等速运转。

由万向节夹角而产生的附加载荷、振东和噪声应在允许的范围内,在使用车速范围内不产生共振。

③传动效率高,命长,结构简、制造便、维修易。

※转向系设计:①转弯时全部车轮绕瞬时转向中心旋转,车轮不侧滑。

②转向后,松开转向盘转向轮能自动回正,稳定形式。

③转向轮不自振,转向盘不摆动。

④由转向传动机构和悬架导向装置不协调而使车轮摆动应最小。

⑤保证较高的机动性。

⑥操纵轻便,⑦转向盘反冲力要小。

⑧连接球头处有消除间隙的调整机构。

⑨转向系应有防伤安全装置。

⑩运动校核,转向轮与转向盘转向一致。

※制动系要求:①有足够的制动效能。

②工作可靠。

③制动时不应丧失操纵稳定性和方向稳定性。

④防止水污泥进入制动器工作表面。

⑤制动热稳定性良好。

⑥操纵轻便,有良好的随动性。

⑦制动时噪声小。

⑧作用滞后性小。

⑨摩擦衬片有足够的寿命。

⑩摩擦副磨损后有消除间隙机构,调整间隙容易。

⑩制动装置发生故障时制动系应有报警提示。

※♀※在节能环保方面对汽车设计提几点建议发动机节方面,电子节气门和发动机增压技术,分层燃烧技术以及可变气门正时技术。

①车身方面,采用轻量化材料减轻汽车重量。

这也是迅速改善燃油经济性的关键因素,必须通过开发轻质、高强度材料使车身轻量化,在车身涂漆方面,应采用节能环保的对空气无污染的漆料。

②传动系统方面,研发采用高质量润滑油,减少零部件的摩擦和磨损,降低机械损失;另外,在加强零件强度的基础上尽量降低其质量,从而进一步减少转动惯量。

③汽车排放方面,采用氧化催化转化装置、还原催化转化装置、三元催化转化器以及废气再循环技术,从而对排放物起到净化的作用,降低大气污染。

④汽车底盘方面,采用高强度强度、轻量化材料,降低汽车的燃油消耗。

⑤在整车设计方面,研制节能环保的纯电动车、新能源汽车、混合动力汽车等在节能环保方面都起到很大的作用。

※♀※轴荷分配:··是指汽车在空载或满载静止状态下,各汽车对支承平面的垂直负荷,也可以用占空载或满载总质量的百分比来表示。

轴荷分排队轮胎寿命和汽车的许多使用性能有影响。

从个轮胎磨损均匀和寿命享尽考虑,各车轮附和应相近;为保证有较好的动力性和通过性,驱动桥应有足够大的负荷,从动轴负荷可适当减小,以利于减小从动轮滚动阻力、提高坏路面上通过性;为保证有良好的操纵稳定性,有要求转向轴负荷不应过小。

汽车的驱动形式与发动机位置、汽车结构特点、车头形式和使用条件等对轴荷分配有显著影响。

※♀※轿车布置型式,有几种?有何优缺点?形式特点发动机前置前轮驱动FF(1分)发动机前置后轮驱动FR(1分)发动机后置后轮驱动RR(1分)转向特性(0.5分)不足不足过多越障能力(0.5分)最强较强较强动力总成紧凑(0.5分)紧凑否紧凑机动性(0.5分)好差好地板(0.5分)平坦不平平坦轴距(0.5分)短长短操纵机构(0.5分)简单简单复杂等速万向节(0.5分)需要不需要不需要轮胎寿命(0.5分)短长长行李箱容积(0.5分)足够足够不足。

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