俄罗斯的公司法、公司类型及其特征
俄罗斯有限公司法(1998)

FEDERAL LAWNO. 14-FZ OF FEBRUARY 8, 1998ON LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES(with the Amendments and Additions of July 11, December 31, 1998, March 21, 2002, December 29, 2004, July 27, December 18, 2006, April 29, December 22, 30, 2008, July 19, August 2, December 27, 2009, July 27, December 28, 2010, July 11, 18, November 30,2011)Adopted by the State Duma on January 14, 1998Approved by the Federation Council on January 28, 1998GARANT system commentThis Federal Law shall be applied with taking account of provisions of Federal Law No. 175-FZ of October 27, 2008On specific issues of the application of this Federal Law see Decision of the Plenary Session of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Plenary Session of the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation No. 90/14 of December 9, 1999Chapter I. General ProvisionsArticle 1. Relations Regulated by the Present Federal Law1. The present Federal Law defines the legal status of a limited liability company, the rights and duties of its partners, the procedure for the creation, reorganisation or liquidation ofa company in conformity with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation2.The specific features of the legal status, the procedure for the creation, reorganisation or liquidation of a limited liability company in the spheres of banking, insurance, private security guarding and investment, and also of the agricultural production shall be determined by federal laws.GARANT system commentOn the peculiarities of the creation of credit organisations, see the Law on Banks and Banking Activity in the wording of February 3, 19963.Relations connected with making by foreign investors, or a group of persons that includes a foreign investor, transactions in shares constituting the authorised capital of a limited liability company which is of strategic importance for ensuring the country's defence capacity and state security and with institution of control over such companies by foreign investors or by a group of persons which includes a foreign investor shall be regulated in compliance with the provisions of the Federal Law on the Procedure for Making Foreign Investments in Economic Companies Which Are of Strategic Importance for Ensuring the Country's Defence Capacity and State Security.Article 2. The Basic Provisions on Limited Liability Companies1.As a limited liability company(hereinafter referred to as a company) shall be deemed a business company established by a single person or by several persons whose authorised capital is divided into shares; the company participants shall not be liable under its obligations and shall bear the risk of losses associated with the company's activity to theextent of the value of the shares in the company's authorised capital they hold.The company's participants who have made not paid in full for their shares shall bear joint responsibility under its obligations within the limits of the value of the unpaid part of the shares in the company's authorised capital they hold.2. The company shall own isolated property booked on its independent balance, may acquire and realize property and personal non-property rights, bear duties, sue and be held liable in court.The company may enjoy civil rights and bear civil duties necessary for the performance of any kind of activity that is not banned by federal laws, unless this contradicts the subject-matter and purposes of activity defined by the company's charter.The company may engage in certain kinds of activity, the list of which is determined by federal law, only on the basis of a special permit (license). If the terms of a special permit (license) provide for a definite kind of activity as exclusive, the company shall be entitled during the period of the validity of the special permit (license) to carry out only such activity as provided for by this special permit (license), and related kinds of activity.3. The company shall be deemed to the established as a legal entity from the time of its state registration in the procedure stipulated by the Federal Law on the state registration of legal entities.GARANT system commentOn the state registration of legal entities see:The Civil Code of the Russian FederationFederal Law No. 129-FZ of August 8, 2001 on the State Registration of Legal EntitiesA company shall be set up for an indefinite period unless otherwise stipulated by its charter.4. The company shall have a round stamp containing its full firm's name in Russian and indicating its location. The company's stamp may also contain the firm's name in any language of the peoples of the Russian Federation and/or in a foreign language.The company shall have the right to have stamps and letter heads with its firm's name, its own emblem, and also its trademark registered in the statutory order and other means of individualization.Article 3. A Company's Liability1. A company shall bear liability for its obligations to the extent of all the property that belongs to it.2. The company shall not be liable for the obligations of its participants.3.In the event of the company's insolvency (bankruptcy) through the fault of its participants or of other persons who have the right to give instructions binding on the company or in any other way determine its actions, subsidiary responsibility for its obligations may be attributed to the said participants or other persons, if the company's property is insufficient.4.The Russian Federation, its subjects and the municipal entities shall not bear liability for the company's obligations, just as the company shall not bear liability for the obligations of the Russian Federation, its subjects and municipal entities.Article 4. A Company's Trade Name and Its Location1.A company shall have a full name and may have an abbreviated trade name in Russia. The company may also have a full and/or abbreviated trade name in the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation and/or in foreign languages.The full trade name of a company in Russian shall contain the full name of this company and the words " limited liability". The abbreviated trade name of a company in Russian shall contain the full or abbreviated name of this company and the word "limited liability" or the abbreviation 000.The official designation of the company in the Russian language and in the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation may contain foreign borrowed words in the Russian transcription or in the transcription of the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, with the exception of the terms and abbreviations reflecting the company organisational-legal form.Different demands on the company official designation shall be established in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.2. The location of a company shall be determined by the place of its state registration.Article 5. A Company's Branches and Representative Offices1. A company sets up its branches and opens representative offices by decision of a general meeting of the company's participants, adopted by a two-thirds majority of votes of the company's participants, unless its charter provides for a larger number of votes for the adoption of such decision.Branches shall be set up by the company and its representative offices shall be opened on the territory of the Russian Federation with the observance of this Federal Law and other federal laws, and beyond the confines of the Russian Federation also in conformity with the legislation of the foreign State on whose territory branches are set up or representative offices are opened, unless otherwise stipulated by the international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation.2.A company's branch shall be an isolated subdivision which is located outside the company's whereabouts and which discharges all its functions or a part thereof, including the functions of its representative office.3. A company's representative office shall be an isolated subdivision which is located outside the company's whereabouts and which furthers the interests of the company and protects them.4. A company's branch and representative office shall not be legal entities; they shall function on the basis of regulations approved by the company. The branch and the representative office shall be vested with property by the company which set up them.The managers of the company's branches and representative office shall be appointed by the company and shall act on the basis of a power of attorney.The company's branches and the representative offices shall carry out their activity on behalf of the company that set them up. The responsibility for the activity of its branch and representative office shall be borne by the company that set them up.5.The company's charter shall contain information about its branches and representative offices. Data on changes in the company's charter of information about its branches and representative offices shall be presented to the body that carries out the state registration of legal entities. The said changes in the company's charter shall take effect for third persons from the time of the notification of the body which effects the state registration of legal entities about such changes.Article 6. Subsidiary and Dependent Companies1. The company may have subsidiaries and dependent economic companies with the status of a legal entity, which are set up on the territory of the Russian Federation in accordance with the present Federal Law and other federal laws and beyond the confines of the territory of the Russian Federation also in conformity with the legislation of a foreign Stateon whose territory a subsidiary or a dependent economic company has been set up, unless otherwise stipulated by the international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation.2. A company shall be recognized as a subsidiary, if another (principal) company or partnership by virtue of the predominant participation on its authorized capital or in conformity with an agreement concluded between them, or in any other way, is able to determine decisions to be adopted by such company.3.The subsidiary shall not be liable for the debts of the principal company (partnership).The principal company (partnership), which has the right to give directions binding on its subsidiary, shall be liable jointly with the subsidiary for transactions concluded by the latter in pursuance of such directions.In the event of the insolvency (bankruptcy) of the subsidiary through the fault of the principal company (partnership), the latter shall bear subsidiary liability for its debts, if the subsidiary's property is insufficient for this purpose.The participants of the subsidiary shall have the right to demand compensation by the principal company (partnership) of the losses caused through its fault to the subsidiary.4. A company shall be recognized as dependent, if another (prevalent, participating) company has over 20 percent of the former company's authorized capital.A company which has acquired over 20 percent of the voting shares of a joint-stock company or over 20 percent of the authorized capital of another limited liability company shall be obliged to publish information about this in the press organ that publishes data on the state registration of legal entities.Article 7. A Company's Participants1. Individuals and legal entities may be participants of a company.A federal law may prohibit or restrict the participation of some categories of individuals in companies.2.State bodies and local self-government bodies shall not have the right to be participants of a company, unless otherwise stipulated by federal law.A company may be established by one person, who becomes its sole participant. Subsequently a company may become a company with one participant.A company may not have another economic company consisting of one person as the only participant.The provisions of this Federal Law shall extend to companies with one participant inasmuch as this Federal Law does not stipulate otherwise and inasmuch as this does not contradict the substance of appropriate relations.3. The number of a company's participants shall not be more than 50.If the number of the company's participants exceeds the limit established by this item, the company shall be transformed into a public company or a production cooperative during one year. If during the said time the company is not transformed and the number of the company's participants does not diminish to the limit fixed by this item, it shall be liquidated in due course of law at the demand of the body which carries out the state registration of legal entities, of other governmental bodies or local self-government bodies that have the right to make such demands on the basis of federal law.Article 8. The Rights of the Company's Participants1. The company's participants shall have the right:to take part in the management of the company in the Procedure prescribed by this Federal Law and the company's rules;to receive information about the company's activity and to study its account books andother documents in the Procedure established by its rules;to take part in the distribution of profit;to sell or in any other way to alienate its share in the company's authorized capital or a part thereof to one or several participants of this company in the procedure prescribed by this Federal Law and the company's rules;to withdraw from the company by way of alienation of its share to the company, if such possibility is provided for by the company's rules, or to demand of the company acquisition of the shares thereof where it is provided for by this Federal Law;to receive, in the case of the company's liquidation, that part of the property that has remained after settlements with creditors or its monetary equivalent.The company's participants shall also have other rights provided for by this Federal Law.2. In addition to the rights stipulated by this Federal Law the company's charter may provide for order rights (additional rights) of the company's participants. The said rights may be provided for by the company's charter at the time of its establishment or may be granted to the company's participants by decision of the general meeting of the company's participants taken by all the participants unanimously.Additional rights granted to a concrete participant the company shall not pass to the acquirer of the share or a part of the share in the event this share or a part of the share has been alienated by.The termination or limitation of the additional rights granted to all the company's participant shall be effected by decision of the general meeting of the company's participants, adopted by all its participants unanimously. The termination or limitation of the additional rights granted to a concrete participant of the company shall be effected by decision of the general meeting of the company's participants, adopted by a two-thirds majority of votes of the company's participants, provided that the participant who has such additional rights has voted for such decision or has given his written consent to this.The company's participant to whom additional rights have been granted may surrender these rights by sending a written notice about this to the company. The additional rights of the company's participant shall cease since the time of the receipt by the company of the said notice.3.The company's founders (participants) are entitled to make an agreement on exercising the rights of the company's participants under which they undertake to exercise their rights in a certain way and/or to refrain from exercising the said rights, in particular to vote in a certain way at a general meeting of the company's participants, to coordinate their voting with other participants, to sell their shares or parts of their shares at the price fixed by this agreement and/or upon the emergence of certain circumstances or to refrain from alienation of their shares or parts of their shares pending the emergence of certain circumstances, as well as to take concerted actions connected with the company's management, with the establishment, activities, re-organisation and liquidation of the company. Such agreement shall be made in writing by way of drawing up a single document to be signed by the parties thereto.Article 9. The Duties of a Company's Participants1. A company's participants shall be obliged:to pay for shares in the company's authorised capital in the procedure, at the rate and at the time which are provided for by this Federal Law and the agreement on the company's establishment;to abstain from disclosing the information on the activities of a company in respect of which it is established that is not to be disclosed.The company's participants shall have other duties provided for by the present Federal Law.2.Apart from the duties stipulated by this Federal Law, the company's charter may provide for other duties (additional duties) of the company's participants. These duties may be stipulated by the company's charter at the time of its establishment or allocated to all its participants by decision of the general meeting of the company's participants, taken by all its participants unanimously. Additional duties shall be imposed on a specific participant by decision of the general meeting of the company's participants, taken by a two-thirds majority of votes of the company's participants, provided that the company's participant on whom such additional duties are placed has voted for the adoption of such decision or has given his written consent.Additional duties allocated to a specific partner of the company shall not pass to the acquirer of the share or a part of the share in the event of the alienation of the share or a part of the share of this participant.Additional duties may be terminated by decision of the general meeting of the company's participants, taken by all its participants unanimously.Article 10. The Expulsion of a Participant from the CompanyThe company's participants whose shares in totality make up not less than 10 per cent of the company's authorized capital shall have the right to demand through legal proceedings the expulsion from the company of a participant who grossly neglects his duties or by his actions (or inaction) makes the company's activity impossible or substantially hampers it.Chapter II. The Establishment of a CompanyArticle 11. Procedure for a Company's Establishment1. A company shall be established by decision of its founders or founder. The decision on a company's establishment shall be adopted by a meeting of the company's founders. Where a company is established by a single person, the decision on its establishment shall be adopted solely by this person.2. The decision on a company's establishment shall reflect the results of voting of the company's founders and the decisions adopted by them in respect of the company's establishment, endorsement of the company's rules, election or appointment of the company's managerial bodies, as well as forming of the inspection commission or election of the company's inspector, if such bodies are provided for by the company's rules or are obligatory in compliance with this Federal Law.When establishing a company, the founder or founders thereof may approve the company's auditor and, if the legislation provides for obligatory auditing in respect of the company, the founders or founder are obliged to adopt such a decision.Where a company is established by a single person, the decision on the company's endorsement shall define the amount of the company's authorised capital, procedure for and time of its payment, as well as the amount and nominal value of a founder's share.3. Decisions on a company's establishment, endorsement of its rules, endorsement of the value in monetary terms of the securities, other articles or property rights, or other rights assessed in monetary terms contributed by the company's founders as payment for shares in the authorised capital thereof shall be unanimously adopted by the company's founders.4. A company's managerial bodies shall be elected, the inspection commission shallbe formed or the company's inspector shall be elected and the company's auditor shall be approved by at least a three fourth majority of the total number of votes of the company's founders.If by the time when a company's managerial bodies are elected, the inspection commission is formed or the company's inspector is elected and the company's auditor is approved the rate of shares of each of the company's founders is not defined, each of the company's founders when voting shall have one vote.5.The company's founders shall make an agreement in writing on the company's establishment defining a procedure for their exercising the joint activities aimed at the company's establishment, the rate of the company's authorized capital, the rate and nominal value of the shares of each of the company's founders, as well as the rate, procedure for and time of making payment for such shares in the company's authorised capital.The agreement on a company's establishment shall not be the company's constituent document.6. The company's founders shall be jointly liable under the obligations connected with the company's establishment and arising prior to the state registration thereof. The company shall be only held liable under obligations of the company's founders connected with the establishment thereof, if their actions are subsequently approved by a general meeting of the company's participants. For this, in any case the amount of the company's liability may not exceed one fifth of the company's paid authorised capital.7. The specifics of establishing a company with participation of foreign investors shall be defined by federal law.8. Data on the rate and nominal value of the share of each company participant shall be inserted in the comprehensive state register of legal entities in compliance with the federal law on the state registration of legal entities. In so doing, data on the nominal value of shares of the company participants when it is being established shall be determined on the basis of the provisions of the agreement on the company's establishment or of the decision of the company's sole founder, in particular if these shares are not paid for in full and are to be paid for in the procedure and at the time provided for by this Federal Law.Article 12. A Company's Rules1. A company's rules shall be the company's constituent document.2. The company's charter shall contain:the full and abbreviated trade name of the company;information about the company's whereabouts;information about the structure and competence of the company's bodies, including in matters comprising the exclusive competence of the genera meeting of the company's participants, about the procedure of the adoption of decisions by the company's bodies, including in the matters in which decisions are taken unanimously or by a qualified majority of votes;information about the size of the company's authorized capital;paragraph six was abrogated from July 1, 2009;the rights and duties of the company's participants;information about the procedure and consequences of the withdrawal of a participant from this company, if the right to withdraw from the company is provided for by the company's rules;information about the procedure for the transition of a share or a part of the share in the company's authorized capital to another person;information about the procedure for keeping the company's documents and about the procedure of submission by the company of data to its participants and other persons;other information provided for by this Federal Law.The company's charter may also contain other provisions which are not inconsistent with this Federal Law and other federal laws.3.At the request of a company participant, auditor or any interested person the company shall be obliged to provide them in reasonable time with the possibility of acquainting themselves with the company's rules, including amendments to them. The company shall be obliged to give copies of the effective rules to a company participant at his request. The charge collected by the company for granting the copies may not exceed the expenses on their production.4. Amendments to the company's rules shall be introduced by decision of the general meeting of the company's participants.Amendments introduced to the company's constituent documents shall be subject to state registration in the order prescribed by Article 13 of this Federal Law for the company's registration.Amendments introduced to the company's constituent documents shall acquire force for third persons from the time of their state registration and in cases stipulated by this Federal Law from the time of notifying the body that carried out state registration.5.Abrogated from July 1, 2009Article 13. State Registration of a CompanyA company shall be liable to state registration with the body that carries out the state registration of legal entities in the procedure established by the Federal Law on the State Registration of Legal Entities.GARANT system commentOn the procedure for adoption by the Bank of Russia of the decision on the state registration of credit institutions and on the issue of licences for the performance of banking transactions, see Instructions of the Central Bank of Russia No. 135-I of April 2, 2010 Chapter III. A Company's Authorized Capital. The Propertyof a CompanyArticle 14. A Company's Authorized Capital. Shares in a Company's Authorized Capital1.A company's authorized capital shall be formed from the nominal value of the shares of its participants.The amount of the company's authorized capital shall not be less than ten thousand roubles.The amount of the company's authorized capital and the nominal value of the shares of the company's participants shall be expressed in roubles.The company's authorized capital shall determine the minimum size of its property that guarantees the interests of its creditors.2.The size of the share of a company's participant in its authorized capital shall be determined as a percentage or in the form of a fraction. The size of the share of the company's participant shall correspond to the ratio between the nominal value of his share and the company's authorized capital.The actual value of the share of the company's participant shall correspond to the value of the company's net assets that is proportional to the size of his share.3. The company's charter may limit the maximum amount of the size of its participants' shares. It may limit the possibility of a change in the correlation of the company's participants. Such limitations may not be established for particular participants. Said provisions may be。
在俄罗斯注册公司的法律规定

在俄罗斯注册公司的法律规定(费用已经有变更,本文中不准确)目前,中国在俄罗斯投资设立俄罗斯法人公司的情况成为一种趋势,但相关的介绍资料却比较少见,也有许多中国公司向笔者咨询有关情况。
为方便广大中国投资者了解俄罗斯公司登记注册相关规定,结合俄罗斯近年来的法律变化情况,笔者在此对如何在俄罗斯注册有限责任公司(中方独资)予以简要的介绍,供参考。
一、俄罗斯公司注册的基本法律规定:Федеральныйзаконот08.08.2001 №129-ФЗО государственной регистрации юридических лиц и индивидуальных предпринимателей Федеральныйзаконот 21.03.2002 № 31-ФЗ"О приведении законодательных актов в соответствии с Федеральным законом "О государственной регистрации юридических лиц"ПостановлениеПравительстваРоссийскойФедерацииот 26.02.2004 № 110 О совершенствовании процедур государственной регистрации и постановки на учет юридических лиц и индивидуальных предпринимателейПостановлениеПравительстваРоссийскойФедерацииот 19.06.2002 № 438 О едином государственном реестре юридических лиц (ред. от 08.12.2008) ПостановлениеПравительстваРоссийскойФедерацииот 16.06.2002 № 439 Об утверждении форм и требований к оформлению документов, используемыхпри государственной регистрации юридических лиц, а также физических лиц в качестве индивидуальных предпринимателей (ред. от 27.07.2007)二、俄罗斯公司登记注册的主管机关根据俄罗斯现行法律的相关规定,公司的登记由公司所在地的税务机关负责,在公司登记的同时办理公司的税务登记。
“一带一路”背景下电力企业在俄组织形式比较

“一带一路”背景下电力企业在俄组织形式比较随着“一带一路”倡议的推进,中国电力企业在俄罗斯投资兴业的机会不断增加。
为适应这一趋势,电力企业需要选择适合自身发展的组织形式。
在俄罗斯,电力企业的组织形式主要有以下几种:独资企业、合资企业、中外合作企业和外商投资企业。
首先是独资企业。
独资企业是指由中国电力企业独自投资建设和运营的企业。
这种形式的优点是操作灵活、决策快速,并且能够全面掌控企业的运营。
独资企业没有股东之间的利益冲突,可以更好地整合资源,提高企业的竞争力。
独资企企业也存在着风险较大,投资回报周期长等缺点。
其次是合资企业。
合资企业是指中国电力企业与俄罗斯本地企业共同投资组建的企业。
这种形式的优点是可以借助俄罗斯本地企业的经验和资源,充分发挥双方的优势,提高合作民生的效果。
合资企业也可以分摊风险,减少了中国电力企业的投资压力。
合资企业也面临着与俄方企业合作的挑战,如文化差异、管理问题等。
第三种是中外合作企业。
中外合作企业是指中国电力企业与俄罗斯政府共同组建的企业。
这种形式的优点是可以充分利用俄方政府的资源和政策支持,降低投资风险。
而且,中外合作企业还可以充分发挥政府合作的优势,推动项目的顺利进行。
不过,中外合作企业也需要与俄罗斯政府合作,遵守其相关的规定和标准。
最后是外商投资企业。
外商投资企业是指中国电力企业以外商独资或控股形式在俄罗斯市场投资建设的企业。
这种形式的优点是中国电力企业可以独立决策并控制企业的运营,同时获得更大的投资回报。
不过,外商投资企业的法律风险相对较高,需要与俄罗斯相关的法规和标准相符。
不同的组织形式适合不同的电力企业。
独资企业适用于拥有较强实力和经验的企业,合资企业适用于追求本地化发展的企业,中外合作企业适用于需要政府支持的企业,外商投资企业适用于追求高利润和控制权的企业。
无论选择哪种组织形式,电力企业都需要充分了解俄罗斯市场的法规和标准,并积极与俄罗斯本地企业和政府合作,共同促进中俄电力合作的发展。
俄语语法:俄语中有关公司的详细介绍

俄语语法:俄语中有关公司的详细介绍汉语公司一词在俄语中有多个词与之对应。
不同的词或词组自然具有不同的含义。
同时,其所传递的制度信息也因用语的不同而存在着差异。
在理论和现实经营活动中,一般称公司为компания或фирма,意为法人或者自然人为从事经营活动而结为团体。
但фирма一般只在口语中指称具体的公司名称时使用,不如前者应用广泛。
在俄罗斯民商合一的立法体系中,公司属于коммерческие организации(商业组织),具有法人(юридическое лицо)地位。
公司的经营活动没有限制,从事生产、贸易、行纪、金融、保险业务,均无不可,[1]但需要办理相应法人登记。
因此,现实中会有各种不同营业的公司,如Финансавая компания财务公司、инвестиционная компания投资公司、страховая компания保险公司等。
根据独立程度,公司还有Холдинг、холдинг-компания或холдинговая компания(控股公司或持股公司)、контролируемая компания(受控制公司)、зависимые хозяйственные общества(附属经济公司)等。
另一个与拉丁文Corporatio对应的词是корпорация。
与компания一词相较,корпорация一般指美国的公司,而前者则指欧洲大陆国家的公司。
[2]Tранснациональная корпорация或транснациональная компания意为跨国公司。
在现行立法中,该词只作为国有商业组织名称的组成部分,成为一个专有名词,[3]如2007年10月30日普京签署批准的государственная корпорация по строительству олимпийских объектов и развитию города Сочи(索契奥林匹克设施建设和城市发展国有公司)即是。
俄罗斯的公司治理结构

俄罗斯的公司治理结构概述(一)写作动因基于对闲置人力和设备的重新利用,俄罗斯经济1999—2002年间强劲增长,但后继乏力。
持续的经济增长需要新的物质和人力资本。
新资本的投资可以从公司内外两个渠道获得。
但是仅仅自然资源行业的公司才有能力进行内部融资。
经济的多样化和其他行业的发展需要外部投资,而如果不改善公司治理结构的话,就谈不上吸引外部投资。
联邦证券市场委员会提议的《公司行为准则》(下文简称为《准则》目的在于改善公司治理结构和保护外部投资者。
《准则》描述的公司治理标准对投资者利益的保护程度达到了OECD国家的标准。
公司对《准则》或其特定标准的接受是自愿的。
俄罗斯的经验表明在缺乏成熟司法体系的条件下非强制性地推行一项新制度可能是唯一的选择。
的确,如果公司法得不到有效实施的话,条文再怎么完善都没有用。
同时,自律和声誉机制可以补偿或部分补偿实施的不力。
因此,《准则》的成功依赖于公司接受其规则和标准的动力。
本文的主要目的在于分析什么因素决定了公司接受《准则》的动力。
(二)资料和研究对象利用大约1000家代表性企业的资料和其会计报表的官方数据,在控制住公司规模、财务状况以及行业和地区特征之后,我们试图分析所有权结构、公司治理水平、对于现代公司治理结构的需求、投资水平之间的关系。
公司治理水平由管理层所报告的关于透明度和投资者保护的六个客观指标衡量。
(三)主要发现(1)俄罗斯工业企业的所有权高度集中。
管理层平均控制19%的股份。
在管理层影响较大的公司里,这一比例达到27%。
最大股东股权比例平均为24%(在存在外部大股东的公司里,该比例达到40%)。
同时,小股东(持股份额小于5%)的股权比例仍然很高,平均达到24%。
由于我们样本中的大部分公司为非上市公司,小股东的重要性应该是大规模私有化的结果。
(2)不同企业的公司治理水平相差悬殊。
平均来说,对与公司治理水平指标有关的6个问题,企业给以肯定回答的为2.6个。
16%的公司对所有6个问题均给以否定回答,7%的公司对于5个或6个问题给以肯定回答。
俄罗斯的公司治理定位与走向

俄罗斯的公司治理:定位与走向宋国学前阶段,俄罗斯公司治理正处于十字路口,需要决定是继续采用强调外部市场控制的盎格鲁一美国模式,还是转向强调内部控制或内外控制相结合的西欧模式?越来越多的俄罗斯和西方学者认为,好的公司治理是俄罗斯未来发展的关键。
历史上,俄罗斯公司运作的显著特征是表面平静,实际潜流汹涌。
在私有化进程中,经理层得到了公司的股份,现在是具有控制权的所有者,董事与企业没有利害关系,却在很大程度上控制了企业运作。
这与俄罗斯公司历史改革和发展状况是有关系的,俄罗斯公司的历史定位影响了俄罗斯公司治理的未来走向。
一俄罗斯的公司治理定位分析管理开发研究院IMD(The lnstitute brManagementDevelopment)对全球年度经济调查的结果表明,俄罗斯的公司治理虽然取得了初步成效,但仍须进一步改进。
俄罗斯公司资产高度集中化,使得俄罗斯公司治理的定位与那些资产比较分散的国家有所不同。
俄罗斯公司治理定位的突出问题体现在:一是公司运作基于大股东的利益;二是公司运作基于内部人的利益。
这具体体现在内部人控制和财务信息披露问题上。
(一)基于大股东利益的公司治理定位许多俄罗斯公司的运作不是基于所有股东利益,而是基于大股东的利益。
所有者的收入须通过各种财务机制等非红利渠道的分配获得,而这种收入只有那些能管理管理者或企业高层人物的股东才能享受。
过去10年,大量的俄罗斯企业通过以下方式违反了股东权益:资产剥离;以优先条件对内部人发行新股,稀释外部人的股份;利用通货膨胀和卢布贬值延迟股利支付;利用假情报彻底欺骗外部人;通过破产保护和不明确、不公正的索取权重新分配资产[1]。
形成这一状况的主要原因在于私有化方式。
第一种是采用经理领导下的雇员主导的购买公司全部产权方式实施私有化。
这是有意识采取的策略,旨在确保私有化进程在政治上的可行性。
第二种是按照1992年的私有化计划,通过向广大居民发放认股权证的方式实行私有化。
俄罗斯公司章程范本

俄罗斯公司章程范本章程范本是一个公司内部文件,用于规范公司的运营和管理。
以下是一份俄罗斯公司章程范本的相关参考内容:第一章:公司名称、类型和注册办公地址1. 公司名称:俄罗斯XXX有限公司(以下简称“公司”)。
2. 公司类型:有限责任公司(LLC)。
3. 公司注册办公地址:(填写公司实际注册的办公地址)。
第二章:公司的目的和业务范围1. 公司的目的:本公司的目的是从事(填写公司的具体业务目的,例如生产、贸易等)。
2. 业务范围:公司的业务范围包括但不限于(填写公司的具体业务范围)。
第三章:公司的股东和股份1. 公司股东:公司的股东包括公司创始人和其他投资者。
2. 股份数量:每个股东的股份数量按照其投资额确定,股东的股份可以用百分比或具体数目表示。
3. 股东权利与义务:股东享有根据其股份比例分享利润和参与决策的权利,并对公司的债务承担相应的责任。
第四章:公司的组织结构和管理1. 董事会:公司设立董事会,由董事组成,董事的职责包括制定公司发展战略、监督公司经营等。
2. 总经理:公司设立总经理,总经理负责具体的日常管理和运营工作。
3. 决策程序:公司的决策程序包括董事会决策和股东大会决策,关键事项需要通过股东大会决策。
第五章:公司的财务管理1. 财务报表:公司每年编制并提交财务报表,包括资产负债表、利润表和现金流量表等。
2. 分红政策:公司的分红政策需在股东大会上审议和确定,根据公司的盈利状况进行分配。
第六章:公司的解散和清算1. 解散原因:公司可能因为经营不善、股东协议终止等原因而解散。
2. 清算程序:公司解散后需要进行清算,由清算委员会负责处理公司的债权债务,剩余资产按照股东的股份比例进行分配。
第七章:附则1. 公司章程的修订:公司章程的修订需要经过股东大会的决策,并符合相关法律法规的规定。
2. 争议解决:对于公司内部的争议,应当首先通过协商解决,如果不能达成一致意见,可诉诸法律。
以上是一份俄罗斯公司章程范本的相关参考内容,具体内容可根据实际情况进行修改和补充。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
俄罗斯的公司法、公司类型及其特征
俄罗斯是奉行欧洲大陆法系的国家,根据俄国家杜马1994年10月21日通过的俄联邦《民法典》的规定,俄罗斯的公司类型划分为:无限责任公司、两合公司、有限责任公司、附加责任公司和股份公司五种形式。
公司的基本特征是:(1)公司是法人,有属于自己的独立财产;(2)公司是以营利为目的的组织,凡不以盈利为目的的组织都不能称为公司;(3)公司必须是依法登记成立的具有法人资格的独立民事主体。
无限责任公司无限责任公司是指由两个或两个以上的股东以协议方式所组成、全体股东对于公司债务承担连带无限责任的股份公司的一种形式。
无限责任公司的注册资本数额没有数量规定,并由股东自行筹集出资。
公司股东对公司债务承担的责任不以其出资额为限。
当公司资产不足清偿债务时,公司的全体股东对公司的债务负连带无限清偿责任,每个股东对债权人都负全部给付的责任。
当公司财产不足低偿其债务时,公司股东有义务用自己的财产来清偿。
无限责任公司与有限责任公司的主要区别就在于:有限责任公司所有的债务仅以公司财产作抵偿,不能及于出资人个人所有的财产。
两合公司两合公司是由无限责任股东和有限责任股东共同组成的股份公司。
两合公司兼有无限责任公司以个人信用为基础
和有限责任公司以股东资本为基础的双重性质,无限责任股东对公司债务负连带无限责任,有限责任股东以其出资额为限对公司债务负有限责任。
有限责任股东不能管理公司业务,也不能对外代表公司。
无限责任股东是公司的法定代表人,代表公司管理业务。
有限责任公司有限责任公司是指依法成立、由法律规定的一定数量的股东组成、公司不公开发行股票、股东以其认定的出资额对公司负责,公司以其全部财产对债务承担有限责任的公司。
俄联邦有限责任公司法规定,有限责任公司的股东数不能超过50个,公司的最低法定资本应该不低于公司注册之日联邦法定最低劳动报酬的100倍(目前俄法律规定的最低劳动报酬为450卢布,2003年10月1日起,将改为600卢布)。
其他相关规定与大陆法系国家的有限责任公司法基本一致。
附加责任公司附加责任公司是指由一个或几个股东创立的、公司的法定资本分成等额的股份、股东按其在公司成立文件中所确定的出资额的多少及以其个人出资比例对公司的债务承担连带责任的公司。
若公司创立文件中关于债务清偿方面没有特殊规定,当其中任何一个股东因破产无力偿还公司债务时,此债务将在其余的股东之间根据其出资额的多少按比例分摊。
附加责任公司的名称中应注明“附加责任”字样,其它相关规定可适用有限责任公司的原则。
俄联邦《股份公司法》简介
《股份公司法》适用范围:《俄罗斯联邦民法典》及本联邦法规定股份公司的创建、重组和解散程序,规定股份公司的法律地位及其股东的权利和义务,保障股东的权利和利益;本联邦法适用于俄罗斯联邦境内已创建和将要创建的所有股份公司;银行、投资和保险业的股份公司在创建、重组、解散、法律地位等方面的特点由联邦法律另行规定。
股份公司的基本规则:股份公司为商业组织,其法定资本划分为证明参股者(股东)对公司享有股东权利的一定数量的股份。
股东不对公司债务负责,但要在其所属股票的价值范围内承担与公司经营有关的亏损风险;无须其它股东的同意,股东有权转让其所有的股票。
公司按照联邦法规定的程序完成国家注册之时,作为法人的公司即被认为已经创建。
如果公司章程无另行规定,新创建公司没有经营期限的限制。
公司的责任:公司以其全部所属财产对自身债务承担责任;公司不负责其股东的债务;国家及其机构对公司债务不承担责任,公司对国家及其机构的债务同样也不承担责任。
开放式公司和封闭式公司:公司可以是开放式的也可以是封闭式的,这反应在公司章程和名称中。
开放式公司有权以公开认购方式发行股票,有权根据本联邦法和俄罗斯联邦其他法律文件自由销售这些股票,开放式公司的股东数目不受限制。
封闭式公司只在公司发起人中间或在其他事先规定的人员范围内分配股票,无权以公开认购方式发售自己的股票,股东数目不应超过
50个。
如果封闭式公司的股东数目超过本款规定的限额,该公司在一年内应该转制为开放式公司,否则,公司应当按法定程序进行清算。
公司章程应包含下列内容:公司的全称和简称;公司所在地;公司类型;股票的数量、票面价值、种类和公司配售的优先股的类型;不同类型股票持有者--股东的权利;公司法定资本数额;公司管理机构及其权限和通过决议的程序;筹备和举行股东大会的程序;公司章程还可以包含与本联邦法和其他联邦法不相违背的条款。
公司的重组:公司重组可以通过合并、兼并、分离、分立和改造的形式来实施。
通过重组所创建的公司,其财产只能用被重组公司的财产来组成。
重组后新产生的公司和因被重组而停止经营的公司,要根据联邦法规定的程序进行国家注册和备案。
公司的法定资本和股票:股东购买的公司股票的票面总价值构成公司法定资本。
公司的法定资本决定公司财产的最低数额,并以这一数额保障公司债权人的利益。
开放式股份公司的最低法定资本应该不低于公司注册之日联邦法定最低劳动报酬的1000倍,而封闭式股份公司的最低法定资本则不低于公司国家注册之日联邦法定最低劳动报酬的100倍。
公司的债券和其它有价证券:公司有权发行俄罗斯有价证券法律所规定的债券和其它有价证券。
关于发行债券的决议应该规
定清偿债券的方式、期限和其他条件。
如果公司的公告股票数量少于可用有价证券购买的这类股票的数量时,则公司无权发行可以转换为公司股票的债券和有价证券。
公司基金和净资产:公司储备基金按照公司章程规定的数额建立,但不得低于公司法定资本的5%。
储备基金的每年提成额由公司章程规定,但不得少于净利润的5%。
公司储备基金只能用于抵偿公司亏损以及用于清偿公司债券和赎买公司股票。
如果公司的净资产的价值低于最低法定资本的数值,公司必须通过自行清算决议。
股东大会:股东大会是公司最高管理机构。
公司必须每年举行年度股东大会。
股东大会的权限包括:(1)修改和补充公司章程或批准新的公司章程;(2)重组公司;(3)解散公司,组建清算小组,核准过渡性的和最终的清算资产负债表;(4)规定公司董事会(监事会)成员的数量构成,选举其成员及提前终止其职能;(5)规定公告股票的数量、票面价值、种类(类型)和这些股票提供的权利;(6)通过增加股票的票面价值或发行追加股票的方式增加公司法定资本,如果公司章程没有把通过发行追加股票的方式增加公司法定资本的权利列入公司董事会(监事会)的专属权限;(7)通过减少股票票面价值的方式、通过公司购买部分股票从而减少股票总量的方式,以及通过注销公司所购买和赎买股票的方式减少公司的法定资本;(8)建立公司执行机构,提前终止其权能,如果公司章程没有把这些权利列入
公司董事会(监事会)的专属权限;(9)选举公司监察小组成员(监察员)和提前终止其权能;(10)批准公司的审计员;(11)批准年度决算、年度会计报告;(12)通过批准公司大宗交易的决议等。
公司董事会(监事会):公司董事会(监事会)对公司的经营活动实施总的领导;列入公司董事会(监事会)权限决定的问题不能交给公司执行机构来决定;董事会(监事会)成员由股东大会根据本联邦法和公司章程规定的程序选举产生;公司董事会(监事会)的成员必须是自然人;公司董事会的成员可以不是该公司股东;对于持有有表决权股票的股东人数超过1000的公司,公司董事会(监事会)成员总数不能少于7人;对于持有有表决权股票的股东人数超过1万的公司,公司董事会(监事会)成员总数不能少于9人。