英文文献—汽车电器概述
电动汽车英文综述-The brief of the electric car(伍岳)
The brief of the electric autoThe electric auto is an machine that is driven by electric motors using electrical energy stored in batteries.Electric motors give the car instant power, creating strong and smooth acceleration.For the stead of combustion engine, leading to the low level of road emissions, the electric auto may give rise to no air pollution.MotorsAs the power of the electric auto, motors occupy the important position in the field of it. Traditionally, the electric car used series wound DC motors, a form of brushed DC electric motor. Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of the types of DC motors. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor pared with the DC, these are simpler to build and have no brushes that may wear out. Usually, induction motors or brushless AC electric motors use permanent magnets,while there exist variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and lower cost including the brushless DC electric motor.BatteriesElectric auto batteries can be divided into two categories, namely, batteries and fuel cells. Battery applied to pure electric vehicles, can be classified as a lead-acid battery, nickel ( nickel hydrogen battery and nickel metal hydride batteries, nickel and nickel zinc batteries), sodium( sodium sulfur battery and sodium nickel chloride battery ), two lithium batteries, batteries and other types of air. In the only equipped battery electric vehicle, battery plays the role of the power source of vehicle drive system. While in the equipment of traditional engine and battery in hybrid electric vehicles, battery can play both a motor drive system for main power part,as may also serve as an auxiliary power source character as well. Visible at low speed and starts, battery plays a motor drive system for main power source role; in full load acceleration, acts as an auxiliary power source role; in normal driving, braking or deceleration acts as energy storage character.Motor control devicesMotor control devices are designed for the control of electric vehicle speed and direction change settings. Their roles are to control the motor voltage or current, to complete the motor driving torque and rotation direction .Coming to early electric vehicle, DC motor control devices used the series resistor or change the motor magnetic field coil number. Because of its speed is a level, and can generate additional energy consumption or use the motor structure complex, now rarely used. What is widely applied in electric vehicle is a thyristor chopper control, by uniformly changing the motor terminal voltage, to control the motor current, to realize the step-less speed regulating motor. With the continuous development power electronics technology, it has gradually been replaced by the other power transistor chopper speed control devices( GTO, MOSFET, BTR and IGBT ). For the technical development, accompanied by a novel application of electric vehicle driving motor, the speed control to DC inverter technology will become the inevitable trend.Now, the electric auto on the road will no longer beyond your imagination , electric cars are gradually coming into our lives. With ordinary fuel compared to the car, electric car also has a cleaning environmental protection, no noise and other advantages,which is now in line with low carbon life consumption demand.。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译汽车专业汽修点火系统中英文对照
Ignition SystemThe purpose of the ignition system is to create a spark that will ignite the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder of an engine. It must do this at exactly the right instant and do it at the rate of up to several thousand times per minute for each cylinder in the engine. If the timing of that spark is off by a small fraction of a second, the engine will run poorly or not run at all.The ignition system sends an extremely high voltage to the spark plug in each cylinder when the piston is at the top of its compression stroke. The tip of each spark plug contains a gap that the voltage must jump across in order to reach ground. That is where the spark occurs.The voltage that is available to the spark plug is somewhere between 20,000 volts and 50,000 volts or better. The job of the ignition system is to produce that high voltage from a 12 volt source and get it to each cylinder in a specific order, at exactly the right time.The ignition system has two tasks to perform. First, it must create a voltage high enough (20,000+) to across the gap of a spark plug, thus creating a spark strong enough to ignite the air/fuel mixture for combustion. Second, it must control the timing of that the spark so it occurs at the exact right time and send it to the correct cylinder.The ignition system is divided into two sections, the primary circuit and the secondary circuit. The low voltage primary circuit operates at battery voltage (12 to 14.5 volts) and is responsible for generating the signal to fire the spark plug at the exact right time and sending that signal to the ignition coil. The ignition coil is the component that converts the 12 volt signal into the high 20,000+ volt charge. Once the voltage is stepped up, it goes to the secondary circuit which then directs the charge to the correct spark plug at the right time.The BasicsBefore we begin this discussion, let’’s talk a bit about electricity in general. I know that this is Before we begin this discussion, letbasic stuff, but there was a time that you didn’’t know about this and there are people who need basic stuff, but there was a time that you didnto know the basics so that they could make sense of what follows.All automobiles work on DC (Direct Current). This means that current move in one direction, form the positive battery terminal to the negative battery terminal. In the case of the automobile, the negative battery terminal is connected by a heavy cable directly to the body and the engine block of the vehicle. The body and any metal component in contact with it is called the ground. This means that a circuit that needs to send current back to the negative side of the battery can be connected to any part of the vehicle’’s metal body or the metal engine block.be connected to any part of the vehicleA good example to see how this works is the headlight circuit. The headlight circuit consists of a wire that goes from the positive battery terminal to the headlight switch. Another wire goes from the headlight switch to one of two terminals on the headlight bulb. Finally, a third wire goes from a second terminal on the bulb to the metal body of car. When you switch the headlight on, you are connecting the wire from the battery with the wire to the headlamps allowing battery current to go directly to the headlamp bulbs. Electricity passes through the filaments inside the bulb, then out the other wire to the metal body. From there, the current goes back to the negative terminal of the battery completing the circuit. Once the current is flowing through this circuit, the filament inside the headlamp gets hot and glows brightly. Let there be light.Now, back to the ignition system, the basic principle of the electrical spark ignition system has not changed for over 75 years. What has changed is the method by which the spark is created and how it is distribute.Currently, there are three distinct types of ignition system. The mechanical ignition systemwas used prior to 1975. It was mechanical and electrical and used no electronics. By understanding these early system, it will be easier to understand the new electronic andcomputer controlled ignition system, so don’’t skip over it. The electronic ignition system started computer controlled ignition system, so donfinding its way to production vehicles during the early 70s and became popular when better control and improved reliability became important with the advent of emission controls. Finally, the distributor less ignition system became available in the mid 80s. This system was always computer controlled and contained no moving parts, so reliability was greatly improved. Most of these systems required no maintenance except replacing the spark plugs at intervals from 60,000 to over 100,000 miles.Let’’s take a detailed look at each system and see how they work.LetThe Mechanical Ignition SystemThe distributor is the nerve center of the mechanical ignition system and has two tasks to perform. First, it is responsible for triggering coil to generate a spark at the precise instant that it is required (which varies depending how fast the engine is turning and how much load it is under). Second, the distributor is responsible for directing that spark to the proper cylinder (which is why it is called a distributor).The circuit that powers the ignition system is simple and straight forward. When you insert the key in the ignition switch and turn the key to the Run position, you are sending current from the battery through a wire directly to the positive (+) side of the ignition coil. Inside the coil is a series of copper windings that loop around the coil over a hundred times before exiting out the negative (-) side of the coil. From there, a wire takes this current over to the distributor and is connected to a special on/off switch, called the points. When the points are closed, this current goes directly to ground. When current flows from the ignition switch, through the windings in the coil, then to ground, it builds a strong magnetic field inside the coil.The points are made up of a fixed contact point that is fastened to a plate inside the distributor, and a movable contact point mounted on the end of a spring loaded arm. The movable point rides on a 4, 6, or 8 lobe cam (depending on the number of cylinder in the engine) that is mounted on a rotating shaft inside the distributor. This distributor cam rotates in time with the engine, making one complete revolution for every two revolutions of the engine. As it rotates, the cam pushes the points open and closed. Every time the points open, the flow of current is interrupted through the coil, thereby collapsing the magnetic field and releasing a high voltage surge through the secondary coil windings. This voltage surge goes out the top of the coil and through the high-tension coil wire.Now, we have the voltage necessary to fire the spark plug, but we still have to get it to the correct cylinder. The coil wire goes from the coil directly to the distributor cap. Under the cap is a rotor that is mounted on top of the rotating shaft. The rotor has a metal strip on the top that is in constant contact with the center terminal of the distributor cap. It receives the high voltage surge from the coil wire and sends it to the other end of the rotor which rotates past each spark plug terminal inside the cap. As the rotor turns on the shaft, it sends the voltage to the correct spark plug wire, which in turn sends it to the spark plug. The voltage enters the spark plug at the terminal at the top and travels down the core until it reaches the tip. It then jumps across the tip of the spark plug, creating a spark suitable to ignite the fuel-air mixture inside that cylinder. The description I just provided is the simplified version, but should be helpful to visualize the process, but we left out a few things that make up this type of ignition system. For instance, we didn’’t talk about the condenser that is connected to the point, nor did we talk about the system didnto advance the timing. Let’’s take a look at each section and explore it in more detail.to advance the timing. LetThe Ignition SwitchThere are two separate circuits that go from the ignition switch to the coil. One circuit runs through a resistor in order to step down the voltage about 15% in order to protect the points from premature wear. The other circuit sends full battery voltage to the coil. The only time this circuit is used is during cranking. Since the starter draws a considerable amount of current to crank the engine, additional voltage is needed to power the coil. So when the key is turned to the spring-loaded start position, full battery voltage is used. As soon as the engine is running, the driver releases the key to the run position which directs current through the primary resistor to the coil.On some vehicles, the primary resistor is mounted on the firewall and is easy to replace if it fails. On other vehicles, most notably vehicles manufactured by GM, the primary resister is a special resister wire and is bundled in the wiring harness with other wires, making it more difficult to replace, but also more durable.The DistributorWhen you remove the distributor cap from the top of the distributor, you will see the points and condenser. The condenser is a simple capacitor that can store a small amount of current. When the points begin to open the current, flowing through the points looks for an alternative path to ground. If the condenser were not there, it would try to jump across the gap of the point as they begin to open. If this were allowed to happen, the points would quickly burn up and you would hear heavy static on the car radio. To prevent this, the condenser acts like a path to ground. It really is not, but by the time the condenser is saturated, the points are too far apart for the small amount of voltage to jump across the wide point gap. Since the arcing across the opening points is eliminated, the points last longer and there is no static on the radio from point arcing.The points require periodic adjustments in order to keep the engine running at peek efficiency. This is because there is a rubbing block on the points that is in contact with the cam and this rubbing block wears out over time changing he point gap. There are two ways that the points can be measured to see if they need an adjustment. One way is by measuring the gap between the open points when the rubbing block is on the high point of the cam. The other way is by measuring the dwell electrically. The dwell is the amount, in degrees of cam rotation that the points stay closed.On some vehicles, points are adjusted with the engine off and the distributor cap removed. A mechanic will loosen the fixed point and move it slightly, then retighten it in the correct position using a feeler gauge to measure the gap. On other vehicles, most notably GM cars, there is a window in the distributor where a mechanic can insert a tool and adjust the points using a dwell meter while the engine is running. Measuring dwell is much more accurate than setting the points with a feeler gauge.Points have a life expectancy of about 10,000 miles at which time have to be replaced. This is done during a routine major tune up, points, condenser, and the spark plugs are replaced, the timing is set and the carburetor is adjusted. In some cases, to keep the engine running efficiently, a minor tune up would be performed at 5,000 mile increments to adjust the point and reset the timing.Ignition CoilThe ignition coil is nothing more that an electrical transformer. It contains both primary and secondary winding circuit. The coil primary winding contains 100 to 150 turns of heavy copper wire. This wire must be insulated so that the voltage does not jump from loop to loop, shortingit out. If this happened, it could not create the primary magnetic field that is required. The primary circuit wire goes into the coil through the positive terminal, loops around the primary windings, then exits through the negative terminal.The coil secondary winding circuit contains 15,000 to 30,000 turns of fine copper wire, which also must be insulated from each other. The secondary windings sit inside the loops of the primary windings. To further increase the coils magnetic field the windings are wrapped around a soft iron core. To withstand the heat of the current flow, the coil is filled with oil which helps keep it cool.The ignition coil is the heart of the ignition system. As current flows through the coil a strong magnetic field is build up. When the current is shut off, the collapse of this magnetic field to the secondary windings induces a high voltage which is released through the large center terminal. This voltage is then directed to the spark plugs through the distributor.Ignition Timing The timing is set by loosening a hold-down screw and rotating the body of the distributor. Since the spark is triggered at the exact instant that the points begin to open, rotating the distributor body (which the point are mounted on) will change the relationship between the position and the position of the distributor cam, which is on the shaft that is geared to the engine rotation.While setting the initial or base timing is important, for an engine to run properly, the timing needs to change depending on the speed of the engine and the load that it is under. If we can move the plate that the points are mounted on, or we could change the position of the distributor cam in relation to the gear that drives it, we can alter the timing dynamically to suit the needs of the engine.Ignition Wires These cables are designed to handle 20,000 to more than 50,000 volts, enough voltage to toss you across the room if you were to be exposed to it. The job of the spark plug wires is to get that enormous power to the spark plug without leaking out. Spark plug wires have to endure the heat of a running engine as well as the extreme changes in the weather. In order to do their job, spark plug wires are fairly thick, with most of that thickness devoted to insulation with a very thin conductor running down the center. Eventually, the insulation will succumb to the elements and the heat of the engine and begins to harden, crack, dry out, or otherwise break down. When that happens, they will not be able to deliver the necessary voltage to the spark plug and a misfire will occur. That is what is meant by “Not running on all cylinders cylinders””. To correct this problem, the spark plug wires would have to be replaced.Spark plug wires are routed around the engine very carefully. Plastic clips are often used to keep the wires separated so that they do not touch together. This is not always necessary, especially when the wires are new, but as they age, they can begin to leak and crossfire on damp days causing hard starting or a rough running engine.Spark plug wires go from the distributor cap to the spark plugs in a very specific order. This is called the is called the ““firing order firing order”” and is part of the engine design. Each spark plug must only fire at the end of the compression stroke. Each cylinder has a compression stroke at a different time, so it is important for the individual spark plug wire to be routed to the correct cylinder.For instance, a popular V8 engine firing order is 1, 8, 4, 3, 6, 5, 7, 2. The cylinders are numbered from the front to the rear with cylinder #1 on the front-left of the engine. So the cylinders on the left side of the engine are numbered 1, 3, 5, 7while the right side are numbered 2, 4, 6, 8. On some engine, the right bank is 1, 2, 3, 4 while the left bank is 5, 6, 7, 8. A repairmanual will tell you the correct firing order and cylinder layout for a particular engine.The next thing we need to know is what direction the distributor is rotating in, clockwise or counter-clockwise, and which terminal on the distributor caps that #1 cylinder is located. Once we have this information, we can begin routing the spark plug wires.If the wires are installed incorrectly, the engine may backfire, or at the very least, not run on all cylinders. It is very important that the wires are installed correctly.Spark PlugsThe ignition system system’’s sole reason for being is to service the spark plug. It must provide sufficient voltage to jump the gap at the tip of the spark plug and do it at the exact right time, reliably on the order of thousands of times per minute for each spark plug in the engine.The modern spark plug is designed to last many thousands of miles before it requires replacement. These electrical wonders come in many configurations and heat ranges to work properly in a given engine. The heat range of a spark plug dictates whether it will be hot enough to burn off any residue that collects on the tip, but not so hot that it will cause pre-ignition in the engine. Pre-ignition is caused when a spark plug is so hot, that it begins to glow and ignite the fuel-air mixture prematurely, before the spark. Most spark plugs contain a resistor to suppress radio interference. The gap on a spark plug is also important and must be set before the spark plug is installed in the engine. If the gap is too wide, there may not be enough voltage to jump the gap, causing a misfire. If the gap is too small, the spark may be inadequate to ignite a lean fuel-air mixture also causing a misfire.The Electronic Ignition SystemThis section will describe the main differences between the early point & condenser systems and the newer electronic systems. If you are not familiar with the way an ignition system works in general, I strongly recommend that you first read the previous section The Mechanical Ignition System.In the electronic ignition system, the points and condenser were replaced by electronics. On these systems, there were several methods used to replace the points and condenser in order to trigger the coil to fire. One method used a metal wheel with teeth, usually one for each cylinder. This is called an armature. A magnetic pickup coil senses when a tooth passes and sends a signal to the control module to fire the coil.Other systems used an electric eye with a shutter wheel to send a signal to the electronics that it was time to trigger the coil to fire. These systems still need to have the initial timing adjusted by rotating the distributor housing.The advantage of this system, aside from the fact that it is maintenance free, is that the control module can handle much higher primary voltage than the mechanical point. V control module can handle much higher primary voltage than the mechanical point. Voltage can oltage can even be stepped up before sending it to the coil, so the coil can create a much hotter spark, on the order of 50,000 volts that is common with the mechanical systems. These systems only have a single wire from the ignition switch to the coil since a primary resistor is not longer needed. On some vehicles, this control module was mounted inside the distributor where the points used to be mounted. On other designs, the control module was mounted outside the distributor with external wiring to connect it to the pickup coil. On many General Motors engines, the control module was inside the distributor and the coil was mounted on top of the distributor for a one piece unitized ignition system. GM called it high energy ignition or HEI for short.The higher voltages that these systems provided allow the use of a much wider gap on the spark plugs for a longer, fatter spark. This larger sparks also allowed a leaner mixture for betterfuel economy and still insure a smooth running engine.The early electronic systems had limited or no computing power, so timing still a centrifugal and vacuum advance built into the distributor.On some of the later systems, the inside of the distributor is empty and all triggering is performed by a sensor that watches a notched wheel connected to either the crankshaft or the camshaft. These devices are called crankshaft position sensor or camshaft position sensor. In these systems, the job of the distributor is solely to distribute the spark to the correct cylinder through the distributor cap and rotor. The computer handles the timing and any timing advance necessary for the smooth running of the engine.The Distributor Ignition SystemNewer automobiles have evolved from a mechanical system (distributor) to a completely solid state electronic system with no moving parts. These systems are completely controlled by the on-board computer. In place of the distributor, there are multiple coils that each serves one or two spark plugs. A typical 6 cylinder engine has 3 coils that are mounted together in a coil pack””. A spark plug wire comes out of each side of the individual coil and goes to the “packappropriate spark plug. The coil fires both spark plugs at the same time. One spark plug fires on the compression stroke igniting the fuel-air mixture to produce power while the other spark plug fires on the exhaust stroke and does nothing. On some vehicles, there is an individual coil for each cylinder mounted directly on top of the spark plug. This design completely eliminates the high tension spark plug wires for even better reliability. Most of these systems use spark plugs that are designed to last over 100,000 miles, which cuts down on maintenance costs.参考文献：[1] 王欲进,张红伟汽车专业英语[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，中国林业出版社，2007.8，55—67点火系统点火系统的作用是产生点燃发动机气缸里可燃混合物的火花。
汽车电气设备英文
Electronic Power Steering
Electronic device
制动力分配系统（EBD)
Electronic Brake force Distribution
悬架控制（TEMS）
Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension
Electronic device
巡航控制 －CCS
Cruise Control System 雷达防撞
radar collision 倒车警报
backup buzzer
Electronic device
防盗系统
anti-theft system
驻车定位系统（ PTS ）
Parking Tracking System
防抱死制动系统（ABS）
点火控制/电子点火提前
ESA Electronic Sparke
怠速控制（ ISC）
idle speed control
排放控制（EGR）
Exhaust Gas Recycling 排气再循环
Electronic device
自动变速器（ECT）
Electronic Controlled Transmission
灯 light
Electrical device
音响 stereo system speaker
点火系统 ignition system
Electrical device
起动机 starter
雨刮 windscreen wiper
Electrical device
仪表盘 meter panel
Anti-lock Braking
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译汽车专业发动机概述中英文对照[管理资料]
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General comments of automobile engineEngine is the source of far, automotive engines are all powered by heat except for a few of automotives drived by automotive engines are called internal combustion engines because fuel burns inside the engine .The engine converts the burning fuel’s thermal energy to mechanical energy.By Cooling Systems Liquid-cooled engines and air-cooled engines are being used .Liquid-cooled engines are the most common in the diesel industry .By Fuel System Gasoline diesel and propane fuel systems are currently used in a wide variety of engines .By Ignition Method Gas engines use the spark (electrical)ignition diesel engines use the heat fro BDC to TDC ;it varies with cylinder bore size ,length of piston stroke ,and numb system injection .The calory of diesel engine come from the fuel emblazed by the compressed diesel engine’compression ration is much bigger than the gas sufficient calory is from the fuel burned by the pressed air.By valve Arrangement Four types of valve arrangements have been used in gasoline and diesel engines .Of the four types (L, T ,F ,and I heads ),the I head is commonly used on diesel engines .By Cylinder Arrangement Engine block configuration or cylinder arrangement depends on cylinder block design .Cylinders may be arranged in a straight line one behind the other .The most common in-line designs are the four-and six-cylinder engines .The V type of cylinder arrangement uses two banks of cylinders arranged in a 60°to 90°V design .The most common examples are those with two banks of three to eight cylinders each .The opposed engine uses two banks of cylinders opposite each other with the crankshaft in between .Engine’classificationAccording to the differences of the piston’movement, the piston intenal combusition engine will be classified reciprocating intenal combusition engine and rotary piston intenal combusition we will introduce working principle diagram of reciprocating internal combustion engine.Except for the wankel rotary ,engine ,all production automotive engines are the reciprocating ,or piston ,design . Reciprocating means “up and down “ or “back and forth“ .It is this up-and-down action of a piston in a cylinder that gives the reciprocating engine its name .Almost all engines of this type are built upon a cylinder block ,or engine block .The block is an iron or aluminum casting that contains the engine cylinders .The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head ,which forms the combustion chambers .The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan ,or oil sump .A major exception to this type of engine on struction is the air-cooled V olkwagen engine .It is representative of the horizontally opposed air-cooled engines used by Porsche ,Chevrolet (Corvair ) ,and some other automobile manufacturers in years past .Power is produced by the inline motion of a piston in a cylinder .However ,this linear motion must be changed to rotating motion to turn the wheels of a car or truck .The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin ,,called a piston pin or connecting rod transmits the up-and –down motion of the piston to the crankshaft ,which changes it to rotating motion .The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearings .Similar bearings , called main bearings ,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block.The crankshaft changes the reciprocating motion of the pistons to rotating motion .The combustible mixture of gasoline and air enters the cylinders through valves .Automotive engines use poppet valves .The valves can be in the cylinder head or in the block .The opening and closing of the valves is controlled by a camshaft .Lobes on the camshaft push the valves open as the camshaft rotates .A spring closes each valve when the lobe is not holding it open .The most common arrangements of engine cylinders and valves are discussed later .The basic single-cylinder engine consists of a cylinder (engine block ),a movable piston inside this cylinder ,a connecting rod attached at the top end to the piston and at the bottom to the offset portion of a crankshaft ,a camshaft to operate the two valves (intake and exhaust ), and a cylinder head .A flywheel is attached to one end of the crankshaft .The other end of the crankshaft has a gear to drive the camshaft gear .The camshaft gear is twice as large as the crankshaft gear .This drives the camshaft at half the speed of the crankshaft on four-stroke-cycle engines ,the crankshaft and camshaft run at the same speed .Energy ConversionThe internal combustion diesel engine is a device used to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into heat energy and then convert this heat energy into usable mechanical energy .This is achieved by combining the appropriate amounts of air andfuel and burning them in an enclosed cylinder at a controlled rate .A movable piston in the cylinder is forced down by the expanding gases of combustion .The movable piston in cylinder is connected to the top of a connecting rod .The bottom of the connected rod is attached to the offset portion is transferred to the crankshaft ,As the piston is forced down ,this offset portion of a crankshaft ,to rotate .The reciprocating (back and forth or up and down )movement of the piston is converted to rotary (turning )motion of the crankshaft ,which supplies the power to drive the vehicle .In general an average air-fuel ratio for good combustion is about 15parts of air to 1 part of fuel by weight .However ,the diesel engine always takes in a full charge of air (since there is no throttle plate in most systems ) ,but only a small part of this air is used at low or idle engine speeds .Air consists of about 20 percent oxygen while the remaining 80 percent is mostly nitrogen .This means that ,for every gallon of fuel burned ,the oxygen in 9,000 to 10,000gallons of air is required .Four-Stroke CycleGasoline by itself will not burn ,it must be mixed with oxygen (air ) .This burning is called combustion and is a way of releasing the energy stored in the air-fuel mixture .To do any useful work in an engine ,the air-fuel mixture must be compressed and burned in a sealed chamber .Here the combustion energy can work on the movable piston to produce mechanical energy .The combustion chamber must be sealed as tightly as possible for efficient engine operation .Any leakage from the combustion chamber allows part of the combustion energy to dissipate without adding to the mechanical energy developed by the piston movement .The 4-stroke engine is also called the Otto cycle engine ,in honor of the German engineer ,Dr. Nikolaus Otto ,who first applied the principle in 1876 .In the 4-stroke engine ,four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle :two strokes up and two strokes down .Each stroke is named after the action it performs-intake ,compression ,power ,and exhaust :1、Intake Stroke As the piston moves down ,the vaporized ,mixture of fuel ;and air enters the cylinder past the open intake valve .2、Compression Stroke The piston returns up ,the intake valve closes ,the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber ,and ignited by a spark .3、Power Stroke The expanding gases of combustion force the piston down in the cylinder .The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke .4、Exhaust Stroke The piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open ,and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke .The intake valve usually opens just before the top of the exhaust stroke .This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeated in every cylinder as long as the engine remains running .Two-Stroke-CycleThe two-stroke-cycle diesel engine completes all four events:intake,compression, power ,and exhaust. in one revolution of the crankshaft or two strokes of the piston .A series of ports or openings is arranged around the cylinder in such a position that the ports are open when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke .A blower forces air into the cylinder through the open ports .expelling all remaining exhaust gases past the open exhaust valves and filling the cylinder with air .This is called scavenging .As the piston moves up ,the exhaust valves close and the piston covers the ports .The air trapped above the piston is compressed ton covers the ports .The air trapped above the piston is compressed since the exhaust valve is closed .Just before the piston reaches top dead center ,the required amount of fuel is injected into the cylinder .The heat generated by compressing the air ignites the fuel almost immediately .Combustion continues until the fuel injected has been burned .The pressure resulting from combustion forces the piston downward on the power stroke .When the piston is approximately falfway down ,the exhaust valves are opened ,allowing the exhaust gases to escape .Further downward movement uncovers the inlet ports ,causing fresh air to enter the cylinder and expel the exhaust gases .The entire procedure is then repeated ,as the engine continues to run .The differences of the two intenal combustion engineIt could be assumed that a two-cycle engine with the same number of cylinders ,the same displacement ,compression ratio ,and speed as a four-cycle engine would have twice the power since it has twice as many power .However ,this is not the case ,since both the power and compression strokes are shortened to allow scavenging to take place .Thetwo-cycle engine also requires a blower ,which takes engine power to drive .About 160 degrees out of each 360 degrees of crankshaft rotation are required for exhaust gas expulsion and fresh air intake (scavenging )in a two-cycle engine .About 415 degrees of each 720 degrees of crankshaft rotation in a four-cycle engine are required forintake and exhaust .These figures indicate that about % of crank rotation is used for the power producing events in the two-cycle engine ,while about 59% of crank rotation is used for these purposes in the four-cycle engine .Friction losses are consequently greater in the four-cycle engine .Heat losses ,however ,are greater in the two-cycle engine though both the exhaust and the cooling systems .In spite of these differences ,both engine types enjoy prominent use worldwide .Engine constructionCylinder Block:The cylinder block is cast in one piece. Usually, this is the largest and the most complicated single piece of metal in the automobile.The cylinder block is a complicated casting made of gray iron (cast iron ) or aluminum. It contains the cylinders and the water jackets that surround them. To make the cylinder block, a sand form called a mold is made. Then molten metal is poured into the mold. When the metal has cooled the sand mold is broken up and removed. This leaves the tough cylinder-block casting. The casting. The casting is then cleaned and machined to make the finished block.Cylinder blocks for diesel engines are very similar to those for spark-ignition engines. The basic difference is that the diesel-engine cylinder block is heavier and stronger. This is because of the higher pressures developed in the diesel-engine cylinders.Several engines have aluminum cylinder blocks. Aluminum is relatively light metal, weighing much less than cast iron. also ,aluminum conducts heat more rapidly than cast soft to use as cylinder wall material. It wears too rapidly. Therefore, aluminum cylinder blocks must have cast-iron cylinder liners or be cast from an aluminum alloy that has silicon particles in it.Some manufactures make an aluminum cylinder block that does not have cylinder liners, or sleeves. Instead ,the aluminum is loaded with silicon particles. Silicon is a very hard material. After the cylinder block is cast, the cylinders are honed. Then they are treated with a chemical that etches eats away, the surface aluminum. This leaves only the silicon particles exposed. the piston and rings slide on the silicon with minimum wear. Piston:The piston converts the potential energy of the fuel into the kinetic energy that turns the crankshaft. The piston is a cylindrical shaped hollow part that moves up and down inside the engine’s cylinder. It has grooves around its perimeter near the top where thering are placed. The piston fits snugly in the cylinder. It has grooves around its perimeter near the top where the rings are placed. The piston fits snugly in the cylinder. The pistons ate used to ensure a snug “air tight” fit.The piston in your engine’s cylinder are similar to your legs when you ride a bicycle. Think of your legs as pistons; they go up and down on the pedals, providing power. Pedals are like the connecting rods; they are “attached”to your legs. The pedals are attached to the bicycle crank which is like the crank shaft, because it turns the wheels.To reverse this, the pistons (legs) are attached to the connecting rods ( pedals ) which are attached to the crankshaft (the bicycle rank). The power from the combustion in the cylinders powers the from the combustion rods to turn the crankshaft. Connecting rod：The connecting rod shown in is made of forged high strength steel. It transmits force and motion from the piston to the crank pin on the crankshaft. A steel piston pin, or “wrist pin”, connects the small end of the connecting rod. Some rods have a lock bolt in the small end. As the piston moves up and down in the cylinder, the pin rocks back and forth in the hole, or bore, in the piston. The big end of the connecting rod is attached to a crank pin by a rod bearing cap.Connecting rod and rod-bearing caps are assembled during manufacture. Then the hold for the bearing is bored with the cap in place. This is called line-bring. It make each rod and its cap a matched set. Usually, the same number is stamped on the rod and cap. This prevents the caps setting mixed during engine service. If the caps are mixed, the bearing bore will not be round. An engine assembled with the rod bearing caps switched will probably lock the crankshaft. If the crankshaft turns, the bearing will probably have improper clearance and early bearing failure will result.Another reason for keeping the cap and rod matched is to prevent engine unbalance and unwanted vibration. All connecting rods in an engine must be as light as possible. But they must all weigh the same. If one rod is heavier than the other, the engine will vibrate. This could damage the engine.Crankshaft：The crankshaft then main rotating member, or shaft, in the engine. It has crank-pins, to which the connecting rod from the pistons are attached. During the power strokes, the connecting rods force the crank-pins and therefore the crankshaft to rotate. The reciprocating motion of the pistons is changed to rotary motion as the crankshaft spins. This rotary motion is transmitted through the power train to the car wheels.The crankshaft is a strong, one-piece casting, or forging, or heat-treated alloy steel. It must be strong to take the downward force of power strokes without excessive bending. It must be balanced so the engine will run without excessive vibration.Engine DisplacementThe frequently used engine specifications are engine displacement and compression ratio .Displacement and compression ration are related to each other ,as we will learn in the following paragraphs .By Displacement Engine displacement is the amount of air displaced by the piston when it moves fro .The electrical ignition system causes a spark across the spark plug electrodes in the cylinder at the end of the compression stroke ,which ignites the vaporized fuel and air mixture .m compressing the air to ignite the fuel when it is injected into the cylinder at the end of the compression ratios are much higher than gasoline engine compression ratios ,sufficient heat is generated by compressing the air to ignite the fuer of cylinders .engines are classified as low ,medium ,high ,and super high speed .Commonly used to indicate engine size ,this specification is really a measurement of cylinder volume ..The number of cylinders is a factor in determining displacement ,but the arrangement of the cylinders or valves is not .Engine displacement is calculated by multiplying the number of cylinders in the engine by the total engine displacement is the volume displaced by all the pistons .The displacement of one cylinder is the space through which the piston’s top surfa ce moves as it travels from the bottom of its stroke (bottom dead center )to the top of its stroke (top dead center ).It is the volume displaced by the cylinder by one piston stroke .Piston displacement can be calculated as follows :the bore (cylinder Diameter )by gives you the radius of the bore .the radius (multiply it by itself ).the square of the radius by (pi orπ)to find the area of the cylinder cross section .the area of the cylinder cross section by the length of the stroke .You now know the piston displacement for one cylinder .Multiply this by the number of cylinders to determine the total engine displaceme`nt .The formula for the complete procedure reads :R2*π*stroke* cylinders =displacementCompression RatioThis specification compares the total cylinder volume to the volume of only the combustion cylinder volume may seem to be the same as piston displacement ,but it is not .Total cylinder volume .The combustion chamber volume with the piston at top dead center is often called the clearance volume .Compression ratio is the total volume of a cylinder divided by its clearance volume .If the clearance volume is one-eighth of the total cylinder volume ,the compression ratio is 8 (8to1).The formula is as follows :olumeClearancev e Totalvolum =Compression ratio. In theory ,the higher the compression ratio ,the greater the efficiency of the engine ,and the more power an engine will develop from a given quantity of fuel .The reason for this is that combustion takes place faster because the fuel molecules are more tightly packed and the flame of combustion travels more rapidly .But there are practical limits to how high a compression ratio can be .Because of the unavailability of high octane fuel ,most gasolineburning engines are restricted to a compression ratio no greater than to this high ,however ,create high combustion chamber temperatures .This in turn creates oxides of nitrogen (NOx) ,a primary air pollutant .In the early 1970s ,compression ratios were lowered to around 8 to permit the use of lower octane low-lead or unleaded fuel ,and to reduce NOx formation .Advances in electronic engine control in the 1980s have allowed engineers to raise compression ratios to the 9and 10 to 1 range for optimum performance and economy发动机概述发动机是汽车的动力源。
汽车专业英语
Both engines are called heat engines;the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train两个引擎被称为热力发动机;燃烧的燃料产生的热量，这将导致气体在汽缸内，以增加其压力和供给功率来旋转连接到所述动力传动系的一个轴the electrical system supplies lighting and driving power for the automobile. The electrical system of a modern automobile is composed of four main circuits and a number of branch circuits. The four main circuits are the generating circuit, starting circuit, the ignition circuit and the lighting circuit电气系统提供照明和驱动功率的汽车。
现代汽车的电子系统是由四个主电路和若干分支电路。
四个主要电路是产生电路，起动电路，点火电路和照明电路the automobile is designed to travel on roads.the typical automobile has just an internal combustion engine that operates by burning its fuel inside the engine and makes the automobile move.So an engine is the heart of an antomobile汽车的设计是用来在路上行驶的，典型的汽车所用的是燃料在发动机内部燃烧的内燃机来使汽车移动。
汽车照明系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车照明系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译汽车照明系统一辆汽车的照明系统包括安装在前方、后方、两侧和顶部的照明和信号装置。
在巷道和交通繁忙的地方行驶时，灯光可以明显地提醒其他司机和行人注意到车辆的存在、位置、大小、方向和驾驶者的意图和行驶速度。
紧急车辆通常带有独特的照明设备，以提醒司机并表明交通优先。
历史早期的道路车辆使用燃料灯作为车前照明灯。
例如，第一次引进的XXXT型车的头灯和尾灯是用油灯。
然而，几年后，所有车辆都改用电气照明。
发电机在1908年第一次在汽车上使用，并在20世纪20年代普遍使用。
制动尾灯在1915年开始研究，1919年投入使用。
1936年至1940年，密封前照灯在美国作为唯一的标准类型。
自动取消转弯信号从1940年开始使用。
到了1945年，大灯和信号灯被纳入汽车结构。
1960年，欧洲开发了卤素前照灯光源。
1991年开始制作了HID车灯。
1993年，大批量生产的汽车上安装了LED尾灯。
21世纪的前十年里，LED等大量增加。
光源白炽灯泡是所有汽车照明设备中使用的常见光源。
许多类型的灯泡都被使用，制造商使用标准化的型数字来标识同规格的灯泡。
灯座可能具有一个或两个联系人，塑料或玻璃楔形或双线循环或箍在管状"绳"灯具上使用刺刀类型。
螺丝灯座灯永远不会在汽车应用中使用，因为它们会因振动而松动。
方向灯与内部或外部镜片使用无色的灯泡。
相反，灯与无色镜片可能使用红色或黄色的灯泡来为各种功能提供所需的颜色的光。
通常，21到27瓦的灯泡生产280至570瓦（22至45平均球面光）用于停止，灯泡转，扭转前后雾灯，而4到10瓦的灯泡生产40到130瓦（3到10平均球面光）用于尾灯、停车灯、侧标志灯和侧转向灯中继器。
备了特殊的灯光，以便在紧急情况下提供更好的可见性和安全性。
这些灯光通常包括旋转灯、闪光灯和闪烁灯，以及LED灯。
LED灯在紧急车辆中的应用越来越普遍，因为它们提供更长的使用寿命和更低的能耗，同时也更加耐用和可靠。
汽车专业毕业论文毕业设计外文文献翻译中英文电动汽车空调系统发展趋势
外文翻译：Electric automobile air conditioning system trend ofdevelopment1. electric automobile air conditioning systemGlobal warming, air pollution and higher energy costs and other problems have become more severe, as environmental pollution and energy consumption is one of the major sources of energy saving and emission reduction, the problem is more and more extensive attention, governments and automobile enterprises will be energy saving and environmental protection as the future of automotive technology development direction of energy saving and environmental protection, such as the electric emerge as the times require. Electric vehicle is set car technology, electronic and computer technology, electrochemical technology, energy and new materials technology in one of the high-tech products, and common internal combustion engine vehicles, has the advantages of no pollution, low noise and save petroleum resource characteristics. Based on the above electric vehicle characteristics, it is very likely to become the human a new generation of clean environmentally friendly transportation, its popularization has the inestimable significance.Electric vehicle emerged for electric automobile air-conditioning research and development offerred new task and challenge. Automotive air conditioning function is put inside the temperature, humidity, air cleanliness and air flow is maintained in a comfortable state. In various climate conditions, electric car should maintain the comfortable state, to provide a comfortable driving and riding environment. In addition, a set of energy-saving and efficient air conditioning system on electric vehicle market also plays an important role. Therefore, in the development of electric vehicles at the same time, necessary to support the air conditioning system development and research.For the traditional fuel automobile air-conditioning systems, refrigeration mainly uses the engine driven steam compression refrigeration system for cooling and heating, using waste heat from fuel engine. But for the electric automobile in the pure electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, no air conditioning compressor engine as power source, also cannot provide as automotive air conditioning heating using heat source in winter, so it cannot be directly using conventional automotive air conditioning system solutions; for hybrid cars, the engine control means diversity, so the air conditioning compressor also cannot use the engine directly driving scheme. Integrated the above reasons, the electric vehicle development process, must study for electric vehicle using a new type of air conditioning system. For electric car,the car has a high voltage DC power supply, therefore, the use of electric heat pump type air conditioning system, compressor with motor direct drive electric vehicle, become feasible solution.2.the characteristics of electric vehicle air conditioningElectric automobile air conditioner and common air conditioning device, electric vehicle air conditioning device and car environment has the following characteristics:①automotive air conditioning system mounted on a moving vehicle, to withstand the severe and frequent vibration and shock, requirements of electric vehicle air conditioning device structure in the various components should have sufficient resistance to vibration and impact strength and good sealing performance of the system;②electric car mostly short distance walking, riding in a relatively short time, plus electric car occupant space ratio, the heat generated is relatively high, relatively large heat load of air conditioning, refrigeration, heating and has the advantages of fast speed ability;③electric automobile air conditioning is the use of the car battery to provide DC power, the working efficiency of the compressor is high, control of high reliability, convenient maintenance;④automobile body heat insulation layer is thin, and doors and windows, large glass area, insulation performance is poor, electric car is no exception, resulting in serious car heat leakage;⑤ inside the facilities is rugged and seat, air distribution organization is difficult, difficult to achieve uniform airflow distribution.3.domestic and international current situation of the development of electric vehicle air conditioning① domestic electric car air-conditioning development statusThe early domestic electric car due to battery capacity constraints, in order not to affect electric vehicle mileage, most electric cars are not equipped with air conditioning system.With the domestic electric car gradually industrialization, marketization, electric vehicles must be equipped with air conditioning system. Due to the unique effects of electric vehicles to electric vehicles, the pure electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, no air conditioning compressor engine as power source, also cannot provide as automotive air conditioning heating using heat source in winter, domestic car manufacturers from the traditional fuel automobile air conditioner based onpartial replacement of design, will fuel the engine to drive the the compressor is replaced by a DC motor direct drive compressors, control corresponding change, to complete the refrigeration function, the replacement design effect to resolve the basic problem of electric automobile air-conditioning refrigeration, but the cooling efficiency to be improved. Due to the lack of fuel to the engine waste heat generated by heating, domestic manufacturers mainly use PTC heating and electric heating pipe, the heating mode can meet the heating effect, but these heating mode is hard on the consumption of electric vehicle battery power, the heating efficiency is relatively low, affect electric vehicle mileage.Air conditioning in the selection of the main parts, the current domestic electric car in addition to the compressor and control mode, the other main parts or the use of fuel automotive air conditioning parts, condensing equipment is mainly used to parallel flow condenser, evaporator is mainly used to laminated evaporator, throttle device is still a thermostatic expansion valve, a refrigerant is still R134a.According to the incomplete understanding, the domestic in developing electric vehicle manufacturers such as Chery, BYD,FAW, SAIC, JAC.the current electric vehicle air conditioning facilities basically similar, is in the development present situation.②current situation of the development of foreign electric vehicle air conditioningForeign electric automobile air conditioner development relative to domestic abroad is relatively mature, there is no lack of electric automobile air conditioner with domestic similar patterns, but in the heat pump electric automobile air conditioning already had certain foundation, Japan Honda pure electric cars use electric driven heat pump type air conditioning system, system has a built-in Reverse Converter Control compression pump. In addition, in very cold areas, some type of customers can be optional a fuel heater heating system.Japan electric ( DENSO ) company a few years earlier developed using R134a refrigerant electric car air-conditioning heat pump system, the heat pump system used in the car inside air condenser and evaporator structure. Electric ( DENSO ) Company in 2003also developed as a result of natural refrigerant COgood thermal physical2properties, Denso Japan company for electric car develops a set of COheat pump air2conditioning system, also used in the air duct system is arranged in the2heat exchanger, and R134a system is different when the system for refrigeration mode when the refrigerant flows through the condenser, and internal and external condenser.In order to reduce the air conditioning on battery power consumption, the UnitedStates of America Amerigon company developed air-conditioning seat, the chair is provided with a thermoelectric heat pump, heat pump action is through the need to regulate the temperature in space outside the water tank to transfer heat, thereby realizing the need to regulate the temperature of space refrigeration or heating. This kind of air conditioning seat in addition to energy saving but also can improve the driving, riding comfort, in electric vehicle supporting the use of suitable.Therefore, the foreign electric automobile air conditioner from energy efficient and practical breakthrough, domestic electric car air-conditioning industry should actively to study overseas advanced technology, draw lessons from, and on the basis of innovation breakthrough.4．the development trend of electric vehicle air conditioningElectric automobile driving energy from the battery, which is different from the traditional fuel automobile, made it to the air conditioning system also differed from the fuel of automobile air conditioner, as a drive source of energy for the limited battery capacity, the energy consumption of air conditioning system on electric vehicle mileage has bigger effect. Compared with cars, car air conditioning system energy saving and high efficiency raised taller requirement. At the same time, the electric car air-conditioning refrigeration, heating to solve two problems. According to the electric car special properties, the electric automobile air conditioner using thermoelectric ( I ) air conditioning system and electric heat pump type air conditioning system.1).a thermoelectric ( I ) electric vehicle air conditioning systemThe technology has many suitable for electric vehicles use characteristics, and with the traditional mechanical compression type air conditioning system compared, thermoelectric air conditioning has the following characteristics:① thermoelectric elements work to DC power supply;②change the direction of the current to generate refrigeration, heating the converse effect;③thermoelectric refrigeration piece of thermal inertia is small, cooling time is very short, the hot end heat well cold end load cases, energized in less than a minute, the refrigeration sheet can achieve the maximum temperature difference;④ component for regulating current size can adjust refrigeration speed and temperature, the temperature control precision can reach 0.001℃, and can easily realize the continuous regulating energy;⑤in the correct design and application conditions, the refrigerationefficiency can reach above 90%, and the heating efficiency is greater than 1;⑥ has the advantages of small volume, light weight, compact structure, reduces the electric vehicle kerb mass; high reliability, long service life and convenient maintenance; no moving components, therefore, no vibration, no friction, no noise and impact resistance.2).the heat pump type air conditioning system for electric automobileThe heat pump type air conditioning system on the original fuel car to be improved, the compressor is composed of permanent magnet brushless DC motor for direct drive, the system and the ordinary heat pump air conditioning system have no essential difference, as in electric vehicles, compressor and other major components has its particularity. And foreign heat pump technology has had certain foundation, the biggest advantage is that the refrigeration, heating efficiency is high, relevant enterprise development of full closed electric scroll compressor, is composed of a DC brushless motor drive, through the refrigerant return air cooling, with low noise, small vibration, compact structure, light weight etc.. In the test conditions for the environmental temperature of 40 degrees Celsius, the temperature inside the car is27℃,50% relative humidity conditions, when the system is stable it to1kW energy2.9kW refrigeration quantity; when the environmental temperature is - l0C, the temperature inside the car to25 DEG C,1kW can get the 2.3kW heating energy consumption. In the - l0℃to 40 ℃ under ambient temperature, both with high efficiency for electric vehicles to provide a comfortable driving environment. If the component technology is improved, the corresponding efficiency can also be improved.Based on the above mentioned, from air conditioning technology is mature and the sources of energy to use efficiency comparison, for thermoelectric ( I ) electric vehicle air conditioning system, the existence of thermoelectric materials, figure of merit is low, performance is not ideal, and the thermopile output by constitute a thermoelectric element element yield limit hoof. Does not have the electric automobile air-conditioning energy efficiency requirements. This makes the electric automobile air conditioner are more inclined to use energy efficient heat pump type air conditioner, the technical scheme for different types of motor vehicle has good commonality, and the vehicle structural change is small, is the future development trend of electric vehicle air conditioning.The heat pump type electric automobile air conditioner biggest weakness is the low temperature heating problems, especially in the northeast region, which is also the future of the industry research problem. In order to make the heat pump type electric automobile air conditioner more energy efficient, can from the followingaspects to solve:① to develop more efficient DC scroll compressor;②development control is more accurate, more energy-efficient silicon electronic expansion valve;③ using an efficient parallel flow condenser;④ improve microchannel evaporator structure, so that the refrigerant evaporates more uniform.In addition, the number of electric car door open and in driving by speed, light, speed and other factors, air conditioning heat load. The compressor and the air conditioning system to adapt to the change of condition factors, so the heat pump type air conditioning system for electric automobile variational design is particularly important.电动汽车空调系统发展趋势一、电动汽车空调系统全球气候变暖、大气污染以及能源成本高涨等问题日趋严峻，汽车作为环境污染和能源消耗的主要来源之一，其节能减排问题受到了越来越广泛的重视，各国政府和汽车企业均将节能环保当作未来汽车技术发展的指导方向，这样节能环保的电动也就应运而生。
电动汽车外文资料翻译
Abstract:This paper describes the development of electric car environmental protection and low pollution, safety, economic development prospects and countermeasures.Key words:electric vehicle technology; energy crisis; Intelligent electronic technology；Development prospectAs the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.First, the chapter of electric vehicle development1, development of electronic control technologyIn the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the usefunction of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards.2, The modern development of automobileThe car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.The second chapter electric cars on the environment influence and electronic technology:1, reduce pollution: of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheelzinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.2, Intelligent electronic technology functionsIntelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort.Third, Electric vehicle development prospectElectric vehicles have a development prospect:Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the carWill was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving.China the development of electric vehicles has a unique advantage. Among them, is a very important factor in the market. China has a large population, has the world's largest passenger transport market, it also has the world's largest electric sightseeing cars, electric cars for the Chinese market, the electric vehicle technology development to create a special market advantage.As a result of the industry, the industry link to follow, as many enterprises have sprung up, plastic factory, carriage factory, battery factory, electric factory, electronics factory, paint factory, tire factory and so on supporting industries such as bamboo shoots after a spring rain like appearance, industry staffing needs a lot of labor intensive talent, such as the industrial workers ( production line ), R & D department, supporting the Department, purchasing department, marketing department, administration department and other departments to emerge as the times require to bring a lot of staff shortage, personnel quality is not high, be badly in need of high-quality, highly educated professionals infuse, need to bring new ideas, the enterprise inside the industry innumerable, needs a lot of talent, so the electric vehicle industry employment prospects are very optimistic.Electric car industry required：But at the same time, due to the lack of industry standards and industryself-discipline, electric vehicle industry is in a state of blind development. Hand out thousands of manufacturers, but the lack of a strong brand and technology innovation; on the other hand free to increase body weight and speed, electric vehicle traffic accidents lead to substantially increase, triggering multiple city have imposed a ban on electric car start off policy restrictions. Therefore, it is the electric vehicle industry development of a bottleneck stage. A prediction that market will eventually keep about twenty or so of the brand, and was forced to the overseas industry transfer. How to deal with future trends, there are now many people put forward a variety of plan. But most important, I think that depends on three factors. Respectively: environmental protection, safety and needs to.译文摘要:本文阐述了发展电动汽车的环保低污染性、安全性、经济性的发展前景及对策。
汽车电器英文简单的
轮毂 Wheel Hub轮胎 Tire轮胎汽门嘴 Tire Valve轮圈 Wheel Disk轮圈盖 Wheel Cover内胎(含内衬) Inner Tire (Flap)车轮系统 Wheeling System电装品 Electrical Parts电瓶 Battery中央门控 Central Door Lock分电盘 Distributor火星塞 Spark Plug汽车用电子钟 Digital Clock汽车音响 Car Audio防盗器 Car Burglar Alarm雨刷及雨刷连杆 Wiper / Linkage保险丝座 Fuse Seat保险丝 Fuse洗涤壶 Windshield Washer配线 Wire Harness马达类 Motor高压线组 Ignition Cable喇叭 Horn发电机(零件) Alternator (Components) 开关类 Switch蜂鸣器 Buzzer预热塞 Glow Plug仪表 Combination Meter灯泡 Bulb灯类 Lamp点火线圈 Ignition Coil继电器 Relay倒车雷达 Reverse Sensor电池充电器 Battery Charger闪光器 Flasher省电器 Energy Saving Unit端子 Terminal电动座椅装置 Power Seat Unit马达零件 Motor Components电装品 Electrical Parts汽车用光盘 Car CD汽车用液晶显示器 Car LCD调整器 Regulator整流器 Rectifier电子点火器 Ignition Module倒车显示器 Rear View Display定速器 Cruise ControllerHID车灯安定器组合 HID Ballast Complete Set for HeadlightsLED 灯 LED Lamp车灯控制器 Lighting Controller点火线圈模块 Ignition Coil Module外装品 Exterior Parts水箱饰罩 Radiator Grille天线 Antenna车身护条 Side Protector防撞护垫 Bumper Pad后视镜 Door Mirror装饰贴纸、标志 Ornament Mark轮弧 Fender Trim挡泥板 Mud Guard扰流板 Spoiler前防撞杆 Guard Assy (Front)后防撞杆 Grard Assy (Rear)外装品 Exterior Parts内装品 Interior Parts仪表板 Instrument Panel中央置物箱 Console孔塞 Grommet Plug地毯 Floor Mat安全带 Seat Belt车门扶手 Door Armrest车门把手 Door Handle车门锁 Door Lock车顶内衬 Roof Lining车窗升降摇柄 Window Lifter Handle车窗升降机 Window Lifter防水衬条 Weatherstrip油量表 Fuel Gauge门饰板 Door Trim室内镜 Room Mirror音响喇叭盖 Speaker Cover(电动)座椅 (Electric) Seat顶蓬 Headlining烟灰缸 Ashtray各类隔音垫 All Kinds of Silencer饰板/饰条 Garnish / Trim仪表饰板 Instrument Panel Garnish遮阳板 Sunvisor压条 Moulding点烟器 Cigar Lighter备胎板 Trim for Spare Tire天窗 Sun Roof后置物板 Rear Parcel Shelf后舱室饰板 Rear Trunk Trim内装品 Interior Parts仪表板支架 Instrumental Panel Mounting其它 Others随车工具 Tools千斤顶 Jack尼龙绳、特多龙绳 Nylon Rope生产、检测及涂装设备 Production,Test & Painting Equipment 各类孔盖 Cap、Cover扣具 Cargo Lash夹片、管束 Clamp, Clip油土与基准模型 Clay Model and Master Model油封 Oil Seal门铰链 Door Hinge故障标志 Reflector玻璃类 Glass修理业 Repairing & Maintenance粉末冶金 Powder Metallurgy轴承 Bearing塑料件 Plastic Parts隔热材 Heat Insulator电子件 Electrical Parts垫片类 Seal、Gasket、Washer、Packing碳刷 Carbon Brush管类 Pipe, Hose, Tube铜套类 Bushing弹簧 Spring模、夹、治、检具 Die, Fixture, Jig, Checking Gauge橡胶件 Rubber Parts帮浦类 Pump螺帽/螺栓/螺丝 Nut/Bolt/Screw锻造件(加工) Forging Parts (Processing)滤清器类 Filter锁 Lock镜类 Mirror铸造件(加工) Casting Parts (Processing)引擎盖铰链 Hinge of Engine Hood行李箱铰链 Hinge of Trunk Lid保险杆支撑 Mount of BumperCAD/CAM车身设计 CAD/CAM Car Body Design汽车清洁保养用品 Cosmetics for Automobile涂料 Paints合成木材 Synthetic Wood电磁阀 Solenoid Valve热水阀 Heater Valve冷煤电磁阀 Refrigerate Solenoid valve玻璃滑槽 Glass Run双面胶带 Acrylic Foam Tape触媒转换器缓冲绵 Catalytic Converter Mate黑烟过滤器 Diesel Particle Filter车用灭火器 Extinguisher零组件用材料 Components Materials汽车用行动电话 Car Hand-free Mobile Phone汽车保全系统 Car Security System汽车导航系统 Car Navigation System人造革 Artificial Leather铭板 Nameplate汽车用计算机 Car Computer无线电胎压侦测仪 Wireless Tire Monitor汽车内装用牛皮 Leather for Car Interior打蜡机 Buffer (Car Polisher)金属表面处理(材料) Metal Surface Treatment (Material)插接件 Connector Clip胎压不足警示器 Tire Low Pressure Indicator温度感应器 Water Temperature Sensor油压感应器 Oil Pressure Sensor机油 Engine Oil自动变速箱油 Automatic Transmission Oil油品添加剂 Oil Additive热处理 Heat Treatment传动件 Transmission曲柄组 Chainwheel & Crank飞轮 Flywheel链条 Chain变速杆 Shift Lever变速器 Derailleur电动自行车马达 Electric Bicycle Motor电动自行车控制器 Electric Bicycle Driver齿轮箱 Gear Box汽车类 Automobile整车 Finished Automobile轿车 Passenger Car休旅车 Recreational Vehicle (RV)小型商用车(3.5吨以下) Light Duty Commercial Car (Less Than 3.5 Tons) 大型商用车(3.5吨以上) Heavy Duty Commercial Car (More Than 3.5 Tons) 散装车 Bulk Truck搅拌车 Mixer Truck环境卫生车 Garbage Truck液罐车 Refueling Truck倾卸车 Dumper Truck曳引车 Tractor Truck消防车 Fire Fighting Truck堆高机 Forklift拖板车 Pallet Truck运钞车 Armor Cash Carrier冷气客车 Air-Conditioned Car冷冻车 Freezer Car拖车 Trailer车体打造(改装) Car Body Building (Refitting)瓦斯车 LPG Car底盘车 Chasis Truck引擎零件 Engine Parts引擎 Engine引擎波司 Engine Bush引擎修理包 Engine Gasket Kits引擎零件 Engine Parts凸轮轴 Camshaft凸轮轴链轮 Sprocket Camshaft皮带张力器 Tensioner曲轴 Crankshaft曲轴皮带盘 Crankshaft Pulley曲轴轴承片 Crankshaft Bearing汽门 Valve汽门座 Valve Seat汽门摇臂 Valve Arm汽门摇臂盖 Rocker Cover汽门弹簧 Valve Spring汽门导管 Valve Guide汽缸头(盖) Cylinder Head汽缸衬套 Cylinder Liner汽缸体 Cylinder Block波司垫片 Washer活塞 Piston活塞肖 Piston Pin活塞环 Piston Ring活塞衬套 Piston Liner飞轮 Flywheel飞轮环齿轮 Ring Gear of Flywheel时规炼条/皮带 Timing Chain/Belt连杆 Connecting Rod连杆轴承片 Connecting Rod Bearing摇臂轴 Rocker Arm Shaft汽门锁 Valve Cotter止推垫片 Thrust Washer共鸣箱 Resonator喷油嘴 Injection Nozzle燃料系统 Fueling System油箱 Fuel Tank油箱浮筒 Gauge Fuel Tank空气滤清器 Air Cleaner空气滤清器盖 Air Cleaner Cover空气滤清器导管 Air Intake Tube空气滤蕊 Air Cleaner Element消音器 Exhaust Muffler排气歧管 Exhaust Manifold排气管 Exhaust Pipe进气歧管 Intake Manifold节流阀 Throttle Valve燃油管 Fuel Pipe燃油帮浦 Fuel Pump燃油滤清器 Fuel Filter触媒转化器 Catalytic Converter柴油车黑烟净化器 Diesel Particulate Filter 时规炼条/皮带外盖 Timing Chain/Belt Cover 燃料系统 Fueling System废气回收管 EGR Tube冷却系统 Cooling System水箱 Radiator水管 Water Hose水箱水管 Radiator Hose水帮浦 Water Pump水箱风扇 Radiator Fan风扇 Fan副水箱 Auxiliary Radiator节温器 Thermostat调节器 Regulator水箱支架 Radiator Mounting冷却系统 Cooling SystemA/C风扇 A/C Fan润滑系统 Lubrication System油底壳 Oil Pan自排车用滤油器 Oil Filter for Automatic Transmission机油尺 Oil Level Gauge机油帮浦 Oil Pump机油滤清器 Oil Filter机油滤网 Oil Strainer润滑系统 Lubrication System机油尺导管 Oil Level Gauge Tube空调系统 Air-conditioning System冷气总成 A/C Assembly冷气配管 A/C Hose冷气导风管 A/C Duct冷气压缩机 A/C Compressor冷凝器 A/C Condenser暖气总成 Heater Assembly鼓风机 Blower Assembly蒸发器 Evaporator冷媒管 A/C Pipe储液瓶 A/C Receiver空调相关零件 A/C Related Components空气清净机 Air Purifier空调滤网 A/C Filter空调系统 Air-conditioning System提速器 Actuator车身钣金件 Body & Stamping Parts引擎支撑 Engine Mounting引擎盖 Engine Hood车身 Car Body车门 Door Panel车顶板 Roof底盘及其另件 Chassis and Related Parts底盘车架 Frame门框 Sash保险杆 Bumper钣金件 Stamping Parts叶子板 Fender横梁 Cross Member行李箱盖 Trunk Lid车柱 Pillar车身钣金件 Body & Stamping Parts支架 Bracket补强板 Reinforcement Plate底盘系统 Chassis System下臂 Lower Arm上臂 Upper Arm手剎车拉柄 Parking Brake Lever支柱总成 Strut Assembly方向盘 Steering Wheel比例阀 Proportional Valve主轴、副轴 Mainshaft / Countershaft平衡杆 Stabilizer Bar扭力杆 Torsion Bar剎车分泵 Brake Cylinder剎车来令片 Brake Lining Shoe剎车油管(软) Brake Hose剎车油管(硬) Brake Tube剎车真空倍力器 Brake Vacuum Booster剎车总泵 Brake Master Cylinder后轴总成 Rear Axle Assembly动力方向系统 Power Steering System动力转向油管 Power Steering Hose动力转向帮浦 Power Steering Pump控制拉线 Control Cable排档杆 Shift Lever排档头 Knob球形接头 Ball Joint等速接头 C.V. Joint传动轴 Propeller Shaft叶片弹簧 Leaf Spring鼓、碟式剎车器 Drum / Disc Brake Assembly鼓式剎车盘 Brake Drum碟式剎车盘 Brake Disc辅助气囊 Air Bag踏板 Pedal齿轮 Gear横拉杆接头 Tie-Rod End螺旋弹簧 Coil Spring避震器 Shock Absorber转向连杆 Steering Linkage转向节臂 Knuckle转向齿轮箱 Steering Gear Box转向机柱 Steering Column转向总成 Steering Assembly离合器分泵 Clutch Cylinder离合器片 Clutch Disc离合器外壳 Clutch Case离合器总成 Clutch Assembly离合器总泵 Clutch Master Cylinder离合器释放轴承 Clutch Release Bearing变速箱 Transmission Box变速箱外壳 Transmission Case曳力杆 Trailing Arm避震器前后活塞杆 Piston Rod of Front and Rear Shock Absorber 底盘系统 Chassis System自排变速箱修理包 Automatic Transmission Gasket Kits齿条 Gear Rack剎车真空管 Brake Boost Vacuum Tube。
汽车实用英语 汽车维修英语 第4讲 Electrical systems(电气系统)
» DISTRIBUTOR
• Vocabulary
4. Spark plug
– The spark plug uses a high voltage (10000 V to 30 000 V) to ignite the air-fuel mixture. The three main parts of a spark plug are the steel core, the ceramic core, or insulator; and a pair of electrodes, one insulated in the core and the other grounded on the shell. Current flows through the center of the plug and causes arc from the tip of the center electrode to the ground electrode.
6.sulfuric 7.acid 8.grid 9.plate 10.distilled 11.specific gravity 12.electrolyte 13.corrosive 14.baking soda 15.solution
F. 电解液 G. 发动 H. 蓄电池 I. 点火 J. 酸性的 K. 腐蚀性的 L. 溶液 M. 碳酸氢钠 N. 密度 O. 极板
with: a. milk b. water c. sulfuric acid d. wine 5. Fast charges can recharge most batteries in about: a. 5 hours b. 3 hours c. 1 hour d. 10 minutes
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附录1:英文文献AUTO ELECTRIC APPLIANCES1、Starting SystemAutomobile engines are not self-starts. In order to start them, the engine crankshaft must be turned over. To do this, the starter motor receives electrical power form the storage battery. The starter motor then converts this energy into mechanical energy, which it transmits through the drive mechanism to the engine’s fly wheel.The starter motor draws a great deal of electrical current from the battery. A large starter motor might require 300 to 400 amperes of current. This current flows through the heavy gauge cables that connect the battery to the starter.The drive controls the flow of this current using the starting switch. However, if the cables were routed from the battery to the starting switch and then on to the starter motor, the voltage drop caused b resistance in the cables would be too great. To avoid this problem, the system is designed with two connected circuits: the starter circuit and the control circuit.1.1 The starting safety switchThe starting safety switch is also called a neutral start switch. It is a normally open switch that prevents the starting system from opening when the automobile’s transmission is in gear. If the car has no starting safety switch, it is possible to spin the engine with the transmission in gear. This will make the car lurch forward or backward which could be dangerous. Safety switches or interlock devices are used with all automatic transmissions and on many late-model cars with manual transmissions. The safety switch can be an electrical switch that opens the control circuit if the car is in gear. It can also be a mechanical interlock device that will not let the ignition switch turn to start if the car is in the gear.1.2 Magnetic Switch (Relays and Solenoids)A magnetic switch in the starting system allows the control circuit to open and close the starter circuit. The switch can be a:(1)Relay which uses the electromagnetic field of a coil to attract an armature and close the contact points.(2)Solenoid which uses the electromagnetic field of a coil to pull a plunger into the coil and close the contact points. The plunger’s movement can also be used to do a mechanical job, such as shifting the starter motor gear in a solenoid-actuated drive.1.3 Starter MotorThe starter motor converts electrical energy from the battery into mechanical energy to turn the engine. It does this through the interaction of magnetic fields. When current flowsthrough a conductor, a magnetic field is formed around the conductor. If the conductor is placed in another magnetic field, the two fields will be weakened at one side and strengthened at the other side. An automotive starter motor has many conductors and uses a lot of current to create enough rotational force to crank the engine.The armature is the collection of conductors that will spin to crank the engine. The starter drive gear is mounted on the armature shaft. The pole pieces are the stationary magnetic fields. The motor housing encloses the armature and pole pieces, holds the bearings that support the armature shaft, and provides the terminals for connecting the motor to the rest of the staring system.2.I gniting SystemThe ignition system on an internal combustion engine provides the spark that ignites the combustible air/fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. The spark consists of an electric are produced by applying a high voltage across the electrodes of a spark plug. This spark must occur near the end of the compression stroke, as the position approaches top dead center (TDC). The cylinders must fire in the proper order and at a precise instant, depending on engine speed, load and temperature conditions.A spark plug consists of a pair of electrodes called the center and ground electrodes, separated by a gap. A spark is produced by applying a high voltage (from approximately 6 KV to 40 KV) between the center electrode and ground. Once the arc is started, a much lower voltage is required to sustain the arc to ignite the air/fuel mixture.The ignition system is divided into two circuits: the primary and the secondary. The primary circuit is the low-voltage side of the system and controls the secondary circuit, which is the high-voltage side of the system.The following are the basic parts of the primary ignition circuit:(1)Battery and/or alternator. Supplies the low voltage (12V) used to operate the primary circuit.(2)Ignition switch. Key-operated switch used to feed battery voltage to the primary circuit.(3)Primary wires. Low voltage wires used to connect the electrical components of the primary circuit.(4)Ignition coil primary winding. Current flow through the coil produces an electromagnetic field, which is used to induce a high voltage in the secondary coil.(5)Electronic control unit. Contains a switching transistor controlled by a speed sensor and is used to open and close the primary circuit.(6)Speed sensor, or pickup. Produces a pulsating voltage that signals the generation of an ignition spark.The following are the basic parts of a secondary ignition circuit:(1)Ignition coil secondary winding. Has a high voltage (40,000 V or more) induced in it each time the primary magnetic field collapses.(2)Coil wire. Heavily insulated wire that feeds high voltage from the ignition coil to distributor cap.(3)Distributor rotor. Operates in conjunction with the distributor cap to distribute the high voltage from the ignition coil to the individual spark plug wires in the firing order.(4)Distributor cap. Insulated cap that transfers high voltage from the distributor rotor to spark plug wires.(5)Spark plug wire. Heavily insulated wire that carries high voltage from the distributor to the spark plugs.(6)Spark plug. Provides the air gap within the combustion chamber for the high voltage to arc across, thus igniting the air/fuel mixture.３.Lighting CircuitThe lighting system in a typical automobile includes the headlight, parking lights, direction-signal lights, side marker, stoplights, tail lights, and interior lights.3.1 Main Lighting SwitchThe main lighting switch (sometimes called the headlight switch) is the heart of the lighting systems. It controls the headlights, parking lights, side marker lights, taillights, license plate light, instrument panel lights, and interior lights.Individual switches are provided for special purpose lights such as directional signals, hazard warning flashers, back up lights, and courtesy lights. The main lighting switch may be of either the “push-pull” or “push-pull with rotary contact” types. A typical switch will have three positions: off, parking, and headlamps. Some switches also contain a rheostat to control the brightness of the instrument panel lights. The rheostat is operated by rotating the control knob, separating it from the push-pull action of the main lighting switch.When the main lighting switch completes the circuit to the headlamps, the low beam lights the way for city driving and for use when meeting oncoming traffic on the highway. When the dimmer switch is actuated, the single filament headlamps go “on”, along with the high beam of the two filamentheadlamps. The next actuation of the dimmer switch returns the headlight system to low beams only on the two filament lamps. Some cars are equipped with and electronic headlight dimming device, which automatically switches the headlights from high beam to low in response to light from an approaching vehicle or light from the taillight of a vehicle being overtaken. The dimmer switch in the automatic headlamp dimming system is a special override type. It is located in the steering column as part of a combination dimmer, horn, and turn signal switch. The override action occurs when a slight pull toward the driver on the switch lever providers high beam headlights regardless of the amount of light on the sensor-amplifier.For some years there has been discussion about the advantages of a polarized headlight system. Such a system comprises headlights which produce polarized light in a particular plane. The windscreens of all cars would be fitted with polarizing glass, which would be oriented so that glare from an approaching vehicle would be essentially eliminated, while the forward vision would still be kept at the present levels. The advantages the system appear attractive, but the practical problems of making the transition are very great, since it would not be practical to convert all existing vehicles to this type of lighting. Also, any benefits would only be marginal because glare itself is not a frequent cause of accidents. However, many cars now have refracting or colored glass to cut down on glare.3.2 Directional Signal SwitchThe directional signal switch is installed just below the hub of the steering wheel. A manually controlled lever projecting from the switch permits the driver to signal the direction in which he wants to turn. Moving the switch handle down will light the “turn signal” lamps on the left front and left rear of the car, signaling a left turn. Moving the switch upward will light the turn signal lamps on the right (front and rear), signaling a right turn. With the s witch in a position to signal a turn, lights are alternately turned “on” and “off” by a turn signal flasher. Incorporated in the directional signal switch is a “lane change switch mechanism”. This feature provides the driver the opportunity tosignal a lane change by holding the turn lever against a dent, then releasing it so cancel the signal immediately after the maneuver is completed.3.3 Stoplight SwitchIn order to signal a stop, a brake pedal operated “stoplight switch” is provided to operate the vehicle’s stop lamps. In addition to lighting the conventional rear lights, the switch also operates the center high-mounted stop lamp, which became mandatory on later models. Cruise control equipped vehicles may also utilize a vacuum release valve. In this case, both the vacuum release valve and the stoplight switch are actuated by movement of the brake pedal.。