The Beat Generation
契合和超越___加里·斯奈德和“垮掉的一代”
Abstract
So far there’s none academic thesis make a conclusions to confirm that whether Gary Snyder is a Beat Generation Poet or not in aboard. In this condition, different people have different point of view. In this paper, through the comprehensive comb the relationship between Gary Snyder and Beat Generation the author draws a conclusion that Gary Snyder has both in and out of Beat Generation. Snyder and " the Beat Generation " are harmonious in inheriting the American Indian Culture and the American Traditional Culture, pursuit of the Chinese Culture. And his improvement displays in his ecological ideas and absorption of Chinese Natural Aesthetic View.
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The Lost & Beat Generation对比
novel, The Sun Also Rises(《太阳
照常升起》). In that volume Hemingway credits the phrase to Gertrude Stein, who was then his mentor(导师) and patron(赞助 人).
The Cords
The Beat Generation
The Beat Generation was a group of authors whose literature explored and influenced American culture in the postWorld War II era. The bulk of their work
courses and the subject of hundreds of books, significantly changed American literary conventions and values, and their lifestyle inspired
restless souls and cultural rebels of all stripes. In June 2001 the
Representation in Behavior
The Lost Generation
Many of these intellectuals lived abroad, especially in Paris, as
The Beat Generation
Many Beat generation had worked
The “Lost”
Lost means not vanished but disoriented , wandering, directionless
大学生二人英语口语对话材料
【导语】当今时代，英语已经成为⼀种多国、多⽂化，多功能的国际语⾔。
“英语族”这⼀概念也开始为⼤家所熟悉。
整理了⼤学⽣⼆⼈英语对话材料，欢迎阅读!【篇⼀】⼤学⽣⼆⼈英语⼝语对话材料 Dennis: What the heck! He cut himself. 呀呀的。
他居然给⾃⼰动⼑⼦。
Lorry: What’s going on? Who got cut? I’ve got Band-Aid. 发⽣什么了?谁割伤了?我有邦迪。
Dennis: Relax. It’s this cool doctor. He felt pain in his stomach. He thought it was acute appendicitis and operated himself. 放松。
是这个医⽣了。
他感觉⾃⼰腹部疼痛。
他就觉得是急性阑尾炎。
然后就给⾃⼰做⼿术了。
Lorry: He’d better be right about that. 他没有判断失误吧。
Dennis: Of course, he was. He got recovered several days later. 当然没有了。
⼏天以后，他康复了。
Lorry: He is something, isn’t he? But I have my doubts. 他是很了不起。
但是我有点⼉怀疑. Dennis: What? Don’t you believe it? 什么?你不相信? Lorry: Well, it’s just too good to be true. Every famous doctor has a story. How could he stay cool when he was under anesthetic? 写得太不真实了。
每个名医⽣都有⾃⼰的传说。
在⿇醉状态下，他怎么可能保持清醒啊! Dennis: Come on! I have the photos of the operation. You are just jealous. 得了。
垮掉的一代
“垮掉之王”杰克· 凯鲁亚克 (Jack Kerouac，1922年3月12 日～1969年10月21日)，美 国“垮掉派”作家。青年时 代生活放浪，做过各种杂工， 曾遍游全美及墨西哥，著有 小说18本，死于酗酒。
《在路上》(On the Road) 《在路上》是凯鲁亚克的自传 性代表作，小说主人公萨尔为 了追求个性，与迪安、玛丽卢 等几个年轻男女沿途搭车或开 车，几次横越美国大陆，最终 到了墨西哥，一路上他们狂喝 滥饮，吸大麻，与女性交往， 高谈东方禅宗，走累了就挡道 拦车，夜宿村落，从纽约游荡 到旧金山，最后四散…… 《在路上》1957年一经问世 即令舆论哗然，毁誉参半。但 不可否认的是，此书影响了整 整一代美国人的生活方式，被 公认为20世纪60年代嬉皮士 运动的经典。
在1951年4月2日到22日之间的 20天时间里，凯鲁亚克坐在打 字机旁，在长达36.3米的稿纸 上敲出了《在路上》的初稿。 这12.5万字的打印稿居然没有 分段，没有修改或插页的空间， 甚至几乎没有标点符号。 这就 是《在路上》。 因为《在路上》，凯鲁亚克被 誉为“垮掉之王”。当他在 1969年死去的时候，他的名字 已经成为一种商标，引领生活 方式和时尚。
《赤裸的午餐》主要讲述的是作者漫游、吸毒、性爱、 同性恋等经历，书中充满肉体虐待的描写、猥亵不堪 的细节、卑俗下流的语言。有的批评家将它斥为一堆 不知所云的垃圾，一片精神病态的呓语。但是，另一 些人认为，这本书以幽默的形式抨击社会的伪善，探 寻人们心灵荒唐的一面，富有深刻的道德内涵，是一 部古怪的天才之作。
第三部分1949年，萨尔再次到丹佛，同迪安的友情 渐至高潮。他对迪安以“自我”为中心的疯狂行为极 其同几个女子的关系更为了解，又一同横越大陆回到 西部。 第四部分技术迪安和萨尔前往“旅途终点”墨西哥的 “伟大旅程”。 第五部分迪安把萨尔留在墨西哥，然后萨尔独自返回 纽约，回忆同迪安的最后一次见面，以一长段感怀的 话结束故事。
垮掉的一代thebeatgeneration
垮掉的一代(the B eat G enera tion)第二次世界大战后在美国出现的一个文学流派。
有人根据英文“Beats”和“Be atnik s”(“垮掉青年”的俗称)译成“避世青年”或“疲塌派”，也有人取其诗歌的部分特征，称为“节拍运动”或“敲打诗派”。
“垮掉青年”对战后美国社会现实不满，又迫于麦卡锡主义的反动政治高压，便以“脱俗”方式来表示抗议。
他们奇装异服，蔑视传统观念，厌弃学业和工作，长期浪迹于底层社会，形成了独特的社会圈子和处世哲学。
50年代初，他们的反叛情绪表现为一股“地下文学”潮流，向保守文化的统治发动冲击。
多数垮掉派文人来自东部。
著名的有杰克·凯鲁亚克、艾伦·金斯堡、威廉·巴罗斯、格雷戈里。
柯尔索、约翰·克莱伦·霍尔姆斯、塞缪尔·克雷姆和加里·斯奈德等。
1950年，凯鲁亚克与巴罗斯合写侦探故事未成，却各自完成了一部垮掉派小说《小镇与城市》(1951)和《吸毒者》(1953)。
霍尔姆斯从中受到启发，在小说《走吧》(1952)中更明确地反映纽约“垮掉青年”的生活感受，又在《纽约时报》上鼓吹垮掉派文学，但这种尝试受到东部学院派势力的压抑，他们就往西部寻求同道和发展基地。
当时洛杉矶近郊的西威尼斯有个以劳伦斯·李普顿为首的垮掉派组织，他于1955年发表小说《神圣的野蛮人》。
在旧金山，以劳伦斯·弗林盖梯的“城市之光”书店为中心，聚合了一群立志从事“文艺复兴”的反学院派诗人，他们的首领即是后来成为“垮掉的一代”理论家的肯尼斯·雷克思罗斯。
1955年夏天，“垮掉文人”和反学院派诗人(包括旧金山诗人和黑山派诗人)在旧金山联合举办诗歌朗诵会，自此之后垮掉派文学作品开始流行。
TheBeatgeneration垮掉的一代
TheBeatgeneration垮掉的一代汉英互译的英语阅读理,快速提高英语水平!The Beat generation(垮掉的一代) The beats. They were a generation of writers, poets, and artists in the 1950s who challenged authority, rejected mainstream middle class American values, and advocated a life of spontaneity. They thrived on creativity and they thrived on life. For the beats, it was about jazz, free love, drinking, radical politics, and words, poetry and prose. They lived life to its fullest, in constant pursuit of the next crazy, eye opening, worldly experience. 垮掉的一代。
在1950年代有r期作家、人和g家挑嗤，拒^中aA美主流r值，K提倡自l性人生。
他更P心造力及人生。
垮掉的一代碚f，@P乎爵士贰⒆汉英互译的英语阅读理,快速提高英语水平!由情感、酒、激M的政治、文字、作和散文。
他M所有可能充生活，不嘧非笙乱狂、_眼界、世g的。
Their soundtrack was jazz, which they used as a backdrop for readings of their work and an inspiration for their style of poetry. And their spokesman was Jack Kerouac, the novelist, writer, poet, and artist who is famous for his novel On the Road. Jack Kerouac called his style 'spontaneous prose'. The goal was to express thoughts without holding back, without stopping to consider howsomething might be said better, but just letting the words come out. This is often called stream of consciousness, when the writer abandons control of his words, and instead expresses his innermost thoughts in an uninterrupted flow of words, as they come to him. 他的音肥蔷羰罚@是他x和提供`感的背景贰他的l言人是芸P克，他是位小f家、作家、人和g 家，最有汉英互译的英语阅读理,快速提高英语水平!名的是小f《在路上》。
垮掉的一代是怎么“垮掉”的？
垮掉的一代是怎么“垮掉”的？垮掉的一代（英语：Beat Generation），或称疲惫的一代，是二次世界大战后美国的一群作家开启的文学运动，意在探索和影响二战后的美国文化和政治。
他们在1950年代发表大量作品并广为人传。
垮掉的一代的核心理念包含拒绝时下流行话语的价值观，进行精神探索，美国和东方宗教的探索，反对物质主义，对人类现状详尽描述，试验致幻药物和性解放及探索。
这一名称最早是由作家杰克·克鲁亚克于1948年前后提出的。
在英语中，形容词“beat”一词有“疲惫”或“潦倒”之意，而杰克·克鲁亚克赋予其新的含义“欢腾”或“幸福”，和音乐中“节拍”的概念联结在一起。
之所以将这样一小群潦倒的人当作“一代”，是因为这个人群对二战之后美国后现代主义文化的形成具有举足轻重的作用。
在西方文学领域，“垮掉的一代”被视为后现代主义文学的一个重要分支，也是美国文学历史上的重要流派之一。
“垮掉的一代”的作家们创作的作品通常广受争议，原因是这些作品通常不遵守传统创作的常规，结构和形式上也往往杂乱无章，语言粗糙甚至粗鄙。
“垮掉的一代”对后世的西方文化产生了深远的影响，被文化研究学者们看作是第一支真正意义上的后现代“亚文化”。
“垮掉的一代”的重要文学作品包括杰克·克鲁亚克（1922年－1969年）的《在路上》（On the Road）、艾伦·金斯堡（1926年－1997年）的《嚎叫》（Howl）和威廉·博罗斯（1914年－1997年）的《裸体午餐》（Naked Lunch）等。
后两部作品由于内容“猥亵”而引起法庭的注意，但也为此类文学作品在美国出版的合法化进程做出了贡献。
杰克·克鲁亚克严格意义上的“垮掉派”作家杰克·凯鲁亚克、艾伦·金斯堡和威廉·博罗斯于1940年代在纽约相遇，格雷戈里·柯尔索（1930年－2001年）在1950年代加入了这个阵营。
美国文学名词解释
American Puritanism清教主义:Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets. Transcendentalism 超验主义: Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul, as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of individual and offered a fresh perception nature ad symbolic of the spirit of God. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thorough.American Naturalism美国自然主义文学: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. The naturalists attempt to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by environment and heredity. It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser.American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学)：The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.The Gilded Age镀金时代:the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today.The Gilded Age is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893, a deep depression. The depression lasted until 1897 and marked a major political realignment in the election of 1896. After that came the Progressive Era.The Lost Generation迷惘的一代:The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Ger trude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises. It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.The Lost Generation(迷惘的一代）：The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers:men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos. Tragedy:In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character whois usually dignified or heroic. Through a series of events, this tragic hero is brought to a final downfall. The causes of the tragic hero’s downfall vary. In traditional dramas, the cause can be f ate, a flaw in character or an error in judgment. In modern dramas, where the tragic hero is often an ordinary individual, the causes range from moral or psychological weakness to the evils of society.Catch-22第22条军规:Catch-22 is a general critique of bureaucratic operation and reasoning. Resulting from its specific use in the book, the phrase "Catch-22" is common idiomatic usage meaning "a no-win situation" or "a double bind" of any type. The term was originally from Joseph Heller’s anti novel Catch-22.Beat Generation垮掉的一代:、Group of American writers of the 1950s whose writing expressed profound dissatisfaction with contemporary American society and endorsed an alternative set of values. The term sometimes is used to refer to those who embraced the ideas of these writers. The Beat Generation's best-known figures were writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac.The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代):The members of The Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines. Who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.2> The Beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style.3> the major beat writings are Allen Ginsberg’s howl.Howl became the manifesto of The Beat Generation.Psychological Realism心理现实主义:It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations. It places more than the usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization and on the motives, and internal action which springs from and develops external action. In Psychological Realism, character and characterization are more than usually important. Henry James is considered a great master of psychological realism.Free Verse自由诗体:Free verse is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure, instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse form do, free verse dose so in a looser way. Walt Whitman’s poetry is an example of free verse.Confessional Poetry自白诗:It is a type of modern poetry in which poets speak with openness and frankness about their own lives, such as in poems about illness, sexuality and despondence. Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath and Allen Ginsberg and Theodore Roethke are the most important American poets.Imagism意象派:The 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America. In poetry there appeared a strong reaction against Victorian poetry. Imagists placed primary reliance on the use of precise, sharp images as a means of poetic expression and stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject matter and form, and the use of colloquial language. Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse, using such devices as assonance and alliteration rather than formal metrical schemes to give structure to their poetry.The movement which had these as its aims is known in literary history as Imagism. Its prime mover was Ezra Pound.Imagism(意象主义)：Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.2>the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.3>imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:A.direct treatment of subject matter;B.economy of expression;C. as regards rhythm ,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome. 4> pou nd’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known inagist poem. Black Humor:the use of morbid and the absurd for darkly comic purposes in modern fiction and drama. The term refers as much to the tone of anger and bitterness as it does to the grotesque and morbid situations, which often deal with suffering, anxiety, and death. Black humor is a substantial element in the Anti-novel and the Theatre of Absurd. Joseph Heller's Catch-22 is an almost archetypal example.Irony:A contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens in drama and literature. There are types of irony: verbal irony, dramatic irony and irony of situation. Irony of situation typically takes the form of a discrepancy between appearance and reality, or between what a character expects and what actually happens. Both verbal and irony of situation share the suggestion of a concealed truth conflicting with surface appearances.A Jja zz age(爵士时代):Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between world war I and world war II. Particularly in north America. With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.Nathaniel Hawthorneworks(1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-toldTales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2)The Scarlet Letter(3)The House of the Seven Gables(4)The Marble Faun1.point of view(1)Evil is at the core of human life, “thatblackness in Hawthorne”(2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment.Sin or evil can be passed from generation togeneration (causality).(3)He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4)He has disgust in science.2.aesthetic ideas(1)He took a great interest in history andantiquity. To him these furnish the soil onwhich his mind grows to fruition.(2)He was convinced that romance was thepredestined form of American narrative. Totell the truth and satirize and yet not tooffend: That was what Hawthorne had inmind to achieve.3.style – typical romantic writer(1)the use of symbols(2)revelation of characters’ psychology(3)the use of supernatural mixed with theactual(4)his stories are parable (parable inform) – toteach a lesson(5)use of ambiguity to keep the reader in theworld of uncertainty –multiple point ofviewEdgar Allen PoeWorks1.short stories(1)ratiocinative storiesa.Ms Found in a Bottleb.The Murders in the Rue Morguec.The Purloined Letter(2)Revenge, death and rebirtha.The Fall of the House of Usherb.Ligeiac.The Masque of the Red Death(3)Literary theorya.The Philosophy of Compositionb.The Poetic Principlec.Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-told TalesI.Themes1.death –predominant theme in Poe’s writing“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everythingin Poe’s writings is dead.”2.disintegration (separation) of life3.horror4.negative thoughts of scienceII.Aesthetic ideas1.The short stories should be of brevity, totality,single effect, compression and finality.2.The poems should be short, and the aim should bebeauty, the tone melancholy. Poems should not beof moralizing. He calls for pure poetry and stressesrhythm.III.Style – traditional, but not easy to read Reputation: “the jingle man” (Emerson)I. F. Scott Fitzgerald1.life – participant in 1920s2.works(1)This Side of Paradise(2)Flappers and Philosophers(3)The Beautiful and the Damned(4)The Great Gatsby(5)Tender is the Night(6)All the Sad Young Man(7)(8)The Last Tycoon3.point of view(1)He expressed what the young peoplebelieved in the 1920s, the so-called“American Dream” is false in nature.(2)He had always been critical of the rich andtried to show the integrating effects ofmoney on the emotional make-up of hischaracter. He found that wealth alteredpeople’s characters, making them mean anddistrusted. He thinks money brought onlytragedy and remorse.(3)His novels follow a pattern: dream – lack ofattraction – failure and despair.4.His ideas of “American Dream”It is false to most young people. Only those whowere dishonest could become rich.5.StyleFitzgerald was one of the great stylists in Americanliterature. His prose is smooth, sensitive, andcompletely original in its diction and metaphors. Itssimplicity and gracefulness, its skill inmanipulating the relation between the general andthe specific reveal his consummate artistry.6.The Great GatsbyNarrative point of view – NickHe is related to everyone in the novel and is calmand detected observer who is never quick to makejudgements.Selected omniscient point of viewII.Ernest Hemingway1.life2.point of view (influenced by experience in war)(1)He felt that WWI had broken America’sculture and traditions, and separated from itsroots. He wrote about men and women whowere isolated from tradition, frightened,sometimes ridiculous, trying to find theirown way.(2)He condemned war as purposeless slaughter,but the attitude changed when he took partin Spanish Civil War when he found thatfascism was a cause worth fighting for.(3)He wrote about courage and cowardice inbattlefield. He defined courage as “aninstinctive movement towards or away fromthe centre of violence with self-preservationand self-respect, the mixed motive”. He alsotalked about the courage with which to facetragedies of life that can never be remedied.(4)Hemingway is essentially a negative writer.It is very difficult for him to say “yes”. Heholds a black, naturalistic view of the worldand sees it as “all a nothing” and “all nada”.3.works(1)In Our Time(2)Men Without Women(3)Winner Take Nothing(4)The Torrents of Spring(5)The Sun Also Rises(6) A Farewell to Arms(7)Death in the Afternoon(8)To Have and Have Not(9)Green Hills of Africa(10)The Fifth Column(11)For Whom the Bell Tolls(12)Across the River and into the Trees(13)The Old Man and the Sea4.themes –“grace under pressure”(1)war and influence of war on people, withscenes connected with hunting, bull fightingwhich demand stamina and courage, andwith the question “how to live with pain”,“how human being live gracefully underpressure”.(2)“code hero”The Hemingway hero is an average man ofdecidedly masculine tastes, sensitive andintelligent, a man of action, and one of fewwords. That is an individualist keepingemotions under control, stoic andself-disciplined in a dreadful place. Thesepeople are usually spiritual strong, people ofcertain skills, and most of them encounterdeath many times.5.style(1)simple and natural(2)direct, clear and fresh(3)lean and economical(4)simple, conversational, common found,fundamental words(5)simple sentences(6)Iceberg principle: understatement, impliedthings(7)SymbolismI.Mark Twain – Mississippi1.life2.works(1)The Gilded Age(2)“the two advantages”(3)Life on the Mississippi(4) A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’sCourt(5)The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug3.style(1)colloquial language, vernacular language,dialects(2)local colour(3)syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief,sometimes ungrammatical(4)humour(5)tall tales (highly exaggerated)(6)social criticism (satire on the different uglythings in society)I.Emily Dickenson1.life2.works(1)My Life Closed Twice before Its Close(2)Because I Can’t Stop for Death(3)I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died(4)Mine – by the Right of the White Election(5)Wild Nights – Wild Nights3.themes: based on her ownexperiences/joys/sorrows(1)religion –doubt and belief about religioussubjects(2)death and immortality(3)love –suffering and frustration caused bylove(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature – kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibility4.style(1)poems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness, brevity(4)musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5)capital letters – emphasis(6)short poems, mainly two stanzasrhetoric techniques: personification –make some of abstract ideas vivid。
2023 国开形考任务 理工英语2 边学边练684
题目：We call those who lived through World War II the “Beat Generation”.选项A：对选项B：错答案：错题目：44 percent of Internet users are creating meaningful materials and posting them on the web.选项A：对选项B：错答案：对题目：Young people spend much of their free, waking hours on the Internet.选项A：对选项B：错答案：对题目：“Generation C” have a meaning of creative generation.选项A：对选项B：错答案：错题目：“Generation E” may really stand for everyday people.选项A：对选项B：错答案：对题目：Adah wants to have a chance to work in the general office.选项A：对选项B：错答案：错题目：Bella thinks Adah is competent for the new job.选项A：对选项B：错答案：对题目：Bella's been in the company for four years and got much working experience.选项A：对选项B：错答案：错题目：Adah knows nothing of the new job.选项A：对选项B：错答案：错题目：According to Bella, if Adah gets the new job, she will get a pay raise.选项A：对选项B：错答案：对题目：Open offices could improve one's working efficiency.选项A：对选项B：错答案：错题目：It was found that employees with private offices were more satisfied at work.选项A：对选项B：错答案：对题目：A noisy workplace makes people concentrated.选项A：对选项B：错答案：错题目：Some people believe that work stress could cause illness.选项A：对选项B：错答案：对题目：Besides noise, sitting all day long is harmful to one's health.选项A：对选项B：错答案：对题目：What is LVIP?选项A：It is an industrial park.选项B：It is a region.选项C：It is a county.答案：It is an industrial park.题目：Which statement is NOT correct according to the passage? 选项A：436 companies are in LVIP.选项B：LVIP was founded 50 years ago.选项C：The companies in LVIP provide 22,000 jobs.答案：436 companies are in LVIP.题目：Why should the public and private leaders act together? 选项A：The nationwide strike would stop.选项B：People would appreciate the genius of LVIP's founders. 选项C：A more diverse economy could be fostered.答案：A more diverse economy could be fostered.题目：Who didn't contribute to the founding of LVIP？选项A：Workers in the nationwide strike.选项B：Frank L. Marcon.选项C：18 individuals.答案：Workers in the nationwide strike.题目：What was the passage about?选项A：A new model for cooperation选项B：The history of LVIP选项C：A federal economic development program答案：The history of LVIP。
the_beat__generation(英语)
The so-called Beat Generation was a whole bunch of people,of all different nationalities,who came to the conclusion that society sucked." “这个所谓的‘垮掉的一代’是一群人，来自不同国籍，他们持有 一个共同的想法，就是这个社会不可救药了 ———- Amiri Baraka
Jack is the man who brought up the name Beat Generation in the 1950s.
"On the Road" is Kerouac's autobiographical masterpiece.
小说主人公萨尔为了追求个性， 与迪安、玛丽卢等几个年轻男 女沿途搭车或开车，几次横越 美国大陆，最终到了墨西哥， 一路上他们狂喝滥饮，吸大麻， 玩女人，高谈东方禅宗，走累 了就挡道拦车，夜宿村落，从 纽约游荡到旧金山，最后作鸟 兽散……《在路上》1957年 一经问世即令舆论哗然，毁誉 参半。但不可否认的是，此书 影响了整整一代美国人的生活 方式，被公认为20世纪60年 代嬉皮士运动的经典。
Such as hot cartoon “ The Simpsons ”, Ned Flanders parents are typical image of the beatnik.（披头族）
The Representative Figure and works
Allen Ginsberg（艾伦 金斯堡） William Burroughs(威廉· 博罗斯)
杨霞
The Definition
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His works
Naked Lunch (1959) 《裸体午餐》
The Soft Machine (1961)《软机器》 The Ticket That Exploded (1962)《爆炸的票》 Cities of the Red Night (1981) 《红色夜幕下的城市》 The Place of Dead Roads (1983)《死路之地》
The Western Lands (1987) 《西域》
Jack Kerouac
（1922-1969）
杰克·凯鲁亚克（Jack Kerouac，1922～1969），是美 国“垮掉的一代”的代表人物。他的主要作品有自传体 小说《在路上》、《达摩流浪者》、《荒凉天使》、 《孤独旅者》等。他以离经叛道、惊世骇俗的生活方式 与文学主张，震撼了20世纪五六十年代美国主流文化的 价值观与社会观。凯鲁亚克在小说中创造了一种全新的 自动写作手法——“狂野散文”，他的“生活实录”小 说往往带有一种漫无情节的随意性和挑衅性，颠覆了传 统的写作风格。
Allen Ginsberg's Howl (1956), William S. Burroughs's Naked Lunch (1959) and Jack Kerouac's On the Road (1957) are among the best known examples of Beat literature. Both Howl and Naked Lunch were the focus of obscenity trials that ultimately helped to liberalize publishing in the United States.
The spread of ecological consciousness.主张普及生态保护 意识。 Opposition to the military-industrial machine civilization.反 对军事－工业文明。
Return to an appreciation of idiosyncrasy as against state regi mentation.反对全国性的政府权威，维护地方文化。 Respect for land and indigenous peoples and creatures.尊重 本土文化和原住居民。
Some ideas of Beat Generation
Spiritual liberation, sexual "revolution" or "liberation".支持 精神自由和性解放（或性自由）。 Liberation of the world from censorship.支持文学作品不受 检查制度危损的自由。 Decriminalization of cannabis and other drugs.支持大麻和其 他毒品合法化。 The evolution of rhythm and blues into rock and roll as a high art form, as evidenced by the Beatles, Bob Dylan, and other p opular musicians influenced in the later fifties and sixties by Beat generation poets' and writers' works. 支持摇滚乐吸收 蓝调因素并施行节奏革命。事实上，美国50－60年代的 一些摇滚巨星如甲壳虫乐队和鲍勃· 迪伦等都曾深受“垮 掉派”作家和作品的影响。
Significant figures
Allen Ginsberg
(1926-1997)
艾伦·金斯伯格（Allen Ginsberg,1926–1997年），美 国诗人，他在《嚎叫及其它诗》（1956年）中的标题诗 确立了其在垮掉的一代中的领袖诗人地位，堪称美国当 代诗坛和整个文学运动中的一位“怪杰“。金斯伯格后 来参与了二十世纪六十年代的“嬉皮士”运动，他一度 宣扬使用毒品的自由。在越南战争期间，他是一名主要 的反战激进分子。金斯伯格被奉为“垮掉的一代”之父， 他集诗人、文学运动领袖、激进的无政府主义者、旅行 家、预言家和宗教徒于一身。他那些发泄痛苦与狂欢的 诗作，不仅给诗坛以巨大冲击，有时也令整个社会为之 瞠目。
Some ideas such as drugs, sex are not good for teenager’s grown-up and cause the society’s chaos indirectly.
Everything belongs to me because I am poor. 因为我很贫穷,所以我拥有一切。
William Burroughs
(1914-1997)
威廉·巴勒斯(1914-1997)美国作家，与艾伦·金斯伯格 及杰克·凯鲁亚克同为“垮掉的一代”文学运动的创始 者，被誉为美国后现代主义创作的先驱之一。巴勒斯的 晚年主要和金斯伯格在演艺界玩耍捣乱，创作了不少通 俗歌曲，甚至被一些年轻人奉为朋克摇滚宗师。巴勒斯 晚年还演过电影，作画出售，并且为耐克运动鞋在电视 上做广告，几乎无所不为。在金斯伯格逝世后的4个月， 巴勒斯心脏病发，离开人世。
The effect of Beat Generation
An important part of post-modernism literature.
Fight against tradition and promote personality liberation. Create the rock music to some degree.
His works
The Town and the City（1950）《小城镇与大都会》 On the Road（1957）《在路上》 The Dharma Bums（1958）《达摩流浪者》 Doctor Sax（1959）《萨克斯医生》 Desolation Angels（1956~1961）《荒凉天使》
垮掉的一代：第二次世界大战后风行于美国的文学 流派。该流派的作家都是性格粗犷豪放、落拓不羁 的男女青年，他们生活简单、不修边幅，喜穿奇装 异服，厌弃工作和学业，拒绝承担任何社会义务， 以浪迹天涯为乐，蔑视社会的法纪秩序，反对一切 世俗陈规和垄断资本统治，抵制对外侵略和种族隔 离，讨厌机器文明，他们永远寻求新的刺激，寻求 绝对自由，纵欲、吸毒、沉沦，以此向体面的传统 价值标准进行挑战，因此被称作垮掉的一代。
——On the Road
Thank you!
His works
Hoty Mirror (1960) 《空镜》
Kaddish and Other Poems （1960）《卡迪西及其他》
Reality Sandwiches (1963) 《现实的三明治》
The Fall of America (1973) 《美国的衰亡》
Historical Background
第二次世界大战后那段时期的主流文化曾不顾一切 的试图建立一个新的牢靠的文化新秩序，然而在知 识界却有一股强大的潜流抵制这种强硬的文化秩序， 他们追求自发的艺术创作，反对扼杀人们心灵的力 量，他们怀有渴求无序、狂欢状态的浪漫主义情怀。 “垮掉的一代”就是这一潜流的代表。
Beat Generation
——英语122
葛云鹏
Brief introduction
The Beat Generation was a group of authors whose literature explored and influenced American culture in the post-World War II era. The bulk of their work was published and popularized throughout the 1950s. Central elements of "Beat" culture: rejection of standard narrative values, the spiritual quest, exploration of American and Eastern religions, rejection of materialism, explicit portrayals of the human condition, experimentation with psychedelic drugs, and sexual liberation and exploration.
Minds Breaths:Poems 1972-1977 (1978) 《精神呼吸：1972-1977》
Collected Poems 1947-1980 (1984) 《诗集1947-1980》 White Shroud,Poems1980-1985 (1986) 《白色尸衣，诗集1980-1985》
Origin of name
Jack Kerouac introduced the phrase "Beat Generation" in 1948 to characterize a perceived underground, anticonformist youth movement in New York. The adjective "beat" could mean "tired" or "beaten down", but Kerouac altered the meaning to include the connotations "upbeat", "beatific", and the musical association of being "on the beat".