上交大《金融学》第二章 课后习题答案
《金融学》第二章答案金融系统
《金融学》第二章答案金融系统CHAPTER 2THE FINANCIAL S YS TEMObjectivesTo provide a conceptual framework for understanding how the financial system works and how it changes over time.To understand the meaning and determinants of rates of return on different classes of assets.Outline2.1 What Is the Financial System?2.2 The Flow of Funds2.3 The Functional Perspective2.4 Financial Innovation and the “Invisible Hand”2.5 Financial Markets2.6 Financial Market Rates2.7 Financial Intermediaries2.8 Financial Infrastructure and Regulation2.9 Governmental and Quasi-Governmental OrganizationsSummaryThe financial system is the set of markets and intermediaries used by households, firms, and governments to implement their financial decisions. It includes the markets for stocks, bonds, and other securities, as well as financial intermediaries such as banks and insurance companies.Funds flow through the financial system from entities that have a surplus of funds to those that have a deficit.Often these fund flows take place through a financial intermediary.There are six core functions performed by the financialsystem:1.To provide ways to transfer economic resources through time, across borders, and among industries.2.To provide ways of managing risk.3.To provide ways of clearing and settling payments to facilitate trade.4.To provide a mechanism for the pooling of resources and for the subdividing of shares in variousenterprises.5.To provide price information to help coordinate decentralized decision-making in various sectors of the economy.6.To provide ways of dealing with the incentive problems created when one party to a transaction hasinformation that the other party does not or when one party acts as agent for another.The fundamental economic force behind financial innovation is competition, which generally leads to improvements in the way financial functions are performed. The basic types of financial assets traded in markets are debt, equity, and derivatives.Debt instruments are issued by anyone who borrows money—firms, governments, and households.Equity is the claim of the owners of a firm. Equity securities issued by corporations are called common stocks.Derivatives are financial instruments such as options and futures contracts that derive their value from the prices of one or more other assets.An interest rate is a promised rate of return, and there are as many different interest rates as there are distinct kinds of borrowing and lending. Interest rates vary depending on the unitof account, the maturity, and the default risk of the credit instrument. The nominal interest rate is the promised amount of money you receive per unit you lend.The real rate of return is defined as the nominal interest rate you earn corrected for the change in the purchasing power of money. For example, if you earn a nominal interest rate of 8% per year and the rate of price inflation is also 8% per year, then the real rate of return is zero.There are four main factors that determine rates of return in a market economy:the productivity of capital goods—expected rates of return on mines, dams, roads, bridges, factories, machinery, and inventories,the degree of uncertainty regarding the productivity of capital goods,time preferences of people—the preference of people for consumption now versus consumption in the future, and risk aversion—the amount people are willing to give up in order to reduce their exposure to risk.Indexing is an investment strategy that seeks to match the returns of a specified stock market index.Financial intermediaries are firms whose primary business is to provide customers with financial products that cannot be obtained more efficiently by transacting directly in securities markets. A mong the main types of intermediaries are banks, investment companies, and insurance companies. Their products include checking accounts, loans, mortgages, mutual funds, and a wide range of insurance contracts.Solutions to Problems at End of Chapter1. Do you agree with Adam Smith’s view that society canrely more on the “invisible hand” than on government to promote economic pros perity?Student answers will vary of course.SAMPLE ANSWER:The communist system is the exact opposite of Adam Smith’s invisible hand. And of course we have recently seen the downfall of many of the communist countries around the world. In the communist world, it was believed that government could make better decisions promoting economic prosperity than individuals could. Clearly this system failed to promote economic prosperity. It seems that Adam Smith’s view was that competitive market systems as a whole (rather than government) could best allocate resources to promote economic prosperity. However, a completely unfettered capitalist society such as in the late 1800s in the Western world may n ot have been the perfect system either as the invisible hand helped the “rich get richer” while the poor and needy had no formal assistance. This outraged the moral fabric of society and government programs were eventually set up to formally address thisi ssue of general welfare and “fairness”.2. How does the financial system contribute to economic security and prosperity in a capitalist society?In a capitalist society, it is the price system which helps make capital resource decisions. Capital flows to those operations which can employ it to earn the highest rate of return. This therefore allocates capital to its most productive use, thereby enhancing society’s economic prosperity.In addition, the financial system has markets and intermediaries which transfer risks from those who are least willing to bear it to those who are most willing to bear it. This benefits society as a whole withoutcosting it anything. In addition, by allowing individuals to reduce or eliminate risks, it fosters an atmosphere of undertaking business ventures which also benefits society.3. Give an example of how each of the six functions of the financial system are performed more efficiently today than they were in the time of Adam Smith (1776).Clearing and settling payments:In Adam Smith’s day, just as today there was paper and coin currency. However, due to technological innovations (primarily the computer) today there are many additional forms of payment settlement such as personal checks, credit cards, debit cards and electronic transfer of funds. In addition, certain credit cards and traveler’s checks are accepted everywhere in the world making currency exchange a relic of the past. Pooling resources and subdividing shares:In Adam Smith’s day, most businesses were s mall and were financed by sole proprietorships. Therefore the need to pool resources to finance large investments was not as prevalent or as important as it is today. Again, the technological revolution of computers and telephones allow for global capital marke ts to efficiently finance today’s much larger businesses. Today these companies can access huge pools of money around the world and find the cheapest source of financing for large scale projects.Transfer economic resources: Today there is a worldwide financial system which facilitates the transfer of resources and risk from one individual to another and from one point in time to another. In Adam Smith’s day, although there were financial markets which played a limited role, they were localized, small and much less efficient and innovative than they are today.Managing risk: Of course during Adam Smith’s day individuals and businesses faced many of the same risks they dotoday (risk of property damage, risk of financial loss, risk of crop failure etc.) Ho wever, there were limited means to offset this risk. There were some insurance companies in place at that time, however, they concentrated on managing business risk rather than personal risk and certainly there was not the same type of insurance. A good ex ample is that in Adam Smith’s day, there was no unemployment insurance. In Adam Smith’s day, there was very little a farmer could do about reducing his risk of crop failure or lower crop prices. Today there are a vast number of markets and securities which can be used to offset individual and business risk as well as a huge network of insurance companies whose role is to transfer risk from those who want to reduce risk to those who want to take on more risk.Price information: During Adam Smith’s day, info rmation traveled slowly. Of course, there were no phones, televisions or radios. News traveled by newspaper and by the mail. Today, information travels around the worldinstantaneously. Due primarily to the growth and innovation in computer and telephone t echnology, information about security prices and performance is known at virtually the same time everywhere around the world.Incentive problems: As discussed above, today’s financial sy stem is large, innovative and global. In Adam Smith’s day, while there were problems of moral hazard and adverse selection (but less of a principal-agent problem) there was not the same financial system and sophistication to deal with these problems as there is today.4. How does a competitive stock market accomplish the result that Adam Smith describes? Should the stock market be regulated? How and why?Student answers will vary.SAMPLE ANSWER:Adam Smith talked about free and competitive markets as a system which allocates capital to its most productive use and greatest value. In a competitive stock market, prices are set through supply and demand. Those companies returning the highest return will be rewarded with the highest prices (or cheapest source of financing). Those companies which are under performing will not be allocated as much capital because they are not as productive. Because the universe of possible investments is huge and because it is at times difficult for investors to discern which companies are the most productive employers of capital, regulation shou ld be required to make sure relevant and standardized information is disseminated to potential investors. This would include regulation on disclosure and also insider trading and stock manipulation. However other forms of market regulation are perhaps not so important from a market efficiency point of view and may even impede society’s overall financial welfare.5. Would you be able to get a student loan without someone else offering to guarantee it?Since most students do not have any earning power (yet) or source of savings or other capital, it is doubtful any intermediary would take that credit risk at any reasonable interest rate.6. Give an example of a new business that would not be able to get financing if insurance against risk were not available.EXAMPLES:Chemical companyChild safety products companyAirlineBankHospitalEnvironmental consultingHazardous waste disposal7. Suppose you invest in a real-estate development deal. The total investment is $100,000. You invest $20,000 of your own money and borrow the other $80,000 from the bank. Who bears the risk of this venture and why?The $20,000 of my own money is considered the equity capital and the $80,000 is debt financing. In general it is the equity investors who absorb the primary risk of business failure. This is because if the business goes bankrupt, I will unlikely get any or my money back as the debt holders get paid back before I do. However, the debt holder also faces some risk that it will not even get back all its principal and interest. So lenders do share some of the business risk along with the equity investors.8. You are living in the United States and are thinking of traveling to Germany 6 months from now. You can purchase an option to buy marks now at a fixed rate of $0.75 per mark 6 months from now. How is the option like an insurance policy?An option means you have a choice. In this example you can choose to buy the marks at $0.75 in 6 months but you do not have to. You will only buy the marks at this price if it is cheaper for you to do so (if the spot market at that time is higher). Therefore, like an insurance policy you are protected against a potential loss. You know that the maximum price you will have to pay is $0.75 per mark and that you are protected against any higher price. Presumably you will have to pay something for the price of that option and that can be equated to an insurance premium.9. Give an example of how the problem of moral hazard might prevent you from getting financing for something you want to do. Can you think of a way of overcoming this problem?SAMPLE ANSWER:Suppose I want to start a biotechnology business and I need a lot of financing. The trouble is, I do not want to disclose my technology secrets to potential equity and debt investors. I will have great difficulty raising financing. But I could do the following: At a minimum, I could require all potential lenders and investors to sign agreements saying they will not disclose any of my secrets. Secondly, I could share some of my equity with potential lenders (equity-kickers) and investors (stock and stock options). At least that way they will not be motivated to disclose my secrets to others. Finally, if I decided I did not want to share secrets, I could give collateral in my new plant to the debt lenders and that might make them more comfortable with the issue of moral hazard.10. Give an example of how the problem of adverse selection might prevent you from getting financing for something you want to do. Can you think of a way of overcoming this problem?SAMPLE ANSWER:Suppose I want to start a car leasing business. Initially my plan was to purchase several automobiles and lease them out at attractive annual rates. However, potential lenders were worried that my business would attract individuals who drive great distances each year. Rather than buy their own car and lose significant value, they would lease my cars and take a new one each year. I would not be able to obtain financing for this business until I instituted annual mileage restrictions. This alteration in the business plan was enough to make the lenderscomfortable with the potential problem of adverse selection.11. Give an example of how the principal-agent problem might prevent you from getting financing for something you want to do. Can you think of a way of overcoming this problem?SAMPLE ANSWER:Suppose you want to start a personal care products company. However, you have the idea for the business, but you do not want to actually run the business. To do that you have hired an executive from a competitor. He will own no equity in the business but will be paid a salary of $100,000 to start up the business.Trouble with this example is that the executive you have hired has little incentive to make the business really work other than his salary (which presumably he could earn at many different companies). What if this executive is really a spy? It may be difficult to get financing for this venture. The way to solve the problem is if you the owner decide to run the business (you certainly are motivated for it do well) or at a minimum, grant your new employee stock or stock options in the business.12. Why is it that a country’s postage stamps are not as good a medium of exchange as its paper currency? Postage stamps would be much easier to copy (to counterfeit) than paper currency which has intricate designs and is made of special fibers (not easily duplicated). Secondly, postage stamps would not be as durable as paper currency and because of their other use, could easily stick to other items! Finally, because postage stamps are used for another purpose, one might run out of them and have to make a special trip to the post office to get more. Of course, the post office is not as convenient as an ATM machine for getting a new supply of currency.13. Who is hurt if I issue counterfeit U.S. dollars and use them to purchase valuable goods and services?If this were done in great size, everyone would be hurt through the inflation that would result in the increased money supply. However, if done in a s mall amount, the individuals accepting the currency are taking on the risk (without knowing it) that the dollars will not be accepted by others as a medium of exchange.14. Some say the only criterion to use in predicting what will serve as money in the future is the real resource cost of producing it, including the transaction costs of verifying its authenticity. According to this criterion what do you think will be the money of the future?SAMPLE ANSWER:Payments via electronic transfer may become the medium of choice. It is a very cheap way to create currency. The biggest challenge will be to create security systems that do not allow for tampering and fraud. Once this is done and once most individuals and retail establishments have access to the system (through bank accounts and linking computer systems) then this should become the “currency” of choice.15. Should all governments issue debt that is indexed to their domestic price level? Is there a moral hazard problem that citizens face with regard to their public officials when government debt is fixed in units of the domestic currency?The answer is that all governments should issue debt that is indexed to their domestic price level. This is due to the fact that if debts are not indexed to the domestic price level, governments have the incentive to print money to repay those debts, thereby increasing domestic inflation which negatively impacts all ofsociety.16. Describe your country’s sy stem for financing higher education. Wh at are the roles played by households, voluntary non-profit organizations, businesses and government?SAMPLE ANSWER:In the United States, the vast majority of higher education is paid for by individuals through savings. These sums can be supplemented in whole or in part by government-guaranteed loans and through student loans and scholarships provided by universities themselves as well as by private foundations such as those provided by the Fulbright scholarship.17. Describe your country’s system for fin ancing residential housing. What are the roles played by households, businesses and government?SAMPLE ANSWER:In the United States individuals and individual borrowings from savings and loans, commercial banks and mortgage lending companies finance the vast majority of residential housing through individual equity savings. The government guarantees a certain amount of low income mortgages and local governments finance some low-income housing. Businesses play a role through the lending business as well as through the financial markets which provide liquidity for portfolios of certain standardized mortgages.18. Describe your country’s system for financing new enterprises. What are the roles played by households, businesses and government?SAMPLE ANSWER:In the United States, the vast majority of new enterprises is financed through individual savings and through initial publicofferings made to the general public. These sources of financing are augmented by established firms which spend research and development (R&D) dollars developing new products and businesses and by venture capital institutions which also provide start-up financing.19. Describe your country’s system for financing medical research. What are the roles played by voluntary non-profit organizations, businesses and government?SAMPLE ANSWER:In the United States, medical research is financed both by non-profit organizations (such as universities and medical facilities as well as organizations such as the American Heart Association) as well as by businesses such as Merck, Johnson & Johnson and Genentech. The government is involved in research grants, primarily to universities.20. Assume there are only two stocks traded in the stock market, and you are trying to construct an index to show what has happened to stock prices. Let us say that in the base year the prices were $20 per share for stock 1 with 100 million shares outstanding and $10 for stock 2 with 50 million shares outstanding. A year later, the prices are $30 per share for stock 1 and $2 per share for stock 2. Using the two different methods explained in the chapter, compute stock indexes showing what has happened to the overall stock market. Which of the two methods do you prefer and why? (See appendix that follows.) DJI-Type Index = Average of Current Prices/Average of Base Prices * 100 = 106.67S&P-Type Index = (Weight of Stock 1 * Current Price of Stock 1 / Base Price of Stock 1 + Weight of Stock 2 * Current Price of Stock 2/Base Price of Stock 2) * 100 = 124The S&P-Type Index accurately reflects what has happened to the total market value of all stocks.。
金融学第二版课后复习思考题参考答案
⾦融学第⼆版课后复习思考题参考答案⾦融学第⼆版课后复习思考题参考答案Document serial number【KKGB-LBS98YT-BS8CB-BSUT-BST108】第⼀章货币与货币制度⼀、单项选择题⼆、多项选择题三、简答题1. 货币的职能有哪些价值尺度；流通⼿段；⽀付⼿段；贮藏⼿段；世界货币2. ⼈民币制度包括哪些内容（1）⼈民币是我国的法定货币；（2）⼈民币是我国唯⼀的合法通货；（3）⼈民币的发⾏权集中于中央银⾏；（4）⼈民币以商品物资作为发⾏的⾸要保证，也以⼤量的政府政府债券、商业票据、商业银⾏票据等为发⾏的信⽤保证，还有黄⾦、外汇储备等也是⼈民币发⾏的现⾦保证；（5）⼈民币实⾏有管理的货币制度；（6）⼈民币称为可兑换货币。
3. 货币制度的构成要素是什么货币材料；货币单位；各种通货的铸造、发⾏和流通程序；准备制度4. 不兑现的信⽤货币制度有哪些特点（1）不兑现信⽤货币⼀般由中央银⾏发⾏，并由国家赋予其⽆限法偿能⼒，这是不兑现信⽤货币制度最基本的特点；（2）信⽤货币不与任何⾦属保持等价关系，也不能兑换黄⾦；（3）货币通过信⽤程序投⼊流通领域；（4）信⽤货币制度是⼀种管理货币制度；5. 钱、货币、通货、现⾦是⼀回事吗银⾏卡是货币吗不⼀样。
（1）钱的概念在不同场景下有很多不同的意思。
可以是个收⼊的概念、也可以是个财富的概念，也可以特指现⾦货币；（2）货币是在商品劳务交换与债券债务清偿时，被社会公众所普遍接受的东西。
（3）通货是流通中的货币，指流通与银⾏体系之外的货币。
范围⼩于货币。
（4）现⾦就是现钞，包括纸币、硬币。
现⾦是货币的⼀部分，流动性很强，对⼈们的⽇常消费影响很⼤。
（5）银⾏卡本⾝也称为“塑料货币”，包括信⽤卡、⽀票卡，记账卡、⾃动出纳机卡等。
银⾏卡可以⽤于存取款和转账⽀付。
在发达西⽅国家，各种银⾏卡正在取代现钞和⽀票，称为经济⽣活中⼴泛的⽀付⼯具，因此现代社会银⾏卡也是货币6.社会经济⽣活中为什么离不开货币为什么⾃古⾄今，⼈们⼜往往把⾦钱看做说万恶之源（1）社会经济⽣活离不开货币，货币的产⽣和发展都有其客观必然性。
上海交通大学管理学院《金融工程学》习题
上海交通大学管理学院《金融工程学》习题一、大作业：本课程共包括3次大作业，旨在培养学生分析实际问题和解决实际问题能力。
要求学生自己实践与尝试，自己去调查、分析和计算，可以进行分组，进行学习小组交流、讨论，形成小组意见，课堂上安排小组代表作简要介绍，任课教师点评和总结。
1、设计“一个”新的金融产品。
2、计算一个具体的投资组合风险（例如VaR）以及解决风险的方法。
3、选择一个具体的金融产品定价（例如权证或者银行的理财产品）。
二、课后习题第１章金融工程概述1、请论述学习金融工程的三个基本目标，并举例说明。
2、根据已有的金融工程几个代表性定义，请阐述你对这几个定义的理解和看法。
3、请论述中国开展金融衍生产品交易的意义及其面临的问题。
第2章无套利定价原理1、假设市场的无风险借贷利率为8％，另外存在两种风险证券A和B，其价格变化情况如图2-11，不考虑交易成本。
图2-11两种风险证券的价格变化情况问题：（１）证券B的合理价格为多少呢？（２）如果B的市场价格为１１０元，是否存在套利机会？如果有，如何套利？（３）如果存在交易成本，例如，每次卖或买费用均为１元，结论又如何？2、假设无风险借贷半年利率r＝4％（单时期），两种资产的两时期价格变动情况如图2-12：图2-12两种资产的两时期价格变动情况问题：（１）利用动态组合复制定价技术给证券B定价；（２）如果证券B的市场价格为１００元，是否存在套利机会？如果有，如何构造套利策略？3、试分析金融市场套利与商业贸易中的价差盈利的关系？为何金融市场中套利概念如此重要？第3章金融产品创新原理1、如何设计一个更加合理的全流通方案？2、如何设计一个金融新产品？第4章金融风险管理原理1、金融风险是怎样产生的？如何从理论上解释金融风险？2、怎样理解长期资本管理公司破产是一个由制度性缺陷、市场风险和流动性风险所造成的经典案例？3、在例4-1中，当欧洲国家相关企业提出中国绍兴纺织企业向他们购买纺织设备，将终止使用美元支付的惯例，转为以欧元计价结算时，能否估计出１年之内因汇率波动产生的最大损失，若能是多少？4、在例4-1中，能否找到一种套期保值方法，来减少思考题3估计出１年之内因汇率波动产生的最大损失。
金融学 第二章-信用-习题与答案
4股份公司的典型形式是指( )。
5直接融资活动中的核心是( )。
三、选择题
1.信用活动中的货币发挥的职能是( )、
A储藏手段B．支付手段
C流通手段D．价值尺度
2由债权人开出承诺到期付款的有价证券是（)。
A．商业票据B支票
C．商业汇票D商业期票
3一直在我国占主导地位的信用形式是( )。
A．银行信用B国家信用
C消费信用D民间信用
4．在商业信用中采用的商业票据有( )。
A支票B传票C期票D汇票
5．消费信贷的基本类型有( )。
A银行信用B合作信用
C商业信用D国家信用
6在典型的商业信用中实际包括两个同时发生的经济行为，即（）。
A买卖行为B．借贷行为
C分配行为D生产行为
7．与公司、企业的经营活动直接联系的信用形式有()。
4．有限责任公司
5．证券公司
三选择题
1B2C3A4ACD5AC6AB
7BD 8BCD 9D 10B 11ABCD 12AD
四简答题
比较商业信用与银行信用的特点，二者兼有怎样的联系？
答：与公司、企业的经营活动直接联系的信用有两种形式：商业信用和银行信用。
（1）商业信用：典型的商业信用是工商企业以赊销方式对购买商品的工商企业所提供的信用。不仅在各国国内交易中广泛存在，并且也广泛存在于国际贸易之中，对于推动商品交易和经济增长有着重要意义。在典型的商业信用中，实际包括两个同时发生的经济行为：买卖行为和借贷行为。就买卖行为来说，在发生商业信用之际就已完结，即该产品从工厂所有变成商店所有，就与通常现款买卖一样，而在此之后，它们之间只存在一定货币金额的债权债务关系。
商业信用有其严格的方向性。一般地说，是上游产品企业向下游产品企业提供信用，是工业向商业提供信用。因而有些企业很难从这种形式取得必要的信用支持。
0《金融学》(第二版)第1-15章答案
第一章思考题A、B、C详解1.1 答案详解：A金银作为自然的产物，其只有在人类社会出现之后才作为货币，因此金银天然不是货币，B选项错误。
货币的本质是一般等价物，贝壳、铜在历史上都曾经做过货币，因此C选项错误。
金银只有在作为货币使用时才能作为一般等价物。
D选项也错误。
综合，A说法正确。
1.2 答案详解：A纸币是由国家发行的、强制使用的货币符号。
纸币的发行数量、面值等等都是由国家决定的，体现着一个国家的货币政策。
但是，货币的购买力不是由国家或者法律决定的，而是由货币发行数量和经济发展状况决定的。
如果生产力水平不变，社会生产出的总的商品数量不变，而流通中的货币数量为原来的两倍，那么商品的价格也会变成原来的两倍，此时每种面值的货币只代表原来一半的价值。
因此选A。
1.3 答案详解：ACDF在商品交换过程中，价值形式的发展经历的四个阶段有简单的价值形式、扩大的价值形式、相对价值形式、一般价值形式。
参见第一章第一节有关内容1.4 答案详解：银行券指由银行发行的以信用作为保证的可以兑现的银行票据，是以银行信用为担保所产生的一种信用工具银行券有其自身的发展历程。
开始时为安全的缘故，一些人将金银交由从事货币兑换业务的商铺保存，商铺则给客户开出相应收据，并承诺随时提取原有数量的金银；后来，由于交易和支付日益频繁，人们可以使用保管凭条进行直接收付，这就是银行券的雏形。
随着商业信用的不断扩大和发展，商业票据的运用范围日益广泛，但持票人只能到期才能兑现自己所持有的商业票据。
为了解决持票人临时需要资金的问题，银行进行金融创新，开展贴现业务，并且当银行的现款不足以支付持票人时，银行可以使用自己发行的银行券来支付。
1.5 答案详解：当货币在生活中日益重要时，一般说来，作为货币的商品有如下四个基本特征：一是价值比较高，这样可用较少的媒介完成较大量的商品交换；二是易于分割，一方面分割之后不会减少它的价值，另一方面分割成本较低，以便于同价值高低不等的商品交换；三是易于保存，即在保存过程中不会损失价值，费用很低；四是便于携带，以利于扩大化的商品交易。
金融学第2章练习测试题及答案
金融学第2章练习测试题及答案模拟测试题（二）一、判断题（每题1分）1、间接融资的优点是有利于通过分散化来降低金融风险。
（） 2、金融中介机构存在的必要性之一是它能够“集零为整，续短为长”。
（） 3、信用资产作为融资手段比股权融资具有较高的财务风险。
（） 4、中世纪的欧洲，许多国家实行银本位制，这是符合当时欧洲商品经济发展水平和欧洲贵金属生产情况的。
（）5、金融制度所提供的机制和组织较难抑制金融交易活动中的机会主义倾向。
（）6、在通货紧缩情况下，通常名义利率降幅往往低于物价降幅，从而造成对投资的抑制。
（）7、菲利普斯曲线反映的是通货膨胀与就业之间的反向相关关系。
（）8、养老基金属于投资型金融机构的范畴。
（）9、货币市场主要包括商业银行的短期借贷市场、同业拆借市场、商业票据市场、证券市场、大额可转让存单市场等。
（）10 、中央银行的公开市场业务都是在二级市场而非一级证券市场进行的.( ) 11、银行承兑汇票的物质基础是商品交易。
（）12、利率市场化是指中央银行完全放弃对利率的调整，利率完全由市场决定。
（） 13、资金短缺单位与盈余单位直接建立融资关系被称之为间接融资。
（） 14、原始存款就是流通中现金和商业银行在中央银行的准备金存款之和。
（） 15、希克斯和尼汉斯提出了金融创新理论―― 规避创新假说（）二、单项选择题（每题1分）1、以下对金融资产的描述不正确的是（） A 市场价值稳定B 是一种无形资产C 是一种未来收益的索取权D 市场价值受市场供求状况影响 2、流动性比率管理应属于：（）A 一般性货币政策工具B 选择性货币政策工具C 直接信用控制D 间接信用控制 3、（）是对银行票据的正确描述。
A 是在商业票据流通的基础上产生的B 是由工商企业发行的无抵押品的短期债务凭证 C 就是银行承兑票据D 工商企业在赊购商品时，签发的延期付款的凭证4、（）又称为一级市场，是指资金需求者将金融工具面向公众首次出售而形成的交易市场。
金融学双色版课本课后习题答案
金融学双色版课本课后习题答案金融学是一门研究资金的筹集、分配和使用，以及与此相关的经济活动和经济关系的学科。
它在现代经济体系中扮演着至关重要的角色。
双色版课本通常指的是将重点内容以不同颜色突出显示，以便于学生识别和记忆。
课后习题是帮助学生巩固课堂所学知识的重要环节。
以下是金融学双色版课本课后习题的一些答案示例。
第一章：金融学导论习题1：什么是金融学？它与经济学有何不同？答案：金融学是研究资金的筹集、分配和使用，以及与此相关的经济活动和经济关系的学科。
它与经济学的主要区别在于，经济学更侧重于资源的分配和利用，而金融学更专注于资金的流动和管理。
习题2：描述金融市场的基本功能。
答案：金融市场的基本功能包括：1) 资金筹集，为资金需求者提供融资渠道；2) 资金分配，将资金从资金盈余者转移到资金需求者；3) 风险管理，通过金融工具转移和分散风险；4) 信息传递，为市场参与者提供价格信息和市场动态。
第二章：货币与货币供给习题1：解释货币的三种主要职能。
答案：货币的三种主要职能是：1) 价值尺度，货币作为衡量商品和服务价值的标准；2) 交易媒介，货币在买卖交易中充当支付手段；3) 贮藏手段，货币可以作为财富的存储形式。
习题2：如何理解货币供给的多渠道？答案：货币供给的多渠道指的是货币可以通过不同的途径进入经济体系。
这包括中央银行的货币发行、商业银行的信贷创造、以及通过外汇市场和其他金融市场的货币流动。
第三章：利率与资本市场习题1：利率是如何影响经济活动的？答案：利率是资金的价格，它影响着储蓄和投资的决策。
高利率会抑制投资，因为借贷成本增加；而低利率则鼓励投资和消费，从而刺激经济增长。
习题3：描述债券市场的基本原理。
答案：债券市场是发行和交易债券的场所。
债券是一种金融证券，代表着债务关系，债券发行者（债务人）向购买者（债权人）借款，并承诺在未来的某个时间点偿还本金并支付利息。
...结语：金融学是一个不断发展和变化的领域，随着全球经济的不断演变，金融学的理论、方法和实践也在不断更新。
金融学课后习题参考答案
金融学课后习题参考答案第一题：货币政策理论货币政策是指由中央银行制定和执行的旨在调控货币供应量和利率水平以达到宏观经济稳定的政策。
货币政策的目标通常包括保持物价稳定、促进经济增长和维护金融稳定。
下面是对货币政策理论的详细解答：1. 名义货币供应量（M）的组成包括现金（C）和存款（D）。
通常情况下，中央银行通过购买或出售政府债券来控制货币供应量。
如果中央银行出售政府债券，存款减少，货币供应量减少；如果中央银行购买政府债券，存款增加，货币供应量增加。
2. 通货膨胀率是衡量物价水平变化的指标，它与货币供应量的增长率和经济产出的增长率密切相关。
若货币供应量增长速度高于经济增长速度，通货膨胀率将上升；反之，通货膨胀率将下降。
3. 货币与经济产出之间的关系可以通过费雪方程（MV = PY）来描述。
其中，M为货币供应量，V为货币速度，P为物价水平，Y为实际产出。
通过调控货币供应量和利率水平，中央银行可以影响经济产出和通货膨胀率。
4. 货币政策工具包括公开市场操作、存款准备金率、利率调整等。
公开市场操作是指中央银行通过购买或出售政府债券来调节货币供应量；存款准备金率指的是商业银行需按一定比例保留在中央银行的存款；利率调整则是通过调整短期利率或长期利率来引导经济走向。
第二题：投资组合理论投资组合理论是指通过合理配置不同资产的比例和权重，以降低风险并提高收益的投资策略。
下面是对投资组合理论的详细解答：1. 投资组合的关键是在不同的资产之间寻求相关性较小或负相关的资产以降低系统风险。
相关性较小的资产可以互相抵消风险，从而提高组合的整体表现。
2. 投资者可以通过构建有效前沿曲线来选择最优投资组合。
有效前沿曲线代表了在给定风险水平下，可以获得的最大收益。
投资者可以在有效前沿曲线上选择适合自己风险偏好的投资组合。
3. 马科维茨提出了资本资产定价模型（CAPM），该模型可以帮助投资者确定资产的预期收益率。
CAPM模型认为，资产的预期收益率与市场风险有关，市场风险可以通过贝塔系数来度量。
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第二章信用
复习思考题
1.什么是信用？信用是如何产生的？
所谓信用就是以偿还和付息为特征的借贷行为，具体来说就是商品或货币的所有者，把商品或货币让渡给需要者，并约定一定时间内由借者还本付息的行为。
私有制出现以后，社会分工不断发展，大量剩余产品不断出现。
私有制和社会分工使得劳动者各自占有不同的劳动产品，剩余产品的出现则使交换行为成为可能。
随着商品生产和交换的发展，商品流通出现了矛盾，“一手交钱一手交货”的方式由于受到客观条件的限制经常发生困难。
例如，一些商品生产者出售商品时，购买者却可能因自己的商品尚未卖出而无钱购买。
于是赊销即延期支付的方式应运而生。
赊销意味着卖方对买方未来付款承诺的信任，意味着商品的让渡和价值实现发生时间上的分离。
这样，买卖双方除了商品交换关系之外，又形成了一种债权债务关系，即信用关系。
当赊销到期、支付货款时，货币不再发挥其流通手段的职能而只充当支付手段，这种支付是价值的单方面转移。
正是由于货币作为支付手段的职能，使得商品能够在早已让渡之后独立地完成价值的实现，从而确保了信用的兑现。
整个过程实质上就是一种区别于实物交易和现金交易的交易形式，即信用交易后来，信用交易超出了商品买卖的范围。
作为支付手段的货币本身也加入了交易过程，出现了借贷活动。
从此，货币的
运动和信用关系联结在一起，并由此形成了新的范畴——金融。
现代金融业正是信用关系发展的产物。
在市场经济发展初期，市场行为的主体大多以延期付款的形式相互提供信用，即商业信用；在市场经济较发达时期，随着现代银行的出现和发展，银行信用逐步取代了商业信用，成为现代经济活动中最重要的信用形式。
总之，信用交易和信用制度是随着商品货币经济的不断发展而建立起来的；进而，信用交易的产生和信用制度的建立促进了商品交换和金融工具的发展；最终，现代市场经济发展成为建立在错综复杂的信用关系之上的信用经济。
2.商业信用的特点、局限性有哪些？
商业信用的特点
商业信用的特点表现为以下几点：
（1）商业信用的债权债务人都是企业经营者。
由于商业信用是以商品形式提供的信用，是在商品交易中产生的，所以其债权债务人都是从事商品生产和流通活动的企业经营者。
（2）商业信用所贷放的资本是处于产业资本循环过程中最后一个阶段的商品资本，而不是暂时闲置的货币资本。
（3）商业信用的基本规模与经济周期变化密切相关，在经济繁荣时期，商业信用规模会增大；当经济衰落时，商业信用的规模会缩小。
商业信用的局限性
商业信用的上述特点，也决定了它的存在和发展有一定的局限性。
这些局限性具体表现在：
首先，商业信用授信规模的限制。
商业信用的规模受商品买卖量的限制，生产企业不可能超出自己所拥有的商品量向对方提供商业信用，所以大额的信用需求很难通过商业信用来满足。
其次，商业信用授信方向的限制。
由于商业信用的客体是商品资本，所以提供商业信用是有条件的，它只能向需要该种商品的企业提供，而不能倒过来向生产该种商品的企业提供。
例如，造纸厂在购买造纸机械时，可以从机器制造商那里获得赊购的商业信用，但机器制造商却无法反过来从造纸厂那里获得赊销或赊购的商业信用，因为机器制造商不需要造纸厂生产的纸张作为原材料。
最后，商业信用在管理调节上有一定局限性。
商业信用是在众多企业之间自发产生的，经常形成一条债务锁链，如甲欠乙，乙欠丙，而丙则欠丁等。
如果这一条锁链的任何一环出现问题，不能按时偿债，整个债务体系都将面临危机。
而国家经济调节机制对商业信用的控制能力又十分微弱，商业信用甚至对中央银行调节措施预期的反应完全相反。
例如，中央银行紧缩银根，使银行信用的获得较为困难时，恰恰为商业信用活动提供了机会；反过来，当中央银行放松银根，使银行信用的获得较为容易时，商业信用则会相对减少。
因此，各国中央银行和政府都难以有效地控制商业信用膨胀所带来的危机
3.银行信用的特点有哪些？
（1）银行信用的主体与商业信用的主体不同。
银行信用不是一般
企业之间相互提供的信用。
银行信用是一种中介信用。
银行及其他金融机构作为服务中介，以债务人的身份，通过存款信用将社会上的闲置资金聚集起来，再以债权人的身份，利用贷款信用将货币资金贷放出去，所以银行信用发生在银行与企业、政府及个人之间。
（2）银行信用不受授信规模和授信方向的限制。
银行信用的提供形式是货币，克服了商业信用在使用方向和规模上的限制。
同时，由于银行与社会联系比较广泛，而且通过业务联系与调查研究能了解企业经营情况，特别是中央银行出现后，银行的稳定性和信誉较高，这又克服了商业信用在信用能力上的局限性。
（3）与产业周期动态不一致。
在产业周期的各个阶段，银行信用的动态与产业资本的动态往往不相一致。
银行信用所利用的资本是生产过程中暂时闲置的资本，是与商业资本相对立的，所以它的动态和产业资本的动态恰恰相反。
例如，在经济繁荣时期，生产发展，商品流通扩大，但银行信用由于需求增加和利率提高，资金供应反而紧张。
4.简述消费信用的主要形式和作用。
消费信用的主要形式如下：
1.赊销
赊销是以信用为基础的销售，卖方与买方签订购货协议后，卖方让买方取走货物，而买方按照协议在规定日期付款或以分期付款形式付清货款的过程。
赊销使商品的让渡和商品价值的实现在时间上分离开来，使货币由流通手段转变为支付手段。
赊销实质上是提供信用的
一种形式。
赊销商品使卖者成为债权人，买者成为债务人，这种债权债务关系是在商品买卖过程中产生的。
2.分期付款购买
分期付款购买多用于购买耐用消费品。
购买者先付一部分货款，其余部分按合同规定分期加息支付。
在货款付清之前，消费品的所有权仍属于卖方。
如果消费者不能按期付款，则其所购商品将被收回，而以前已支付款项也将被没收。
3.消费贷款
消费贷款是银行及其他金融机构采取信用放款或抵押放款方式，对消费者提供的信用，包括信用贷款和抵押贷款。
信用贷款无需任何抵押品，而抵押贷款通常需要消费者以赊购的商品或其他商品作为担保品。
消费贷款一般为中长期信贷。
消费信用主要作用：
（1）消费信用的发展扩大了需求，刺激了经济发展。
这种需求的扩大有时是相当惊人的。
消费信用过度扩张，也是造成通货膨胀的原因之一。
（2）消费信用的发展为经济运行增加了不稳定因素。
消费信用会使广大公众陷于沉重的债务负担之中。
一旦经济萧条，这种借贷数额随之急剧减少，商品销售更加困难，从而使经济更加恶化。
5.简述国家信用的作用。
1.调剂财政收支短期不平衡
2.弥补财政赤字
3.调节经济与货币供给
6.什么是信用工具？它有哪些特点？
具有一定格式，并可载明债权债务关系的书面凭证，被称为信用工具，也称作金融工具。
信用工具的特征
随着信用经济的发展，信用工具的数量和种类也越来越多，每种信用工具有各自的特点。
从整体上看，信用工具一般有以下共同特征：
1.偿还性
偿还性是指信用工具的发行者或债务人按期归还全部本金和利息的特性。
信用工具一般都注明期限，债务人到期必须偿还信用凭证上所记载的应偿付的债务。
2.流动性
流动性是指信用工具可以迅速变现而不致遭受损失的能力。
信用工具一般都可以在金融市场流通转让。
信用工具的流动性大小包含着两个方面的含义：一是能不能方便地随时自由变现，二是变现过程中损失的程度和所耗费的交易成本的大小。
凡能随时变现且不受损失的信用工具，流动性大；凡不易随时变现，或变现中蒙受价格波动的损失，或在交易中要耗费较多的交易成本的信用工具，流动性小。
一般来说，流动性与偿还期成反比，偿还期越短流动性越大，偿还期越长流动性越小；而与债务人的信用能力成正比，债务人信誉越高流动性
越大，反之则越小。
3.收益性
收益性是指信用工具能定期或不定期地为其持有人带来一定的收益。
收益的大小是通过收益率来反映的。
收益率是净收益对本金的比率。
收益率一般有三种表示方法：一是名义收益率，即信用工具的票面收益与票面金额的比率；二是当期收益率，即信用工具的票面收益与其市场价格的比率；三是实际收益率，即将当期收益与本金损益之和与市场价格的比率。
4.风险性
风险性是指金融工具的本金会遭受损失的风险。
风险可分为两类。
一类是违约风险，即债务人不履行合约，不按时还本付息的风险。
显然这种风险视债务人的信誉而定，但即使以特定债务人而论，其所发行的债券也有不同风险之分，因为不同债券对同一债务人的资产或收入的索偿权有先后之分，如某一股份有限公司因遭破产而清算，则其剩余净资产或收入应先偿还债券所有人，其次为优先股股东，最后才是普通股股东。
另一类风险是市场风险，即因市场利率上升所导致金融工具市场价格下降的风险。
大致而论，信用工具的收益性与流动性成反比，与偿还期成正比，与风险性成正比；流动性与偿还期成反比，与风险性成反比；偿还期和风险性成正比。