专业英语原文和翻译
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
自动化专业英语期末复习课文与翻译
An electrical circuit or network is composed of elements such as resistors , inductors ，and capacitors connected together in some manner .If the network contains no energy sources , such as batteries or electrical generators,it is known as a passive network.On the other hand, if one or more energy sources are present ，the resultant combination is an active network。
In studying the behavior of an electrical network，we are interested in determining the voltages and currents that exist within the circuit. Since a network is composed of passive circuit elements，we must first define the electrical characteristics of these elements.电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成.如果网络不包含能源,如电池或发电机，那么就被称作无源网络。
换句话说，如果存在一个或多个能源，那么组合的结果为有源网络。
在研究电网络的特性时，我们感兴趣的是确定电路中的电压和电流。
因为网络由无源电路元件组成,所以必须首先定义这些元件的电特性。
In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law，which ststes that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. Mathematically, this is expressed as u=iR where u=voltage , V; i=current，A; R=resistance Ω。
《公共管理专业英语》部分课文翻译
1.1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开Citizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunit y to be a visitor at municipal government meetings, thanks to the gov ernment’s recent efforts to open its administration-adopting the Mea sures for Inviting Citizens to Listen to the Administrative Meeting, which came into effect on December 16, 2001.得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on admini strative affairs. The number of citizen listeners invited to very imp ortant meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies to the city’s people’s congress, members of the local committee of the Chinese Peo ple’s Political Consultative Conference, personages of democratic, m embers of the Association of Industry and Commerce and others. They m ust be at least 18 years of age, and willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
生物专业英语课文翻译
生物专业英语——蒋悟生编第三版（Lesson One~Lesson Ten）河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院生物工程111班Lesson one：Inside the Living Cell:Structure andFunction of Internal Cell PartsCytoplasm:The Dynamic,Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm.Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance,which is bounded on the outside by the plasma anelles are suspended within it,supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton.Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients,ions,soluble proteins,and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus:Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material(DNA)on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.)The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division.A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm.Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope,but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
化学专业英语部分原文及翻译
U27 The acid-base titration starts with the dissolution of the solid acid sample in deioni zed water. Add the end-pointindica tor, whichis phenol phtha lein, with two dropsto each flaskcontai ningthe acid sample and deioni zed water.Proper ly labelthe flasks. Be consis tentin all of the sample s when adding the indica tor. Swirlthe flasks untilthe solidacid is comple telydissol ved. Finall y, rinsewith deioni zed waterthreetimesaround, whichis critic al to ensure that all solidacid has been remove d from the flaskwallsand dissol ved in the soluti on. All solidpartic les must be dissol ved priorto the titrat ion.7、酸碱滴定伴随着于固体酸溶解于去离子水中发生。
在每支装有酸样品和去离子水的试管中加入两滴终点指示剂——酚酞，并在试管上贴好标签。
在加指示剂的时候保持所有样品条件一致。
震荡试管直到所有固体酸完全溶解。
最后，用去离子水冲洗试管壁周围三次，确保试管壁上的固体酸从试管上脱落并溶解于溶液中。
计算机专业英语课文翻译
第4章操作系统第一部分阅读和翻译A部分 Windows 71. 简介Windows 7是微软最新发布的windows版本,这一系列微软制造的操作系统主要用于个人电脑,其中包括家庭和商业台式电脑、笔记本电脑、上网本、平板电脑、和媒体中心电脑。
(见图4.1)Windows 7于2009年7月22日开始生产,并在2009年10月22日零售,这个时间距其推出其前任Windows Vista不到三年时间。
与Windows 7相对应的Windows server 2008 R2,也是同年发布。
不像其前一操作系统vista，windows7 引入了大量的新特性，更集中于增量升级的windows线，目标是兼容已经在vista中兼容的应用程序和硬件。
微软在2008年的报告中关注于对于多点触控的支持，以及一个重新设计的windows shell和一个新的任务栏，并将其称之为Superbar，还有一个称之为家庭组的网络系统，注重性能改进。
之前版本的windows 系统中的一些标准的应用程序，包括windows日历，windows邮件，windows movie maker，和windows相片画廊在windows 7中并没有包含进来，而大多数是作为Windows Live Essentials套件单独免费进行提供的。
2. 发展最初，微软计划用一个代号为Blackcomb的windows版本来继承Windows XP(代号惠斯勒)和Windows Server 2003。
微软计划在Blackcomb中设计的主要功能包括在搜索中的加强，查询数据以及一个先进的存储命名系统。
然而，一个临时的，更小的，代号为Longhorn 的版本在2003年发布了。
微软在2003年中旬推迟发布了Blackcomb，但是Longhorn获得了大部分当初试图在Blackcomb中实现的特性。
在2003年，相继有三个主要病毒暴露了windows操作系统的一些漏洞，微软改变了其的发展重点，搁置了Longhorn的主要开发工作，主要开发windows xp和windows server 2003的服务包。
计算机专业英语课文(第四版)全文翻译
1.2 总线互连总线是连接两个或多个设备的通信通路。
总线的关键特征是，它是一条共享传输介质。
多个设备连接到总线上，任一个设备发出的信号可以为其他所有连接到总线上的设备所接收。
如果两个设备同时传送，它们的信号将会重叠，引起混淆。
因此，一次只能有一个设备成功地（利用总线）发送数据。
典型的情况是，总线由多条通信通路或线路组成，每条线(路)能够传送代表二进制1和0的信号。
一段时间里，一条线能传送一串二进制数字。
总线的几条线放在一起能同时并行传送二进制数字。
例如, 一个8位的数据能在8条总线线上传送。
计算机系统包含有多种不同的总线，它们在计算机系统层次结构的各个层次提供部件之间的通路。
连接主要计算机部件(处理机, 存储器, I/O)的总线称为系统总线。
系统总线通常由50~100条分立的(导)线组成。
每条线被赋予一个特定的含义或功能。
虽然有许多不同的总线设计，但任何总线上的线都可以分成三个功能组：数据线、地址线和控制线。
此外可能还有为连接的模块提供电源的电源线。
数据线提供系统模块间传送数据的路径，这些线组合在一起称为数据总线。
典型的数据总线包含8、16或32根线，线的数量称为数据总线的宽度。
因为每条线每次传送1位，所以线的数目决定了每次能同时传送多少位。
数据总线的宽度是决定系统总体性能的关键因素。
地址线用于指定数据总线上数据的来源和去向。
例如，如果处理机希望从存储器中读一个字的数据，它将所需要字的地址放在地址线上。
显然，地址总线的宽度决定了系统最大可能的存储器容量。
控制线用来控制对数据线和地址线的访问和使用。
由于数据线和地址线被所有部件共享，因此必须用一种方法来控制它们的使用。
控制信号在系统模块之间传送命令和定时信息。
定时信息指定了数据和地址信息的有效性，命令信号指定了要执行的操作。
大多数计算机系统使用多总线，这些总线通常设计成层次结构。
图1.3显示了一个典型的高性能体系结构。
一条局部总线把处理机连接到高速缓存控制器，而高速缓存控制器又连接到支持主存储器的系统总线上。
专业英语翻译(中英对照)
Unit one ：Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。
这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmentalproblems and to be able to quantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application towater，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding andcontrolling many of the complex interactions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by theapplication of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。
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Basic Control Actions and Industrial Automatic Control An automatic controller compares the actual value of the plant output with the desired value, determines the deviation, and produces a control signal which will reduce the deviation to zero or to a small value.The manner in which the automatic conroller produces the control signal is called the control action.Classifications of industrial automatic controllers Induetrial automatic controllers may be classified according to their control action as:·two-position or on-off controllers;·proportional controllers;·integral controllers;·proportional-plus-integral controllers;·proportional-plus-derivative controllers;·proportional-plus-derivative-plus-integral controllers.Most industrial automatic controllers use eletricity or pressurized fluid such as oil or air as power sources. Automatic controllers may also be classified according to the kind of power employed in the operation, such as pneumatic controllers, hydraulic controllers, or electronic controllers.What kind of controller to use must be decided by the nature of the plant and the operating conditions,including such considerations as safety, availability, reliability, accuracy, weight, and size?Elements of industrial automatic controllers An automatic controller must detect the actuating error signal, which is usually at a very low power level, and amplify it to a sufficiently high level. Thus, an amplifier is necessary. The output of an automatic controller is fed to a power device, such as a pneumatic motor or valve, a hydraulic motor, or an electric motor.The controller usually consists of an error detector and amplifier. The measuring element is a device that converts the output variable into another suitable variable, such as a displacement, pressure, or electric signal, which can be used for comparing the output to the reference input signal. This element is in the feedback path of the closed-loop system. The set point of the controller must be converted to a reference input of the same units as the feedback signal from the measuring element. The amplifier amplifies the power of the actuating error signal, which in turn operates the actuator. The actuator is an element which alters the input to the plant according to the control signal so that the feedback signal may be brought into correspondence with the reference input signal.Self-operated controllers In most industrial automatic controllers, separate units are used for the measuring element and for the actuator. In a very simple one, however, such as a self-operated controller, these elements are assembled in one unit. Self-operated controllers utilize power developed by the measuring element and are very simple and inexpensive. The set point is determined by the adjustment of the spring force. The controlled pressure is measured by the diaphragm. The actuating error signal is the net force acting on the diaphragm. Its position determines the valve opening.The operation of self-operated controller is as follows: Suppose that the output pressure is lower than the reference pressure, as determined by the set point. Then the downward spring force is greater than the upward pressure force, resulting in a downward movement of the diaphragm. This increases the flow rate and raises the output pressure.When the upward pressure force equals the downward spring force, the valve plug stays stationary and the flow rate is constant. Comversely, if the output pressure is higher than the reference pressure, the valve opening becomes small and reduces the flow rate through the valve opening. Such a self-operated controller is widely used for water and gas pressure control. In such a controller, the flow rate through the valve opening is approximately proportional to the actuating error signal.Control actions The following six basic control actions are very common among industrial automatic controllers: two-position or on-off, proportional, integral, proportional-plus-integral,proportional-plus-derivative,andproportional-plus-derivative-plus-integral control action. Note that an understanding of the basic charateristics of the various actions is necessary in order for the control engineer to select the one best suited to his particular application.翻译：自动控制器把对象的实际输出与期望值进行比较，确定偏差，并产生一个使误差为零或微小值的控制信号。
自动控制器产生控制信号的方式叫做控制作用。
工业自动控制器的分类根据控制作用，工业自动控制器可分为：·双位或继电器控制器；·比例控制器；·积分控制器；·比例-积分控制器；·比例-微分控制器；·比例-微分-积分控制器。