雅思阅读替换词
雅思阅读替换词
阅读词汇1.Term 术语2.Subject 科目主题实验对象3.Control subject 对照组实验对象4.Coin n. 硬币 v. 创造5.Practice n. = method6.Receive v. reception7.Resist insist persist consistrge – huge – tremendous – considerable – significant – enormous – giant – immense –massive – great – titanic9.Lifespan - lifetime – longevity – life expectancy- Live longer10.Include - involve - contain – cover11.Embrace - harbor - incorporate – encompass12.Maintainance n. 维护保养Maintain v.Maintenance n. 维护保养e – exert – utilize – employ – exploit –take advantage of …. - harness14.Object objectiven. 物体 a. 客观的v. 反对 n. 目标Subject subjectiven. 实验对象 a. 主观的v. 受限于(to)be subjected to…..15.Bear v. 承受生育(forebear) 带有(have)Bearings = position16.Forecast forearm forelimb forehead17.Out of the question - impossibleOut of question - no problem18.Sustain v.Maintain remain last keep retain19.And – as well (as), also, tooIn addition to, besides, other than, coupled with,Not only… but also….. , accompanying, apart from, ranged from….to…….20.Important – critical – crucial – essential – necessary – vital – principal –key– significant - paramount – momentous21.Letter litter liter later latter (former) latestTell/recognize/realize the difference between –distinguish –differ –differentiate –discriminate – separate22.Limb/climb/lamb/tomb/comb/bomb/dumb23.Rather than 而不是 not/instead of/butOther than 除了 = besides exceptMore than 不仅仅不光是 = not simplyNo/little more than 仅仅是只是 = only/justLittle/few/barely/rarely/hardly/seldom/scarcely----NOReplace A with B24.Current a. 当前的现今的n. 洋流电流气流水流currency n. 货币25.Criticize v. criticism n. critic n.Critical a. 批判的重要的26.Life expectancy – lifetime – lifespan(life span) – longevity27.Build - 实体虚体简单复杂Erect – monument/skyscraper/pagoda/role model高–实体虚体皆可Construct – power plant/aeroplane/factory实体复杂工程量大CCB China Construction BankEstablish – company/link/relationship/name虚体为主实虚结合Found 第一次establish28.-dict 说Dictionary predict contradict dictation-scribe 写Prescribe describe inscribe subscribe题词29.Rate n. 比率速率v. 打分分级30.Advancement n. 升职 = promotion31.Correlation coworker cofounder cooperate32.Stream n. 小溪潮流 (mainstream/off stream)一串一连串的 v. 传送beam n. 光束横梁 v. 发送（无形）33.realistic – practical – feasible – valid – applicable34.earliest tribes – ancestor – forefather – forebear – predecessor – early incarnation –early generation35.result in 导致前因后果result from 由于前果后因as a result 结果前因后果as a result of 由于前果后因36.Prompt v. = lead to = cause = trigger37.Success achievement attainment accomplishment38.Limited - restricted - restrained – constrained- Confined - minimized - lessened39.medical condition-medical complaint-physical discomfort-disease40.impair-damage-ruin-deteriorate-jeopardize41.ability-capacity-capability-skill-feat-faculty。
雅思阅读同义词转换
雅思阅读同义词转换1. agree=concur=go along with=fall in with=go with v.同意2. sceptic and advocate=different attitude 不同的看法3. significance=impressive=meaning=sense n.重要性4. meditation: the practice of emptying your mind of thoughts and feelings, in order to relax completely or for religious reasons n.冥想，沉思5. parapsychology: the scientific study of mysterious abilities that some people claim to have, such as knowing what will happen in the future n.通灵学6. environment=condition=light, sound, warmth=situation=circumstance n.环境7. alter=change=revise=make changes v. 改变8. trial=experiment=test n.实验9. success rate=positive result=achievement=progress=breakthrough=accomplishment n.成就10. pick out=identify=recognize=know=tell v.认出，识别11. limit=minimize=maximum=the most=ceiling=cut-off point v.限制12. different=individual=not like=vary=not the same=contrast with=diverse adj.独特的13. invention=device=creation n.发明，装置14. cold temperature=freezing weather=chilly=frosty=wintry=cold snap adj.寒冷的15. farming=agriculture n.农业16. simultaneous=at the same time=together=at once=at one time adj.同时的17. uniform=equal=homogeneous adj.平衡的18. devise=formulate=invent=create=come up with=make up=conceive=coin=dream up v.创造19. civil=municipal=metropolitan adj.城市的20. divide=split=separate=break up=break down=take apart=take something to piece v. 分开21. new=revolutionary=original=fresh=novel=be in its infancy adj.新的，革命的22. create=introduce=invent=make sth. do sth.=be the cause=lead to sth. v..发明23. organize=co-ordinate=arrange=set out=put something in order=line up v.组织，使协调24. public event=communal activity 公众、社交活动25. aviation disaster=sky accident=air crash 空难26. prompt=result in=lead to=make somebody do something=cause somebody to do something=lead somebody to do something=motivate=induce somebody to do something v. 导致27. resemble=like=similar=alike=much the same=comparable v.类似28. oversimplify=incomplete=simplistic=generalize=see things in black and white adj. 过于简化的，不完整的29. altitude=frommeters above the ground=height=how high=level n.高度30. zone=airspace=region=area=district=quarter=block=suburb n.区域31. weather=meteorological=climate=condition n.气候32. categorize=class / type=sort=classify=be grouped=grade v.分类33. create=establish=invent=start up=open=set up=found=inception v.创建34. beacon and flashing=light=beam n.灯光35. improve=develop=evolve=get better=catch up=pick up=things are looking up v.开展，进化36. aircraft=plane=by air n.飞机37. average-sized=medium-sized adj. 中等的38. city=metropolitan=urban=town=village=civic=municipal=downto wn n.城市39. pendulum : a long metal stick with a weight at the bottom that swings regularly from side to side to control the working of a clock n.钟摆40. coincidental : happening completely by chance without being planned adj.巧合的41. disobey : to refuse to do what someone with authority tells you to do, or refuse to obey a rule or law v.不服从。
雅思阅读常见同义词替换
雅思阅读常见同义词替换1.媒体，宣传media/media coverage/publicity/newspaper/TV/press2.观点，看法perspective/idea/opinion/view/viewpoint/conception/outlook3.理解，感知understand/perceive/comprehend/recognize/identify/figure out/come up with4.错误的观点misconception/mistaken view5.改变change/alter/modify6.调查，试验，研究study/experiment/survey/research/investigate/test7.最常见的most frequent/commonest8.重要性importance/significance9.保护，挽救protect/conserve/preserve10.不寻常的uncommon/unusual11.惊人的，出乎意料的unexpected/surprising/take back/unpredictable/without warning12.理由，原因，因素cause/reason/explanation/factor/element13.栖息地，家园，居所home/shelter/dwelling/habitat14.可能的影响或后果implication/possible result/potential/influence15.影响affect/influence/impact/effect/impinge…on16.交配，求偶mating/courtship17.连接，涉及link…to/involve…with/associate…with18.极佳的exceptional/keen/excellent/extraordinary19.吃，营养feed/eat/diet/nutrition20.代表，体现，意味represent/stand for/mean/signify21.明显的evident/obvious/clear/self-evident/apparent/transparent22.总结conclude/draw from/summarize/generalize23.濒危，灭绝，消灭endanger/die out/extinction/disappear24.导致lead to/result in/cause/contribute to/foster/trigger25.因为，源于because/as/since/because of/result from/stem from/root from/originate from/gain from/in that/due to/thanks to26.反对，拒绝refuse/object/against/turn down27.升高，增加rise/increase/shoot up/rocket/grow/accrue28.下降，减少decrease/fall/dip/decay/decline/dive/bring down/curtail/drop/beat a retreat29.不愿意的unwilling/loath/reluctant30.包含，包括include/contain/comprise/be made up of/cover/involve/encompass31.长期的long-term/long-standing/long-range32.联系，关系relationship/connection/link/associate…with/combine…with33.危害，负面影响danger/hazard/harm/negative effect34.种类，物种class/species/type/kind/variety35.成人adult/adulthood/grown-up/in later life36.增强build up/develop/consolidate/strengthen37.物质，物体material/object/substance38.过程，步骤stage/phase/process/procedure/step39.趋势tread/tendency40.重要的vital/important/paramount/crucial/critical/key/core41.特点feature/characteristic/hallmark/character42.制作，产生make/produce/manufacture/generate/engender43.身体语言body language/gesture/non-verbal language44.社会背景social class/social situation/social background/social status45.客观的，公正的just/objective/unbiased/impartial46.依靠，取决于depend on/rely on47.在…之前before/prior…to48.比赛event/game/competition49.有才能的talent/gifted/excellent50.显著的，好的extraordinary/significant/remarkable51.目前的，现在的current/present/simultaneous52.方法，通道way/method/approach/access/key53.基础的basic/fundamental/underlying未发育的rudimentary退化degenerate/underdevelop/degrade54.解读，定义explain/define55.难的，要求高的difficult/hard/demanding56.问题，失败problem/failure57.优点strength/advantage/benefit/shining point/positive aspect58.分配allocate/apportion/distribute59.有必要的necessary/indispensable60.能够做be able to/ be in a position to61.执行，行驶conduct/do/exercise/perform/play62.责任duty/obligation/responsibility63.国家state/nation/country64.当局，权威部门official/government/authority65.老人the old/the elderly/aging/the graying66.人口变化population change/demographic change67.集中，关注于focus on/concentrate on/handle/deal with/center on68.要求ask/demand/require/request69.被认为be thought/be regarded/be considered70.雇佣take on/hire/employ71.完全地totally/completely/entirely/completely/thoroughly/fully72.帮助help/aid/support73.喜欢like/be fond of/favor74.告知，指导tell/instruct/inform75.悲观的sad/pessimistic/negative76.减缓slow down/restrict/limit77.加速speed up/accelerate78.挨饿hungry/starve/famine79.领域area/field/domain/aspect80.类似的，像…一样like/similar as/resemble81.重新铸造remould/reshape82.进步advance/progress/improvement83.拿走，移开take away/extract/remove84.原理，机制principle/mechanism/theory85.目的aim/goal/purpose86.显示，表明show/indicate/suggest/betray/uncover/demonstrate87.迅速的fast/quick/rapid88.激活active/activity/activate/spring to life/flourish89.回应react…to/reply/respond to90.取代replace/supersede/substitute/overtake91.主导的，主要的leading/dominant/prominent/major/key/main92.压制suppress/limit/restrict\93.结果result/consequence/outcome94.不足的insufficient/inadequate/not enough95.设计design/devise96.冲刷wash away/scour away/flush out97.充满be filled with/be laden with98.扰乱，破坏upset/disturb/destroy/ruin/damage/undermine99.同意agree/consent/concur100.此弱的weak/fragile/vulnerable101.困难difficulty/dilemma/hardship102.保证，确保ensure/assure/guarantee103.执行，操作conduct/operate/administer104.稀少的rare/few and far between/uncommon/unusual 105.力量power/strength/endurance/106.建议suggest/advise/recommend107.检查inspect/check/examine/screen/scrutinize108.监督monitor/supervise/administer109.破碎break/shatter110.提到，应用refer to/a reference to/mention111.使用use/utilize/employ112.障碍obstacle/barrier113.无关irrelevant/unrelated to114.匹配，跟上match/keep pace with/follow115.否认，驳斥deny/refute116.自立，自理self-reliance/self-independence117.保持maintain/keep/hold118.寿命life span/life expectancy119.道德的moral/ethical120.巨大的tremendous/huge/spectacular121.夜间生活的night/nocturnal122.凑合活着，艰辛地活着make a hard life/scrape a life123.四肢arm/leg/limb124.开始at the beginning/at the outset/initially125.转换shift/transform126.产量output/productivity127.基本结构basic construction/infrastructure128.承认admit/acknowledge129.倒塌fall/collapse130.减半half/decline by 50%131.阻止keep from/prevent from/keep from132.复杂的，高级的sophisticated/advanced/intricate/perfect/133.胜过，超过outperform/outstrip134.详尽的detailed/specific/elaborate135．缺点，不足flaw/shortcoming/disadvantage/defect/weakness/downside/limitation/drawback/darkside。
雅思阅读同义词替换的内容
16.immunity=resistancen.免疫力
17.entail=involvev.包含
18.circumstance=systemn.环境，系统
投诉
12.imbalance=disorder=unequal=disproportionaten.不平衡，紊乱
13.nolongerrespond=resistance=fightagainst抵抗
14.cost=financialoutlay=spend=charge=fare=rental=tolln.支出
6.spacious=largely=big=huge=vast=enormous=immenseadj.广阔的
7.adapt=accessible=getusedto=bee/growaccustomedto=adjusttov.适应，可接近的
8.careful=elaborate=conscientious=thorough=meticulous=methodicaladj.仔细的，精心的
2.format=patternn.格式
3.lesssuccessfulstudent=struggler差等生
4.key=contributingfactor=important=major=significant=criticaln.关键
5.achievement=attainment=progress=breakthrough=acplishmentn.成就
雅思阅读一次考察1200x3字左右四十道题实际做题时间不到一个小时这是个什么概念高考英语一篇文章400词左右阅读加起来2000词左右也就是说阅读部分相当于相同的时间做两遍高考所以阅读是要咱们第一个字开始翻译到最后一个字吗
雅思阅读同义词替换介绍整理
让知识带有温度。
雅思阅读同义词替换介绍整理雅思阅读同义词替换介绍1. outcome=product=result=conclusion=consequence 结果，后果n.2. overcome=win=get over=exceed克服，战胜v.3. insufficient=deficient=shortage=lack=scarcity不足的adj.4. supply=provide=furnish=give 供应v.5. launch=release=project=send=shot=emit 开头，投放v.6. suppose=expect=imagine=guess=speculate=think猜想，设想v.7. detect=perceive=explore=sense发觉，觉察v.8. handicap=difficult=obstacle=hindrance=bar=deterrent 障碍，困难n.9. peer=the people who are at the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc.同龄人，伙伴n.10. positive=optimistic=uplifting 乐观的adj.11. administer=manage=conduct=implement=perform执行，管理v.12. funding=money=funds=financial resource 资金，基金n.第1页/共2页千里之行，始于足下。
13. interact=if people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together etc. 互动v.14. irrigation=the supplement of land or crops with water 浇灌n.15. sedimentation=the natural process by which small pieces of rock, earth etc settle at the bottom of the sea etc and form a solid layer 积淀n.【雅思阅读同义词替换介绍】文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。
雅思阅读核心同意替换词汇
核心动词：1.想，认为think,hold,argue,concede,assert,deem,consider,believe,maitain,2深思熟虑，仔细考虑ponder,deliberate,meditate,comteplate,reflect3.培养cultivate,foster,nurture,nourish4.加强，巩固strengthen,sonsolidate,reinforce,5.显示，表明manifest,display,show,reveal,present,suggest,demonstrate,indicate,illustrate,re flect6.确认，证实verify, confirm, establish,affirm7.断言，宣称declare,claim,allege,assert,state8.支持，维护,拥护support,maitain,uphold,approve,advocate,champion9.反对oppose,be against,disagree,disapprove,object to10.解决(问题，麻烦)solve,tackle,combat,address,resovle,cope with,settle11.导致，引发，引起give rise to,trigger,spark,lead to,bring about,result in,12.建议，提议suggest,recommend,urge,propose,advise,put forward,13.阻止，阻碍,限制prevcnt, deter,jeopardize,restrain，confine (to),restrict,refrain,limit 14.影响have effect on, affect,influence,have an impact on,sway15.增长，发展，提高increase,rise,develop,enhance,improve,advance,upgrade,raise,facilita te,boost,promote16.下降，减少decrease,decline,fall,drop,slump17.实现，完成fulfil,realize,achieve,accomplish,attain18.提供，给予supply,provide,perform…for,offer,yield19.占。
剑桥雅思阅读替换同义词最全
剑桥雅思阅读替换同义词雅思阅读题目出题的本质是三种替换：同义词/词组替换，句型替换，语法替换，笔者将从这三方面根据学生课堂笔记进行分类整理。
以下是剑桥真题中的考点词,替换词,一次多义总结：1.rigid/stiff/unchanged/little change僵硬的，一成不变的2.significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/appreciably/remarkable/crucial/巨大的,明显的，程度大的/substantial3.approximately 将近-nearly, almost4.proportion/percentage 比例5.be involved (in)/involve in/involvement[n.]涉及，卷入，参与6.given/considering , in regard to/despite/although有鉴于、考虑到，尽管6.induce [v] 引入，引导，引诱/inductive [n] 归纳>< deduce/deductive推断7.fortune/destiny/chances8.deplete 开采完，耗尽/exhaust–exhaust emission (尾气)排放/exploitplex 错综复杂的/complicated/sophisticated老奸巨滑的，复杂的10.capacity能力，容量/competence（竞争）能力/ability能力（笼统的）11.确保，保障：Secure-security/ensure (insure)/guarantee 押金12.solely/merely/only13.a vast arrayof 系列/a great variety of 花样，品种/a great rang 系列of14.pesticide 杀虫/suicide 自杀/homicide/murder杀人15.believe/assume(responsibility)/suppose16.授权，委托：authorize/commission 佣金/entitle 头衔+ment =right （权利）17.purchase/buy18. ethnic 种族的/ethic 伦理，道德的+ s =[n]19. modify/change [v] shift work 轮班工作[n]20. insight/knowledge/learning/understanding/knowing21.constrain拘泥，限制/restrict 限制/limit22.circumstance 环境（社会）/surroundings/environment 环境（环保）背景background 后台/settings后台，布景/context 上下文（文章中）23.notorious 臭名昭著的/flagrant臭的><fragrant 香的24.移民：immigrant (进来)/emigrant(出去)/migrant25.兴旺，繁荣；prosperous/thriving/booming（人口，行业）/flourishing26.神圣的：divine/heavenly/holy/sacred27.有毒的：poisonous/toxic ( in-, non- 无毒的)28.致命的：deadly/fatal/lethal/mortal29.类似于：look like/resemble30. chronic长期的,慢性的— long-term长期的31.网恋：virtuallove/cyber love32.网友：on-line/net/cyberfriend上网（聊天）chat on line/go on-line cyber café/网吧33.evolve-evolution进化/revolute-revolution 革命，旋转/involve-involution 卷入，涉及34. indicator/predictor表示诠释，预测35.indicate/demonstrate/display/exhibit/betray36.therapist/expert/specialist37. 优点，长处，美德：advantage/merit/virtue/length38. commonest/frequent39. 未开发的，初级的：rudimentary/underdeveloped40. 退化：degenerate/-tion [n] ->generate 生产，制造/degrade->grade 等级/deteriorate 恶化，每况愈下41. 分类：category-categorize/class-classify42.consequence后果->影响/subsequence紧跟其后/sequence=order秩序/frequency频率43.clash冲突（民族，种族）/crash 飞机坠毁44. substitution=> substitute sth for sb/replace45.alternative=> 选择性，代替性，辅助性46.孤立：isolate/alienate/insulate隔绝，排外，孤立->be alien to/insulate (-ior)绝缘，隔（体）47．缺点，不足之处：defect/flaw/failing/disadvantage/drawback48.创新的，发明的，新颖的，创新的：inventive (-tion)/innovative(-tion)/creative(-tion)/ingenious (ity)/novel (-ty)=>[n]/creative/revolutionary (易错拼写：environment/convenient)49．neutral中立的，中性的/negative 否定，消极，阴性的/positive 肯定，积极，阳性的50．ambiguous->ambiguity模棱两可的，暧昧的/obscuremunicate 沟通，传达52.accommodate1供...食宿，2=adapt to 适应，调整，3=hold 容纳，4使…停靠mitment1 ~ to sth. 奉献2责任,义务54．contribute to 导致~ result in/account for(占据)导致54.缺乏的，不足的：inadequate/insufficient/deficient/lack (of)/short(of)55.强调：emphasize/stress/highlight/focus on/concentrate明显的：apparently 显而易见的/patently道貌岸然的/obviously=>evidently56.对…怀疑：(be)/skeptical/skeptical/dubious/suspicious (about/of)57.缺点，缺陷：drawback/fault/defect/imperfection/failing/weakness/shortcoming/flaw58.臭命昭著的：notorious->notoriety/flagrant/smelly/odorous59.机构，组织：association/structure/organization60.超过：exceed/surpass61.岩浆：molten rock/lava/magma62.语言：linguist ~学家/lingual和~有关的/bilingual/双语63.多种多样的：diversity/variety/breed/speciesbreed：[n]品种，[v]繁殖，培养，引起，造成64.dialect 方言accent腔调65.开始的，初步的：begin/launch/initial (-ly) [v]首字母，开始的/initiate开始，发动>initiative 原创性= origin66.贫穷：poor/in poverty/impoverished（被剥夺财产的）67.杰出：eminence (-t)/prominence(-t)/unusual68.gene/genetic defect ~缺陷/anatomy解剖/conceive构思，怀孕/deliver分娩69.辅助性：alternative补充性/therapist70.演绎，推理：deduce->deductive/inferential >< induce 引导，引入，归纳-> induction归纳71.令人困惑的：bewildering/puzzling/perplexing72.apply：紧靠，涂，将…应用于，适用，专心致力于，献身于73.subsidize辅助/subsidy补助，补贴/subsidiary74.a factor in sth/depend on sth75.be preferred by/choice76.attitude to/how77.the present century/modernsociety78.broad/great79.in term of 按照，在…方面，关于/with regard to, in spiteof 不顾，尽管80. small-scale 小范围/marginal边缘处的81. physical/medical82.negotiation/agreement 谈判，洽谈/商定，协议83.evolve/develop84.apartment/accommodation 公寓/住房85.virtual (love)/simulate模拟的（网恋）/模拟86.catastrophe/disaster 大灾难/灾难，不幸87.innovate/invent 革新，创新/发明，创造sculpture/craft 雕刻，雕塑/工艺88.exorbitant/expensive 过度的，极高的/费用大的，昂贵的89. be participant in/take part in/participate inbour[美，澳]/work91.attend to/take care of92.dual employment/dual-worker双职工（家庭）93.indicate/predict 指示，表明，象征/预料，预言A major contributorto/becentral to 来源，起点/是…的主要，中心原因94.expert/therapist 专家，能手；知识丰富的/某个专科的专家95.lead to/be associated with 相联系（带来…的好处）96.balanced/equitable平等的97.handicap/disabled/primitive 残疾的，落后的98. could not-and cannot/hasalways been unable to by/from99.benefit/advantage100.substantialinfluence/greater likelihood101.agree on/define102.considereddesirable/effectiveness103.masquerade/(in) disguise伪装104.insignificant/didn’t seriously 不重要/不严重的105.inspect/examine审核,检查106．caliber/criterion 标准107．no-one know>< notorious无人知晓><臭名昭著的108．dissatisfy/argue 不满意/厌恶，讨厌109.pessimism/negative/blue >< optimistic 悲观的，忧郁的>< 乐观的110.unsatisfactory/hardly belooked upon111.identify/define恒星英语论坛112.turn… into/become113.urban/rural/suburban114.demolish/knock down/dismantle 毁坏，拆毁（建筑物）/敲，打115.migration/move 迁移/移动116.pay/charge sb for向某人…猛攻，充电，负责，付费，控诉117.separate/split 分开，使隔绝，提取/分，劈开118.fascination/attraction (-e:[v]) 迷住，吸引住119.notrequire/unnecessary 不需要/不必要120.decode/decipher 译解（密码），解释121.delay/drawback= disadvantage 耽误，延迟/欠缺，弊端122.association/organization 机构，关联/组织123.recent/current/nowadays/present 最近的/现代的/当今的/现在124.intensiveburst/explosiverelease 强烈的爆发/爆炸性的释放125.recognized/identified 承认，识别，认可/识别，鉴别126.aim to/focus on 针对，目标，打算/集中127.link…to/lead to连接/导致，通向128. inadequate (diet)/deficiency (in trace minerals) 不充分，不适当的/缺乏，不足129.basic/fundamental基础的，基本的130.seize/catch 捕捉，抓住131.fatal/lethal 致命的132.success on/running on 成功133.costly/be related by有关系的134.be obtained in/be derivedin 获得，流行，通用/由…产生，起源于135.high-income/wealthy 高收入的/富裕的136.be alike/be similar to 相同的，相似的137.indicate/show显示，指出，象征138. eliminate/lessen >< 消除/减少139. not risensignificantly/stagnate 停滞不前的140.salary/wage 工资：总称/蓝领的141.create/gain创造，造成/获得，增加efficiently/increased productivity 有效率的/上升的生产率142.economy/financial 经济143.administration/management144.(be) sympathetic/understand 同情的，赞同/理解145.introduce/involve 引入/卷入146.change/different来源:恒星英语网147.die>< exist死亡><存在148.almost/approximately149.be out of date/bedeveloped150.solve/reduce 减少151.famous/eminent152.barrier/hurdle153.higher position/top post154.Advantage: virtue, merit,benefit , positive aspect, strength, 好处,优点,长处155.Disadvantage: weakness,failing, weakness, defect, drawback, negative aspect,fault不利,缺点,缺陷156.Casual: arbitrary, unplanned, unexpected,随意的157.Effective: efficient, effectual, fruitful, productive,valid多效的158.Criticize: reproach, blame, 批评159.Flaw: weakness, defect缺点160.Ability; capability, power, caliber能力161.Dishonest: deceptive不诚实的162.Fair: equitable, equal, impartial, 公平的163.Success: achievement,feat成功来源:恒星英语网164.Reason:factor, contributor, origin, 原因165.Result: outcome, consequence,implication结果166.Result from: arise from, originate from, be due to, thanksto, 由于，因为167.Give rise to: contribute to, lead to, result in, cause, breed,create, incur导致168.Disaster: catastrophe 灾难169.Pollute: contaminate污染170.Poisonous: toxic 有毒的171.Decrease; fall, drop, plunge, decline,step back, downward, minimize, abate 下降172.Increase: rise, go up, surge,grow, 上升173.Growing: increasing, rising, 上升的。
雅思阅读同义词替换总结
名师：雅思阅读同义词替换（一）1. important =crucial (extremelyimportant),significant(amount or effect large enough to be important)mon=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)3.abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants)4.stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly)5.neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.)6.near=adjacent(twothings next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)7.pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL)8.accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail)9.vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people)10.top=peak, summitpetitor=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics)12.blame=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable)13.opinon=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)14.fame=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation15.build=erect(you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish16.insult=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)plain=grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way)18.primary=radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental19.relieve=alleviate(alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)20.force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to),compel21.enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is)plex=intricate(if something is intricate, it often has many small parts and details)23. Lonely=solitary (if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her24.small=minuscule(very small), minute,25.praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)26.hard-working=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly27.difficult=arduous(if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)28.poor(soil)=barren, infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it)29.fragile=brittle, vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically)30.show=demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people.)41.surprise=startle(it means surprise you slightly), astound(surprise you to a large degree),astonish(the same as astound)42.enthusiasm=zeal (a great enthusiasm), fervency (sincere and enthusiasm)43.quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet)!44.expensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be)45.luxurious=lavish(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous(grand and very expensive46.boring=tedious(if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating)47.respect=esteem(if you esteem someone, you respect and admire him/her. FORMAL)48.worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it)49.cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold)50.hot=boiling(very hot)51.dangerous=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health)52.nowadays=currently53.only=unique(the only one of its kind), distinctive;54.stop=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)55.part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of)56.result=consequence(the results or effects of something)57.obvious=apparent, manifest58.basedon=derived fromcan see or notice them very easily)60.quite=fairly61.pathetic=lamentable(very uncomfortable and disappointing)62.field=domain(a particular field of thought, activities or interest)63.appear=emerge(come into existence)64.whole=entire(the whole of something)865.wet=moist(slightly wet), damp(slightly wet), humid(very damp and hot)66.wrong=erroneous(incorrect or partly correct)67.difficult=formidable68.change=convert(change into another form)69.typical=quintessential(this word means represent a typical example of something)70.careful=cautious(very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible)71.ability=capacity, capability(the same as ability)72.strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is different from most people)73.rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)e= utilize (the same as use)75.dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)76.satisfy=gratify (if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction)77.short=fleeting, ephemeral(if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time)78.scholarship=fellowship79.angry=enraged(extremely angry)80.smelly=malodorous(used to describe an unpleasant smell)81.ugly=hideous(if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)82.attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive),absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal)83.diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneousgroups consists of many different kinds of things)84.disorder=disarray, chaos85.crazily=frantically(used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)86.rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)87.ordinary=mundane(very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)88.despite=notwithstanding(FORMAL)89.best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)/90.sharp=acute(severe and intense)91.unbelievable=inconceivable(ifyou deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen ^92.puzzle=perplex(something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it)93.method=avenue(away of getting something done)94.famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career)95.ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)96.decorate=embellish(embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it with something else)/97.possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)98.so=consequently, accordingly99.rare=infrequent (doesn’t happen often 100.greedy=rapacious(greedy and selfish)。
雅思阅读同义替换词汇全集
雅思阅读同义替换词汇全集access/entrance/entryway，通路、进入；route/motorway/highway/expressway，公路；boundary/border/edge/outskirts/frontier，边界；proposal/suggestion/recommendation/proposition，提议；odour/smell/stench/stink/scent，味道；bearing/position/standing，方位；waste/unwanted materials/rubbish/garbage/trash，废物；priority/preferential/the most important/overriding，优先；evidence/proof/documentation/written account，证据；mistake/error/fault/slip/mix-up，错误；collapse/failure/fall，崩塌，失败；1fatigue/tiredness/exhaustion/drowsiness，疲劳；trial/experiment/test，实验；success/achievement/progress/breakthrough/accomplishment，成就；invention/device/creation/innovation，发明、装置。
farming/agriculture，农业；public event/communal activity ，公众、社交活动；aviation disaster/sky accident/air crash，空难；alt itude/from…meters above the ground/height/how high/level ，高度；zone/airspace/region/area/district/quarter/block/suburb，区域；weather/meteorological/climate/condition，气候；beacon and flashing/light/beam/ laser/ray/glow/glare，光；aircraft/plane/by air，飞机；city/metropolitan/urban/town/civic/municipal/downtown，城市；period/cycle/era/age，年代；2feeling/emotional response / sensory/a sense of/passion，感觉；linguistic/language，语言；building/property/construction，建筑；financial support/fund/financial aid ，资助；stumbling block/difficulty/trouble，n.麻烦。
(完整版)刘洪波雅思阅读同义词替换大全
Cambridge同义词替换大全(剑桥4-8)Cambridge4 TEST11.ignore=pay no attention=not pay any attention=take no notice=not take any notice忽略，无视v.2.encounter=face=confront=meet遇见，遭遇v.3.mistaken view=misconception错误的观点n.4.easy to reach=accessible容易达到的adj.5.change=modify(modification) 改变v.6.destruction=destroy=loss毁坏n.7.investigate=make inquiries=enquiries=go into=probe=look into 调查v.8.where=geographical location 表地点9.important=vital=essential=crucial重要的adj.10.reason=cause=factor=origins=root=stimulus=impetus原因n.11.protect=guard=safeguard=shield=conservation保护v.12.newspapers, television=media媒体n.13.where to live=habitat居住地n.14.get warmer=global warming变暖n.15.contribute to=play a part有助于v.16.survive=continuing existence幸存，活下来v.17.curriculum=course=syllabus课程n.18.link to=be connected with=be linked with把…和…相联系v.19.underdeveloped=degenerated=rudimentary不发达的adj.20.poor=bad=badly=not very good=no good at something=weak贫穷的，可怜的adj.21.exceptional=good=excellent=outstanding=brilliant=impressive=admirable超常的，例外的adj.22.mating=courtship交配.23.follow=track=tail=shadow=hound=stalk=stalker跟随，跟踪v.24.good vision ability=vision is obviously more useful…好的视力25.best=well=greatest=finest=ideal= top= number one=ultimate=optimum=definitive=unsurpassed=record-breaking极好的adj.26.surprised=amazed=astonished=astounded=be taken aback=startled感到惊讶的adj.27.volunteer=subject实验研究对象n.28.similar=resemble=like=alike相似的adj.29.blind=can not see瞎的adj.Cambridge4 TEST21.initiative=on your own/by yourself=independently=on your own initiative=under your own steam=to be theperson who starts something=plan=law主动的，自发的adj. 主动权n.2.increase=go up=rise=grow=climb=gain=escalate=pick up=widen=be on theincrease=intensify=expand=build up上升，增加v.3.teach=educate=train=coach=instruct=bring up教学v.4.more than one language=bilingual=sb's second language多种语言n.5.determine=establish=identify=pinpoint=diagnose 决定v.6.young people=teenager=youth=in your teens=adolescent=minor年轻人n.munity=all the people in a particular area, city, country etc.群体，团体，社区n.8.traditional=old-fashioned=outdated=outmoded=unfashionable传统的adj.9.fail=failure=not succeed=unsuccessful=vain=fruitless=unproductive=be a failure=go wrong=not work=do nogood=fall through失败v.10.endanger=to put someone or something in danger of being hurt=damaged=destroyed危及，使危险v.11.diverse=varied=variety=wide-ranging=mixed各种各样的adj.12.inevitable=certain to happen and impossible to avoid不可避免的adj.13.differ from=unusual与…不同v.14.reluctant=unwilling=not willing=drag your feet=be loath to do something=conservative勉强的adj.15.consult=ask somebody's advice=seek advice=get/obtain advice资询v.16.alternative=another=other=different=new=else=variation=variant另一个17.therapist=someone who has been trained to give a particular form of treatment for physical or mental illness临床医学家n.18.retrain=taking courses再教育v.19.salary=pay=wage=income=earnings=fee工资，收入n.20.long-term=chronic=long-running=long-standing=lasting=lifelong=prolonged=lingering=enduring=abiding=incurable长期的adj.plaint=complain=make a complaint=protest=object=complain抱怨n.22.illness=disease=virus=bug=infection疾病n.23.connection=relationship=link=correlation联系n.24.beneficial=be good for you/ do somebody good=wholesome=nutritious=nourishing=healthful有益的adj.25.insight=comprehension=understanding理解，见解n.26.physical=relating to the body=bodily身体的adj.27.hazard=risk=danger=threat障碍，危险n.28.accompany=with=together=along with=come wit陪伴,伴随29.mental=relating to the health or state of someone's mind精神上的，心理的adj.30.possible=possibility=can=potential=there is a chance/possibility可能的adj.31.reduction=decrease=drop=fall=cut 减少n.32.class=type=kind=sort=style=category=variety种类n.33.rehearsal=practice=training=run-through=exercise排练，演习n.34.peer=your peers are the people who are the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social classetc同伴n.35.defensive=used or intended to protect someone or something against attack 防御n.36.strategy=way=method=approach=technique=system=tactics 方法，功略n.37.assist=help=aid=with the aid of帮助v.38.specific=give (somebody) more details=expand on=enlarge on=go into more=greater detail=be morespecific=be more explicit=elaborate特定的adj.39.substance=a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas 物质n.40.surroundings=environment=circumstance 环境n.41.engage=give somebody a job=employ=take on=appoint=recruit=sign up雇佣v.bine=mix=stir=beat=blend=whisk=dilute联合v.43.survival=the state of continuing to live or exist幸存n.Cambridge4 TEST31.quotation= a sentence or phrase from a book, speech etc which you repeat in a speech or piece of writingbecause it is interesting or amusing 引言n.2.exemplify= example=case=instance=to be a very typical example of something=to give an example ofsomething 例证v.3.explain=tell=say what/why/where etc=show=demonstrate=go through=throw/shed light on=set out解释v.4.outline= to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details概述v.5.purpose=aim=point=idea=objective=object=goal= target=end目的n.6.encourage=persuade=persuasion=get somebody to do something=influence=encourage=talk somebodyinto=put somebody up to鼓励v.7.loan= an amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc. 贷款n.8.poverty= being poor贫穷n.9.crime= illegal activities in general犯罪n.10.reject=to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something 拒绝v.11.employ=give somebody a job=take on=engage= appoint=recruit=sign up雇佣v.12.courier=a person or company that is paid to take packages somewhere快递员n.13.storage=keep=store=keep something in storage=preserve 存储n.14.facility=rooms, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose 设备n.15.ambitious=ambition=power-hungry/power-mad=competitive= determined to be successful, rich, powerfuletc.有志向的，雄心壮志的adj.16.effort=to try very hard to do something= attempt=campaign=drive努力n.17.feature= a part of something that you notice because it seems important, interesting, or typical；a part of theland, especially a part that you can see: a part of someone's face, such as their eyes, nose etc特点n.18.planet= the world=earth/Earth=the globe 地球n.19.unpredictable=can't say/tell=unforeseeable=it remains to be seen 无法预测的adj.20.machinery=machines, especially large ones= a system or set of processes for doingsomething=machine=device=robot=appliance=mechanism 机械n.21.ultimate=someone's ultimate aim is their main and most important aim, that they hope to achieve in thefuture= final最终的，根本的adj.22.atmosphere= the feeling that an event or place gives you= the mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth气氛;大气n.23.occur=happen=take place=there is=come about=come up=turn up=arise=strike发生v.24.expand= get bigger=grow=swell up=stretch扩张，扩大v.25.form= type= way something is/appears=shape形式n.26.emerge=appear=become visible=come into view/come into sight=come out=reappear 出现v.27.emit= to send out gas, heat, light, sound etc 发出，放射n.28.situation= circumstances=position=case=plight情况，状况n.29.self-conscious=worried and embarrassed about what you look like or what other people think of you自觉的n.30.generate= to make someone have a particular feeling= form=produce=create 产生v.31.various=there are several different types of that thing=different=a variety ofsomething=differing=varying=an assortment of something=assorted=a mix of something=a mixture of something各种各样的adj.32.convenient= a thing or way of doing something that is easy and quick; a time or arrangement that isconvenient 方便的adj.33.objective=impartial=neutral=not take sides=unbiased=disinterested客观的adj.34.enquiry=investigate=make inquiries/enquiries=go into=probe=look into=solve=be under investigation 调查35.observe=notice=can see/can tell=see=spot=detect=note become aware/conscious=catch somebody'seye=perceive观察v.ment=remark=thing to say=point=statement= announcement=declaration=observation评论37.include=consist of=comprise=be composed of= be made up of包含，包括v.38.focus on=deals only with=concentrate专注于v.39.affect=have an effect=have an impact=take effect= make a difference=impact影响v.40.gained from=come from=be based on=originate= go back to=have its origins in=have its roots in=derivefrom/be derived from=develop from/evolve from产生于…. V.41.concern=worry=stress=anxiety=strain= a feeling of worry about something important关心，担心n.Cambridge4 TEST41.official=formal=authorized=on (the) record官方的，正式的adj.2.athletic=physically strong and good at sport=fit=be in shape=be in good condition运动的adj.3.intensive=involving a lot of activity, effort, or careful attention in a short period of time=rapid=crash course密集的，加强的adj.4.burst=a short sudden effort or increase in activity=burst of anger/enthusiasm/temper etc 爆炸，突发5.recognize=know=identify=pick out=tell认出，承认v.6.inadequate=not enough=too little=few=scarce=insufficient=be in short supply=lack of something=be short不足的adj.7.develop=come from=be based on=originate=go back to=have its origins in=have its roots in=derive from=bederived from=be founded on=grow out of=develop from=evolve from发展，生长v.8.enable=make something possible=allow=permit=pave the way for=clear the way for使能够v.9.predict=anticipate=forecast=foretell=prediction=projected=guess in advance预测v.10.specialist=someone who knows a lot about a particular subject, or is very skilled at it=expert专家n.11.theoretical=relating to the study of ideas, especially scientific ideas, rather than with practical uses of theideas or practical experience理论的adj.12.basic=fundamental=essential=central=underlying=simple=crude=primitive=rudimentary=unsophisticated=low-tech基本的adj.13.nature=plants/animals etc=somebody's character=qualities of something=type自然n.14.aim=purpose=point=idea=objective=object=goal=target=end目的n.15.translate=change languages=interpret=put something into English/French/Japanese etc翻译v.16.ancient=belonging to a time long ago in history, especially thousands of years ago 古老的adj.17.realistic=when pictures, films etc make things seem real=lifelike=realism=true to life=vivid实际的，现实的18.field=area=branch=world=domain=realm=sphere领域n.19.document=a piece of paper that has official information on it；a piece of written work that is stored on acomputer文件n.20.equal=the same in number, amount, level etc as something else平等的adj.21.influence=effect=side effect=impact=what something does to=the implications 影响n.22.behavior=manner=conduct=behave=well-behaved=good=be on your best=stay out of trouble行为n.pare=to examine or judge two or more things in order to show how they are similar to or different fromeach other=liken=make a comparison=draw an analogy=draw a parallel=contrast 比较v.24.economically=in a way that is related to systems of money, trade, or business经济上地adv.25.establish=determine=identify=pinpoint=diagnose=to start a new business or organization.建立新的生意/组织v.26.sustainable=able to continue without causing damage to the environment; able to continue for a long time可持续的adj.27.realize=know=be/become aware=can tell=appreciate=be conscious=know perfectly well=know/learn fromexperience意识到v.28.limit=restrict=set/impose/put a limit=keep to/keep within=confine=fix 限制29.produce=form=create=generate生产v.30.guarantee=promise=assure=give somebody your word=swear=vow=commit to=pledge保证v.31.liberty=freedom=a free hand自由n.32.independence=self-sufficiency=self-reliance 独立n.33.consistent=always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc - usually used toshow approval持续的adj.34.underestimate=to think or guess that something is smaller, cheaper, easier etc than it really is=to think thatsomeone is not as good, clever, or skilful, as they really are低估v.35.provision=when you provide something that someone needs now or in the future 提供n.Cambridge5 TEST11.produce=develop=manufacture生产v.2.central=middle中心的adj.3.did not have=without没有v.4.bring=confer=award=present=grant=confer=allocate=offer带来v.5.time limit=deadline时间限制，期限n.6.increase=go up/rise=grow=climb=gain=escalate=expand=pick up=widen=intensify=build up增加7.assistant=helper=coach 助手n.8.immense=big=major=considerable=great=huge/enormous=tremendous=large scale/large-scale巨大的adj.9.illustrate=show=be a sign=demonstrate=mean=make clear=reflect=tell=be evidence=reveal 表明，显示v.10.quotation=a phrase or sentence that is well-known or often used 引用语n.11.predecessor=someone who had your job before you started doing it 前辈，前任n.12.rival=a person, group, or organization that you compete with in sport, business, a fight etc=competitor 对手，竞争者n.13.distraction=something that stops you paying attention to what you are doing分心的事物n.14.fault=defect=problem=trouble=flaw=weakness =bug=virus=be something wrong with 错误，缺点15.cornerstone=basis=foundation=the key 基石n.16.confer=award=present=grant=allocate 给予v.17.stability=the condition of being steady and not changing稳定n.18.prevail=win=come out on top=prevail=carry the day流行,获胜v.19.contract=agreement=understanding=compromise 合约n.20.grant=award=present=confer=allocate给予v.21.fascinate=if someone or something fascinates you, you are attracted to them and think they are extremelyinteresting吸引，使着迷v.22.disturb=interrupt=bother=distract=put somebody off 打扰v.23.expect=think=anticipate预期，期待v.24.psychology=the study of the mind and how it influences people's behavior 心理学n.25.obey=comply with=abide by=keep to=stick to the rules=conform to=observe=respect=toe the line=go by thebook/do something by the book 服从，顺从v.26.identity=someone's identity is their name or who they are 身份n.27.severity=used of the degree of something undesirable 严重性n.28.unfold=open=happen=develop=expand 展开，发生v.29.deliberately=intentionally=on purpose=purposely故意地adv.30.moral=relating to the principles of what is right and wrong behavior, and with the difference between goodand evil 道德上的，与道德有关的adj.31.prior to=before=previous在…前面32.repetition=doing or saying the same thing many times重复n.33.genetic=relating to genes or genetics基因的，遗传学的adj.34.sacrifice=when you decide not to have something valuable, in order to get something that is more important牺牲v.35.victim=someone who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered受害者n.36.forge=form=counterfeit 形成;伪造v.37.persuade=convince=win over=talk around 说服v.38.surrender=give in 投降，放弃v.39.extinct=an extinct type of animal or plant does not exist anymore=disappear=vanish灭绝的，绝种的adj.40.abundant=plenty=ample 充裕的，丰富的adj.41.exaggerate=overstate夸张，夸大v.42.phenomenon=something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that isstudied because it is difficult to understand 现象n.43.perception=idea=notion=view=belief=insight 认识，观念，看法n.44.impression=infection=effect=influence=affection印象，感想n.45.entitle=to give someone the official right to do or have something 使某人有权利/资格v.46.distortion=a change for the worse=deformation扭曲，曲解v.47.dispose=to arrange things or put them in their places=arrange=settle=manage=cope with=deal with 安排，处理v.48.intuition=the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than by considering thefacts=instinct 直觉n.49.emission=a gas or other substance that is sent into the air排放物，散发物n.50.diminish=reduce=decrease=fall=lessen=cut 减少，减小v.51.postpone=put back=delay=adjourn 延期，推迟v.52.crucial=important=critical=vital=necessary=essential 至关重要的adj.53.pessimistic=expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that something will have a badresult=getting worse悲观的adj.54.attempt=purpose=order=effort 尝试，努力Cambridge5 TEST21.similar=like=resemble相似的adj.2.derive=originate=come from=stem from起源v.3.impetus=momentum=stimulus=incentive=motivation=encouragement 动机，动力n.4.generate=produce=bring into existence=make=manufacture产生v.5.couple with=and=accompany=with 伴随v.6.factor=reason=element=component=ingredient 因素n.7.unique=have the distinction=distinct=different=extraordinary=special独特的adj.8.advance=progress=development=growth=increase进步n.9.field=domain=territory=industry=sector领域n.10.alternative=substitute=replacement替代物n.11.like=such as=for example=for instance 例如12.resource=material=source资源，来源n.13.limited=restricted=exhaustible=finite有限的adj.14.involve=rely on=contain=comprise 包含，牵涉v.15.current=modern=recent=present最近的adj.16.particular=extraordinary=special=detail=specific=unique特别的，独有的adj.17.draw on=absorb=do with吸收v.18.settle on=make choice of=decide on选定v.19.superiority=advantage=edge=high quality优势n.20.accompany=when=keep company=be associated with 陪伴，伴随v.21.view=belief=opinion=insight=perception 观点n.22.artificial intelligence=reasoning in machine人工智能n.23.involve with=associate with=link to=relate to与…有关联v.24.release=issue=launch=convey=public=deliver 发行，发表v.25.difficult=demanding=hard=tough困难的adj.26.task=job=work=labour 任务，工作n.27.instantly=rapidly=immediately立即地adv.28.react=respond 反应v.29.relate to=depend on=link to=associate with=involve with 与…有关系v.30.subject views=outlook=personal/individual views=personal/individual opinions 主观观点n.31.distort=to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange or unclear; to reportsomething in a way that is not completely true or correct=misinterpret 扭曲，歪曲v.32.figure out=settle=decide=tell=understand 理解，想出v.33.assessment=appraisal=evaluation=estimate=judgment评估，估计v.34.emerge=appear=come forth出现v.35.remain=keep=stay=maintain保持v.36.exploitation=development=utilization=usage利用，使用n.37.foster=cultivate=raise=nurture培养，养育v.38.overtake=catch up=sweep over赶上，压倒v.39.initial=original=premier最初的，开始的adj.40.whereas=however=while=nevertheless=but=yet然而，但是adv.Cambridge5 TEST31.outcome=product=result=conclusion=consequence 结果，后果n.2.overcome=win=get over=exceed克服，战胜v.3.insufficient=deficient=shortage=lack=scarcity不足的adj.4.supply=provide=furnish=give 提供v.unch=release=project=send=shot=emit 开始，投放v.6.suppose=expect=imagine=guess=speculate=think猜想，设想v.7.detect=perceive=explore=sense发觉，觉察v.8.handicap=difficult=obstacle=hindrance=bar=deterrent 障碍，困难n.9.peer=the people who are at the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc.同龄人，伙伴n.10.positive=optimistic=uplifting 积极的adj.11.administer=manage=conduct=implement=perform执行，管理v.12.funding=money=funds=financial resource 资金，基金n.13.interact=if people interact with each other, they talk to each other, work together etc. 互动v.14.irrigation=the supplement of land or crops with water 灌溉n.15.sedimentation=the natural process by which small pieces of rock, earth etc settle at the bottom of the sea etcand form a solid layer 积淀n.16.interrupt=break=violate=cut in打断，打扰v.17.process=procedure=method=approach过程n.18.threat=danger=intimidation 威胁n.19.valuable=precious=worthy宝贵的，珍贵的adj.20.construct=build=make=found 建造v.21.blame=to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad责备，怪罪v.22.stimulate=encourage=activate=motivate鼓励，刺激v.23.long-term=long-run=long-period长期的adj.24.impact=affect=influence=effect影响v.&n.25.occur=happen=exist=come发生v.26.contain=include=cover=possess 包含v.itary=battlefield=martial军事的adj.28.separate=disparate=distinct=different分开的，不同的adj.29.vanish=extinct=disappear 消失v.30.consciousness=awareness 意识n.31.ignite=light=inflame点燃v.32.encompass=include=contain=cover包含，围绕v.33.reckon=think=suppose=believe=imagine=expect=feel认为v.34.widespread=universal=extensive=popular=general广泛的，普遍的adj.unch=coin=project=release=issue创新，开辟v.36.contemporary=modern-day, present-day同时代的adj.37.potential=possible=underlying=likely=expected=latent 潜在的，可能的adj.38.prospect=expectation=outlook=chance展望，希望n.39.perception=idea=insight=viewpoint感觉，领悟n.Cambridge5 TEST4munity=organization=group=body团体n.2.fragile=delicate脆弱的adj.3.remote=distant 遥远的adj.4.require=desire=order=command要求v.5.inhabitant=resident=dweller居住者，居民n.6.consequently=thus=accordingly=hence=therefore=as a result 结果，因此adv.7.destination=goal=end point=terminus目的地n.8.throughout=around=wholly=everywhere=end-to-end自始至终，到处，全部adv.9.operate=act=run运转v.10.output=product输出，产品n.11.decline=reduction=fall=slump=decrease=recession 下降n.12.undermine=destroy=damage=hurt=ruin 破坏v.13.revive=renaissance复兴v.14.unusual=rare=strange=uncommon罕见的，不寻常的adj.15.ordinary=standard=common=usual=general普通的,平常的adj.16.fragment=shard=debris=pieces=ruins碎片n.17.break=shatter=crack打碎，打破v.18.interior=inner layer=inside 内部的n. &adj.19.insist=claim=argue=believe=think坚持，坚称v.20.expand=extend=grow=boom=spread out=enhance扩张，扩大v.21.suppress=control=restrain=repress=put down=oppress=inhibit=ban=forbid=stifle 压制v.22.speed up=increase speed=quicken up=accelerate speed加速v.23.examine=analyse=survey=inspect=study=detect=investigate检查，调查v.24.dispute=debate=controversy=disagree=argue争论，争执n.&v.25.detect=analyse=explore=research=survey=investigate=inspect 察觉，发现v.26.claim=say=state=insist=argue=think=believe声称v.27.cue=implication=reminder=hint=evidence提示，信号，暗号n.28.unpredictable=fluctuate=changeable无法预测的adj.29.be referred to as=be known as=be regarded as 被称为30.encourage=induce=trigger=stimulate=boost=inspire鼓励，促使v.31.considerable=plenty=big=major=important数量可观的adj.32.regardless of=despite of=take no notice of 不管，不顾33.adequate=plenty=proper=appropriate=suitable充足的,适当的adj.34.assure=make sure=guarantee=ensure=insure=secure=make certain of保证，确保v.35.suitable=appropriate=proper=adequate=matching 合适的adj.Cambridge6 TEST11.exchange=apply something learned in one to others=change 交流v.2.expertise=skill 专门技术n.3.employ=analyze=study 使用v.4.investigation=analysis 调查n.5.narrow=focus on 缩小范围v.6.reproduce=copy=replicate=repeat 复制v.7.funded support=finance 资金n.8.athlete=sportsmen and women 运动员n.9.calculate=measure 计算v.10.event=championship 赛事n.11.plan=prepare=design 计划v.12.improve=grow=get better 进步v.13.trade=economy 贸易n.14.transport=import or export=deliver 运输v.15.local=domestic=native=indigenous 当地的adj.16.weakening=less=reduced=decreased 下降的adj.17.value=worth=price=credit=use=benefit=profit 价值n.18.delivery=export or import 运输n.19.nearby nations=geographic neighbours 近邻n.20.international=ocean=global=worldwide 国际的adj.21.shipping=freight 船运n.22.cargo=freight=goods 货物n.23.tariff=charge=fee=tax 税费n.ndscape=environment=nature=surrounding=circumstance=view风景n.25.difficult=harsh=demanding=tough=challenging 困难的adj.26.essential supplies=food and clothing=necessities 必需品n.27.supply=provision=support 供给n.28.grow=increase=rise=improve=go up=boost=expand=extend 增长v.29.respect=credibility=weight=hour=admiration=consideration尊重n.30.understanding=knowledge 了解n.31.well-being=health 健康n.32.impossible=out of the question=unlikely 不可能adj.33.catch=exploit=capture 抓捕v.34.surrounding=environment=circumstance 环境n.35.push to one's limits=test one's limits 挑战极限36.not unmanageable=can cope with 能处理的37.present inhabitant=descendant 居民38.give up=abandon 放弃39.mainly=heavily=most 主要地40.visit=venture 参观Cambridge6 TEST21.successfully=spectacularly well=wonderfully 成功地adv.2.people power=local pressure groups 群众力量n.mute=travel 通勤v.4.higher=increasing=more 更高的adj.5.income=wealth=salary=wage=payment 收入n.6.beneficial=valuable=profitable=good 有益的adj.7.together=face to face 共同8.refute=not mean=rebut=deny 反驳v.9.accommodation=live=living condition 住宿n.age=use=benefit=profit 用处n.11.averagely good=reasonable but not special 较好的12.limited=minimal 有限的adj.13.move from one to another=adopt one over another 转移14.show=reveal=uncover=indicate=point out=imply 表明15.related=associated 有关联的adj.16.suffer=be afflicted 忍受（病痛）v.17.research=study=investigation=survey 研究n.18.affect=afflict=influence=change 影响v.19.disease=medical complain=illness 病痛n.20.increase=surge=rise=gain=grow=go up=add=escalate 上升v.21.link=correlation=connection=relationship 关系n.22.considerable=significant=substantial=massive=marked大量的adj.23.reduction=drop=concession=fall=decrease 下降n.24.elderly people=old people 老人n.25.independent=self-reliant 自立的adj.26.regular=daily 定期的adj.27.exercise=physical activity 运动n.28.challenging=difficult=tough=demanding 有挑战性的adj.29.decline=deteriorate=reduce=drop=decrease 下降v.30.lonely=emotionally isolated 孤独的adj.31.hand signal=gesture=body language 手势n.32.restricted=limited 有限的adj.33.concept=abstract idea=definition 定义n.34.specific=particular=detailed 特定的adj.35.early=older 早期的adj.36.fulfill=qualify=achieve=keep=satisfy 完成v.37.sufficient=enough 足够的adj.38.quantity=how many=amount 数量n.39.misunderstanding=confusion 误解n.40.prevent=resolve=forbid=stop 防止v.41.poor=lack of=impoverished 贫穷adj.42.newer=later=recent=present 新的adj.43.ancestor=early people=predecessor 祖先n.Cambridge6 TEST31.teach=educate=cultivate=nature 教育v.2.actor=star 演员n.3.first=initial=early=primary 最早的adj.4.storyline=narrative=plot 故事情节n.5.globe=world 世界n.6.early=first=ancient 早期的adj.7.passing of time=flow of time 时光的流逝8.describe=tell 描述v.9.realistic=achievable 现实的adj.10.target=goal=aim 目标n.11.feedback=comment=advice=criticism 反馈n.12.match to=suit to 合适13.reward=promotion or advancement=prize=benefit 奖励n.14.link to=make something contingent on=associate with=connect with=relate to 联系起来15.achievement=attainment=gain=success 成就n.16.remuneration=payment 酬金n.17.tend to=prone to 倾向于18.feel=perceive=think=find=experience=notice=have an opinion 感觉v.19.participate=be involved in=take part in=join 参加v.20.staff=employee=worker 员工n.21.visible=disclosed=obvious=noticeable 可见的adj.22.clerical worker=clerk 书记员n.23.judge=rate=criticize=assess=evaluate=gauge=appraise 评判v.24.job=work=assignment 工作n.25.delay=slow=prolong=postpone=procrastinate=shelve=put off延后v.26.growing old=ageing 变老27.people=mortal=people=individual 人n.28.life=lifespan 生命29.chance=likelihood=fortune=hope=possibility=opportunity=risk=luck 机会n.30.production=generation=output 产量n.31.theory=hypothesis=guess=guesswork 猜想n.32.focus on=emphasize=aim at=concentrate on 集中于33.short=scarce=limited=insufficient 短缺的adj.Cambridge6 TEST41.drug company=pharmaceutical company 医药公司n.2.promotion=marketing 营销n.3.increase=escalate=rise=go up=grow 上升v.4.research=study=survey=investigation 研究n.5.work=be an effective way=be useful=help=achieve=succeed=have an effect=happen=turn out 奏效v.6.technique=strategy=skill=expertise=method=way 技术n.7.criticism=judgement=skepticism=disapproval=denunciation 批评n.8.moral=ethical 道德的adj.9.legitimate=have every right to do=legal=right=authorized 合法的adj.10.money=profit=benefit=income=currency 钱n.11.adults=men and women 成人n.12.maternal=mother=female 母亲的adj.cation=literacy=cultivation 教育n.14.child=infant=kid 孩子n.15.approximately=about=around=nearly 大约adv.16.impressive=greatest=touching=unforgettable 印象深刻的adj.17.programme=campaign=project 项目n.mon=persistent=normal=usual=ordinary=everyday 常见的adj.19.be halved=decline by 50% 减半20.key=most important=crucial=critical=significant 关键的adj.21.produce=develop=generate=engineer=manufacture 生产v.22.detailed=explicit=specific 细节的adj.23.on its own=alone 自身24.however=but=yet 但是25.self-confidence=assertiveness=confidence 自信n.26.effective=useful=beneficial=good=needed 有效的adj.27.distinguish=recognize the difference=differentiate 区别v.Cambridge7 TEST11.rely on=depend on 依靠v.2.avoid=stay away=keep away=steer clear of=make a detour 避免v.3.die out=extinct=disappear=no longer exist 灭绝v.4.hunt=search for=look for=try to find=in search of 打猎v.5.limb=arm or leg=body=organ 四肢n.。
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雅思阅读同义词替换并列列：and, or, as well as, not only, but also, in addition(to), besides, from…to…, also1.fame 名声 = acclaim 赞扬/ reputation 名声 /stature名望 = famous 出名= profile形象2.document = record 记录J121.experience 经历，体验= feel 感觉2.produce （production）生产 = generate （generation）产生 = release 发布，释放 J111.rotate = turn 旋转 = spin2.beneath = under 在下面3.successful 成功= work 能工作的，有效的4.undamaged 没有被损坏的 = intact 完好的5.data 数据 = statistics = mathematics 数学6.omit 省略 = leave out = strip out 削掉，脱掉7.eyesight = vision 视觉J10T11.alter/ change/ revise/transformation/ modify/ negotiate/ re-开头的单词 v. 改变2.supply=provide=furnish=give=offer提供3.confer=award=present=grant=allocate 给予 v.4.now/ current/present/ nowadays/ modern/ so far 当今、目前5.resemble/ pretty well like/ be similar to/ look like 像..6.objective=aim=purpose=goal=target 目标7.although=despite 尽管8.customer=consumer=buyer=public 顾客9.car=vehicle车辆，媒介=tractor拖拉机=truck，lorry卡车10.solely唯一的= alone 单独的11.control控制=restrict限制=repress=inhibit=ban=forbid=curb限制，压制、禁止12.be aware of 知道，意识到 = be conscious of 意识到13.engagement契约 = commitment 承诺14.boss老板=employer 雇主=manager 经理15.colleague 同事=peer 同辈的人= co-worker同事=employee 员工16.environment=condition=circumstance=surroundings n.环境 habitat 栖息地17.creative 有创造性的 = innovative 创新的J10T21.fear 害怕=afraid 担心2.domestic 国内的，家庭内的 = home 家 = local 当地的3.anxiety 忧虑 = emotion 情绪 = feeling 感觉4.exercise 运动，练习= practice 练习= work 工作，作品，作业5.make fewer errors 犯很少的错误= accurate 正确的 = correct 正确的6.considerable=significant=substantial=massive=marked= a great deal of大量的7. subject 科目，参加实验的人 = domain 领域 = realm =areasck=do not =never=scarce=insufficient=shortage= -less v.缺乏的，没有9.test 测试= examination= exam考试10.apprentice 学徒 = assistant 助手11.scale 比例，尺寸 = size 尺寸12. conflict 有冲突 = contradict 有矛盾 = paradoxical 矛盾的 反义词 harmony 和谐 J10T31.significance = importance 重要 （包括形容词）= essential = major = main2.effect=impact=affect=influence 影响3.overlook 俯瞰，忽视 = underestimate 低估 = undervalue 低估4.halt/prevent/end/ quit 停止，退出5.foreign exchange 外汇 = export earner 挣出口的钱= source of income 收入来源 J10T41.average 平均的 = normal 正常的2.extended= prolonged 延长的 = longer3.responsibility 责任 = obligation 义务 = duty4.inhabitant=resident居民=citizen市民=dweller 城市居住者local 当地人5.ignorance 无知= do not know不知道= neglect 忽视= overlook6.trait 特性，特征= characteristic = feature 特征= property 性质= quality7.not=never = -less构成的单词 = lack缺乏= shortage = insufficient= inadequate8.different/distinct/varied/不同的 = a range of 一系列的... = varying= small, big =any J9T11.recognise 识别/ perceive 感知 / sense 感觉2.promptly/ immediately/instantly/ rapidly 立刻，马上3.refer to/ known as/ name 被称作... coin as 创造...术语= call4.transmit / send/ deliver / transport 发送，运输5.response/ reply/ react 回复，反应6.life expectancy/ the lifetime of/ life span 寿命7.search for = look for = hunt 寻找8.before/ in advance/ prior to / previously/ former/ past 先前的9.ancestor 祖先=predecessor先驱= earlier incarnation 早期的化身10.fragment=debris=pieces=ruins/ incomplete 碎片、不完整的11.about= approximately 大约，差不多J9T21.policy政策/strategy 策略= regulation = rules 规定= standard 标准2.hypothesis假设/guess/ speculation猜测/ possibility可能性/theory理论/potential3.medical conditions/ illness/ disease 疾病4.at risk 处于危险/vulnerable 脆弱的 = fragile/ in danger 处于危险/ disadvantage5.current=modern=recent=present最近的，当前的6.Witness/view/see/observe 见证，看到J9T31.Pitfalls/ traps 陷阱2.Receptive/receive/embrace/accept/agree / willingness 愿意，接受3.Novelty/new experience/ fresh/ updated 新的4.Psychological illness/mental disorder 精神疾病5.image 图片= picture = photo6.scientist 科学家 = exerts 专家J9T41.Reliable/predictable / constant 稳定的，可预测的2.Power station/power plant / workshop/ factory 工厂3.the vicinity of/around/nearby / neighboring 在附近paratively/relatively 相对的5.Unnecessary/redundant/superfluous 多余的，不需要的6.Initially/originally 最初的7.Collect/accumulate / gather 收集，积累8.Imitation/imitate/mimic / copy 模仿/ duplicate 复制/ reproduce 繁殖J8 TEST 11. agree=concur共鸣=go along with=fall in with v.同意3. trial=experiment=test n.实验4. pick out=identify确定=recognize认出 = confirm 确认= determine 确定5. limit限制 =minimise 最小化6. cold temperature=freezing weather=chilly=frosty adj.寒冷的7. simultaneous=at the same time adj.同时的8. divide=split=separate=break up=break down=take apart v. 分开9. categorize=class / type=sort=classify=be grouped v.分类，类别11. city=metropolitan=urban=town=village=municipal=downtown市中心12. disaster 灾难 = accident 事故 = incident 事件 = event = crash 撞击，事故 Cambridge 8 TEST 21.remain=stay=keep=continue=still v.保持2.drought=no rain at all=dry adj.干旱的3.intense=strong=passionate=powerful=deep adj.强烈的4.feeling=emotional response / sensory=a sense of=passion n. 感觉5.smell=odour=scent n.气味6.damage=impair=break=do/cause damage/ wreck v.损害7.linguistic=language n.语言8.regard …as=consider to 把…认作9.certain=some adj.一些Cambridge 8 TEST 31.build= construct建造 = create 创造 = form形成 =generate产生2.support=back up=be behind=in support of v.支持3.genius=giftedness / talent / intellectual=intelligence=brilliant=wisdom n.天才4.lessen=minimize=subside=lighten=relieve=ease v.减少anism=living thing=life form=wildlife n. 生物Cambridge 8 TEST 41. format=pattern=mode n.模式 形式2. key=important=major=significant=critical n.关键的，重要的3. achievement=attainment=progress=breakthrough=accomplishment n.成就4. spacious=large=massive=vast=enormous=immense adj.广阔的, 大量的5. adapt=get used to=become/grow accustomed to=adjust to v.适应，可接近的6. effort=hard work n.努力8. imbalance=disorder=unequal=disproportionate n.不平衡，紊乱9. innate=built-in adj.先天的10. immunity 免疫力 =resistance 抵抗11. feed on=prey on 以…为食12. wipe out=eradicate=get rid of=abolish=scrap=eliminate 根除13. wet=marshy= rainforest adj.湿的Cambridge 7 TEST 11. rely on=depend on 依靠v.3. die out=extinct=disappear=no longer exist 灭绝 v.4. hunt=search for=look for=tin search of 打猎、寻找v.5. inaccurate=incorrect=wrong=misleading 不精确的，错误的 adj.6. due to=because of=as a result of=thanks to=owing to 因为7. demanding=difficult=hard=challenging=tough 要求高的，艰难的 adj.8. well known=notorious=famous=renowned 著名的 adj.9. admit=acknowledge=confess 承认 v.10. result in=lead to=cause=give rise to=bring about 引发，导致11. sophisticated=advanced=high-tech=complex=complicated 复杂的、先进的12. address=solve=deal with=handle 处理 overcome 克服v.13. maintain=continue=carry on=keep up=preserve 维持 v.14. conventional=traditional=conservative 传统的 v.15. notice=see=spot=be aware of=be conscious of 注意到 v.16. retain=keep=stay=hold on to 保持 v.Cambridge 7 TEST 21. interior=inner=inside 内部的 adj.2. destroy=devastate=wreck=obliterate 毁灭 v.3. absorb=digest=take in=assimilate 吸收 v.4. severe=serious=stiff=heavy 严重的 adj.5. adapt to=get used to=become accustomed to=adjust to 适应 v.6. initiate=start=launch开始，发起 v.7. hinder=hamper=impede 阻碍 v.8. severe (extreme) weather condition 极端天气= nature force自然力量=climate disruption 气候扰乱Cambridge 7 TEST 31. dental=teeth 牙齿的 adj.2. advanced=developed=sophisticated=high-tech 先进的 adj.3. evidence=proof=documentation 证据 n.4. exchanging = swapping 交换5. closeness 亲近度 = distance 距离6. method方法= techniques 技术= ways 方式= approach方法Cambridge 7 TEST 41.foe=enemy敌人=opposite对方=opponent 对手=rival=counterpart 对方2.more than=exceed=over=in excess of 超过 v.3.Success成功=prosper繁荣=thrive兴旺 = achievement 成就4.apply=use=make use of=utilize 应用 v.5.raise=lift=lift up 使…上升 v.6.expose=show=reveal 暴露，揭发 v.7.intense=strong=passionate=powerful强烈的adj.8.random随机的 =arbitrary任意的9.fatigue=tiredness=exhaustion疲劳 n.10.manifest=show=reveal=present 显示 v.11.carry out=implement=put sth. into practice=execute 实行v.12.perform=conduct=carry out 执行，进行 v.Cambridge 6 TEST 11.expertise=skill 专门技术2.investigation调查=survey=poll调查=analysis分析3.local=domestic=native=indigenous 当地的，国内的adj.4.shipping=freight 船运 n.5.cargo=freight=goods 货物 n.6.tariff=charge收费=fee=tax 税费n.7.difficult=harsh=demanding=tough=challenging 困难的 adj..8.well-being=health 健康 n.9.impossible=out of the question=unlikely 不可能 adj.10.surrounding=environment=circumstance 环境 n.11.give up=abandon /surrender 放弃Cambridge 6 TEST 21.independent=self-reliant 自立的 adj.2.regular=daily 定期的adj.3.lonely=emotionally isolated 孤独的adj.4.misunderstanding=confusion 误解n.5.poor=impoverished= deprived = socially-disadvantaged 贫穷的，处于劣势的adj Cambridge 6 TEST 31.first=initial=early 最早的adj.2.early=earlier=first=ancient=historic 早期的adj.3.realistic=achievable=feasible 现实的，可行的adj.4.match =suit=fit 合适5.link to/ with=associate with=connect with=relate to 联系起来6.tend to=prone to 倾向于7.participate=be involved in=take part in=join 参加v.8.visible=disclosed=obvious=noticeable 可见的adj.9.judge=rate=criticize=assess=evaluate=appraise 评判v.10.delay=postpone=procrastinate=shelve=put off延后v.11.chance=likelihood=fortune=hope=possibility=opportunity=risk=luck 机会，运气n.12.production=yield=output 产量n.13.focus on=emphasize=aim at=concentrate on 集中于Cambridge 5 TEST 11.time limit=deadline时间限制，期限 n.2.rival=competitor 对手，竞争者 n.3.fault=defect=problem=trouble=flaw=weakness =bug=virus 错误，缺点4.cornerstone=basis=foundation=the key 基石n.5.expect=anticipate预期，期待 v.6.deliberately=intentionally=on purpose=purposely故意地 adv.7.persuade=convince=win over=talk around 说服 v.8.abundant=plenty=ample 充裕的，丰富的 adj.9.exaggerate=overstate夸张，夸大 v.10.perception=idea=notion=view=belief=insight 认识，观念，看法 n.11.intuition=instinct 直觉 n..12.crucial=important=critical=vital=essential 至关重要的 adj.13.attempt=effort 尝试，努力Cambridge 5 TEST 21.derive=originate=come from=stem from起源 v.2.impetus=momentum=stimulus=incentive=motivation动机，刺激 n.3.factor=reason=element=component=ingredient 因素 n.4.alternative=substitute=replacement替代物 n.5.accompany=keep company=be associated with 陪伴，伴随v.6.difficult=demanding=hard=tough困难的 adj.7.task=job=work=labour 任务，工作 n.8.relate to=depend on=link to=associate with=involve with 与…有关系 v.9.assessment=appraisal=evaluation=estimate=judgment评估，估计 v.10.emerge=appear=come forth出现 v.11.foster=cultivate=raise=nurture培养，养育 v.12.whereas=however=while=nevertheless=but=yet然而，但是 adv.Cambridge 5 TEST 31.outcome=result=conclusion=consequence 结果，后果 n.2.funding=money=funds=financial resource 资金，基金 n.3.valuable=precious=worthy宝贵的，珍贵的 adj.4.stimulate=encourage=activate=motivate鼓励，刺激 v.itary=battlefield=martial军事的adj.6.potential=possible=underlying=likely 潜在的，可能的adj.7.prospect=expectation=outlook展望，希望n.8.perception感知=insight见解=viewpoint观点=belief信念= folklore民间传说 Cambridge 5 TEST 41.remote=distant 遥远的 adj.2.require=desire=order=command 要求 v.3.undermine=destroy（destruction 名词）=damage=hurt=ruin 破坏 v.4.unusual=rare=strange=uncommon罕见的，不寻常的 adj.5.ordinary=standard=common=usual=general普通的,平常的adj.6.break=shatter=crack打碎，打破 v.7.examine=analyse=survey=inspect=study=detect=investigate检查，发现 v.8.dispute=debate=controversy=disagree=argue争论，争执n.&v.9.cue=implication=reminder=hint=signal 提示，信号，暗号n.10.regardless of=despite of=take no notice of = ignore不管，不注意。