大学英语语法 之coordination
Subject-verb concord
Both he and I are happy about it. Either he or I am wrong. Neither you nor he is to blame. Not he but I am to be responsible for it. Not only they but also John has passed the exam. Is not only he but also I wrong ?
as well as... He came here to learn English as well as to know more about life. I love her because she is intelligent as well as because she is considerate.
She is not only beautiful but (also) kind. She is interested not only in music but (also) in art. Not only can she dance, but she can (also) sing.
Other coordinators
4. Semicolon (分号) = comma +conjunction(连词) （and, so, but） conjunctive adverbs :accordingly, furthermore, hence, however, nevertheless, therefore, etc He is a man of principle ; we all respect him. = He is a man of principle, so we all respect him He is a photographer ; quite often he travels abroad to take pictures. = He is a photographer, and quite often he travels abroad to take pictures.
Both Peter and Mary work hard. He is not kind but cruel. He succeeded both because he was intelligent and because he worked hard.
Use of “not only …but alsather than... He is happy rather than sad. He rather than I is interested in music.= He instead of me is interested in music. (He not I, is interested in music.) He failed because he was lazy rather than because he was not intelligent.
Coordinators
and→
both ... and… ; or → either... or , neither... Nor; but → not ... but ; not only... but also(=not merely ... but also ; not just... but also ; not only... but...as well)
Formation of coordinate constructions
(1) coordination of words sing and dance; good but expensive (2) coordination of phrases Peter ate the fruit and drank the beer. You must take the course and pass the examination. (3) coordination of clauses Diana plays the piano, and Sandy ( plays) the violin. The children can go with us or they can stay at home.
Coordination
Definition
A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators.
Punctuation marks
1. Comma(逗号） the difference in repeating use of commas and coordinators He said that he had no money, that he had no friends to count on, and that he expected me to help him. 2. Dash (破折号) He is versatile — he masters five different languages and plays the piano very well. 3. Colon (冒号) He has finally made his goal known to us : he wants to be a scientist.
(4) compound sentence Mary is a nurse, her brother is a doctor, and her parents are both famous writers.
Coordinating devices
1. Coordinators 2. Some punctuation marks.
30 -32 Coordination,Subordination(2)
Coordinate construction (and)
He is not tall, nor am I. other forms Neither have I been to England, nor has my husband. Not only did Tom take the course, but also all his classmates began to apply for it.
clause What annoyed her is still unknown. She suggested (that) he do it at once. The question is why he likes cooking so much. I have no idea how much he can eat? I’m preparing for what I must say.
Compare (and/or)
structure
He neither likes singing , nor (likes) dancing. You can either stay at home or at school. He not only likes dancing but also likes singing. He likes both math and English.
Coordinate construction (and)
Mary bought a skirt, a shirt, a coat and a handbag. Mary bought a skirt and a shirt and a coat and a handbag.
大学英语语法 主谓一致
2.2 Problems of concord with nouns ending in–s
4. Other nouns ending in –s 2) Nouns usually taking plural endings: plural archives, arms, clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains, stairs, suburbs, thanks, wages 3) Nouns ending in -ings: plural clippings, diggings, earnings, filings, lodgings, surroundings, sweepings
5. The police ____ are looking for the missing child.
6. His family ____ is a great one. 7. His family ____ are all music lovers. 8. Not every means ____ is useful. are useful. 9. Not all means ____ 10. It was late, but the audience was ____ increasing. 11. The audience ______ were all moved to tears.
next
3.1 Problems of concord with a coordinate subject
2. a kind / sort / type of ， this kind / sort / type of之后 通常跟单数或不可数名词，动词用单数 This kind of man annoys me. 这样的结构中，通常不用复数名词，通常不说 this kind of roses, 如果要用复数，就得说: Roses of this kind are very sweet. 出现在these kinds of, many / several kinds of 之后 的名词，既可以是单数或不可数名词，也可以是 复数名词，动词都用复数。 在非正式语体中，还常见“these/ those kind of + 复数名词”的结构，其后动词用复数。
大学英语语法 之coordination教学提纲
Punctuation marks
1. Comma(逗号） the difference in repeating use of commas and coordinators He said that he had no money, that he had no friends to count on, and that he expected me to help him.
2. Dash (破折号) He is versatile — he masters five different languages and plays the piano very well.
3. Colon (冒号) He has finally made his goal known to us : he wants to be a scientist.
❖ as well as... He came here to learn English as well as to know more about life. I love her because she is intelligent as well as because she is considerate.
She is not only beautiful but (also) kind. She is interested not only in music but (also) in art. Not only can she dance, but she can (also) sing.
CoordinationandSubordination
Coordination and Subordination概念coordination1)equal importance2)coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, yet, so, for). 说明：①，for 可表示原因，但引起的不是从句，而是分句，对前面的谈到的情况加以解释。
(He shook his head, forhe thought differently) So 作为并列连词，表示结果，可译为“因此”，“所以”，“于是”。
(Y ou aren’t listening, so I’ll shut up)②，so, but 是连词，therefore , however是副词。
however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover and besides are conjunctiveadverbs; they are used after a conjunction or a semicolon (not a comma) to joinsentencessubordination1)important idea in the main clause; less important ideas/ideas in the subordinate clauses2)subordinate conjunction并列句的三种连接方法1）She enjoys listening to pop music, but her sister doesn’t. (逗号+连词)2）She enjoys listening to pop music; her sister likes classical music better. (分号)3）She enjoys listening to pop music; however, her sister doesn’t like it. (分号+连接副词)连接句子练习Human nature is seldom as simple as it appears, hasty judgments are therefore often wrong.(错误)1）Human nature is seldom as simple as it appears. Hasty judgments are therefore often wrong.2）Human nature is seldom as simple as it appears; hasty judgments are therefore often wrong.3）Human nature is seldom as simple as it appears, and hasty judgments are therefore often wrong.4）Because human nature is seldom as simple as it appears, hasty judgments are therefore often wrong.表达效果比较A)This rich man went to church every Sunday, and he never donated a cent for thebenefit of his neighborhood.B)This rich man went to church every Sunday, but he never donated a cent for thebenefit of his neighborhood.C)Although he was rich and went to church every Sunday, he never donated a cent forthe benefit of his neighborhood.Parallel predicate verbs, participial and infinitive phrases being used in place of sentences Original version:I waked up at 6: 30. I thought I was late. I washed quickly. Then I went into thekitchen. I found something to eat. I finished eating in a few minutes. I took my book and hurried out. I rode very fast along the street. Soon I was at the school gate. But it was closed. Then I realized it was Saturday.New version:It was 6:30 when I waked up. Thinking that I would be late for school, I washed and ate something in a hurry, got on my bike and set out for school. On the streets I rode as fast as I could, and in no time I was at the school gate, only to find it closed. Then I remembered that it was Saturday.Practice 1)Improve the following sentences by using subordination skills.1. Computers calculate rapidly, and they do more work than man in the same time, and they threaten many jobs, but we must use them.2. This mountain is six thousand feet high, and it is only four miles from the airport, and the field is not a very large one, but no plane has ever crashed on it.3. Benjamin Franklin was an American, but he was at home wherever he went, and so he gained wide popularity in France, and he was also well known in England.4. The Senator was a Liberal, and so he was in favor of the welfare program, and the new tax bill seemed to him inadequate, and so he voted against it.5. Women have been discriminated against, and they have been patient, but now they are complaining, and their cause is just.Practice 2)Improve the sentences and at the same time make important ideas prominent.1. A lifetime is short, but much can be accomplished.2. In spite of the fact he became a great preacher, Cotton Mather had a speech defect.3. When most drivers apply the brakes, they are in doubt.4. Corruption in high places became wide spread; the Roman Empire was considerably weakened.5. Archimedes took a bath, and he formulated one of the most important principles in the physics.6. Mr. Levin left the meeting early. Nobody knows why he did.7. The examination was difficult, but she passed with a high grade.8. My history teacher has written a book, it has a bright-blue cover.9. Darwin studied medicine and theology before deciding on science. He wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. It was published in 1859.10. A one-hour swim in the lake does not exhaust Zhang Jian. He is a good swimmer.。
大学英语语法13——主语从句和表语从句
Noun Clauses
A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Like a noun, a noun clause can act as a subject, an object, a complement or an appositive.
and so on.
• He should sort out the information.
• The information is for my reference.
• His action is necessary.
It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference.
1. Forms and kinds Noun clauses usually begin with subordinating words like how,
why, what, where, when, who, that, which, whose, whether, etc. Subordinating word + subject + predicate verb + object + …
• We should build more power stations.
• The stations use water to produce power.
• That is important.
It is important that we build more hydroelectric power stations.
successful. • (if/whether has no function within the noun clause)
Coordination and Subordination
Coordination and SubordinationCoordinationCoordination is the linking of equally weighted thoughts or elements. Any simple sentence can be made longer and more complex by coordinating two or more elements (words, phrases, clauses). E.g.:Animals think,but they think of and at things;men think primarily about things. Words, pictures, and memory images are symbols that may be combined and varied in a thousand ways.Intelligent use of coordination can help give smoothness, variety, emphasis and unity to our writing. Compare the following two passages:A.(without coordination) Animals think of things. They also think at things. Menthink primarily about things. Words are symbols that may be combined in a thousand ways. They can also be varied in the same number of ways. This can be said of pictures as well. The same holds true for memory images.B.(with coordination) Animals think, but they think of and at things; men thinkprimarily about things. Words, pictures and memory images are symbols that may be combined and varied in a thousand ways.1.Coordinating ConjunctionsCoordination is made by conjunctions and the coordinating conjunctions can be divided into two types: simple and correlative.A) Simple conjunctions include: and, but, or, nor, yet, so, forB) Correlative conjunctions: both…and…, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but…, whether…or…Examples:I like both his ambition and his energy.Samuel will either get a raise or resign from his job.Neither the students nor the professor attended the meeting.We want to know not only when he gets there but also what he does.My intention is not to criticize you but to help you.Whether Rome or Cairo is a better place to visit is up to you.2.Sentence ConnectorsSentence connectors:adverbs or adverbial phrases frequently used to connect two long independent clauses to form compound sentences. We usually place a semicolon after the first independent clause and a comma after the sentence connector. In English there are many adverbs and phrases that can be used as sentence connectors to indicate the logical relationship between the two independent clauses. For example: Junior colleges offer preparation for the professions, business and industry; moreover, students may prepare for transfer to a university or college. (addition)Many junior colleges do not provide dormitories; however, they provide housing referral service. (contrast)Students must take the final exam; otherwise, they may be given the final grade of Incomplete. (choice)You can receive individual guidance from your counselor; therefore, you should take advantage of this service. (result)Sentence connectors can be divided into several types according to the logic relationship they indicate:1.additional idea: furthermore, besides, in addition, moreover, also, etc.2.contrast idea: however, nevertheless, still, in contrast, etc.3.choice of two possibilities: otherwise4.result: consequently, therefore, thus, accordingly, as a result, etc.Practice 1: Choose the correct coordinator from the following and combine the two independent clauses in each pair in logical order. Rewrite the sentence and punctuate it correctly.And, or, nor, but, for, so, yet1.Are you applying for graduate school? / Will you look for a job?2.Geology is concerned with the structure of the earth. / Astronomy is concernedwith the physical universe beyond the earth.3.The cost of installation is very high. / Solar domestic heating systems areeconomical to operate.4.Energy needs are not going to decrease. / Energy sources are not going toincrease.5.Our supplies will decrease. / Consumers must conserve energy sensibly.Practice 2:Combine each of the following groups of sentences by using coordination.Example: 1) New Hampshire does not have a general sales tax.2) New Hampshire does not have an income tax.3) New Hampshire is the only state that doesn’t have at least one of the two taxes.Answer: New Hampshire is the only state with neither a general sales nor an income tax.Group 1. 1) More and more universities are creating loan plans to aid middle-income families.2) Middle-income families are not rich enough to pay rising college costs.3) Middle-income families are not poor enough to qualify for assistance. Group 2. 1) No matter how you measure it, educ ation is the largest “industry” in the nation.2) Y ou can measure it in terms of dollars spent.3) Y ou can measure it in terms of people involved.Group 3. 1) Fewer blacks are leaving the rural south these days.2) They are staying not because farming has become more popular.3) They are staying because industry is moving in.Group 4. 1) The doctor recommended John an exercise.2) The exercise would not harm him.3) The exercise would not tire him.4) The exercise would strengthen his muscles.5) The exercise would increase his lung power.6) The exercise would stimulate his heart.7) The exercise would improve his circulation.Group 5. 1) He has strength.2) His strength is superior.3) He has ability.4) His ability is dramatic.5) His ability is powerful.6) He has looks.7) His looks are good.8) His looks are boyish.Group 6. 1) The following has happened since its invention.2) The laser has been applied to fields.3) The fields are diverse.4) The fields are many.5) One field is engineering.6) One field is medicine.7) One field is communications.8) One field is defense.Group 7. 1) Studying is part of the Puritan ethic.2) Learning is part of the Puritan ethic.3) Working is part of the Puritan ethic.4) They are all part of the Puritan ethic.Group 8. 1) Scuba diving (潜水) is costly.2) Scuba diving is dangerous.3) Scuba diving, however, is thrilling.Practice 3:Add a sentence connector with the same meaning as the word in parentheses and punctuate it correctly.1.Advertising plays a significant part in American business ________ it has atremendous impact on the nation’s economy. (addition)2.Without commercials, the public’s favorite programs would not be shown________ viewers must accept them as necessary. (result)3.Many ads and commercials do give important information about products________ some of them are merely humorous or foolish. (contrast)4.Many consumers rely on advertisements ________ businesses maintain largesums of money for this expense. (result)5.Careful consumers rely on good advertising ________ they would not buyproducts wisely. (choice)6.I dislike television commercials ________ I do not like direct mail advertising.(addition)7.Some advertisers try to push mediocre products on the public ________ theconsumer should beware. (result)SubordinationSubordination is the technique of putting together ideas that are unequal in weight so that the relative importance of each will be quickly apparent to the reader.E.g.:In 1769, when he was thirteen years old,Mozart made his first trip to Italy, accompanied by his father.Through subordination, you can focus on the central idea of your sentence by placing it in the main clause and placing the less important idea in a subordinate clause or phrase. Subordination helps you to avoid choppy sentences or excessive coordination and to achieve variety and smoothness. Subordination can be achieved through clauses or phrases (adverbial, attributive or appositive). Compare the following:A.Mozart was thirteen years old in 1769. He made his first trip to Italy. His fatherwent with him. (choppy sentences)A’. In 1769, when he was thirteen years old, Mozart made his first trip to Italy, accompanied by his father.B.Shaolin Temple is a tourist resort. It is situated in the foothills of Mount Song. It isone of the most beautiful spots in China. (choppy sentences)B’. Shaolin Temple, a tourist resort in the foothills of Mount Song, is one of the most beautiful spots in china. / Shaolin Temple, one of the most beautiful spots in China, is a tourist resort in the foothills of Mount Song.C.I worked hard and I turned out a first-rate manuscript, and I missed my deadlineand my publisher was angry. (excessive use of coordination)C’. Although I worked hard and turned out a first-rate manuscript, my publisher was angry because I missed my deadline.D.The recordings which I bought last week were scarce items that are essential topeople who are making collections of folk music which comes from Spain.(excessive use of subordination)D’. Last week I bought some scarce recordings that are esse ntial to collections of Spanish folk music.Subordinators: conjunctions used to connect an independent clause and a dependent clause, such as when, while, if, because, where, who, that, etc.Types of Subordinators:Relative Clause Subordinators:1.Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose + noun, that, which2.Relative Adverbs: when, where, whyConditional Clause Subordinators: if, even if, unless, whenNoun Clause Subordinators: that; who, whoever, what, whatever, where, wherever, when, how much (many, often, etc.); whether (or not), ifAdverbial Clause Subordinators1.time: when, while, as soon as, after, since, as, etc.2.place: where, wherever, everywhere, etc.3.distance/frequency: as + adverb + as4.manner: as5.reason: because, as, since, etc.6.result: so + adj. + that, so + adv. + that, such a(n) + noun phrase + that, etc.7.purpose: so that, in order that (in order to +v.), etc.8.contrast / concession: although, even though, though, whereas, etc.Practice 4:bine each pair of sentences into a single sentence by subordinating theunderlined idea.1.The dean sent me a letter. It said that I should attend summer school.2.Y ou want me to help you with your homework, but you must help me cleanthe apartment first.3.Mr. Symonds was a high school teacher for many years, and now he isteaching at the university.4.Chicago is built along Lake Michigan. It is known as “the windy city”.5.The magazine published a special anniversary edition, and it was mailed to allsubscribers.B.Provide a subordinating conjunction that will show a logical relationship betweenthe two clauses.1._____ I enjoy Beethoven, I like Bach even better.2.______ he listened closely, he finally understood.3.He couldn’t sleep _____ it was already 3:00 A.M. when he got to bed.4.He couldn’t sleep _____ it was only 8:00 P.M. whe n he went to bed.5._____ she was doing the dishes, he was doing the laundry.6.He did the dishes _____ she could relax.7.The picnic will be ruined _____ it rains tomorrow.8._____ she graduated from high school, she went to college.9.She felt _____ she was walking on air.10._____ you pay attention, you will never learn anything.C.Revise the improper subordination in the following sentences.1.I was reaching down to pick up my hat just as I saw the two rattle snakes.2.We came within the sight of the village when our car suddenly caught fire.3.The prize was given yesterday that was for the best essay by a freshman.4.I ran out of ink, thus being unable to finish my theme.5.College is a place which we prepare ourselves for adult responsibility.D. Rewrite the following compound sentences into complex sentences bysubordinating one of the clauses.Example: Nowadays, many American women work in full-time jobs, for they must help to support their families. (since) ---- Reason: Nowadays, many American women work in fulltime fobs since they must help to support their families.1.Some women have become coal miners and construction workers, for there is lessdiscrimination against them now. (because)2.Many women in Third World countries want to work, for they are educated. (who)mercials are necessary for business, but they can be a nuisance to the public.(although)4.Some people believe everything they see and hear on commercials, yet many ofthe advertisements give misinformation. (even though)5.Many people will not buy a product, for they do not like the commercial. (if)6.Camping in the mountains or on beaches is not very expensive, yet you must firstbuy a lot of essential equipment. (although)7.Foreign travel is expensive, but it is worth a lot in new experiences and memories.(even though)8.Travelers must know the tipping standards of foreign countries or they might beembarrassed. (unless)9. A three-minute phone call to New Y ork City between 8 AM and 5 PM costs $1.68,but the same call between 5 PM and 8 AM costs $1.10. (whereas)E. sentence combining1. A person wants to be a computer programmer. A person must be able to worklogically.2.The author of this poem died penniless and heartbroken. The world neverrecognized his talent.3.Denver still has dirty air problems. Denver’s pollution is n ot considered serious.4.The actress has played in several successful films. I can’t remember her nameright now.5.One reason may be that they can find familiar food. People like to live togetherwith their own people for a reason.6.One problem with the type of housing is choosing the people. Y ou are going toshare living space with these people.7.His father died on January 31, 1983. He can still remember clearly what he wasdoing on that day.8.Jiuzaigou is a very beautiful place. I have been very eager to visit that place.9.We went to the forest park last Sunday. We had a wonderful picnic in that park.10.In early 1981, doctors in the United States performed the procedure on a woman.She wanted to have a child.11.The woman’s doctors didn’t know if they would be succ essful. They would notrelease the woman’s name to the press.12.Alaska was once connected to Russia by a land bridge. Alaska is now separatedfrom Russia by only a few miles of water.13.The Eskimos have lived in Alaska for millions of years. They have adapted well totheir harsh (荒芜的) environment.14.A problem is being discussed in the Alaskan government. The problem concernsthe rights of Alaska’s natives.15.The purchase (购买) of Alaska was negotiated by Secretary of State WilliamSeward. The purchase became a good investment.16.The Eskimos have had to live in cold and darkness most of the year. They havedeveloped a lively sense of humor and hospitable (好客的) attitude.1.(A person who wants to be a computer programmer must be able to worklogically.)2.(The author of this poem, whose talent the world never recognized, died pennilessand heartbroken.)3.(Denver, whose pollution is not considered serious, still has dirty air problems.)4.(The actress whose name I can’t remember now has played in several successfulfilms.)5.(One reason for which people like to live together with their own people may bethat they can find familiar food.)6.(One problem with the type of housing is choosing the people with whom you aregoing to share living space.)7.(He can still remember clearly what he was doing on January 31, 1983 when hisfather died.)8.(Jiuzaigou is a very beautiful place that I have been very eager to visit.)9.(Last Sunday we went to the forest park where we had a wonderful picnic.)10.(In early 1981, doctors in the United States performed the procedure on a womanwanting to have a child.)11.(Not knowing if they would be successful, the doctors would not release thewoman’s name to the press.)12.(Alaska, once connected with Russia by a land bridge, is now separated fromRussia by only a few miles of water.)13.(Having lived in Alaska for millions of years, the Eskimos have adapted well totheir harsh environment.)14.(The problem being discussed in the Alaskan government concerns the rights ofAlaska’s natives.)15.(The purchase of Alaska, negotiated by Secretary of State William Seward,became a good investment.)16.(Having had to live in cold and darkness most of the year, the Eskimos havedeveloped a lively sense of humor and a hospitable attitude.)。
大学英语语法和写作College English Grammar and Writing 13 Su
•
In the sentence pattern “It + be + adj. + subject clause”, we
usually use subjective mood in the clause when the adjectives
are necessary, important, impossible, strange, natural, essential
3. Predicative clauses When a noun clause follows a link verb and functions as a complement of a subject, it is called a predicative clause. No comma is needed when we use the predicative clauses.
• This is the reason.
• Why are so many people unable to afford a house?
This is why so many people are unable to afford a house. [as a subject complement]
• How many people we are to invite is still a question. It is still a question how many people we are to invite.
When the subordinating word “if” introduces a subject clause, the clause can not be placed at the beginning; whereas, the clause can be placed both at the beginning and at the end when the subject clause is introduced by the subordinating word “whether”. For instance:
Coordination
D.N. Godbole, J. Lygeros, E. Singh, A. Deshpande, A.E. Lindsey Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California Berkeley, CA 94720 fgodbole,lygeros,ekta,akash,lind@g
Keywords
Automated Highway System Design, Fault Detection and Fault Tolerant Control, Safety, Veri cation, Coordination Layer
Research supported by the California PATH program, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley under MOU 135
Abstract
We present the design and veri cation of inter-vehicle communication protocols for degraded modes of operation on the Automated Highway System (AHS). We consider various hardware and sensor faults that can develop on the automated vehicle in an AHS and design discrete event supervisory controllers to stop the faulty vehicle or take it out of the highway in a safe manner. The protocols are veri ed for logical correctness by using automatic formal veri cation tools. This work presents an important step towards analyzing the safety of the AHS.
大学英语语法 之coordination
Coordinators
and→
both ... and… ; or → either... or , neither... Nor; but → not ... but ; not only... but also(=not merely ... but also ; not just... but also ; not only... but...as well)
Subject-verb concord
Both he and I are happy about it. Either he or I am wrong. Neither you nor he is to blame. Not he but I am to be responsible for it. Not only they but also John has passed the exam. Is not only he but also I wrong ?
Both Peter and Mary work hard. He is not kind but cruel. He succeeded both because he was intelligent and because he worked hard.
Use of “not only …but also structure”
as well as... He came here to learn English as well as to know more about life. I love her because she is intelligent as well as because she iຫໍສະໝຸດ considerate.
并列结构
You can fool all of the people some of the time, ____ and some of the people all of the time,
____ but you can’t fool all of the people all of the time.
2）Or-group coordinators: or, either…or…
在否定句中，一般用 or 不用 and 连接同 等成分。Or 一般不表示所择关系：
He has no money or food. = He has neither money nor food. I didn’t find him clever or good-looking. = I found him neither clever nor….
I never see her but I want to kiss her. 错：我从未……但我想…… 正：我没有一次见到她而不想…… I never think of summer but I think of my childhood. I never see the picture but I think of my college years.
Surrender and live; resist and die. = If you surrender, you’ll live; … Don’t drink and drive. = If you don’t drink, you can drive. Or: If you drink, you can’t drive. 不许酒后开车。