大学英语英美概况13单元答案 Unit 13

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英美概况课后答案

UNIT 31.What is an American?He is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. He is an American, who leaving behind hi m all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life h e has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. ... Here indiv iduals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will on e day cause great changes in the world. ... The American is a new man, who acts new pri nciples; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions.CommentI agree with him, His opinion of the United States is quite high, In explaining his love for America, and what he feels it means to be "an American".Americans are eager to learn new knowledge and try new things. They don’t hold old principles and have independent thinking, opinions and values. They just be themselves and do the things they like without much consideration. They are adaptable, efficient and creative.4 . In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?A. Today, Puritans are no longer in existence. But their legacies are still felt in American s ociety and culture. For example, the Puritans hoped to build "a city upon hill" an ideal co mmunity. Since that time, Americans have viewed their country as a great experiment, a worthy model for other nations. This sense of mission has been very strong in the minds of many Americans.B. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American val ues such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.Unit43. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. gov ernment? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?A 1.-- the legislative branch is made up of elected representatives from all of the states a nd is the only branch that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes and declare war or p ut foreign treaties into effect. It consists of a Congress that is divided into the House of Re presentative and the Senate. The House of Representatives has 435 members who serv e two-year terms. The Senate comprises 100 lawmakers who serve six-year terms. Each state, regardless of population, has two senators.2.--- the executive branch is the president, who is elected to a four-year term. A president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment passed in 1951. The presid ent can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur. He is the commander in chief of the ar med forces. The president has other broad authorities in running the government departm ents and handling foreign relations.3.--- the judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court with a chief justice and 8 associ ate justices. The Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitutio n and other cases which do not arise out of individual states. The Supreme Court has the judicial review power, the power determining whether congressional legislation or executi ve action violates the Constitution.B. 1.If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can vet o it.2. If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no long er in effect.3. The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appoin tments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Senate, however, must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become offic ial. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments .3. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. gov ernment? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other? If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can veto it. That means the proposal does not become law. Congress can enact the law despite the p resident's views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it. If Con gress passes a law which isthen challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Suprem e Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect .The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointm ents to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Senate, ho wever, must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments 4．What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution?The Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were added within two years of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. These amendments rema in intact today, as they were written two centuries ago. The first guarantees freedom of w orship, speech and press,the right of peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the gove rnment to correct wrongs. The Bill of Rights and subsequent constitutional amendments g uarantee the American people the fullest possible opportunity to enjoy fundamental huma n rights.5 What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fund amentally different?the United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, which evol ved out of Thomas Jefferson's party, formed before 1800. The symbol of the party is the d onkey. The other is the Republican Party, which was formed in the 1850s, by people in th e states of the North and West, such as Abraham Lincoln, who wanted the government to prevent the expansion of slavery into new states then being admitted to the union. The s ymbol of the Republican Party is the elephant.UNIT 51. Do you agree that cultivators of the earth are most valuable citizen?Yes, I do agree the point that ―cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens‖. My reasons for my agreement can be illustrated as follows:Firstly, though outward forms have changed, the vital importance of agriculture has not. A griculture provides the sustenance that meets people‘s most basic needs. Agriculture and its related industres serve as the foundation of American economic life, accounting for a l arger portion of the United States‘ GNP than any other endeavor. Besides, agriculture repr esents a bond of continuity between present and past. Therefore, cultivators of the earth who contribute a lot to agriculture are important and valuable. Secondly, cultivators of the earth are the most vigorous, the most independent, the most virtuous. They have shown a spirit of individualism and egalitarianism that the rest of society has admired. To a large extent, agricultural values have been adopted and celebrated by the society as a whole. Thirdly, American agriculture is big business. It provides the rest world with lots of food. S o as the main body of agriculture, cultivators of the earth contributes a lot to American‘s e conomic.3. Give examples of industries which are declining, and industries which are fast d eveloping in theUS.Generally speaking, declining industries would be industries where labor cost is high and its growth potential is limited. The Auto industry is in a declining state but of course if they reinvent their automobiles things could pick up for them. Developing industries would be the hi tech sector. Especially in companies that are developing new types of technology t o help our environment by developing new types of technology in many areas. Especially energy conservation technology and new types of alternative energies. Also, new types of technology where we would be using fewer resources for our daily usage.From 1922 to 1929, the economic of America is prosperous, the car industry, the electrica l industry and construction, developing rapidly and become a national industry. In 1920s t he economic boomed and wealth is just possessed by a few people, the gap between ric h and poor continued to expand. At first, the construction industry became in recession, a nd then the steel industry and the automobile get into trouble.Roosevelt defeated Hoover in the 1932 election. during the march of the president of the United States, the "new policy" is carried on, the intervention of the state finance, agricult ure, industry and social relief, the project and financial aspects became more and more, which made the United States government undertake to ensure economic stability and de velopment of responsibility. Social security system is established initially.After World War II, the US economy enters a period of rapid growth. On the one hand, the United States began to develop world's advanced scientific and technological achieveme nts. It caused a new industrial technology revolution, with the atom, computers and the ex tensive application of space technology for the main, involving information technology, ne w energy technology, new materials technology, biotechnology and space technology and the marine technology. The tertiary industry is booming .UNIT 61. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?1.By the middle of the 18th century, many different kinds of Protestants lived in America.2.. The Great Awakening of the 1740s, a "revival" movement that sought to breathe new f eeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of Protestant religious groups, or de nominations.3.A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlighten ment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists bu t leaves man free to settle his own affairs.4.The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal g overnment to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion.UNIT 81. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and d ifferences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of edu cation.The goal is—and has been since the early decades of the republic—to achieve universal l iteracy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote bot h their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public. Though this goal has n ot yet been fully achieved, it remains an ideal toward which the American educational syst em is directed. The progress which has been made is notable both for its scope and for the educational methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it.2. How did American education begin to develop?In 1634, they opened a ―lateen grammar school, a school for those who wanted to prep are for college.In 1636, Harvard College was founded for the training of religious ministers.In 1634 and 1638, the Puritans passed laws declaring that all property could be taxed for the common good, which included the support of school.In 1642 and 1647, the Bay Colony passed laws requiring all parents to provide reading ed ucating for their children.At the end of the 18th century, elementary education throughout the United States was in local hands.3. What are the major characteristics of education in America?(1)Different education laws for different states.(2)Several levels of schooling：Elementary Schooling，Secondary Schooling and High Schooling.(3)curricula for students: there is no national curriculum in the United States. (3)Compulso ry education for all students.(4)Equal education opportunities for minority groups. (5)Strong demand for higher educati on. (6)The complex system of higher education.Some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for their students. Sch ools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it. The inquiry method of learning , focusing on solving problems rather t han memorizing facts, became popular.3.What are the major characteristics of education in America?1. About 85% of American students attend public schools (schools supported by America n taxpayers). The other 15% attend private schools, for which their families choose to pay special attendance fees. Four out of five private schools in the United States are run by c hurches, synagogues or other religious groups. In such schools, religious teachings are apart of the curriculum.2. Each of the 50 states in the United States has its own laws regulating education. From state to state, some laws are similar; others are not. Education in the United States was t o remain in the hands of state and local governments.3. Americans have a strong tendency to educate their children about major public concer ns—problems such as environmental pollution, nuclear issues, neighborhood crime and d rugs.Unit 101. The author says that the United State was founded on the principle of humanequality, but in practice the nation has fallen far short of that ideal. Illustrate this point with what you have learned from this text.1. American society is a stratified one, in which power, wealth, and prestige areunequally distributed among the population.2. The inequality is a matter of distinction between gender and social classes, classdivisions often parallel racial divisions.3. The blacks have long suffered from sustained oppression, discrimination, and denialof basic civil rights and liberties.4. Many states passed segregation laws to keep the races apart in schools, housing,restaurants, and other public facilities.Unit13What role does technology play in our lives?Does it only provide new conveniences or does it sometimes change our life style?Give examples from the text to illustrate your ideas.1 A technology is a system of practices,often involving a physical device,that accomplishes some result desired by some influential part of society.2 It’s high technology and productive world power in the late 20th century.3 It makes history more vivid and more easily remembered.rains4 It greatly improved our life,with the use of air-conditioner,electricity and transportation styles.5 It has innovated a lot of inventors to make contributions to the science,such as Thomas Alva Edison,Frederick Winslow Taylor.6 The newspapers and telegram and cellphone enlarge the communication of the people all over the world.7 Manned spacecraft and satellite,especially for atomic bomb,which is a big symbol of a nation.8 Renewable energy technology can produce a changeable way of the pollution,which can develop a more better environment for us.Techology plays important roles in our lives. It not only provides new conveniences but also sometimes change our life style. And it can also damage human beings’treasure and lives.1、Provide new conveniences:①In 1920, the first commercial radio station began brodcasting, radio became an important locas of advertisements for the products to feed a growing consumerism inAmerica. And many comedians became famous for their radio shows. Sports heroes emerged mainly due to the exciting and colorful descriptoins broadcast by sports announcers.②Inventoins of household appliances, such as refrigerators, home oil furnaces, electric blenders have led to an easier life for the homemaker. Men no longer chop wood or shovel coal for burning. Men and children no longer wash dishes.③The Internet emerged in 1968, after that, many educational, private and commercial net works joined eful tools were invented such as the e-mail. The Internet has changed people’s life in unimaginable way.2、Change our life style:①The moving of the wealthy middle class from dirty and crowded cities to the suburbs was facilitiated by the availability of the inexpensive automobile, made possible by Ford’s assembly line technology.②Adults who spend too much time watching TV are turning into coach potatoes ( a nickname for TV fans ), much to he alarm of health officials.3、Damage human beings’treasure and lives:①The 1979 Three Mile Island accident exposed the risk of devasting accidents and led people’s de aths.[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。

英语第十三单元

America’s first self-made man”—rising from poverty and obscurity (身份低微) to wealth and fame. ❖Autobiography—a record of spiritual growth in addition to self-examination and selfimprovement.
how men reacted in their mind when they found they had done something wrong; exposed the evils of the society by describing the psychological activities of human beings. ❖ most famous novel—The Scarlet Letter ❖ other works
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
2.2.1 Washington Irving (1783-1859)
❖ “the father of American literature”
▪ the first to write using the local
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
1.3 Representative Figures
1.3.1 Jonathan Edwards 1.3.2 Benjamin Franklin
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press

英美国家概况课后题及答案.docx

Chapter 21.The British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T)2.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.(T)3.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe--- the Britons.(T)4.The Anglo--Saxons came to Britain in the mid--5th century.(T)5.The chief or king of the Anglo--Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.(F)6.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)7.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T)8.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F)9.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans foe trade and territory.(F)10.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(T)1. The D attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2.By the late 7th century, D became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3.Westminster Abbey was built at the time of B .A. St. AugustineB. Edward the ConfessorC. William the ConquerorD. Alfred the Great4.The C marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law5.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of C .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster6.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort toA .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church7.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between B .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians8. A was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta9.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the Ccentury.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th10.Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of theD century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20thChapter 31.Conventions are regarded less important than common law in the working of theBritish government.(F)2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F)3.In reality,the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F)4.British Parliament is the law--making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F)5.Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are all members in the British Upper House.(T)6.The members in the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F)7.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T)8.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F)9.British law consists of two parts,the civil law and the criminal law.(T)10.The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are muchsimilar in terms of law, organization and practice.(F)1. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three ofthe following branches with the exception of the C .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on D .A.passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to B the Houseof Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4.British Cabinet works on the principle of A .A. collective responsibilityB. individual responsibilityC. defending the collectivismD. defending the individuals5.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to B .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every C years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six7. C has a distinct legal system based on Roman law.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland8.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a B system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party9.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism andD .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism10.The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it A .A. set up the National Health ServiceB. improved public transportationC. abolished the old tax systemD.enhanced the economic development Chapter 41.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T)2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period.(T)3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain.(F)4.Thatcher's revolution turned out to be a great success in dealing with all the British econimic and social problems.(F)5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair is different from that of the Labor party and the Conservative Party.(T)6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics and economic policy.(T)7.Britain is the world's leading exporter of poultry and dairy products.(F)8.The fishing industry provides more than 50%of Britain's demand for fish.(T)9.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.(F)10.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.(T)1. The British economy achieved global dominance by the C .A. 1860sB. 1870sC. 1880sD.1890s2.In B , the British Parliament passed two important acts to establish awelfare state.A. 1945B. 1946C. 1947D. 19483.The A in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy inBritain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem4.Of the following practices, C does not belong to Thatcher’s socialwelfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions5.The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects exceptD .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality6.Britain has devoted C of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%7.Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except D .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland8.Coal mining industry in Britain provides B of the energy consumed inthe country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/39.The car industry in Britain in mostly A .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD. privately-owned10.Of the following sectors in Britain, C has experienced spectaculargrowth since the end of Word War II.A. AgricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD.manufacturing industry Chapter 51.The British government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.(F)cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.(F)3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system.(F)4.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national GCSE examination.(T)5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools.(T)6.In the 1960s, a large number of new universities were founded in Britain.(T)7.Most British people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watching television in the evening.(T)8.The Times is the world's oldest national newspaper(F)9.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.(F)10.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the Christian calendar, and others are related to local customs and traditions.(T)1. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the D .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2.About B of British children receive primary and secondary educationthrough the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3.Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receivetheir remaining funds from all the following sources except B .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD.corporate contributions4.Of the following, A is NOT a basis of admission to Britain’suniversities.A. result in national entrance testB. A-level resultC. an interviewD. school references5.To be admitted to the Open University, one need B .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD.General National V ocationalQualifications6.Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “BigThree” with the exception of C .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph7.Life on Earth is a kind of C program produced by the BBC and ispopular among 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera8. D is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB9.Of the following, D is NOT a common feature of all the Britishholidays.A. families getting togetherB. friends exchanging good wishesC. friends enjoying each other’s companyD. families traveling overseas10.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except A .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomimeChapter 91.America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.(T)2.The second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were founded under the command of Thomas Jefferson.(F)3.The Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that America was a single, indivisible nation.(T)4.Many American people approved of the Vietnam War.(F)5.During Clinton's term, the economy developed steadily, resulting in a lower rate of unemployment.(T)6.In 1990, American troops and the troops from allied nations launched Operation Desert Storm in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.(T)7.According to the American administration, Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on September11,2001.(F)8.The America government regarded Iraq a nation among the "axis of evil".(T)9.On March 19,2003,American and United Nation's troops, supported by several other countries, began an invasion of Iraq.(F)10.Although the combat operations in Iraq are over, it is still hard for America to decide when to withdraw its army.(T)1.The first successful English colony in North America was founded at C in .A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia2.Pilgrim Fathers are a group of B who came to America to avoidpersecution in England.A. ProtestantsB. PuritansC. CatholicsD. Christians3.The Seven Years’ War occurred between the C .A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians4.“No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of D .A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies5.The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in B .A. ConcordB. LexingtonC. PhiladelphiaD. Boston6.In May 1775, B was held in Philadelphia and began to assume thefunctions of a national government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation7.Abraham Lincoln issued C to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights8.The policy of the United States was A at the beginning of the two worldwars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement9.President C applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the GreatDepression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy10.The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continuedthroughout the terms of Presidents D .A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson Chapter 101.Bill of Rights was written into the Constitution in 1787.(F)2.The form of American government is based on three main principles: federalism, the separation of powers, and respect for the Constitution and the rule of law.(T)3.The U.S. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.(F)4.Certain presidential appointments must be approved by Congress.(T)5.The judicial branch of the federal government consists of a series of courts: the Supreme Court, the courts of appeals and the district courts.(T)6.Like Britain, the United States has a two--party system.(T)7.The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology.(F)8.American presidential campaign adheres to the "winner-take-all" practice.(T)9.American foreign policy throughout the World War II was neutrality.(F)10.American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention.(T)1.The U. S. Constitution came into effect in B .A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 17932.The Constitution of the United States C .A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court3.The Bill of Rights B .A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution4.The following except B are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.A. freedom of religionB. the right to get into people’s house by policeC. freedom of speech and of pressD. the right to own one’s weapon if one wishes5.All the following except C cannot make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President6.The following except C are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders7.According to the Constitution, a candidate for President must be D .A. at least 35 years oldB. at least a 14 years’ resident of the United StatesC. born in AmericaD. all of the above8.The terms for a Senator and Representative are D and yearsrespectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two9.The Supreme Court is composed of D justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine10.The President is directly voted into office by C .A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representatives Chapter 111.America is the world's largest industrial nation.(T)2.America has a mixed economy and the government has little control over businesses.(F)3.Charter companies contributed to Britain's successful colonization of the U.S.(T)4.In the U.S. Constitution, the recognition of the importance of "intellectual property" could be identified.(T)5.Although slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War, the owners of plantation in the South made more profits from selling their agriculture products.(F)6.President Roosevelt's New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in the early 1930s.(F)7.The 1960s was a period of consolidation for the American businesses.(F)8.American agricultural exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade.(T)9.Auto production is one of the important sectors in American manufacturing industry.(T)10.The world economy has little to do with the growth and decline of the American foreign trade.(F)1.America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields except C .A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2.The modern American economy progressed from C to , andeventually, to .A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy3.Chartered companies were NOT granted the D by the British King orQueen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority4.The first National Bank of the United States was established with the urge ofD .A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Andrew JacksonD. Alexander Hamilton5.The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution”except D .A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator6.President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing variousprograms like the following except D .A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension7.About B of American crops are for export.A. halfB. one thirdC. one fourthD. one fifth8.The following statements are all true except B .A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural importsand exports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.9. D is not one of the three giants in American automobile industry.A.FordB. General MotorsC. ChryslerD. American Motors10.At present, U. S. exports account for A of the world’s total.A. 10%B. 15%C. 20%D. 25% Chapter 12cation is governed by state and local governments instead of the national government in America.(T)2.All American children are offered 12 years of compulsory public education.(T)3.The first formal academic institution that a child attends is called kindergarten.(F)4.After 12 years of schooling, American students receive a bachelor's degree at graduation.(F)5.When selecting a college or university, undergraduate students have a great concern for its size, location and academic quality.(T)6.In American institutions, a board of trustees composed of professionals is responsible for the administration.(F)ually, an undergraduate student has to earn 120 credits to receive a degree.(T)8.Yale university is the second eldest institution of higher learning in the United States.(F)9.It is The New York Times that first uncovered the Watergate Scandal in 1972 through the efforts of two reporters.(F)10.Thanksgiving Day falls on the fourth Tuesday in November.(F)1.Formal education in the United States consists of C , secondary andhigher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private2.Of the following subjects, B are NOT offered to elementary schoolstudents.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education3.Higher education in the United States began with the founding of B .A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University4.Of the following, B are NOT among the categories of American highereducation.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges5.Of the following, D is NOT the responsibility of the board of trustees inU. S. institutions.A. choosing the presidentB. establishing policies for administrators and facultyC. approving budget and other financial projectD. decide which student to enroll6.To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do thefollowing except C .A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits7.Of the following universities, B has NOT cultivated any AmericanPresident yet.A. Harvard UniversityB. Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC. Princeton UniversityD. Yale University8. B is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has areputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News9.Of the following, B is NOT among the three major radio and TVnetworks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public BroadcastingService (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American BroadcastingSystem (ABS)10.The National Day of the United States falls on B .A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14th。

《英美概况》试题（附标准答案）

《英美概况》试题（附标准答案）《英美概况》试题(附答案)————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：《英美概况》I. Multiple Choices: Choose one right answer from the four choices:1. The highest mountain in Britain is ____.A. ScafellB. Ben NevisC. the CotswoldsD. the Forth2. The longest river in Britain is _____.A. the ClydeB. the MerseyC. the SevernD. the Thames3. The largest lake in Britain is _____.A. the Lough NeageB. Windermere WaterC. Coniston WaterD. the Lake District4. Which part of Britain is always fighting?A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northem Ireland5. The immigrants coming to Britain are mainly from _____.A. EuropeB. the United StatesC. AfricaD. the West Indies,6. The first inhabitants in Britain were _____.A. the NormansB. the CeltsC. the IberiansD. the Anglo-Saxons7. British Recorded history began with _____.A.Roman invasionB. the Norman ConquestC. the Viking and Danish invasionD. the Anglo-Saxons invasion8. In 829, _____ actually became the overlord of all the English.A. JohnB. James IC. EgbertD. Henry I9. Christmas Day ____, Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey.A. 1056B. 1066C. 1006D. 106010. Henry II was the first king of the _____ dynasty.A. WindsorB. TudorC. MalcolmD. Plantagenet11. In 1265 ____ summoned the Great Council, which has been seen as the earliest parliament.A. Henry IIIB. the PopeC. BaronsD. Simon de Montfort12. The Hundred Years’ w ar starte d in ____ and ended in ____, in which the English had lost all the territories of France except the French port of ____.A. 1337, 1453, FlandersB. 1337, 1453, CalaisC. 1346, 1453, ArgencourtD. 1346, 1453, Brest13. The Wars of Roses lasted for _____ years and king _____ was replaced by king _____.A.30, Richard III, Henry TudorB. 50, Richard III, Henry TudorB.C. 30, Richard I, Henry Tudor D. 50, Richard I, Henry Tudor14. The Renaissance began in ____ in the early ____ century.A. England, 14B. England, 15C. Italy, 14D. Italy, 1515. The English Civil War is also called _____.A. the Glorious RevolutionB. the Bloody RevolutionC. the Catholic RevolutionD. the Puritan Revolution16. In _____, a small group of Puritans sailed from _____ in the Mayflower to be the first settlers in the North America.A. 1620, LondonB. 1620, PlymouthC. 1720, LondonD. 1720, Plymouth17. In the 18th century, there appeared ____ in England, which owed a great deal to the invention of machines.A. the Industrial RevolutionB. the Bourgeois RevolutionC. the Wars of the RosesD. the Religious Reformation18. English colonial expansion began with the colonization of _____ in 1583.A. CanadaB. AustraliaC. IndiaD. Newfoundland19. _____ was famous for his abdication because of his marriage with a divorced American:A. Edward VIIIB. Edward VIIC. George VID. George VII20. In January _____ Britain became a member of the European Economic Community.A. 1957B. 1967C. 1973D. 197921. soon after _____, Britain not only gave up its econmic hegemony but also suffered a deep loss of its position ofindustrial leadership.A. 1900B. the First World WarC. the Second World WarD. 196022. In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest _____ rate and the highest _____ rate.A. inflation, growthB. growth, inflationC. growth, divorceD. growth, birth23. The following are all reasons of British decline of coal industry except _____.A.the exhaustion of old minesB. costly extractionB.C. little money being invested D. the labour shortage24. Britain’s foreign trade is mainly with _____.A. developing countriesB. other Commonwealth countriesC. other developed countriesD. EC25. The House of Lords is presided over by _____.A. the Lord ChancellorB. the QueenC. the Archbishop of CanterburyD. the Prime Minister26. A General Election is held every _____ years and there are _____ members of Parliaments are elected.A. five, 600B. five, 650C. five, 651D. four, 65127. The Prime Minister is appointed by _____ and he or she always sits in _____.A. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC. the Queen, the House of CommonsD. the Queen, the House of Lords28. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in _____.A. the QueenB. the CabinetC. the House of LordsD. the House of Commons29. The sources of British law include _____.A. statutes, common law, equity law and European Community lawB. statutes, common law and equity lawC. statutes, common law and European Community lawD. a complete code and statutes30. In criminal trials by jury, _____ passes sentenced and _____ decide the issue of guilt or innocence.A. the judge, the juryB. the judge, the judgeC. the jury, the juryD. the Lord Chancellor, the jury31. ____ tries the most serious offences such as murder and robbery.A. Magistrates’ courtsB. Youth courtsC. district courtsD. The Crown Court32. London’s Metropolitan P olice Force is under the control of _____.A. the England secretariesB. the Scottish SecretariesC. Northern Ireland SecretariesD. the Home Secretary33. The National Health Service was established in the UK in _____ and based at first on _____.A. 1948, Acts of ParliamentB. 1958, Acts of ParliamentC. 1948, the Bill of RightsD. 1958, the Bill of Rights34. The non-contributory social security benefits include the following except _____.A. war pensionB. child benefitC. family creditD. unemployment benefit35. Except that _____ may not be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churchs or of none.A. the lord ChancellorB. the Prime MinisterC. the SpeakerD. the ministers of all departments36. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in the UK attend _____.A. independent schoolsB. junior schoolsC. independent schoolsD. primary schools37. There are some ____ universities, including the Open University.A. 900B. 290C. 90D. 5038. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can _____ by law.A. receive completely free education。

【精品】英美概况习题及答案.docx

英国概况III. Explain the following terms.1. the Hardian's Wall:It was one of the two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out of the area they had conquered.2. Alfred the GreatAlfred was a strong king of the wisemen. It was created by the Anglo-Saxons to advise the king. It's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.3. William the ConquerorWilliam was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct, 1066 and defeated King Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.4. the battle of HastinasIn 1066, King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two armies met near Hasting. After a day's battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.5. Domesdav BookUnder William, the feudal system was established. William sent officials to compile a property record known as Domesday Book, which completed in 1086. It was the result of a general survey of England made in 1085. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It seemed to the English like the Book of doom on Judgment Day.6. the Great CharterKing John's reign caused much discontent among the barons. In 1215, he was forced to sign a document, known as Mangna Cara, or the Great Charter. It has 63 clauses. Though it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, its spirit was the limitation of the king's powers, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.7. the Hundred Years' WarIt referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to 1453. The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize, the war broke out. At first the English were successful, but in the end, they were defeated and lostalmost all their possessions in France. The expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.8. Joan of ArcShe was a national heroine of France during the Hundred 'Yfears' War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France.9. the Black DeathIt was the deadly bubonic plague who spread through Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England without warning and any cure, and sparing no victims. It killed between half and one-third of the population of England. Thus, much land was left untended and labour was short. It caused far-reaching economic consequences.10. the Wars of RosesThey referred to the battles between the House of Lancaster and the House of York between 1455 and 1485. The former was symbolized by the red rose, and the latter by the white one. After the wars, feudalism received its death blow and the king's power became supreme. Tudor monarchs ruled England and Wales for over two hundred years.11. Bloodv MarvHenry VIH's daughter and a devout Catholic. When she became Queen, she persecuted and burnt many Protestants. So she was given the nickname "Bloody Mary". Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.12. Elizabeth IOne of the greatest monarchs in British history. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and remained single. Her reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.13. Oliver CromwellThe leader during the Civil War who led the New Model Army to defeat the king and condemned him to death. Then he declared England a Commonwealth and made himself Lord of Protector. He ruled England till the restoration of Charles II in 1660.14. the Bill of RiahtsIn 1689, William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned jointly. The bill excluded any Roman Catholic from the succession, confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed free speech within both the two Houses. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began.15. Whias and ToriesIt referred to the two party names which originated with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Tbries were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Whigs formed a coalition with dissident Tbries and became the Liberal Party. The Tbries were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.16. James WattThe Scottish inventor who produced an efficient steam engine with rotary motion that could be applied to textile and other machinery.17. Winston ChurchillPrime Minister of Britain during the Second World War. He took over Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular support. He led his country to final victory in 1945. He was defeated in the general election of 1945, but returned to power in 1951.18. AaribusinessIt refers to the new farming in Britain, because it's equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs into the farm of processes which occur on the farm, and outputs or products which leave the farm. The emphasis is upon intensive farming, designs to give the maximum output of crops and animals.19. the British ConstitutionThere is no written constitution in the United Kingdom. The British Constitution is not set out in any single document, but made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statues.20. Queen Elizabeth IIThe present Sovereign, born in 1926, came to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation, the center of many national ceremonies and the leader of society.21. the ODDOsitionIn the General Election, the party which wins the second largest number of seats becomes the official Opposition, with its own leader and "shadow cabinet". The aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation, to oppose government proposals, to seek amendments to government bills, and to put forward its own policies in order to win the next general election.22. the Privy CouncilFormerly the chief source of executive power. It gave the Sovereign private ("privy”) advice on the governmentof the country. Today its role is mainly formal, advising the Sovereign to approve certain government decrees and issuing royal proclamation. Its membership is about 400.23. Common lawA written law gathered from numerous decisions of the courts and other sources.24. the iuryA legal system established in England since king Henry II. The jury consists of ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 persons in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and 15 persons in Scotland. In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decide the issue of guilt or innocence.25. the NHSThe National Health Service was established in the UK in 1948 and based first on Acts of Parliament. This Service provides for every resident a full range of medical services. It is based upon the principle that there should be full range of publicly provided services designed to help the individual stay healthy. It is now a largely free service.26. comprehensive schoolsState secondary schools which take uuuils without reference to abilitv and provide a wide-ranaina secondary education for all or most of the children in a district. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school uouulation in GB attend comprehensive school.27. public schoolsFee-paying secondary schools which are long-established and have gained a reputation for their high academic standards, as well as their exclusiveness and snobbery. The boys' public schools include such well-known schools as Eton and Harrow, and girls' famous schools include Roedean. Most of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a public school.1. What do you know about the Roman invasion of Britain? ------- I n 55 BC and 54 BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.2. Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edward's death? ------- It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.3. What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest? ------- The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best known events in English history. It brought about many consequences. William confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.4. What were the contents and the significance of the Great Charter? ---------- T he Great Charter, or the Magna Carta, was document signed in 1215 between the barons and king John. It had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important contents were these: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land;(3) the church should possess all its rights and privileges; (4) London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges; (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. The Great Charter was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, but it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties.5. What do you know about the English Renaissance? ---------- Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It began in Italy in the early 14th century and spread to England in the late 15th century. The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history else where in Europe; (3) Owning to the great genius of the 14th century poet chaucer, the native literature was vigorous enough and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; (4) English Renaissance literature is chiefly artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly; (5) the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England. The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.6. Why did the Restoration take place?------- When Oliver Cormwell died in 1658 and was succeeded byhis son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660, and to resolve the crisis, it asked the late king's son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.7. How did the "Glorious Revolution" break out? What was the significance of it? ------ In 1685 CharlesII died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic, He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both Protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It's the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.8. What is your comment on land enclosures in England? ----- Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results: (1) Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small; (2) more vegetables, more milk and more dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; (3) enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. They were forced to look for work in towns, which rapidly became hopelessly over crowded. It also lead to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; (4) a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers' hopes of even owning his own land. Many became wage labourers, earning low rates in spite of agriculture's new prosperity.9. How did the English Industrial Revolution proceed? ----------- The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It's characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines, such as John Ray's flying shuttle, James Hargreaves' spinning Jenny, Richard Arkwright's water frame and Samuel Cropton's mule. The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transportation ran parallel with production. As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world"; no other country could compete with her in industrial production.10. What do you know about the Chartist Movement and the People's Charter? What's your comment on them? ------ The Chartist Movement was an industrial working class movement that happened in Englandfrom 1836 to 1848. In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men's Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (known as the People's Charter) in 1838, which had six points: (1) the vote for all adult males, (2) voting by secret ballot, (3) equal electoral districts, (4) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament, (5) payment of members of Parliament, and (6) annual Parliament, with a General Election every June. Support for these six demands was loudly voiced all over the country. Other working men formed Chartist groups throughout the country to press Parliament to accept the 6 points. But Parliament rejected them for three times. In the end, the Chartist Movement failed. It failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism. The working class was still immature. The Chartist Movement, however, the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical.11. How did the Labour Party come into being? ------ As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century, they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed which brought about the formation of the Labour Party. The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party, which was formed in January, 1893 and Led by Keir Hardie, a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to be Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for 1906. The Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today.12. What is a constitutional monarchy? When did it begin in Britain? ------ A constitutional monarchy is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule. The country is namely reigned by the Sovereign, but virtually by His or Her Majesty's Government ------------------- a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office, and who are responsible to Parliament. The Constitutional Monarchy in Britain began in 1689, when king William and Queen Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights, which guaranteed free speech within both the House of Lords and the House of Commons and constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with power limited by Parliament began.13. What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government? ------ T he sovereign is the symbol of thewhole nation. In law, he/she is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the crown and the "supreme governor" of the established church of England.14. What are the main functions of Parliament? ---------The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation; (3) to examine government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.15. Why do the criminal convicts like to be tried first before the magistrates' courts?----- A Magistrates' court tries summary offences and "either way" offences. It is open to the public and the media and usually consists of three unpaid "lay” magistrates. A magistrates' court sits without a jury. The criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt; every possible step is taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defense. No accused person has to answer the questions of the police before trials; he is not compelled to give evidence or to submit to cross-examination in court.16. What does the civil courts system do? ------- The civil courts system does the following jurisdiction: (1) actions founded upon contract and tort; (2) trust and mortgages cases; (3) actions for the recovery of land; (4) cases involving disputes between landlords and tenants; (5) admiralty cases and patent cases; and (7) divorce cases and other family matters.17. What is meant by the term 1'welfare state" in Britain? -------------- The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services, pensions and other facilities. The system is funded out of national insurance contributions and taxation. In Britain the term applies mainly to National Health Service (NHS), national insurance and social security.18. What is the most important established Church in Britain? How is it related to the Crown andlinked with the State? ------ The most important established Church in Britain is the Church of England. It is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that church and, as "Defender of the Faith", must promise on his or her accession to uphold it. Church of England archbishops, bishops and deans of cathedrals are appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of Lords, in which the two archbishops (of Canterbury and \fc)rk), the bishops of London,Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and 21 other senior bishops have seats19. What distinguishes the Open University from all other British Universities? --------------- The Open University is non-residential university which is "open" to all to become students. It offers degree and other courses for adult students of all ages in Britain and other member countries of the EU. It was founded in 1969 and began its first courses in 1970. It was a combination of specially produced printed texts, correspondence tuition, television and radio broadcasts and audio/video cassettes. For some courses, there are residential schools. There is a network of study centers for contact with part-time tutors and counselors, and with fellow students.30. What are some of the characteristics of American education? ------- (1) Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. (2) Public educations is free and compulsory.(3) Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education. (4)Education is a function of the states, not the federal government.What are geographic features of Britain?Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It's separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands, and the east and south east are mostly lowlands.What are the features of British climate?Britain has a maritime climate. Winters are not too cold and summers are not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range.The climate in Britain is mainly influenced by three features.1. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and coolingoff relatively and slowly they bring warm air in winter and cool air in summer.2. The prevailing winds blow over the country all the year round, bringing warm and wet air in winter and keepingthe temperature moderate.3. The North Atlantic Ocean Drift, which is a warm drift, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warmsthem.What measures did Henry II take to centralize power?1. He forced foreign mercenaries to leave England.2. He abolished the annual land tax.3. He took steps to reform the law courts and divided the country into six circuits to increase the power of the King's Court.4. He also planned to reform the church courts, which had the exclusive right of justice over the whole body of the educated men throughout the country.What contributions did Elizabeth I do to Britain?1. Religion compromise. She carried out the religious reform and broke religious ties.2. She successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers.3. She granted charters to English merchants.4. In her reign, the Spanish Armada was destroyed.5. She carried out a foreign policy to prevent England from involving in major European conflicts. It was to this period of time that the English Empire owed its foundation.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars.The results of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605:The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and the imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display is arranged.How did the Civil War break out?It was very reluctantly that the Parliament concluded that the only way it could impress its views on such a king would be to defeat him in a battle, and then impose legal conditions upon him before allowing him to reign again. This idea was important until 1645. On August 22,1642 in a field near Nottingham King Charles raised his standard beneath a glowering sky, and bade all his supporters to join him. Thus the First Civil War began. TheCivil War (also called Revolutionary War or the English Bourgeois Revolution, or the Puritan Revolution) broke out in 1642. The Left Wing of Parliament was composed of free farmers, tradesmen, and artisans of the country towns. They made up the most revolutionary section and were generally known as Roundheads because their hair was cut close to the skin. The English Bourgeois Revolution in its upsurge was also called the Puritan Revolution. The king's support mainly came from the West and the North of England. The king's supporters were generally known as the Cavaliers or Royalists.Cromwell was a country gentleman and Member of the Parliament. He organized a compact army of well disciplined soldiers which became known as the New Model Army. These soldiers were mostly devout Protestants.★King Charles ----Cromwell★The King's men were called Cavaliers, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads because of their short haircuts.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution, because the King's opponents were mainly Puritan, and his supporters chiefly Episcopalian and Catholic.Consequences of The Civil WarsBecause of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began in 1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious (Puritan) ideology while the Crown's traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.The RestorationWhen Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as King Charles II. It was called the Restoration.The Glorious Revolution of 1688In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.How did the "Glorious Revolution" break out? What was the significance of it?——When Charles II died in 1685, he was succeeded by his brother, James II. James II was a Catholic and hoped to be able to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But English in 1688 could not tolerate a Catholic as King. The English politicians appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, James' Dutch nephew and the husband of Mary, James' daughter, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in November 1688. On their acceptance of the Bill of Rights (1689), William and Mary were crowned jointly in Westminster Abbey. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament, began.Whigs and ToriesThese two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688).The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whigs were to form a coalition with dissident Tbries in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.The Tbries were those who supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tbries were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:(1) Favorable geographical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those。

高级英语第十三课课后习题答案

Lesson13 Britannia Rues the WavesI 、1)Britain is sorry that she has lost her dominance on the high seas、Britain was proud of being the lord of the sea for along time, but now she regrets that she no longer enjoys a naval supremacy、2)Shipping is a major successful industry in Britain because it makes over ￡l 000 million a year in foreign exchange earnings, which is of vital importance for the country、The reasons for the success are that the British ship-owners have put in big investment and that there has been a conference fixing prices to avoid cut-throat competition、3)The stiff foreign competition comes from two main directions: from the Russians and the Eastern bloc countries who are massively expanding their merchant navies and doing their best to step into the international shipping trade by severely undercutting Western shipping companies, and from the merchant fleets of the developing countries, who are struggling to take over a big share of the trade between Europe and Africa, Asia and the Far East-routes over which Britain used to have a total dominance、4)A "conference" is in fact a cartel, whose role is to fix prices for all the member nations and companies、5)The oil-tanker fleets、6)Because freight liners carry all sorts of different cargoes, so if there is a slump in" one particular industry, they may depend on others and survive、7)The Third World countries regard a merchant navy as a symbol of their national power and have expanded their fleets at an incredible rate、Yes, they are、8)They turn to high-technology investment、Yes, they are for the time being、9)On one hand, Russia wants to earn hard currencies, on the other, a deeper motive is that it desires to increase its sphere of influence in the world、10)The major problems are the Soviet Union's massive expansion of its merchant navy and undercutting of Western shipping companies, and UNCTAD, which guarantees the developing countries a major slice of the shipping trade、The problems also show that the capitalist world is divided rather than united as one、Ⅱ、1)cutting their way into the international shipping trade by charging much less freight rate than the Western shipping companies2)who are determined to take the biggest share of the trade3)Britain has important interests in these trade routes、4) They make it more difficult to make a large amount of money when economic conditions are favorable、5)But they make it easier to survive when economic conditions are unfavorable、6)More and more oil tankers the world over lay idle、7)Much of the fleet carries goods between foreign countries、8)British companies are doing much business on the line between Japan and Australia、9)Developing countries consider a merchant navy very important because it is asign of their economic power, so after they have set up a national airline, the next thing they would like to have is a merchant fleet、10)Neither the growth in Russia's trade nor that in world trade would demand sucha rapid development of Russia's cargo-liner fleet、11)These ships would certainly make it possible for she Soviet Union to exert its influence on countries far away from its territory、12)When these smaller shipping companies go bankrupt, a big part of the few old industries that have been doing well and earning huge profits will close down、Ⅲ、See the translation of the text、IV、1)NATO--North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织(北约)2)OAS—Organization of American States美洲国家组织3)OAU—Organization of African Unity非洲统一组织(非统)4)ASEAN—Association of Southeast Asian Nations东南亚国家联盟(东盟)5)OPEC—Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织6)SALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks限制战略武器会谈7)UNESCO—United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization联合国教科文组织8)M.I.T.-Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院9)BBC—British Broadcasting Corporation英国广播公司10)V.I.P.-very important person重要人物11)GMT—Greenwich mean time格林威治平均时12)GNP—gross national product国民生产总值13)KGB—Komite Gossudarstvennoi Bezopastnosti(Committee of State Security)国家安全委员会(克格勃)(苏联)14)ICBM—inter—continental ballistic missile洲际弹道导弹15)radar—radio detecting and ranging雷达16)laser—light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation激光V.1)the sea and shipping:merchant navy,merchant fleet, sea routes,the high seas,tonnage,ship—owners,shipping companies.merchant ships,shipping managers,sailing-ships.steam-ships,shipowners,shipping conference, shipbuilding boom.shipping industry,oil-tanker fleet, charter rates,tankers,bulk carriers,dry cargo,bulk—carrier fleet.shipping sectors,freight—liner services,liner—freight vessels,agreed routes,ports, shipment, liner ship,freight rate,cargo—liner fleet,sea—lanes,shipping fleet,shipping lines.2)economy and trade:foreign exchange,balance of payments,in deficit,shipping trade,undercut,invest,grant. tax concessions,competition,oil prices,depression。

《最新英美概况》练习参考答案解析[美国部分](可编辑修改word版)

《最新英美概况》练习参考答案（本答案不包括练习中的开放性习题、思考题和讨论题）====================================================P A R T T W O T h e U n i t e d S t a t e sC h a p t e r E i g h t T h e L a n dP.209—210I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.the Star-Spangled Banner, Defense of Fort McHenry, 1812.2.the Stars and the Stripes, Old Glory, the Star-Spangled Banner.3.The White House, The Capitol, The Pentagon.4.June, 14th, June 14th.5.the Potomac, no state, the Federal government.6.36, 36 states.7.Amerigo Vespucci, American War of Independence.8.Pierre L’Enfant,light, service.II C h oo s e t h e a n s w e r t h a t b e s t c o m p l e t e s t h e s e n t e n c e.1.C2. D3. C4. A B C D5. C DIII D e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s T R U E:1. F2. F3. T4. F5. TIV A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.(1) At first the Continent was named as “America”after explorerAmerigo Vespucci.(2)During the American War of Independence, the former British coloniesfirst used “the thirteen united States of America” in the Declaration of Independence.(3)T he official name of America was adopted on November 15, 1777, when theSecond Continental Congress passed the Articles of Confederation.2.The 50 stars represent the 50 States, while the 13 stripes represent theoriginal thirteen colonies.White indicates purity and innocence; red indicates valour and bravery, and blue symbolizes vigilance, perseverance and justice; it is also a symbol of respect to God.3.The stars and strips have different meanings.Each star represents each state in America, while strips represent theoriginal thirteencolonies before the independence of America.4.(1) The lyrics of the national anthem come from “Defense of FortMcHenry”, a poem written during the War of 1812.The poem was set to the tune of a popular British drinking song, “The AnacreonticSong” (or “To Anacreon in Heaven”).(2)The Star-Spangled Banner was used officially by the Navy in 1889, andwas made the national anthem by congress on March 3, 1931, which wassigned by President Herbert Hoover.5.The White House was built in1792 and its original color was grey.During the War of 1812, it was badly damaged by the British troops, and in 1814 it was repainted white.President Roosevelt named it “White House” in the 1940s.P.213I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.the central part of, Mexico and Gulf of Mexico, east, west.2.48, Hawaii, Alaska.3.the Rio Grande, Pacific.4.9,629,091, the third, Canada.5.Alaska, Texas.6.Arctic, glaciers.II D e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s T R U E:1. T2. T3. T4. F5. FIII A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.(1) The Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast and Hawaii provide convenientsea routes for foreign trade.(2)The long coastline with many harbors and inlets provides favorableconditions for foreign trade and the fishing industry.(3)Mainland America, mainly within the northern temperate zone, isfavorable for agriculture.2.The U.S. and Canada share the “world's longest undefended border.” Theborder was demilitarized after the War of 1812 and has remained peaceful.Military collaboration began during World War II and continued throughout the Cold War on both a bilateral basis and a multilateral relationship through NATO. Both countries are NATO members and have high militaryinterdependency, in particular, during the Cold War against Soviet threat.Today Canadians and Americans are in close cultural proximity, sharing the same language, similar religion and political systems as well as manyvalues.Their economic relations are so close (they have been each other’s No. 1 trading partner for years) that the two countries have established the North American Free Trade Agreement, the world’s largest free-trade zone.Both enjoy the most developed and richest economies in the world as well as a comparable standard of living (Canada’s welfare system is even more comprehensive and covers more widely).To guard the over 8000-kilometer long land border is not only expensive but also unnecessary (in a sense, impossible, because it is too long), because neither people worry that their neighbors would cross the border on a large scale or stay in their country for a long time.3.The border between the U.S. and Mexico is heavily guarded (mostly on theAmerican side) against illegal immigrants entering the U.S. while people can enter Mexico freely. The cause is mostly economic rather than political. There is a huge disparity in the standard of living between the U.S. and Mexico whose per capita GDP is only about 20% that of the U.S.(2012 World Bank statistics). It is estimated six out of the eleven million illegal immigrants living in the U.S. are Mexicans, and millions more plan to enter the U.S. They try to benefit from the American business or job opportunities or from the American welfare system or even to engage in drug-trafficking and smuggling. Another purpose is to combat crime and terrorism, particularly after the 9.11 terrorist attacks. The U.S.-Mexican border areas witness the most serious drug-trafficking and gang violence in the world. Some Mexicans, in particular those haunted by the serious drug-related violence in recent years, try to escape from the violence in Mexico by moving to the U.S. In a word, if the US-Mexico border is open and unguarded as the U.S.-Canada border, there would be millions of Mexicans trying to migrate to America so that the consequent problems would be very difficult for the U.S. deal with.4.Alaska, facing Russia across Bering Strait, is located between the Arcticand Pacific oceans, so it’s important for strategic position andtransportation.5.Hawaii, like a chain of beads, is located in the central Pacific Ocean,the best place to enjoy the oceanic scenery.It is famous for natural scenery: white beach, blue sky, and palm trees, etc.The famous Pacific Fleet is located at Pearl Harbor, Oahu Island.P.221—222I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.ke Superior, Erie, Ontario.2.Columbia Plateau, the Great Canyon.3.the Rockies, the father of waters.4.dairy farming, Harvard, Yale, MIT.5.Death Valley, Great Salt Lake.6.38, Yellowstone National Park, Old Faithful.7.4,800, British Columbia, the backbone of the continent, Mt. Elbert.8.Hoover Dam, The Rio Grande, Ruhr.9.half, “Barn of America”,Great Lakes.10.dividing line, Lake Erie, New York.II C h oo s e t h e a n s w e r t h a t b e s t c o m p l e t e s t h e s e n t e n c e.1.A B C2. D3. A D4. A B5. DIII D e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s T R U E:1. F2. T3. F4. T5. TIV A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United Statesconsisting of the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, where the earliest English settlements in North America was made.In the late 18th century, the New England Colonies initiated the resistance to the British Parliament's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists. The confrontation led to the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, which resulted in the War of American Independence that brought about the birth of the United States of America.2.The Appalachians holds one sixth of the continental territory. Themountains are relatively low, and the average altitude is only 800 meters high.These old mountains with rounded tops and wooded hills, and have much beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts.3.It is the most important and longest river in the US. It flows about 6,400km. from the Rockies to the Gulf of Mexico, and the fourth longest river in the world.With hundreds of tributaries, the river is known as “the father of waters”.The chief tributaries are the Missouri River, the Ohio River, and the Arkansas, etc.4.They are the largest lake group in the world and contain about half of theworld’s fresh water. All the five lakes are inter-connected, reaching the Atlantic by way of the St. Lawrence River. They are the important economic lifeline of the Midwest.The world-famous Niagara Falls also attracts numerous visitors.5.T h e G r e a t P l a i n stretches from the west of the Mississippi to the Rockies,and covers a distance of about 6,400 kilometers. The land is flat and open, and is originally covered with rich prairie grass, but no trees. Today the area is still a cattle country. Much of the nation’s wheat is grown here, therefore the area is known as the “breadbasket” of America.The Grand Canyon is located in Colorado Plateau, and is cut by Colorado River. It is one of the great natural wonders of the world, and is set up as national park. It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide between the tops of its steep walls, and more than a mile deep.P.224--225I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.little, 63%.2.the Central Plains, the Rockies, electricity.3.Bingham.4.1/3, Washington, Oregon.5.Gulf of Mexico, Okalahoma.6.gold, gold, Gold Rush.II.R e s po n d t o t h e f o ll o w i n g i t e m s.1.America is rich in water resources. As a whole the country has littletrouble with water shortage. Except for the desert regions around the southern Rockies, there are large supplies of fresh water and numerous fertile valleys.2.About 1/3 of America is covered with forests. The greatest virgin forestsare in the states of Washington and Oregon. America has about 500 million acres of commercial forests and about 75% of commercial timber is produced in the eastern part of the country.3.In 1848, gold was discovered in California. The news soon spread out, andthousands of immigrants from around the world invaded the Gold Country of California. The peak of the rush was in 1849, thus the many immigrants became known as the '49ers.4.Coal deposits are widely distributed in America, and most coal reservesare to be found in the Appalachians, the Central Plain, and the Rockies.Most of iron ore is mainly found in the Appalachians and the areas near Lake Superior, and themost important mining area is in Minnesota.P.226--227I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.northern temperate (P225 书中该词拼写错误), landforms and surrounding waters.2.temperate, tropical.3.temperate, north, hurricanes.4.maritime, distinct, similar.5.Mediterranean, arid, semiarid.6.temperate, temperature.II A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.The United States is mainly situated in the northern temperature zone.But, owing to its large size, varied landforms and surrounding waters, the climate is tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the Great Plains, and arid in the Great Basin.2.New England belongs to maritime climate. It has distinct seasons with along cold winter, and short and warm summer. Spring and Fall are warm, and the region receives plenty of rainfall.The Middle Atlantic States have a similar climate to that of New England, but the average temperature is a little higher.3.The Great Plains have a variety of weather throughout the year, which isvery cold in winter and very hot in summer, with often strong winds.4.The climate around the Great Lakes is temperate. Winters are sometimesextremely cold; summers are very hot; the region receives sufficient rainfall. The wind blows freely, and often causes sudden and extreme changes in temperature and creates many tornadoes.P.232I D e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s T R U E:1. F2. F3. F4. T5. T6. T P.237I W r i t e do w n t h e n a m e s o f t h e p l a c e s a cc o r d i n g t o t h e p h o t o s.1.Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco2.Niagara Fallss Vegas4.Red Rock Country5.The Grand Canyon6.DisneylandP.240I D e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s T R U E:1. F2. F3. T4. F5. FC h a p t e r N i n e T h e P e op l e a n d T h e i r C u l t u r eP.243I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.third, China, 313.7 million. (书中in 2010错误, 应改为 in 2012.)2.1%, high, below.3.urban, 250.4.northeastern part, 1/4, half.5.New York city, 27 million, Chicago, 9 million.6.California, Texas.II A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.American population is characterized by variety in composition. The Whiteis the main stream, and takes up about 72.4% of the total population.Hispanics 16.3%, Blacks 12.6%, Asians 4.8 %, American Indians and AlaskaNatives 0.9%, and Native Hawaii and other Pacific Islanders 0.2%.2.The most densely populated region is the northeastern area, including parts of New England, the Mid Atlantic and Mid West. The size of the region takes up about 1/4 of the total, but almost 1/2 of the total population lives there.paring with the large size, the population density of the Great Pains is low. The northern part is rather empty. In the combined area of North and South Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas, an area as great as France and Italy put together, there are only 6.2 million inhabitants in 2010.4.The northeastern part is the most densely populated region in America, because this place is the birthplace of America, also the highly developed area.Since the unfavorable living conditions in the west part of the Great Plains and Rockies, the population is thin.The south and west used to thinly populated, but with the rapid development in recent years, the population increases fast, and the population along the Pacific Coast grows dense.P.247--248I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.55 million, Mexico.2. variety, 100, 31.3.African Americans, slaves.4.Civil Rights, equal civil rights.5.Texas, New Mexico.6.American Indians, Indian Reservations.II A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.Melting pot is metaphorically used to refer to the US because it is acountry of many ethnic groups from different parts of the world, who came to the New World for freedom in politics or religion. They have been dissipating their different ethnic cultures towards some “standard” by living and working together in the “melting pot” of the US and gradually forming a new nation.2.Indian Reservation is the living place of Indians. Indians were drivenwestward to live in these barren desert places when Europeans settled in American continent. In these isolated places, they were allowed to keep a part of their own culture and customs.But the Reservations lacked basic public facilities and life-sustaining opportunities. The situation is somewhat better today, but there continues to be problems3.The Hispanics are Spanish-speaking people from Latin America. Over half ofHispanic Americans are of Mexican descents. The second largest group is of Puerto Rican origin. Other origins include Cuban Americans, Colombian Americans, Dominican Americans, etc.P.250--251I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1. 337, 176.2.Spanish, French.3.English, American.4.Spanish, Spanish.5.Cantonese, third, Chinese American.6.their native, English.II A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.About 337 languages are spoken by Americans, of which 176 are indigenous,and 52 languages formerly spoken in the country are now extinct.2.American English was inherited from British colonization, but there are somechanges in spelling, grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation, etc.3.Spanish is the second most common language in America. The United Statesholds the world’s fifth largest Spanish-speaking population. Spanish is also an official language of Puerto Rico. Spanish is also the most widely taught second language in America.4.The largest French-speaking communities are in Northeast Maine; Hollywoodand Miami, Florida; New York City; and certain areas of rural Louisiana.P.253--254I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.high adherence, diversity.2.Christians, Protestants, Roman Catholics.3.30, Baptists, Methodists.4.Judaism, Chinese Americans.5.African Americans, African slaves.6.India, Asian countries.II A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.The principle of the separation of church and state comes from AmericanConstitution. The First Amendment of the US Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and fords the establishment of any religious government.2.Religion plays an important role in many aspects of American life(politics, education, charity and culture) as well as in its international relations. American foreign aid (governmental and private) is very closely related to religion, and based on Christian values that all men and women are the children of God, therefore brothers and sisters; the US State Department issues an annual report on human rights and criticizes the human rights records in many countries (of which religious freedom is stressed), which is regarded as interfering the internal affairs of other countries;American churches sent many missions abroad, establishing churches, schools and hospitals around the world, such as what the missionaries did in China in 19th and early 20th centuries (e.g., John Leighton Stuart <司徒雷登>and the Yanching University < 燕京大学 >) . They worked with the American government for the diffusion of their religion and values.Value-oriented diplomacy is one of the characteristics of Americaninternational relations. A very important mission of American diplomacy is to diffuse its values around the world, and many such values derive fromreligion, such as equality, liberty and fraternity; religion even plays a role in the American decisions of war and peace, such as the American war on terror in Iraq and Afghanistan.3.Their basic beliefs include the love of learning; the worship of God out oflove, not out of fear; and the performing of the heartfelt good deeds without concerning about rewards.4.The major non-Christian religions include Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, andHinduism, etc.P.257I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.racial, cultural2.hard work3.formal class system4.“do-it-yourself”5.The Epic of AmericaP.261-262I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h n a m e s o f t h e h o li d a y s.New Year’s DayThe third Monday in January, Martin Luther King DayWashington’s Birthday, Presidents DayThe last Monday in May, American CivilIndependence Day, “Fourth of July”Columbus Day, Christopher ColumbusNovember 11The fourth Thursday in November, Thanksgiving DayDecember 25, Christmas Day, Jesus ChristP.264I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1. 19352.Franklin Roosevelt3.Aid to families with Dependent Children (AFDC)4.MedicareP.270I D e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s T R U E:1. T2. F3. T4. F5. TP.275I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.Baseball2.American football3.the Dream Team4.the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon, the US Open5.mixed martial artsP.279I D e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s T R U E:1. T2. T3. F4. T5. TP.286-287I L i n k t h e f o ll o w i n g g r e a t n a m e s w i t h f a m o u s s a y i n g s b e l o w t h e m.B, A, J, D, F, C, E, I, G, HC h a p t e r T e n A B r i e f H i s t o r y o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s P.290-291I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1. a broad land bridge2.adapted to the different environments they lived in3.hunting, fishing4.collective5.A II C h oo s e t h e a n s w e r t h a t b e s t c o m p l e t e s t h e s e n t e n c e.1. D2. C3. C (书中 C 选项中的第四个词“no”删掉)4. C III D e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s T R U E:1. T2. F3. T4. T5. TIV A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.Menzies argued that Zhenghe discovered North America muchearlier than Columbus did. He presented many archeologicalfindings of Chinese articles in North America which were believed to be left behind by Zheng’s fleet.2.Some Native Americans tribes lived in the eastern woods, some inthe western deserts, others along the coastal areas, therefore different cultures and languages evolved due to the different environment conditions.3.Native Americans had developed a relative high civilization (somecould plant maize and bean, some could build dams and big houses with many rooms, while others could also weave clothes and make pottery). They had collective ownership of means of production and women in some tribe enjoyed high status.4.Native Americans believed that everything in nature hadspiritual power. Damaging the environment such as overfishing would offend the spiritual power in nature and get punished.5.The continent of America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, whomade many descriptions of the new continent in his letters and people then thought he had first discovered North America.P.293-294America I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.several times larger2.New Netherland3.West India4.make France the most powerful nation in Europe and NorthII C h oo s e t h e a n s w e r t h a t b e s t c o m p l e t e s t h e s e n t e n c e.1. D2. D3. D4. A5. BIII D e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s T R U E:1. F2. F3. F4. T5. FIV A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.Spanish colonists came to North America to find gold, to servetheir king and to spread their religion.2.People from many places lived together peacefully, they spokemany different languages, had different religions, they learnedto be tolerant and contributed to the diversity in today’sAmerica.3.King Louis XIV wanted to develop New France to make Francestronger than Great Britain and Spain by exploiting the naturalresources in New France.4.The major colonies established by major European powers includedNew Spain, New Netherland, New France and the British colonies inNorth America. Most colonies were established through the use offorce because European settlers were militarily more powerfulthan Native Americans who had only primitive weapons such asspears and arrows.P.297-298I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.Jamestown, Georgia2.P uritans wanted to be able to communicate with God directlythrough reading the Bible to understand God; education was alsoimportant in cultivating democracy among its citizens.3.build a school supported by tax4.diversified, cosmopolitan and tolerant5.rural and engaged in farmingII C h oo s e t h e a n s w e r t h a t b e s t c o m p l e t e s t h e s e n t e n c e.1. A2. D3. D4. C5. AIII D e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s T R U E:1. F2. F3. F4. F5. FIV A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.Because they were persecuted back in Britain and they wanted toestablish “a city upon hill” in the New World for the rest ofthe world to look upon.2.Because some colonies were merged in larger ones and there werethirteen colonies before the American War for Independence.3.The differences were a result of different climate patterns,different settlers and their values and beliefs.4.The M a y f l o w e r C o m p a c t was important because it expressedP.301-302people’s will to govern by themselves. It started the democratic election of leaders and people reached a consensus that they would abide by the just and equal laws passed by their chosen leaders.5.Slavery was mostly in the southern colonies because of the climate condition in the South where summer is long and hot while winter short and warm. The land is also rich. Therefore, natural conditions makes planting of cotton, tobacco and rice based on slavery profitable in the South (while the white were either unfit or too proud to till the land in the hot climate).I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1. a high degree of autonomy, liberties and democracy2.t hey were actually British subjects and needed Britishprotection3.t hey believed that only their chosen representatives had the power to tax them.4.the closing of the port of Boston, depriving the self-rule of Massachusetts5.appealing to the English king to abolish the Intolerable ActsII C h oo s e t h e a n s w e r t h a t b e s t c o m p l e t e s t h e s e n t e n c e.1. D2. A3. A4. D5. DIII D e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s T R U E:1. F2. F3. F4. F5. FIV A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.After the Seven Years’ War, Britain tightened its economic andpolitical control over the colonists, who resisted the Britishcontrol because they had been used to a high-degree autonomy anddemocracy.2.They were named the “Intolerable Acts” because the measureswere intolerable to the colonists. The Acts hurt the economicinterests and violated rights of the colonists. The acts includedclosing the port of Boston, the deprivation of self-rule ofMassachusetts and others.3.The colonists were united and they enjoyed the advantages ofbeing familiar with the home battleground. They also receivedforeign aid from France, Spain and the Netherlands.4.The Declaration of Independence is significant because itannou nced colonists’ belief (the first in the world) that allpeople are equal and have some natural rights (life, liberty,etc.) that cannot be violated. It also establishes a politicalprinciple that a government should protect people’s rightssince its power comes from people. If a government violatespeople’s rights, people then have the right to overthrow it andP.307-308establish a new one that can serve people well.The American Revolution is important because it gave birth to the first modern republic in the world. It is the first time that colonies defeated tyrannical oppressors and won independence, setting a good example for other colonies.5.Maybe the American Revolution could have ended in failure.I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.the expanded areas lied west to the earliest colonieslions of acres of land3.through war, purchase and threats.4.the Manifest Destiny5.opportunities to realize their dreamsII C h oo s e t h e a n s w e r t h a t b e s t c o m p l e t e s t h e s e n t e n c e.1. D2. BC3. D4. D5. DIII D e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s i s T R U E:1. T2. F3. T4. F5. TIV A n s w e r t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n s.1.Politically, it laid the foundation for the U.S. to become aworld power; economically, it financed the American development;culturally, it is the source of many literary creations andhelped to forge the American national character.2.Many aspects of the American national character can find theirroots in the Westward Movement such as mobility, independence,optimism and creativity.3.It was in nature an excuse to justify their aggressive expansion.4.American Indians were the real owners of the land and surelyresisted the expansion of the whites. To get their land, thewhites repeatedly killed, expelled and mercilessly exploited theIndians. Many Indian tribes died out and the survivors weredriven to Indian reservations. Many Indians are still living inpoverty.5.Agriculture was greatly enhanced in the West; agriculture fed thepeople and revenue financed the American economic growth; it alsocontributed a great deal to the American Industrialization byproviding rich resources, cheap labor and a huge market forindustrial products.P.311-312I F ill i n t h e b l a n k s w i t h p r op e r w o r d s o r e x p r e ss i o n s.1.willingly。

(完整版)英美概况课后习题答案.docx

1. What is the full name of the U.K.?----United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?----They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be dividedinto and what are they?----The development of the English language can be divided into three periods:Old English, Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after Black Death?----The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French.1. Who are the British People?----The first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of the Welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxonsand the Jutes who brought with them the English language. Many people from other European countries came later, and in modern times there are a lot of immigrants from many former Commonwealth countries from every part of the world. Britain is a country of mixed cultures, and the Britain people are also composed of people from different ethic and culture backgrounds.2. What is Standard English?----Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct Britain English. It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.1.What are the two components of the British Parliament?----the House of Commons and the House of Lords.2.What were some of Queen Victoria's major achievement?----Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect. She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign, Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass.3. What were the two camps in Europe in World War 1?----The Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which were mainly comprised of France, the Russia Empire, the Britain Empire, Italy and the United States.4. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War 2?----Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.1. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?----The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial country increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed.2. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire?----Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, in 1583 markedthe beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, British had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before World War 1, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However, Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain's colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall the Empire.1. What are the three functions of the House of Commons?----to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government,and to influence future government policy.2. Why is the Conservative Party sometimes called the "Right"?----Because the Conservative Party is supported by landowners and businessmen, who are often from the middle and upper-middle class.3. What kind of public image does Liberal Democrats have in Britain?----The Liberal Democrats is perceived as "middle" between the Conservative and the Labor Party. It is comparatively flexible and pragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social. It emphasizes the need for a change in Britain's constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.4. Why are independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election?----Because even if they were elected, they would be powerless in Parliament. Therefore, it is not possible for many people to vote for independent candidates.1.What do British electoral campaigns usually involve during the process of a general election?----The electoral campaigns usually involve advertising in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning and leaflets. The main parties are given short periods of time on national television to present their policies to the public. Apart from the parties' own publicity, newspapers and TV programs spend a lot of time discussing the campaign, interviewing politicians, and predicting the results.2.What is the Commonwealth of Nations?----The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head. The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort, and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence. The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.1. What was the negative aspect of Thatcher's reform in the early 1980s?----Its negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. In 1982, the unemployment rate reached the level of the Great Depression years, with three million people out of work.2. What are the characteristics of Britain's agriculture?----British's agriculture is characterized by a small portion of the population engagedin agricultural activities with a high degree of mechanization. Although it employs a mere 1% of the country's labor force, it meets around 60% of the national demands.3. What happened to Britain's beef industry in the mid-1990s?----British's beef industry was hit badly by BSE, resulting in a ban on beef exports in 1996.4. What are some of the popular tourist attraction in Britain?----The popular tourist attractions in English include: the Dorset and the East Devon Coast, the Lake District, Stonehenge, Windsor Castle, university towns of Oxfordand Cambridge, Tower of London, St. Paul's Cathedral and so on.1.What were the major causes of Britain's relative economic decline in the postwar period?----British's economy experienced a relative decline in the postwar period for severalreasons. First, British suffered a great losses in the two World Wars and had gone heavily into debt to finance the war. Second, the era of the British Empire was over. India and other British colonies, which provided raw material and large market for British goods, gained their independence. Third, British was forced to maintain an expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end of 1960s. Fourth, British had to make substantial financial contributions to NATO and UN Security Council. Finally, British failed to invest in industry after World War 2 whereas its competitors like Germany and Japan caught up with British buy investing in the most modern equipment and means of production.2.Why do developed nations like Britain encourage the development of theservice industry?----The service industry has played an increasingly important role in economy in the development countries. On the other hand ,it requires a large group of people working in it so that abundant employment opportunities are provided. On the other hand, the service industry causes little pollution.1.What used to be the major functions of grammar schools and vocational schools in Britain?----The major functions of grammar schools were to train the most academically capable students and prepare them for university, whereas the major functions of vocational schools were to help less successful students to learn a trade.2.What kind of subjects do Britain comprehensive schools provide?----British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.3. In what ways do Britain universities enjoy complete academic freedom?----British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.4. How do students in the Open University receive their education?----The students follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, video, and a network of study centers.5. What role does the media play in Britain leisure culture?----The media plays an essential role in British leisure culture since it helps to shape the public's opinion, determine people's moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule of a government.1. What are the general feature of Britain's independent schools?----British's independent schools require fees from students. Although the National Curriculum is optional in the independent system, most independent schools teachwhat the curriculum demands. Independent schools get their funding through tuitionfees as well as government assistance. Since they are generally better-funded thanmost state schools, they can recruit the best teachers and provide superior facilities. However, high tuition fees have become an obstacle for many students to enroll.2. The "quality press" and the "tabloids" in Britain?----Among the 10 daily published national newspapers in British, about half of themare regarded as the "quality press" since they carry in-depth articles of particular political and social importance, and reviews and feature articles about "high culture", and they are generally read by well-educated people. The Times, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph are good cases in point of the quality press. The "tabloids", with color photos and striking headlines, usually cover scandals and gossip about celebrities in politics, sports and entertainment. A typical example is The News ofthe World.Chapter 81. How is the American population distributed?The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country. The great plains have a comparatively small population .the south also has a population of almost 57.5million. the west is not densely populated ,except for some metropolitan centers like los Angeles and san Francisco . it has about 20% of the nation ’ s population.2. Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ?The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were willing to work for very low wages .this made other workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs away from them . this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942.1．Why is the United States regarded asa” melting pot” and a” salad bowl” ?The United States is not merely a nation, but a nation of nations. The immigrantscame in waves, including the Europeans, the Africans and the Asians. Therefore, America is described as a "melting pot" where various racial and ethnic groups are assimilate into American culture. Recently, America has been called a "salad bowl"in that people of difference races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously, but at thesame time keep their distinct culture and customs.2． What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multicultural society?The best possible way to help assimilation in a multicultural society is to be open and tolerant toward different cultures. People from different racial and ethnic backgrounds should respect each other. Society should create opportunities to help immigrants become assimilated. At the same time the immigrants should keep their own language, customs and religion, contributing to the diversity of a multicultural society.Chapter 91. Why did American change its policy and enter world war II?Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countries were wining the war and it might threaten America ’s ecurity and interests . it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’ s entrance into the war.2.What were Nixon ’ s-knownwell contributions during his presidency?a) brought the Vietnam war to a closeb)reestablishing U.S. relations with chinac) negotiating the firststrategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union .3. What were the contents of Reagan’ s economic program?Reagan’ s economic program ledcal for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in order to encourage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be eliminated so as to reduce the federal government ’roles in the day-to-day operation of business.1. What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black African slaves to manage their plantations and they regarded the slaves as their property. In the North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What’ smore, the Northerners demanded a law to protect tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads. But the Southerners were against it and advocated free trade so as to purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.2. What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?During the two World Wars, America remained neutral in the early stage. However, Americans continued their profitable trade with the warring countries. Therefore,they not only retained their military forces, but also accumulated great wealth. When America entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars. By sharing the fruitof victory with other allies, America greatly strengthened its power and became a powerful country by the end of World War II.Chapter 101. What are the two characteristics of the U.S. constitution?One is “ checks and balances ” , the other is that the power of the central government and the powers of state governments are specified.2. What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old , a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent . a representative should be at least 25years old and a U.S. citizen for no less than seven years.3.What are the major powers of the supreme court?a) to interpret lawsb) to hear appeals from any federal court cases;c)to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or nationallaws d) may declare a law unconstitutionale) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional4.What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms ofpolitical opinions?The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and emphasize full employment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rightslaws , a strong social security system which gives enterprises a greater freedomand demand that the government control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose complete government social programs and free choice ofabortion they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.1.How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas aboutthe American election?Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President an soon as the first stage is over.I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaigns. And, the election cannot solve the social and economic problems of the U.S. as some candidates do not keep their word after they become President.2.What was President Eisenhowers foreign policy and what were the consequences ?President Eisenhower made vigorous efforts to wage the Cold War. He placed new emphasis on developing nuclear strength to prevent the outbreak of war. He also frequently authorized the CIA to undertake secret interventions to overthrow unfriendly governments or protect reliable anti-communist leaders whose power was threatened. The CIA helped topple the governments of Iran and Guatemala, but it suffered an embarrassing failure in Indonesia. In addition, Eisenhower used U.S. power and prestige to help create a non-communist government in South Vietnam, which brought disastrous long-term consequences to the United States.Chapter 111. What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America?During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew .a variety of specialized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regional patterns of development in America had become clear.2. How did the civil war affect the American economy?After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable . northern industries , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surged ahead.3. Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not only advance its own economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with other nations.1.How did the U.S constitution lay the groundwork for American ’economics development ?The U.S. Constitution, as an economic charter, established that the entire nation was a unified or "common" market. There were no tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce. It provided that the federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, establish uniform bankruptcy laws, create money and regulate its value, fix standards of weights and measures, establish post office and roads, and fix rules governing patents and copyrights. The last-mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of "intellectual property", a matter that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the late20thcentury.2.Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in America's economic development.The government has always played an active and important role in America ’ s economic development. In the early 1930s,thr United States suffered the worst economic depression in American history. President Roosevelt introduced the New Deal to tackle the financial crisis. Besides, he set up the New York State Emergency Relief Commission to help those in desperate need and tried to relieve the serious problems of the jobless. At the end of 1970s, the American economy again suffered a recession. The Reagan administration combated inflation by controlling government spending deficit, cutting taxes and raising interest rates. Both policies mentioned above helped to set the country ’economics development on its right course, In all, the intervention of the government has ensured that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people. It has prevented flagrant abuses of the system, dampened the effects of inflation and stimulated economic growth. Chapter 121.How does an American university choose its applicants?a)their high school records;b) recommendations from their high school teachers;c) the impression they make during interviews at the university;d) their scores on the SAT.2. What functions do American higher education institutions perform?Higher education institutions in the united states have three functions: teaching , research and public service , and each has its own emphasis with regard to its function .3. What similarities do four famous university share?They all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have made extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successful or influential in some areas such as politics, arts and business.4. What are the origins of thanksgiving day?Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the newworld , in 1620,the mayflower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans.1. What are the ideals that guide the American educational system?The first ideal is that as many people as possible should receive as much education as possible .The second ideal is that of ptoducing a society that is totally literate and of local control . The third ideal is that scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand what is already known .2. How does America carry out multicultural education?American schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many ethnic cultures. Current textbooks incorporate a variety of ethnic individuals who have achieved success. Struggle for equality are vividly depicted, and past racism is bluntly acknowledged. Cultural pluralism is now generally recognized as the organizing principle of education.Schools at all levels offer students opportunities to learn about different cultures.。

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Unit ThirteenBritain in the Twentieth CenturyBy the end of the 19th century the European situation had seriously deteriorated. The international struggle for colonies had degenerated into and international arms race, and as the result, two world wars arose in the 20th century and the British Empire declined in the years after the wars.Conditions in Britain before the First World WarLiberal ReformAt the general election of 1906 the liberals, as champions of free trade, won a clear majority and their leader Campbell-Bannerman organized a capable cabinet that included radicals and liberal imperialists. Under him and after his death, under Asquith, came the reforms: a school medical service; a system of old-age pensions; slum; eight-hour work day; and trade boards and Labour Exchange.Lloyd’s Budget of 1909 was rejected by lords, because the Lords could veto any legislation of which they disapproved. Lloyd was determined to curb the power of the Lords. The Parliament Bill of 1911 would deprive the Lords of their veto and any control of finance. At last, the Lords surrendered, and the Commons became virtually the sole legislative body.Further reform such as the National Insurance Bill was passed, to give relief to the sick and unemployed people.Crisis at HomeThe working class movement reached new height with a wave of strikes between 1911 and 1914.The 3 strikes: the great strike of railway men; the coal-miner strike; the strike of the transport workersIn 1914 a “triple alliance” of transport workers,miners and railway men was formed to strengthen labour solidarity.There was also trouble in Ireland. Ireland was on the verge of civil war.Unrest AbroadThe capitalist countries needed more foreign markets, raw materials and strategic positions. But the world had already been partitioned among the old colonial countries. The struggle between repartition and anti-repartition became fierce. The international struggle for colonies degenerated into an international arms race, and the great powers of Europe were split into two rival camps: the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. And the Dual Alliance of France and Russia, and later, Britain joined it forming the Triple Entente.Britain in the First World WarThe Outbreak of World War IIt broke out in July 1914. When Francis Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo in Bosnia on June 28, Austria was given the pretext she needed for declaring war on Serbia.Britain in the WarAfter the German troops invaded Belgium on August 4, Britain declared war on Germany. German surrendered in November 1918, and the side of Entente won the victory.In January 1919, the peace treaty was signed at Versailles, according to which Britain got more colonies fromthe Germans in Africa and the Pacific.The war was an imperialist war because it was brought about by profound antagonism between the two blocs of capitalist states for the repartition of the world. The war was a world war.Aftermath of the WarThough the British and their allies won the victory, she was also a loser.1. Britain lost her sea power. The Washington Naval Conference limited the number of British, American and Japanese battleships to the ratio of 5:5:3.2. A debt of 1000 million dollars she borrowed from the US during the war made her become a debtor nation instead of a creditor.3. The city of London lost its prestige as the world’s leading banker, replaced by New York.4. Britain’s foreign trade declined to about half of the pre-war total.5. After the war, colonial national independent movement was on the upsurge in the British Empire.Between the Two WarsDepression in the TwentiesIn 1920 the feverish post-war boom had sunk into slump.In 1929 another serious economic crisis began to attack the capitalist world. By 1931 Europe was on the verge of financial collapse.Britain was driven out off the gold standard, that is, the devaluation of the pound sterling.A Policy of AppeasementIn 1937, Neville Chamberlain succeeded Baldwin as Prime Minister and his acquiescence in aggression was to become appeasement policy.In September 1938, Chamberlain signed the notorious Munich Agreement with Hitler.Britain in the Second World WarThe Second World War broke out in September 1939. In May 1940 Churchill replaced chamberlain organising a coalition government. The whole nation was mobilised for military service and industries were shifted to war production.Germany was forced to surrender in May 1945and the Second World War was over.Fall of the British EmpireBritain lost leading position in finance and had to rely on America for her economic help. The peoples of its colonies had been awakened by the war and large scale independent movement began after the war. When the British Empire was disintegrated there appeared the British Commonwealth consisting of most of her former colonies. The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of 49 countries. Any member country has right to withdraw from it according to its own will.Postwar YearsAt the general election of 1945 Winston Churchill was heavily defeated. The electorate returned a Labour government. The people had suffered the Blitz, evacuation, rationing and the total technological warfare. They wanted to put the war behind them and as Churchill had symbolized the war effort that meant he too was now past history. The people hoped that Labor Party would be able to sort out the problems of the war-torn country.The foundation of the welfare state was laid during these years, providing free medical care for every one and financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed. The Bank of England, coal mines, railways and steelworks were nationalized. But these were hard years and rationing was as severe as it had been during the war.In the 1950sThe post-war years were not peaceful. In 1950 Britain joined the war of aggression against North Korea. When Gamal Abdel Nasser, the Egyptian President, nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, British and French forces invaded Egypt. This action was widely condemned at home and abroad and brought about the fall of Anthony Eden. In 1957 Britain’s first hydrogen bomb was tested.When George VI died in 1952, Princess Elizabeth was crowned.By the mid-1950s things were definitely looking up: unemployment was low; wages were far higher than they had been before the war through prices had risen very little; more and more people were buying cars and going on holidays. By the 1960s Britain was one of the world’s leading industrial as well as nuclear powers.In the 1960sThe 1960s were the Swinging Sixties, the permissive age. Pop music, as it was now called, underwent a revolution when the Beatles became world famous and turned their hometown of Liverpool into a place of pilgrimage. As a result of a relaxation of attitudes, there was a sexual revolution.In the 1970sIn January, 1973, Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community. An oil embargo and a miners’ strike provoked a State of Emergency in the winter of 1973 and brought down Edward heath’s Conservative Government in 1974. The optimism of the 1960s disappeared. Rising oil prices pushed up the cost of living, unemployment was rising and an Irish Republic Army bombing campaign brought home the seriousness of the situation in Northern Ireland. Oil was discovered in the North Sea, but the revenues from the oil did not create an economic miracle.Thatcher’s administrationThe election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Fro many the 1980s was a decade of increased prosperity. Mrs. Thatcher firmly believed in self-reliance and what has come to be known as privatization. Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. Several cases of privatization took place in Britain in the 1980s, including British Telecom and British Gas.In 1982, the Falkland Islands War broke out. The Falkland Islands, group of islands totaling 4 700 square miles in the South Atlantic, have been a crown colony since 1892. Possession is disputed with Argentina. In 1982 the Argentineans seized these islands but Britain fought successfully to regain them. Although the British victory was immensely expensive, Mrs. Thatcher’s personal popularity was dramatically revived. In the general election of 1983 she won another victory for the Conservatives, the most decisive for 40 years. In the late 1980s the economy was growing rapidly, unemployment was declining, and the Conservatives held a solid majority in the House of Commons.Although twice re-elected, Mrs. Thatcher was finally removed in November, 1990, not by the electorate, but by her own party. This was because of her opposition to European Union and her imposition of an extremely unpopular flat rate “poll tax” in place of property taxes to pay for local government services. She was succeeded by the comparatively little known John Major.Adjustment of Britain’s PolicyTo adapt herself to such a changed situation, Britain kept adjusting her policies.Britain’s defense policy was based on the NATO. Britain is almost the most active supporter of the Organization’s strategy of defense.Britain’s economic policy was still based on foreign trade, but the partnership was shifted from her old customers in the Commonwealth to new ones in the European Community.The county as a whole was not crushed by despair but continuously advanced. Meanwhile the country also experienced many changes concerning social life. However, Britain is still one of the major capitalist countries.。