英语流利说(懂你英语)Level3-Unit1-Part1
懂你英语文本Level1-Level8_懂你英语商务英语文本Level2-Level6_文本-语音-翻译
懂你英语Level1-Level8文本语音视频问答翻译
商务英语Level2-Level6文本语音视频问答翻译
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流利说-懂你英语-Level4-Unit2Word版
Level4 Unit2 Part1 Listening - Extinction Events 1The Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.The first life appeared about a billion years later.The first plants didn't appear until around 2 billion years ago.Until about 580 million years ago, life forms were small and microscopic.Since that time, life has evolved into many different types, or species.However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth.In an extinction event many life forms, or species of life, die out. The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries.These events are not predictable and can happen at any time.Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions.Events like these can change the global conditions that life depends on.One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago.That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth.As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet died out.When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of events.A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years.When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere.This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months.Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died.With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed.This led to the deaths of many more species.Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life.In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate evolution.For example, some mammals lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldn't compete.When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully.Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn't be here today.Level4 Unit2 Part1 Listening - Extinction Events 2Scientists estimate that there have been at least 5 mass extinctions in the last 540 million years.They also believe that we have entered a new extinction event.Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions, the current event is the result of human activities.Human activities, for example, have led to global warming.Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere.These gases trap heat from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer.As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing.In addition, we humans are destroying the habitats of many plants and animals.Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.There is no longer any doubt that this is happeningSpecies of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing.Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future.If we don't act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.(This new extinction event is caused by humans.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Vocabulary - Body SystemsThe body's circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries and veins.The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body.It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body.The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves.This is your body's control system.It controls your muscles and organs, including your circulatory and digestive systems.The respiratory system includes the nose and lungs.It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is removed.The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases.Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works.If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.(The blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart are called arteries.)(The digestive system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.)(The nervous system regulates your heartbeat and digestion.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Vocabulary - Great DiscoveriesThe controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in the colder climates.Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture, people could grow foodand settle into communities.By growing food, people could spend less time hunting and more time for other things such as art.The domestication of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.By raising herds of animals such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.The strength of animals such as horses and oxen was used for work and transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted in moreefficient manufacturing and construction.With better tools and machines, work can be done with fewer people and at much lower costs.The development of science and engineering has improved many things, including communications.With an understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distances.(Science and engineering have changed the way we communicate with each other.)(With the development of agriculture, people had more time for other activities.)(The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.)Level4 Unit2 Part1 Dialogue - Smartphone Addiction I took a vacation last night.What are you talking about?Where did you take your vacation?I didn't go anywhere.I just spent an evening without my smartphone.How was it?It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption.It was very peaceful.Yes, I haven't done that in a long time.You know what?I'm beginning to hate smartphones.Really? but you can't live without one, right?Yes, that's the problem.These things are changing the way people live.Yes, I just saw a documentary about that.A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone.What happened? Did they get a divorce?You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.It's a bit ironic, don't you think?Smartphone were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.Yes, you are right.Hey, just a minute. I've got a message on my smartphone, and it can't wait.Level4 Unit2 Part1 Dialogue - Rude BossHey, wake up and get back to work.What's wrong with you?I'm on my break sir, and I have a bad headache.Well, we are not paying you to sleep.If you're going to sleep, sleep someplace else.Yes, sir, sorry, it won't happen again.It had better not.Just a minute.Don't talk to me like that.What did you say?You hurt me. you don't have to treat people like that.Well, if you don't like it, I suggest you leave.OK, I will. I've had enough of you.I'll get a job somewhere else.(The manager treats the employees in a threatening manner.)(The employee treats the manager respectfully.)Level4 Unit2 Part2 Listening - Point of View 1This man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.We can’t see which it is because we can’t see inside the box.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple.It may be an apple, and it may be an orange.It’s got to be one or the other.It can’t be anything else.Now let’s look at it from the man’s p oint of view.From his point of view, the probabilities are different.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%.That’s because he knows what he has.For him there is no uncertainty.If he has an orange, the probability is 100%.If he doesn’t have an orange, the probability is 0%.He either has it or he doesn’t.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%.From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%.So the probability depends on your point of view.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Listening - Point of View 2People see things from different points of view.This often leads to arguments between people.Here are some examples.From this man’s point of view, he is relaxing.He needs to relax because he has been working too hard.He hasn’t been getting enough sleep.His wife sees things differently.She isn’t aware of how hard he has been working.From her point of view, he is doing nothing.However, she knows what needs to be done around the house.It isn’t fair that she has to work while he does nothing.When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusions.These differences can cause real communication problems.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Vocabulary – DisastersEarthquakes are caused by forces deep within the Earth.When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent release of energy.Explosions can be caused by chemical reactions, such as inside an engine.A spark can ignite a mixture of gases, and release energy for good or destructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by not being careful.One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.Accidents with fire can be very serious, and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of a disease, such as the flu or ebola.Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere resulting in high winds and heavy rain.Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere that produce lightning, which can cause forest fires.Some storms cause flooding, and major damage to homes and cities.Followers of the islam religion are called Muslims.These Muslims are praying inside a mosque.Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, who lived more than 2000 years ago.Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship. Followers of Judaism are called Jews.These Jews are meeting inside the synagogue, which is a place of worship and study.Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago, in the middle east.Judaism is based on the teaching of Moses, who they believe is the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha.The religion is about 25 hundred years old.Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India.Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Vocabulary – ReligionsvFollowers of the islam religion are called Muslims.These Muslims are praying inside a Mosque.Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity is based on the teaching of Jesus Christ, who lived more than 2000 years ago.Christians believe that Jesus is the son of god.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals to worship. Followers of Judaism are called Jews.These Jews are meeting inside a synagogue, which is a place of worship and study.Judaism was founded over 35 hundred years ago in the Middle East.Judaism is based on the teachings of Moses, who they believe is the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of the Buddha. The religion is about 25 hundred years old.Some Buddhists practice a form of meditation in which they empty their minds of any thought.Hinduism is the world’s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India.Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth.Level4 Unit2 Part2 Dialogue - Missing AircraftDo you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?No, we don’t. The only information we have is that it disappeared. What about the last communication with the aircraft?The last communication was about 15 minutes before it disappeared. Was there anything unusual in the communication?No, there wasn't anything unusual.Nothing pointed to any kind of problem.Anyway, we are confident that we will find it.It’s a large aircraft so it shouldn’t be difficult to find.How many countries are helping with the search.Right now, we have search teams from 3 countries starting the search.It’s a big area to search, so can you give us an estimate about how long it will take.Yes, it’s a big area so it might take a long time.But we won’t give up.We will search until we find it.Have they found the wreckage yet?What are you talking about?You know, the airplane that disappeared last year.Oh, yes, now I know what you are referring to.Yes, they found some piece of it.What about the black boxes?No, they still haven’t found the black boxes.It’s hard to believe they still don’t know what happened.Perhaps they’ll never know, especially if they don’t fin d the black boxes.Whatever happened to it, there is no good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.I agree with you.Level4 Unit2 Part3 Listening - Alcatraz 1Alcatraz is a small island in San Francisco Bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco.From Alcatraz, you can see the famous Golden Gate Bridge.Alcatraz is also famous and is now a major tourist attraction.Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.Alcatraz has often appeared in movies, including "Escape from Alcatraz" which was made in 1979.One reason it’s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison.It was designed for prisoners who were causing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape.It was a maximum security prison, so escape was almost impossible.The waters around it are cold, and only very strong swimmers can swim from the island to San Francisco.The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934.There were 137 prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers.They came by train from another prison in the state of Kansas.During that trip there was heavy security.The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed.Nobody wanted them to escape.Level4 Unit2 Part3 Listening - Alcatraz 2The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners.However the average population was only about 270.Although there were several notorious inmates, such as Al Capone, most of the inmates were not well-known.Many had tried to escape from other prisons or were considered violent.If a man did not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz.At Alcatraz there was just one inmate in each prison cell.Prison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring.It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules.They had four rights: food, clothing, shelter, and medical care.Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned.Privileges included working, visits from family members, and access to the prison library.There were also activities such as painting and music.Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatraz was used as a prison for 29 years.During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully.There were 14 escape attempts, involving 36 prisoners.Twenty-three were caught alive, and six were shot and killed.2 men tried to escape twice.2 drowned and 5 were listed as missing and presumed drowned.The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2nd, 1946 when 6 prisoners tried to escape.That event is called the "Battle of Alcatraz."While it was in use, Alcatraz held some of the mostnotorious criminals in American history, such as Al Capone.Al Capone was a crime boss who built his career in Chicago.The prison was finally closed in 1963.It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.(No prisoner ever escaped from Alcatraz.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Vocabulary - Graphs & ChartsA bar graph uses rectangular bars of different lengths to show and compare data.The lengths of the bars are proportional to the values they represent.The bars can be vertical, up and down, or horizontal.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, is shaped like a circle.It is divided into segments that look like pieces of a pie.Percentages are used to compare the segments, which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graphs are used to show the relationship between two variables, such as time and distance.These variables are plotted on 2 axes, the X-axis and the Y-axis.The X-axis often shows time while the Y-axis shows how quantities, such as distance, temperature or profits change with time.A flowchart is a type of graph that shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.A flow chart consists of start points, inputs, outputs and decision points.An organizational chart, or org chart shows the structure of a company.It shows how people and departments within a company are connected.It defines the roles and responsibilities of people and departments within a company.(Line graphs are very good at showing how things change over time.)(A flowchart shows how a process or project flows from start to finish.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Vocabulary - Legal TermsLaws are rules that people are supposed to follow.A system of laws governs the behavior of people within a country. Criminals are people who break the law.People who commit a crime are called criminals.Some criminals are very dangerous and need to be put in jail.A jail or prison is a place where criminals are locked behind bars, sometimes for many years.Prisons are designed to keep criminals away from other people.A courthouse is where someone charged with committing acrime goes on trial.In court, evidence is presented to show the guilt or innocence of the person on trial.When someone breaks the law, they may be arrested by the police.To arrest someone means to take and hold them until they go on trial.(An action that is against the law is an illegal action.)(Someone who commits a crime may be sent to prison.)(When a person is charged with breaking a law ,they are tried in a court of law.)(An action that follows the law is a legal action.)Level4 Unit2 Part3 Dialogue - Currency Exchange May I help you, sir?I’d like to change some US dollars into Japanese yen, please.Yes, certainly sir.How much would you like to change?I’d like to change 500 dollars.May I see your passport please?I don’t have it with me, but I do have my driver’s license.Would that be OK?No, I'm sorry, sir.I need to see your passport, it’s the law.Look, I’m not asking for a loan.I just want to convert my dollars into yen.Why do I need my passport?I understand your frustration sir, but that’s the law.I can not do something that is illegal.OK, do you have any suggestions?Sure, the easiest thing for you to do is to use a machine in one of the hotels near here.You can borrow someone’s passport and then do the conversion.So the machine doesn’t check my fingerprints or anything like that?No, sir. But there is a limit as to how much you can change at one time.You also have to pay a higher fee.Thanks for your help.You’re welcome, sir.Level4 Unit2 Part4 Listening - AI Capone 1AI Capone was one of the most famous criminals in American history.He came from an immigrant family.His parents came from Italy, and his father was a barber.As a boy, he belonged to a street gang.He quit school after finishing the 6th grade.He built his career as a crime boss in Chicago.He became boss at 26 when the previous leader was nearly killed.His crime organization made a lot of money, more than 100 million dollars a year.Most of the money came from illegal activities, especially the sale of illegal liquor.His organization was also involved in gambling and prostitution.Capone was a flashy dresser who enjoyed being famous.He protected himself by bribing police and public officials.Though he was involved in the deaths of many, he was never convicted of a serious crime.When he was finally arrested, it was for minor crimes.In 1929, he and his bodyguard were arrested for carrying deadly weapons.For that they were sentenced to a year in prison.Capone was released in nine months for good behavior.(When he went out,he loved to be the center of attention.)(The largest portion of its income was from the illegal sales of liquor.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Listening - AI Capone 2In 1930, Capone was Public Enemy No.1 in Chicago.A year later he was arrested for failure to pay taxes.The government had finally found a way to catch him.After a trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to 11 years in prison.He spent the first two years of his sentence at a prison in Atlanta, Georgia.Then he was sent to Alcatraz, the country's most famous prison.At Alcatraz, he was diagnosed with a disease that began to take over his brain.As a result, he spent much of his time in the prison hospital.By the time he was released from prison in 1939, he was no longer able to lead his organization.He died of a stroke and pneumonia in 1947.Level4 Unit2 Part4 Vocabulary - Economic Terms Income is money received for a work or from investments.For a company to survive, its income needs to be more than its expenses.People who earn a good salary can buy what they need to survive.A receipt is given to you after you have paid for something.A receipt is proof that you have paid for something.A receipt shows that something has been paid for.After paying for something, be sure to get a receipt.An invoice is a request for payments.An invoice lists the prices and products being bought.To invoice someone means to give them a bill for products or services.Once an invoice is paid, it can be used as a receipt.Taxes are what we pay to the government for government services.Taxes pay for many services, such as education, police, and health care.An income tax, is a tax on your income.In some countries, income taxes are very high.Interest is what we pay to lenders when we borrow money.If someone lends you money, you pay interest for the use of that money.（People pay taxes to pay for government services.）Level4 Unit2 Part4 Vocabulary - Personality Types Emotional people often show their feelings and have a bad temper. They make decisions based on the feelings more than facts. Sometimes these people make bad decisions because of their emotions. Leaders are people who take responsibility and are trusted by others. Good leaders make good decisions and get things done.In many situations, others look to them for leadership.Loyal people can be depended on to follow their leader.They will support and protect their leaders and friends.A strong team needs a good leader and loyal followers.Independent people can do things on their own.They often prefer working by themselves.Sometimes they have difficulty working in a group.Creative people come up with new ideas and ways of doing things.They often have a good imagination and can see things in different ways.Many artists and musicians are very creative.(Independent people may want to do things their own way.)(Loyal people will act to support the decisions of the group.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Dialogue - A Video Project 1 Congratulations Lisa!Congratulations for what?We just heard the news.What news? Don't keep me in suspense.QuickServe has accepted your video proposal.Already？I just submitted it a week ago.Maybe so, but they like it so much that they made a quick decision. They want you to get started on it as soon as possible.That's great news. But I'm still working on some other projects.They need to be finished first.Can't you delay some of our other projects?I'm not sure, how important is this project?They are putting a lot of pressure on us now, especially since they read your proposal.They really like it.It's a very creative way of presenting their company.It had everybody laughing.Yes, that was the idea.It was fun to do, and our whole team thought it was funny.Well, great job.I think it's the best work your team has ever done.(She submitted her proposal a week ago.)(Everything depends on how important the project is.)(To delay something means to postpone it.)Level4 Unit2 Part4 Dialogue - A Video Project 2 When can you get started on the project?Are they going to pay extra?In my proposal, I said the earliest start date would be one month after signing the contract.Was that in the proposal?Yes, it was. Have they signed the contract yet?No, they haven't, but I'm sure they will right awayThey'll also need to make an advance payment.That was in the proposal, too.We can't stop everything else just because they are excited. OK, I'll get back to them and let them know.Yes, please do, I've been through this kind of thing before. (They want to get started earlier than what was in the proposal.)（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
(完整版)英语流利说懂你英语Level4-Unit3
懂你英语Level4 Unit 3 Part1it 3-1 listening时间花费Look at these 2 pie graphs. They show how these 2 people spend their days, not including weekends. The one on the top shows how Emma divides up her days. She is a designer who works for a company. As Emma’s graph shows, the biggest portion部分of her day is spent working.She works an average of 8 hours a day, which is one third of her day.She gets an average of 6 hours to sleep which is 25% of her day. That’s less sleep than Martin gets. According to his graph, he gets an average of 7 hours to sleep which is about 29% of his day.On the other hand, Martine who is engineer, works more hours than Emma does.Martine average 9 hours a day at work co mpare to Emma’s 8. That’s 37.5% compare to 33%.Other factors shown in the graph included time for meals and commuting to work.Other activities include getting dress and doing household chores such as doing laundry and paying bills. As you can see, for Martin, commuting is taking a large amount of his time.If he could reduce his commute time, he will have more time for other things. And it isn’t just the time. When the traffic is really heavy his commute is stressful.It will be great if he can work from home one or two days a week. He life will be more enjoyable. And we look at Emma’s graph, we see she probably needs more sleep.Perhaps, she should spend a bit less time socializing with her friends.On the other hand, socializing with her friend is something she really values.As for putting on makeup, she isn’t willing to change that.For her, exercising, socializing and staying beautiful help her deal with the stressful work.In conclusion, Emma and Martin both wish there were more hours in a day.This next graph shows how various factors compare important to 1350 jobs applicants.Applicants were between 20 to 25 years ago.They were asked to list which factors were most important for a good job.As the graph shows, money was the most important factor for 25% of the applicants.However, other factors are also important. The second most important factor was the work environment. In other words, for many, money is everything.People want to like where they work.In fact, if we combine working environment and co-workers, the total is 35%.This is well above the 25% for salary and benefits.Taking together, they are more important than salary and benefits.Career path is also important especially for younger applicants.They want to see that their job helps to build a successful career.For older workers, this may not be as important.Older workers often put the higher value on the balance between life and work. What do you think.it 3-1 vocabulary领土、军事、政治、政权状态The government of a country is a control system.Governments make laws and provide services to their citizens.The land over which a government has controlled, is its territory /'tɛrətɔri/领土.A country’s territory has boundaries/'baʊndri/ or borders.When you leave or enter a country’s territory, you usually need a passport.The territory of a country is defined by its boundaries.A country’s military provides defense for its territory and its citizens.The military includes an army, an air force and a navy.The main purpose of a military, is to defend a country from attack.A country’s criminal justice system includes the police, courts and prisons.Its purpose is to enforce the law and protect the people from criminal activities.A country social services system provides support to people in need.It provides basic health care services and helps poor people support their children.-----------------------------------------------------------------Anarchy /'ænɚki/ n.混乱;无政府状态;无秩序autocracy /ɔ'tɑkrəsi/ n.独裁;独裁统治;独裁政府;独裁政体Oligarchy /'ɑlə'gɑrki/ n.寡头统治的政府;寡头政治的执政集团;寡头统治的国家--------------------------------------------------------------------------A state of anarchy exits when a country has no effective government.In anarchy, there is nobody to make decisions or enforce the laws.An autocracy is the simplest form of government.In an autocracy, the government is controlled by single individual, known as autocrat.Whether or not an autocracy is successful, depends on the character and ability of the leader.In an oligarchy, a small group of people controls the government.Membership in this group often depends on family connection, wealth or military power.In a republic, individuals are elected to represent the citizens.The power of government in a republic is limited by a constitution.A constitution is a written document that makes the rules for a government to follow.This limits the power of a government.A constitution defines the relationship between the government and its citizens.it 3-1 dialogue谈论工作I hear you lost your job, is that right?Yes, that’s right. I quit. I quit because the way my boss treats people.What happen.I was n’t feeling good one day and he yelled at me. While I told him not to yell at对...吼叫me, he threatened me. Is that all. That’s what bosses do.Sure, sometime maybe. But my treated everyone badly and I was tired of it. It was the less *The last str ?Yes, it reached the point where I couldn’t take it anymore.I see. So now you d on’t have a job.Right, I don’t have a job.But at least I don’t have to deal with my boss thing. What are you going to do now?To be honest, I’m not sure. but I’ll fine something. I’ll get a job even if it pays less than before.Are you sorry for your quit.Yes and no. I guess I should have found another job first and then quit.Why didn’t you.As I said, he pushed me too far. There were some things that I just won't take.What about your wife.She isn’t happy that I don’t have a job but she understands. S he knows I have temper.And she knows I wasn’t happy working there.Well, I get some luck. My job isn’t great. but I like the people I’m working with and I like my manager.Are you planning to stay there?I don’t know.For now, it’s ok. But of course it al l depends on how things change.Well if you hear of any job openings, let me know, OK.Sure, send me your resume and I’ll let people know you’re looking.Thanks.it 3-2 listening朗朗Lang Lang is one of the world’s greatest concert /'kɑnsɚt/ pianist.His first contact with western music was when he was just 2 years old.He watched the canton/'kæntən/ in which a cat played a famous piece by Franz Liszt 弗朗兹·李斯特（匈牙利作曲家）. From this experience, he decided he wanted to learn to play piano.When he was 3 and a half years ago, he started piano lessons.2 years later, he won first place in the piano competition.This early success gave his father great hope that Lang Land will became the world greatest pianist.When Lang Lang was 9 years ago, his father quit his job and took him to Beijing.They left everything behind including his mother who had to work.Lang Lang didn’t want to leave her behind but his father insisted.His father wanted him to study at famous Central Conservatory of Music 中央音乐学院.When they moved to Beijing, they rented a flat in a poor area of the city.During this time, Lang Lang practiced several hours a day.They started practicing at 5 o’clock which upset his neighbors.They would often pound on敲打his door and ask him to stop practicing.They were so angry that he often feared that they would beat him up毒打.Lang Lang usually had piano lessons once a week to prepare for the conservatory /kən'sɝvətɔri/音乐学校. Nearly 2000 students were applying for just 12 places at the conservatory.His lessons were expensive and very difficult, especially because of his piano teacher.His music teacher didn’t like Lang Lang.He called his teacher professor Angry because she always gave him a hard time.One afternoon, his teacher told him he had no talent and told him to go home.Hearing the news, his father screamed and seemed to lose his mind.His father told him that everything was destroyed and there was no reason to live.He ordered Lang Lang to jump off 跳下来the 11th-floor balcony.After this, Lang Lang almost went crazy. He didn’t want to play the piano anymore.For several months, he neither played the piano nor spoke to his father.Then some friends encouraged him to play a piece for them and he realized his great love of piano.For the next 19 months, he practiced hard and his father encouraged him.Finally, when he was ten, he was accepted into the Conservatory with a full scholarship.In 1995, when he was 13 years old, he played music by show * at Beijing concert hall.In that same year, he won first place at an international competition for young musicians in Japan.When he was 15, he moved to the United States and began to study with the famous pianist at C institute.Since then, he career has grown and he has become a major star.One of the American music critics called him the biggest most exiting key of talent I haven’t encountered many a year of attention piano recycles.In 2010, Lang Lang signed a recalling contract for several million dollars.In 2011, he performed at white house for president Obama of United States and Hu Jintao of China.With all of his success and fame, Lang Lang tries to encourage others.He uses his fame to spread the popularity of classic music and encourage young musicians.And in the end, Lang Lang and his father have rebuilt their relationship.In his autobiography自传, Mr. Lang dedicated the book to his mother and father.it 3-2 vocabulary财务、地理A person debt is how much he or she owes to others.Debt can be in the form of money, products and services owes to someone else.If you borrow money, they were taking on new debt.An asset is something that has value, such as money, property or even a nice personality.Assets can be used to pay off debts.Specialized /'spɛʃə'laɪzd/ knowledge or skills are also assets that can be used to get a job or earn money.Real estate is properties such as land, houses and buildings.Buying, selling or renting property is the business of real estate.Buying or selling real estate is popular for investments.Inventory is a detail list of items in one’s possession /pə'zɛʃən/.In business, one’s inventory is the supply of items that are ready for sale.If a store runs out of the things for sale, it needs to resupply再供应its inventory.An investment is the purchase of assets with the hope that its value will increase.A good investment can produce income, such as rent income.If the value of that assets falls, the investment will lose money.------------------------------------------------------------------China is the second largest country in the world by land area.A major issue for China is the continuing持续的expansion of its desserts which had led the dust storms each spring. Many of the world most polluted cities are located there.Asia is referred to as Indian sub-continent.It’s called the sub-continent 次大陆because it separated from the rest of Asia by mountains and sea.It’s one of world’s poorest region with about 75% of the poor living in rural areas.Europe is western neighbor of Asia. It’s separate d from Asia by Ural Mountains乌拉尔which extent for 1500 miles in the north south direction from the Antarctic/æntˈɑrktɪk/ ocean.The Philippines is the only country in Asia with a majority of Christians /'krɪstʃən/.The Philippines is an island Nation with over 7000 islands. It’s located on the south China sea.The country’s capital city is Manila马尼拉.Asia is the world largest continent covering about 30% of the earth land area.Several island nations are also a part of Asia, including Japan.The world’s tallest mountain is in Asia, including Mount Everest埃佛勒斯峰.it 3-2 dialogue谈论投票选举Hey, have you dec ided how you’re going to vote？Not, I haven’t. I don’t like any kind of candidates.So you aren’t going to vote.Mu. I don’t know. Probably not. It seems like a waste of time.Really, why do you think of a waste of time？Have you listened to any of their speeches?Yes, I have and I agree that their speeches aren’t very good.Exactly. I can’t believe anything they say. They are just saying what they think we want to hear.Sure, you want to get elected. I admit th at the system isn’t perfect and it’s always ha ve .Whether I vote or not won’t make a difference. It’s all the show.Well, I think you should vote. Do a little research about the candidates.Have you?Yes, I have. I have looked into their backgrounds and their education.How can that help?For example, if they know something about science, it could help the government make a better decision about issues such as climate change.Yes, that’s good point. We need well-educated people make decisions.And I look to see what kind of people are supporting them.What issues do you think are most important?I guess for me, pollution, housing and taxes are important.I want to know how government plans to deal with these issues.Yes, I agree with you. Maybe I will vote, especially if we could get together and talk more about it.What about dinner tomorrow night?Sorry, I’m busy tomorrow night.Oh, that’s too bad. Do you have any time in the next few days? I will take you to a nice restaurant.Actually, I’m quite busy. But I may have time Sunday afternoon. We ca n have lunch someone near the office. Sure, that was for me. I will give you a call on Saturday and we can decide the details, ok?OK, I will be looking forward to seeing which candidate you support.L4 Unit 3-3 listening 蜜蜂、蜂农与环境Honeybees play an interesting and important role in nature.In additional to making honey, honeybees help many plants reproduce.They do this by pollinating the plant which means to transfer pollen.Pollination授粉occurs when pollen/'pɑlən/ 花粉is moved within a plant’s flower or carried to another flower. This is how the plant reproduce.For reproduction to succeed, the pollen must be transferred from the male part of the flower to the female part. Many plants depend on the pollen for reproduction. This included many fruits and vegetables.Beside honeybees, there are many other pollinators including birds, insects and other kind of bees.Without enough pollinators, many of our favorite fruits and vegetable will become more expensive and hard to find. This included almonds and cherries.Honeybee are important pollinators and play an important role in agriculture.Beekeepers are people who keep honeybees.In addition to collecting honey, some beekeepers provide pollination services for farmers.They do this by raising and managing colonies殖民地of bees.Farmers need colonies to pollinate their crops.Beekeepers can provide and manage of bee colonies to farmers.Honeybees are social insects that live in colonies.A bee colony consists of a queen bee, male drones 雄蜂and thousands of male worker bees.Each colony also contains eggs and immature未成熟的bees in various stage of development.The number of bees within a colony depends on the seasonal changes.A colony’s population increases during the warm season and decreases during the colder season.In recent year, many bee colonies have collapsed or disappeared.A bee colony collapses occurs when a majority of bee in colony disappear and leave behind the queen.Some beekeepers have reported losing 30 to 90 % of their colonies.This loss of bee colonies can cause significant problems for farmers who depend on them to pollinate their crops.In some parts of the world, a shortage of bees has increased the cost of renting bees by up to 20%.There are several possible causes for bee colony collapse. One possible collapse is the use of new pesticides农药. Other possible causes include infections from viruses, genetic factors遗传因素and malnutrition（营养不良）. Changing weather patterns may also play a role as summers get hotter and winters get colder.These changes in weather may weaken the bees, making it more difficult for them to fight infections.Whatever the causes of colony collapse, it’s important to un derstand that many parts of our world are interdependent.Changes that effect on one species may have serious effects on other species.A change to our environment, can start a chain of event that is difficult to predict.In any complex system such as the earth environment, small changes can cause a un consequences.The danger of un consequences is something that we all need to understand better.L4 Unit 3-3 vocabulary 商品、服务和工作Goods and services supply what people need or want.Goods are things such food and clothing.Services included things such as health care and police protection.A country needs natural and human resources.Natural resources include fresh water supplies, farmland and energy sources such as oil and wind.Human resources includes a skilled workforce that can produce goods and services.Once we had supplies of goods and services, they need to distribute throughout the country.Highways and railways are both way to transport thing from one part of country to another.Electricity are distributed through a system of transmition lines.We live in an age of advertising.Advertising lets people know about goods and services.It educates people about a product being advertised.Trade allows for the exchange of goods and services between different countries.Exports are goods and services that are sold to another country.Imports are goods and services that are brought from other country.For example, many countries import oil from countries such as Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯.Employees are the people who work for a company.Some employees do basic work such as operating a machine or driving a track.People who hire and direct the work of other are managers.Interview is one way to find out about a person who applies for a job.In an inte rview, the applicants can ask question about a company and company can find out about a person’s skills and experience.An entrepreneur is someone who starts a company.Entrepreneurs often have new ideas and ways of doing things that can give company advantage.Salary and benefits are used to attract new employees into a company.If the salary and benefits are good enough, employees may take a job and stay with the company.Benefits includes vacation time, health insurance and bonuses for employees who do a good job.When apply for job, it’s important to have skills and experience needed for the job.Developing and increasing skills and experience is good way to prepare for a job.Each job a person has is an opportunity to learn new things and develop new skills.Advertises try to increase to the demand for a product or service.Education and training are ways to develop a skilled workforce unforeseenL4 Unit 3-3 dialogue 谈论租房与房东You don’t look g ood, is something bothering you？Yes, it’s my landlord房东.Oh, is it something wrong with your flat.No, that’s not something wrong with the flat. But I’m going to have to move out.Why did you have to move out?For the last 2 month, a friend has been staying with me. She stayed until she could find a job.Tha t’s nice of you.Yes, but I’m not supposed to have anyone staying there.Was that in the rental agreement？Yes, it was. It’s ok if a friend stays for a few days but not for more than that.So you broke the agreement even though it was for a good reason.Anyway, one of my neighbors told the landlords about my friend. So now I’m in trouble. The landlord is angry and says she can’t trust me.That’s ridiculous.I told her about my friend and how I’m trying to help her, but she doesn’t care.Wow, she doesn’t s ound very nice.That’s right, she isn’t nice. She’s just interested in money. In fact, she is going to keep my security deposit 押金. How can she do that？Nothing is damaged, right.Right, everything in the flat is fine.She’s keeping the deposit because I b roke the rental agreement.What about your rent？Yes , that’s another problem. I already pay 3 months rent so I hope I can get it back.What can you do if she doesn’t return it？I don’t know. I told to my agent. He’s nice and maybe he can help.Maybe I should refuse to leave the flat until I get it back.Be sure to take picture of your flat.What for?Just to show the condition of your flat. Then she can’t say your friend damaged it anyway.Good idea. She’s a small-minded心胸狭窄的, evil woman. I should never have rented it from her in the first place.L4 Unit 3-4 listening 职业What kind of career is the best and what kind of qualification?One of most popular careers for kids is the to become an astronaut.Many kids dream of going space when they grow up.They dream of work on a space station or exploring deep space.To become an astronaut, it’s important to have the right background.Many astronauts have a background in engineering, physics or medicine.Sometimes they have a military background, such as flying military aircraft.As for pay, astronaut can earn a good salary but not great.Another popular career is to become a musician or actor.Many kids dream of become a famous singer or movie stars.However, most of musician or actor don’t become famou s.They are usually paid by the hour or by the performance.Only a very few have lots of money.So the best advice is not to be a musician or actor unless that’s your real passion.Becoming a professional athlete is another dream job for many.It’s ni ce to imagine play a favorite sport and getting paid for it.However, becoming a famous athlete takes a lot of work and practice.Great athletes practice for hours a day with teammates and coaches.They also work regularly with trainers to keep their body strong.The level of pay for athletes depends on the success and the level of their performance.Athletes often have short career because of the physical requirement of their sport.When you are no longer able to compete in a high level, some athletes become coaches.Firefighters and police officers are important job that help and protect people.These careers require applicants to complete training programs and pass the written and physical tests.These jobs can be exciting and dangerous so they require courage and sometimes sacrifice.When considering salary and benefits, some of the lowest paying jobs are in the hospitality and beauty industries. For example, food service worker and hairstyles generously have low salaries.This kind of j ob don’t require much of the education or training.But again, if you enjoy what you’re doing, that may be good enough.For example, you may really enjoy talking with your customers.Spending your life doing something you dislike can be very unsatisfying, even if the salary is high.Some of the highest paid professions includes doctors, lawyers and scientists.However, these professions 职业require high level of education and training.The path to becoming a doctor, for example, is a long one.Doctors require a university degree, several years in medical school, and several more years in experience.Only then are they certified as a medical doctor or MD.So it doesn’t make sense to consider these professions unless you are willing to work hard for ma ny years.And because, you should really care doing the work well.L4 Unit 3-4 vocabulary 战争和生物Civil 内战wars are fought between citizens of the same country and are fought within the country.If citizens of a country disagree about the policy or leader, they may fight a civil war.A world war is fought when countries form alliances and these alliances fight each other.A world war involves many or most of the world’s most powerful countries.There were 2 world war in the 20th century.Terrorism involves groups of individuals rather than countries.Terrorists may come from different countries and they may share the same beliefs.Terrorists often use car-bombings or suicide attacks on innocent people.A terrorist attack can happen at any time and any place.An invasion侵略occurs when one country attacks another.It sends its army to the other country and attempts to take control.One of most famous invasions was when France invaded Russia in 1812.A defensive 防御的war occurs when a country is attacked and needs to defend itself.Most of countries have military so that it can defend itself if it’s attacked.When France invaded Russia in 1812, the Russia army fought a defensive war and defeated the French army.A cell 细胞is the basic unit of life.A cell is smallest structure that can live and reproduce.Cells grow and develop, reproduce and interact with the environment.Photosynthesis光合作用/,foto'sɪnθəsɪs/ was one of most important biological processes.It allows plants to capture and use light as an energy source.Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy into chemical energy.A virus is small biological structure that attacks and enters cells.Once inside a cell, a virus reproduces and makes many copies of itself.Some diseases such influenza /,ɪnflu'ɛnzə/ (流感)are viruses.Bacteria are one-celled forms of life that are all around us.Although they have a single cell structure, they are very important.Many bacteria are inside us and help us digest our food.DNA is a complex molecule that stores information and can make copies of itself.Nearly any cells in a person’s body has the same DNA.The information stored in DNA tells cells what to do and it’s necessary for reproduction.L4 Unit 3-4 dialogue 旅馆更换房间Good evening, sir. How can I help you?Yes, we just check in and our room is unacceptable. It’s room 1810.Is there something wrong with the room?Yes, there certainly is. We requested a non-smoking room but the room smiles of smoke.Let me check. Yes, that room is supposed to be a non-smoking room.Well, somebody certainly doesn’t follow the rules. The current smoke is cigars. We can hardly breath and the windows don’t open.Right, the windows don’t open, sir. I really sorry about this. Let me see if I can find you another room.Yes, please. We certainly can’t stay in that room. Both our kids have asthma哮喘/'æzmə/, so the smell of smoke can cause breathing problems.Yes, I understand your concern. Sir, I’m afraid we don’t have any other rooms with two double beds. If you’ll excuse me, I will speak with my manager.Thank you. We were really tired and we would like to get rest as soon as possible.Yes, I understand. If you don’t mind, could you wait in the lounge 休息室near the elevators? I sh ouldn’t be long. Sure, I hope it doesn’t take time.Good evening, I’m the manager here. I’m sorry to hear about your room.Yes, we are not happy and we were really tired. I hope you can help us.I’m sure we can. Since we don’t have another non-smoking room for you, we will upgrade your suite. Will that be ok?Yes, there will be fine. There is no extra cost, right.No, sir. There would be no extra charge.And it’s non-smoking, right.Yes, sir. I’ve confirmed that is non-smoking.Thanks I really appreciate your help.It’s my pleasure, sir. I hope you and your family have a wonderful stay with us. Here is my card. If there is anything else I can do for you, please let me know.I will. Have a good evening.Thank you, sir. And once again, let me apology for the same inconvenience.。
英语流利说level7-u2-p3文本
Level 7Unit 2Part3Machine intelligence makes human morals more important机器智能使人类道德更重要by Zeynep TufekciSo, I started my first job as a computer programmer in my very first year of college -- basically, as a teenager.所以，我在大学一年级时就开始了我的第一份电脑程序员的工作，基本上是一个十几岁的孩子。
Soon after I started working, writing software in a company, a manager who worked at the company came down to where I was, and he whispered to me, "Can he tell if I'm lying" There was nobody else in the room.我开始工作后不久，在一家公司写软件，一位在公司工作的经理来到我所在的地方，他低声对我说：“他能告诉我我在撒谎吗”房间里没有其他人。
"Can who tell if you're lying And why are we whispering"“谁能告诉我你在撒谎我们为什么要窃窃私语”The manager pointed at the computer in the room. "Can he tell if I'm lying" Well, that manager was having an affair with the receptionist.经理指着房间里的电脑。
“他能告诉我我在撒谎吗”嗯，那个经理和接待员有暧昧关系。
英语流利说懂你英语 Level6 Unit1 Part1 Reading
英语流利说懂你英语Level6 Unit1 Part1 Reading Survival in the OutbackWhat would you do if you ever found yourself lost in the wild? To find out, you can join a weekend survival course in Australia’s Outback Desert. This vast area is famous for its harsh desert climate. To survive, your first task will be to find water, a rare commodity in the desert. Animals such as ants and seed-eating birds are strong indicators of water. You can also cut and suck moisture from the roots and leaves of plants. Trees like the desert oak have roots near the surface. But be careful. The branch es of gum trees are a rich source of water, but the leaves are poisonous, so don’t eat them. The best place to build a shelter is in an area with a least around of sunlight, like between sand dunes or in a trench. To make a trench, dig a hole big enough to lie down in and use the extra sand to create a barrier or wall on each side. This can help to shield you from the glare and scorching heat of the sun. Nights can be cold, so knowing how to make a fire is essential. One way to build a fire is to use the hand drill method. This is one of the oldest and simplest ways to start a fire. It involves rolling a stick between your hands while pressing it onto a notched piece of wood with dry tinder below. The idea is to use friction to create enough heat to ignite the tinder. This can be a lot of work,As for food, you’ll have to be open-minded. Some forms of life can be ugly to look at but can provide you with enough protein to survive. They may even taste good, like scrambled eggs!If you are lost in the desert, your first task will be to find water.如果你发现自己在野外迷路了，你会怎么做？要找到答案，您可以参加澳大利亚内陆沙漠的周末生存课程。
Unit1-Section1教学设计2024-2025学年沪教牛津版英语七年级上册
1.拓展阅读材料：
-《英语日常用语手册》：该手册包含了大量的日常英语问候语和自我介绍的表达方式，适合学生课后阅读和参考。
-《英语发音教程》：选取与Unit1-Section1相关的音标和发音规则部分，帮助学生更深入地理解音标与发音之间的关系。
-《跨文化交际》：节选有关不同文化背景下的问候习惯和交际礼仪的篇章，提高学生的跨文化交际意识。
Unit1-Section1教学设计2024-2025学年沪教牛津版英语七年级上册
授课内容
授课时数
授课班级
授课人数
授课地点
授课时间
教学内容分析
本节课的主要教学内容为沪教牛津版英语七年级上册Unit1-Section1，包括基础知识：字母、音标、常用单词和简单句型；重点词汇：hello, good, morning, afternoon, evening, how, are, you, fine, thank, you, Mr., Miss, name, what's, your；重点句型：How are you? What's your name?等日常问候语。教学内容与学生已有知识的联系在于，学生已在小学阶段学习了基本的英语字母和简单单词，对于日常问候语有一定的了解，本节课将在此基础上，深化学生对英语音标和基础句型的掌握，以及拓展日常交流中常用的问候语和介绍自己的方式，使学生在巩固旧知识的同时，学习新知识，提高英语实际运用能力。
3.网络资源：利用网络资源，如在线英语学习平台和社交媒体，提供额外的学习材料和实践机会。
-推荐适合学生的在线英语学习资源，如英语流利说、BBC Learning English等，拓展学习渠道。
-鼓励学生参与在线英语社区，如Reddit的英语学习板块，与他人交流学习经验，提高语言运用能力。
物理学专业英语
华中师范大学物理学院物理学专业英语仅供内部学习参考！2014一、课程的任务和教学目的通过学习《物理学专业英语》，学生将掌握物理学领域使用频率较高的专业词汇和表达方法，进而具备基本的阅读理解物理学专业文献的能力。
通过分析《物理学专业英语》课程教材中的范文，学生还将从英语角度理解物理学中个学科的研究内容和主要思想，提高学生的专业英语能力和了解物理学研究前沿的能力。
培养专业英语阅读能力，了解科技英语的特点，提高专业外语的阅读质量和阅读速度；掌握一定量的本专业英文词汇，基本达到能够独立完成一般性本专业外文资料的阅读；达到一定的笔译水平。
要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。
要求译文通顺、准确和专业化。
二、课程内容课程内容包括以下章节：物理学、经典力学、热力学、电磁学、光学、原子物理、统计力学、量子力学和狭义相对论三、基本要求1.充分利用课内时间保证充足的阅读量（约1200~1500词/学时），要求正确理解原文。
2.泛读适量课外相关英文读物，要求基本理解原文主要内容。
3.掌握基本专业词汇（不少于200词）。
4.应具有流利阅读、翻译及赏析专业英语文献，并能简单地进行写作的能力。
四、参考书目录1 Physics 物理学 (1)Introduction to physics (1)Classical and modern physics (2)Research fields (4)V ocabulary (7)2 Classical mechanics 经典力学 (10)Introduction (10)Description of classical mechanics (10)Momentum and collisions (14)Angular momentum (15)V ocabulary (16)3 Thermodynamics 热力学 (18)Introduction (18)Laws of thermodynamics (21)System models (22)Thermodynamic processes (27)Scope of thermodynamics (29)V ocabulary (30)4 Electromagnetism 电磁学 (33)Introduction (33)Electrostatics (33)Magnetostatics (35)Electromagnetic induction (40)V ocabulary (43)5 Optics 光学 (45)Introduction (45)Geometrical optics (45)Physical optics (47)Polarization (50)V ocabulary (51)6 Atomic physics 原子物理 (52)Introduction (52)Electronic configuration (52)Excitation and ionization (56)V ocabulary (59)7 Statistical mechanics 统计力学 (60)Overview (60)Fundamentals (60)Statistical ensembles (63)V ocabulary (65)8 Quantum mechanics 量子力学 (67)Introduction (67)Mathematical formulations (68)Quantization (71)Wave-particle duality (72)Quantum entanglement (75)V ocabulary (77)9 Special relativity 狭义相对论 (79)Introduction (79)Relativity of simultaneity (80)Lorentz transformations (80)Time dilation and length contraction (81)Mass-energy equivalence (82)Relativistic energy-momentum relation (86)V ocabulary (89)正文标记说明：蓝色Arial字体（例如energy）：已知的专业词汇蓝色Arial字体加下划线（例如electromagnetism）：新学的专业词汇黑色Times New Roman字体加下划线（例如postulate）：新学的普通词汇1 Physics 物理学1 Physics 物理学Introduction to physicsPhysics is a part of natural philosophy and a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry,and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy.Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.Core theoriesThough physics deals with a wide variety of systems, certain theories are used by all physicists. Each of these theories were experimentally tested numerous times and found correct as an approximation of nature (within a certain domain of validity).For instance, the theory of classical mechanics accurately describes the motion of objects, provided they are much larger than atoms and moving at much less than the speed of light. These theories continue to be areas of active research, and a remarkable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos was discovered in the 20th century, three centuries after the original formulation of classical mechanics by Isaac Newton (1642–1727) 【艾萨克·牛顿】.University PhysicsThese central theories are important tools for research into more specialized topics, and any physicist, regardless of his or her specialization, is expected to be literate in them. These include classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, and special relativity.Classical and modern physicsClassical mechanicsClassical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well-developed before the beginning of the 20th century—classical mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.Classical mechanics is concerned with bodies acted on by forces and bodies in motion and may be divided into statics (study of the forces on a body or bodies at rest), kinematics (study of motion without regard to its causes), and dynamics (study of motion and the forces that affect it); mechanics may also be divided into solid mechanics and fluid mechanics (known together as continuum mechanics), the latter including such branches as hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, and pneumatics.Acoustics is the study of how sound is produced, controlled, transmitted and received. Important modern branches of acoustics include ultrasonics, the study of sound waves of very high frequency beyond the range of human hearing; bioacoustics the physics of animal calls and hearing, and electroacoustics, the manipulation of audible sound waves using electronics.Optics, the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility, e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light.Heat is a form of energy, the internal energy possessed by the particles of which a substance is composed; thermodynamics deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.Electricity and magnetism have been studied as a single branch of physics since the intimate connection between them was discovered in the early 19th century; an electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field induces an electric current. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest, electrodynamics with moving charges, and magnetostatics with magnetic poles at rest.Modern PhysicsClassical physics is generally concerned with matter and energy on the normal scale of1 Physics 物理学observation, while much of modern physics is concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions or on the very large or very small scale.For example, atomic and nuclear physics studies matter on the smallest scale at which chemical elements can be identified.The physics of elementary particles is on an even smaller scale, as it is concerned with the most basic units of matter; this branch of physics is also known as high-energy physics because of the extremely high energies necessary to produce many types of particles in large particle accelerators. On this scale, ordinary, commonsense notions of space, time, matter, and energy are no longer valid.The two chief theories of modern physics present a different picture of the concepts of space, time, and matter from that presented by classical physics.Quantum theory is concerned with the discrete, rather than continuous, nature of many phenomena at the atomic and subatomic level, and with the complementary aspects of particles and waves in the description of such phenomena.The theory of relativity is concerned with the description of phenomena that take place in a frame of reference that is in motion with respect to an observer; the special theory of relativity is concerned with relative uniform motion in a straight line and the general theory of relativity with accelerated motion and its connection with gravitation.Both quantum theory and the theory of relativity find applications in all areas of modern physics.Difference between classical and modern physicsWhile physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability. Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light. Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions.Albert Einstein【阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦】contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with space-time and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light.Max Planck【普朗克】, Erwin Schrödinger【薛定谔】, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales.Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity.General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved space-time, with which highly massiveUniversity Physicssystems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described. General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidate theories of quantum gravity are being developed.Research fieldsContemporary research in physics can be broadly divided into condensed matter physics; atomic, molecular, and optical physics; particle physics; astrophysics; geophysics and biophysics. Some physics departments also support research in Physics education.Since the 20th century, the individual fields of physics have become increasingly specialized, and today most physicists work in a single field for their entire careers. "Universalists" such as Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and Lev Landau (1908–1968)【列夫·朗道】, who worked in multiple fields of physics, are now very rare.Condensed matter physicsCondensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic physical properties of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the "condensed" phases that appear whenever the number of particles in a system is extremely large and the interactions between them are strong.The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the bonding by way of the electromagnetic force between atoms. More exotic condensed phases include the super-fluid and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in certain atomic systems at very low temperature, the superconducting phase exhibited by conduction electrons in certain materials,and the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices.Condensed matter physics is by far the largest field of contemporary physics.Historically, condensed matter physics grew out of solid-state physics, which is now considered one of its main subfields. The term condensed matter physics was apparently coined by Philip Anderson when he renamed his research group—previously solid-state theory—in 1967. In 1978, the Division of Solid State Physics of the American Physical Society was renamed as the Division of Condensed Matter Physics.Condensed matter physics has a large overlap with chemistry, materials science, nanotechnology and engineering.Atomic, molecular and optical physicsAtomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions on the scale of single atoms and molecules.1 Physics 物理学The three areas are grouped together because of their interrelationships, the similarity of methods used, and the commonality of the energy scales that are relevant. All three areas include both classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments; they can treat their subject from a microscopic view (in contrast to a macroscopic view).Atomic physics studies the electron shells of atoms. Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, low-temperature collision dynamics and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics. Atomic physics is influenced by the nucleus (see, e.g., hyperfine splitting), but intra-nuclear phenomena such as fission and fusion are considered part of high-energy physics.Molecular physics focuses on multi-atomic structures and their internal and external interactions with matter and light.Optical physics is distinct from optics in that it tends to focus not on the control of classical light fields by macroscopic objects, but on the fundamental properties of optical fields and their interactions with matter in the microscopic realm.High-energy physics (particle physics) and nuclear physicsParticle physics is the study of the elementary constituents of matter and energy, and the interactions between them.In addition, particle physicists design and develop the high energy accelerators,detectors, and computer programs necessary for this research. The field is also called "high-energy physics" because many elementary particles do not occur naturally, but are created only during high-energy collisions of other particles.Currently, the interactions of elementary particles and fields are described by the Standard Model.●The model accounts for the 12 known particles of matter (quarks and leptons) thatinteract via the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces.●Dynamics are described in terms of matter particles exchanging gauge bosons (gluons,W and Z bosons, and photons, respectively).●The Standard Model also predicts a particle known as the Higgs boson. In July 2012CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, announced the detection of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson.Nuclear Physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology.University PhysicsAstrophysics and Physical CosmologyAstrophysics and astronomy are the application of the theories and methods of physics to the study of stellar structure, stellar evolution, the origin of the solar system, and related problems of cosmology. Because astrophysics is a broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.The discovery by Karl Jansky in 1931 that radio signals were emitted by celestial bodies initiated the science of radio astronomy. Most recently, the frontiers of astronomy have been expanded by space exploration. Perturbations and interference from the earth's atmosphere make space-based observations necessary for infrared, ultraviolet, gamma-ray, and X-ray astronomy.Physical cosmology is the study of the formation and evolution of the universe on its largest scales. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity plays a central role in all modern cosmological theories. In the early 20th century, Hubble's discovery that the universe was expanding, as shown by the Hubble diagram, prompted rival explanations known as the steady state universe and the Big Bang.The Big Bang was confirmed by the success of Big Bang nucleo-synthesis and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background in 1964. The Big Bang model rests on two theoretical pillars: Albert Einstein's general relativity and the cosmological principle (On a sufficiently large scale, the properties of the Universe are the same for all observers). Cosmologists have recently established the ΛCDM model (the standard model of Big Bang cosmology) of the evolution of the universe, which includes cosmic inflation, dark energy and dark matter.Current research frontiersIn condensed matter physics, an important unsolved theoretical problem is that of high-temperature superconductivity. Many condensed matter experiments are aiming to fabricate workable spintronics and quantum computers.In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost among these are indications that neutrinos have non-zero mass. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing solar neutrino problem, and the physics of massive neutrinos remains an area of active theoretical and experimental research. Particle accelerators have begun probing energy scales in the TeV range, in which experimentalists are hoping to find evidence for the super-symmetric particles, after discovery of the Higgs boson.Theoretical attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory1 Physics 物理学of quantum gravity, a program ongoing for over half a century, have not yet been decisively resolved. The current leading candidates are M-theory, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity.Many astronomical and cosmological phenomena have yet to be satisfactorily explained, including the existence of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, the baryon asymmetry, the acceleration of the universe and the anomalous rotation rates of galaxies.Although much progress has been made in high-energy, quantum, and astronomical physics, many everyday phenomena involving complexity, chaos, or turbulence are still poorly understood. Complex problems that seem like they could be solved by a clever application of dynamics and mechanics remain unsolved; examples include the formation of sand-piles, nodes in trickling water, the shape of water droplets, mechanisms of surface tension catastrophes, and self-sorting in shaken heterogeneous collections.These complex phenomena have received growing attention since the 1970s for several reasons, including the availability of modern mathematical methods and computers, which enabled complex systems to be modeled in new ways. Complex physics has become part of increasingly interdisciplinary research, as exemplified by the study of turbulence in aerodynamics and the observation of pattern formation in biological systems.Vocabulary★natural science 自然科学academic disciplines 学科astronomy 天文学in their own right 凭他们本身的实力intersects相交，交叉interdisciplinary交叉学科的，跨学科的★quantum 量子的theoretical breakthroughs 理论突破★electromagnetism 电磁学dramatically显著地★thermodynamics热力学★calculus微积分validity★classical mechanics 经典力学chaos 混沌literate 学者★quantum mechanics量子力学★thermodynamics and statistical mechanics热力学与统计物理★special relativity狭义相对论is concerned with 关注，讨论，考虑acoustics 声学★optics 光学statics静力学at rest 静息kinematics运动学★dynamics动力学ultrasonics超声学manipulation 操作，处理，使用University Physicsinfrared红外ultraviolet紫外radiation辐射reflection 反射refraction 折射★interference 干涉★diffraction 衍射dispersion散射★polarization 极化，偏振internal energy 内能Electricity电性Magnetism 磁性intimate 亲密的induces 诱导，感应scale尺度★elementary particles基本粒子★high-energy physics 高能物理particle accelerators 粒子加速器valid 有效的，正当的★discrete离散的continuous 连续的complementary 互补的★frame of reference 参照系★the special theory of relativity 狭义相对论★general theory of relativity 广义相对论gravitation 重力，万有引力explicit 详细的，清楚的★quantum field theory 量子场论★condensed matter physics凝聚态物理astrophysics天体物理geophysics地球物理Universalist博学多才者★Macroscopic宏观Exotic奇异的★Superconducting 超导Ferromagnetic铁磁质Antiferromagnetic 反铁磁质★Spin自旋Lattice 晶格，点阵，网格★Society社会，学会★microscopic微观的hyperfine splitting超精细分裂fission分裂，裂变fusion熔合，聚变constituents成分，组分accelerators加速器detectors 检测器★quarks夸克lepton 轻子gauge bosons规范玻色子gluons胶子★Higgs boson希格斯玻色子CERN欧洲核子研究中心★Magnetic Resonance Imaging磁共振成像，核磁共振ion implantation 离子注入radiocarbon dating放射性碳年代测定法geology地质学archaeology考古学stellar 恒星cosmology宇宙论celestial bodies 天体Hubble diagram 哈勃图Rival竞争的★Big Bang大爆炸nucleo-synthesis核聚合，核合成pillar支柱cosmological principle宇宙学原理ΛCDM modelΛ-冷暗物质模型cosmic inflation宇宙膨胀1 Physics 物理学fabricate制造，建造spintronics自旋电子元件，自旋电子学★neutrinos 中微子superstring 超弦baryon重子turbulence湍流，扰动，骚动catastrophes突变，灾变，灾难heterogeneous collections异质性集合pattern formation模式形成University Physics2 Classical mechanics 经典力学IntroductionIn physics, classical mechanics is one of the two major sub-fields of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces. The study of the motion of bodies is an ancient one, making classical mechanics one of the oldest and largest subjects in science, engineering and technology.Classical mechanics describes the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. Besides this, many specializations within the subject deal with gases, liquids, solids, and other specific sub-topics.Classical mechanics provides extremely accurate results as long as the domain of study is restricted to large objects and the speeds involved do not approach the speed of light. When the objects being dealt with become sufficiently small, it becomes necessary to introduce the other major sub-field of mechanics, quantum mechanics, which reconciles the macroscopic laws of physics with the atomic nature of matter and handles the wave–particle duality of atoms and molecules. In the case of high velocity objects approaching the speed of light, classical mechanics is enhanced by special relativity. General relativity unifies special relativity with Newton's law of universal gravitation, allowing physicists to handle gravitation at a deeper level.The initial stage in the development of classical mechanics is often referred to as Newtonian mechanics, and is associated with the physical concepts employed by and the mathematical methods invented by Newton himself, in parallel with Leibniz【莱布尼兹】, and others.Later, more abstract and general methods were developed, leading to reformulations of classical mechanics known as Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. These advances were largely made in the 18th and 19th centuries, and they extend substantially beyond Newton's work, particularly through their use of analytical mechanics. Ultimately, the mathematics developed for these were central to the creation of quantum mechanics.Description of classical mechanicsThe following introduces the basic concepts of classical mechanics. For simplicity, it often2 Classical mechanics 经典力学models real-world objects as point particles, objects with negligible size. The motion of a point particle is characterized by a small number of parameters: its position, mass, and the forces applied to it.In reality, the kind of objects that classical mechanics can describe always have a non-zero size. (The physics of very small particles, such as the electron, is more accurately described by quantum mechanics). Objects with non-zero size have more complicated behavior than hypothetical point particles, because of the additional degrees of freedom—for example, a baseball can spin while it is moving. However, the results for point particles can be used to study such objects by treating them as composite objects, made up of a large number of interacting point particles. The center of mass of a composite object behaves like a point particle.Classical mechanics uses common-sense notions of how matter and forces exist and interact. It assumes that matter and energy have definite, knowable attributes such as where an object is in space and its speed. It also assumes that objects may be directly influenced only by their immediate surroundings, known as the principle of locality.In quantum mechanics objects may have unknowable position or velocity, or instantaneously interact with other objects at a distance.Position and its derivativesThe position of a point particle is defined with respect to an arbitrary fixed reference point, O, in space, usually accompanied by a coordinate system, with the reference point located at the origin of the coordinate system. It is defined as the vector r from O to the particle.In general, the point particle need not be stationary relative to O, so r is a function of t, the time elapsed since an arbitrary initial time.In pre-Einstein relativity (known as Galilean relativity), time is considered an absolute, i.e., the time interval between any given pair of events is the same for all observers. In addition to relying on absolute time, classical mechanics assumes Euclidean geometry for the structure of space.Velocity and speedThe velocity, or the rate of change of position with time, is defined as the derivative of the position with respect to time. In classical mechanics, velocities are directly additive and subtractive as vector quantities; they must be dealt with using vector analysis.When both objects are moving in the same direction, the difference can be given in terms of speed only by ignoring direction.University PhysicsAccelerationThe acceleration , or rate of change of velocity, is the derivative of the velocity with respect to time (the second derivative of the position with respect to time).Acceleration can arise from a change with time of the magnitude of the velocity or of the direction of the velocity or both . If only the magnitude v of the velocity decreases, this is sometimes referred to as deceleration , but generally any change in the velocity with time, including deceleration, is simply referred to as acceleration.Inertial frames of referenceWhile the position and velocity and acceleration of a particle can be referred to any observer in any state of motion, classical mechanics assumes the existence of a special family of reference frames in terms of which the mechanical laws of nature take a comparatively simple form. These special reference frames are called inertial frames .An inertial frame is such that when an object without any force interactions (an idealized situation) is viewed from it, it appears either to be at rest or in a state of uniform motion in a straight line. This is the fundamental definition of an inertial frame. They are characterized by the requirement that all forces entering the observer's physical laws originate in identifiable sources (charges, gravitational bodies, and so forth).A non-inertial reference frame is one accelerating with respect to an inertial one, and in such a non-inertial frame a particle is subject to acceleration by fictitious forces that enter the equations of motion solely as a result of its accelerated motion, and do not originate in identifiable sources. These fictitious forces are in addition to the real forces recognized in an inertial frame.A key concept of inertial frames is the method for identifying them. For practical purposes, reference frames that are un-accelerated with respect to the distant stars are regarded as good approximations to inertial frames.Forces; Newton's second lawNewton was the first to mathematically express the relationship between force and momentum . Some physicists interpret Newton's second law of motion as a definition of force and mass, while others consider it a fundamental postulate, a law of nature. Either interpretation has the same mathematical consequences, historically known as "Newton's Second Law":a m t v m t p F ===d )(d d dThe quantity m v is called the (canonical ) momentum . The net force on a particle is thus equal to rate of change of momentum of the particle with time.So long as the force acting on a particle is known, Newton's second law is sufficient to。
(懂你英语)英语流利说 Level3 Unit2 Part1(完整版)
Level3.Unit2 Part1作者：Ding MingListening: States of Matter物质状态Matter is made of atoms and molecules.Water, for example, is the H2O molecule.This means that a molecule of water has 3 atoms.这意味着水分子有3个原子。
A water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.Substances like sugar have many atoms in their molecules.A molecule of sugar has many atoms, including carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Matter is made of molecules, such as H2O, which is the water molecule.Matter can be one of three states, solid, liquid or gas.Water and ice are the same substance, but they are in different states.These states depend on the temperature of the molecules.When we heat a substance, the molecules move faster and try to take up more space. When we cool a substance, the molecules move more slowly.When we cool a substance to its freezing point, it becomes a solid.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------In a solid, the molecules move very little.Their positions are almost fixed.To be fixed means that their positions don’t change.If we heat the molecules, they move faster and away from each other.The solid begins to melt, like ice cream on a hot day.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------At a certain temperature, a solid begins to change into a liquid.The temperature at which a solid change into a liquid depends on the substance.For water, the solid begins to change into a liquid when its temperature rises to about 0 degree Celsius.For some substances, such as steel, the temperature at which it becomes a liquid is much higher.对于某些物质,如钢,它变成液体的温度要高得多。
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Level3-Unit1-Part1Listening: An Unusual DayKathy usually gets up at 6:30, but this morning she didn’t hear her alarm.As a result, she overslept.She didn’t get up until 7:00, 30 minutes later than usual.As a result, she didn’t have time to cook breakfast for her children.Today Kathy and her kids left home early.They usually leave home at 7:30, but today they left at7:15.They left early because they had to buy breakfast on their way to school.It usually takes 45 minutes to drive her kids to school, but today it took longer.It took them longer because they stopped for breakfast along the way.It took 15 minutes for them to have breakfast.They ate at a little coffee shop along the side of the road.After eating breakfast, they got back into their car.On most days, the traffic isn’t too bad in the morning.But this morning, it was much worse than usual.The cars were moving very slowly.As a result, it took them longer than usual to get to school.One of her children got to school on time, but the other two were late.They were late because their schools are farther away.They were both about 10 minutes late to school.When Kathy finally got home, she cleaned her house as usual.She vacuumed (/'vækjʊəm/用真空吸尘器清扫) the living room and cleaned the bathroom. Then she talked with her friend on the phone as usual.When she finished talking with her friend, she got into her car.She put the key into the ignition (/ɪɡ'nɪʃən/发火装置) and tried to start the engine.But her car’s engine didn’t start.Her car battery was dead, so she had to call for help.After getting a new battery for her car, the engine started.Then Kathy drove to the mall to meet her friend.She arrived at the mall an hour late, but her friend was waiting for her.They had lunch together, and then they went shopping.They both bought new shoes and some things for their kids.Kathy bought a new tie for her husband.It’s now 3 o’clock, and everything is going as usual.Kathy doesn’t want anything else to go wrong.She wants the rest of the day to go as usual.She doesn’t want any more surprises.And tomorrow, she won’t oversleep.She never wants to oversleep again.Listening: Bus ScheduleHere is a bus schedule at a bus stop.On most days, the buses come on schedule, but sometimes they don’t.Yesterday, for example, several buses were late.This is because the traffic yesterday was much heavier than usual.Bus No.38 was supposed to come at 8:40, but it was 5minutes late.It didn’t come until 8:45.Bus N0.60 was supposed to come at 8:30.But yesterday it didn’t come until 8:40.It was 10 minutes late.Not one bus came early.As a result of the delays, one man got on the wrong bus.He wanted to go to the airport, so he wanted to get onBus No.38.He expected it to come at 8:40.Instead, he got on Bus No.60, which came at 8:40.He didn’t notice that it was the wrong bus.It didn’t go to the airport.As a result, he missed his flight.Vocabulary: Activities & FoodWeddings are where two people get married.This man and woman are getting married.The building in the middle is an office building.Many people come to work here during the week.These people are at a dance party.The woman in the green dress is dancing with her boyfriend.These two people are meeting for the first time.They are shaking hands.This young boy is brushing his teeth.He brushes his teeth several times a day.Candies and cakes are sweet because they are made with lots of sugar.Eating too many sweets isn’t good for your teeth.Lemons and grapefruit (/ˈɡrepˌfrut/西柚) taste a little sour, so some people don’t like them.Some sour tasting foods have a lot of vitamin (/'vaɪtəmɪn/维生素) C.These red peppers (/'pɛpɚ/辣椒) are very hot and spicy.Eating hot or spicy food raises (/rez/增加) body temperature, so don’t eat them before going to bed. These foods are deep-fried (油炸) and greasy (/'grisi/含脂肪过多的).Greasy foods have a lot of calories (/'kæləri/卡路里), so don’t eat them if you want to lose weight. Healthy foods are usually natural and don’t include dangerous chemicals (/'kɛmɪkl/化学药品). Fruits and vegetables are examples of healthy foods.Vocabulary: Spatial (/'speʃl/空间的) RelationsThe triangle (/'traɪæŋɡl/三角形) is inside the square.The square is around the triangle.The triangle is inside the circle.The circle is around the triangle.The square is inside the triangle.The triangle is around the square.The circle is between two small squares.There’s a square on either side of the circle.The circle is on the left of a rectangle (/'rɛktæŋɡl/长方形).The rectangle is on the right of the circle.Dialogue: Meeting at the AirportW: Hey, where are you? I don’t see you anywhere.M: I’m on the subway.W: My flight arrived early, and I’m tired.M: I’m sorry to be late. I’ll be there as fast as I can.W: Where are you now?M: There are three more stops. I’ll be there in ten minutes.W: I’ll meet you at the bus stop in front of terminal (/'tɝmɪnl/终点) 2. Then we can get a taxi. M: Ok. I’ll look for you in front of terminal 2. See you soon.Dialogue: Staying up LateLisa: What’s the matter Tom?Tom: I don’t feel well.Lisa: Are you sick?Tom: No, I don’t think so. I’m just tired.Lisa: Didn’t you get enough sleep?Tom: No, I didn’t. I went to bed later than usual last night.Lisa: What time did you go to bed?Tom: I didn’t go to bed until 12:00.Lisa: Why did you stay up so late?Tom: I was watching some videos on line.Lisa: What kind of videos?Tom: Music videos from all over the world.Lisa: Really?Tom: Sure, I’ll send you some links if you like.Lisa: Thanks, I like music videos too. They are really fun.Tom: Just don’t stay up too late.Lisa: Don’t worry, I won’t stay up too late. I need my sleep.。