高考化学方程式大全

高中化学方程式总结第一部分金属一、碱金属1.钠Na4Na+O2＝2Na2O2Na+O2点燃Na2O2Cl2+2Na点燃2NaCl2Na+S＝Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O＝2NaOH+H2↑2Na+H2△2NaH2Na+2NH3＝2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)＝4NaCl+Ti Na2ONa2O+H2O＝2NaOH2Na2O+O2△2Na2O2Na2O+SO3＝Na2SO4Na2O+CO2＝Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl＝2NaCl+H2ONa2O2+2Na＝2Na2O（此反应用于制备Na2O）2Na2O2+2H2O＝4NaOH+O2↑(此反应分两步Na2O2+2H2O＝2NaOH+H2O2；2H2O2＝2H2O+O2↑。

H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应)2Na2O2+2CO2＝2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀)＝Na2SO4+H2O2NaHNaH+H2O＝NaOH+H2↑NaOH2NaOH+Si+H2O＝Na2SiO3+2H2↑6NaOH+3S △2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O2NaOH+2Al+2H2O＝2NaAlO2+3H2↑2NaOH(过量)+CO2＝Na2CO3+H2ONaOH+CO2(过量)＝NaHCO32NaOH+SiO2＝Na2SiO3+H2O（常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃）2NaOH+Al2O3＝2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2＝NaCl+NaClO+H2O NaOH+HCl＝NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S(足量)＝NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)＝Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3＝Al(OH)3↓+3NaClNaOH+Al(OH)3＝NaAlO2+2H2ONaOH+NH4Cl△NaCl+NH3↑+H2O2NaOH+P2O5＝2NaPO3+H2O6NaOH+P2O5＝2Na3PO3+3H2ONaAlO22NaAlO2+CO2+3H2O＝2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO33NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O＝4Al(OH)3↓NaCl、NaClO、NaBr、NaINaCl+H2SO4(浓)△NaHSO4+HCl↑H2SO4(浓)+2NaCl Na2SO4+2HCl2NaI+Cl2＝2NaCl+I2NaBr+H3PO4(浓)＝NaH2PO4+HBrNaI+H3PO4(浓)＝NaH2PO4+HINa2CO3、NaHCO3Na2CO3+SiO2高温Na2SiO3+CO2Na2CO3+HCl＝NaHCO3+NaClNaHCO3+HCl＝NaCl+H2O+CO23Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O＝2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl 3Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O＝2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl 3NaHCO3+AlCl3＝Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑3NaHCO3+FeCl3＝Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑NaHCO3+HCl＝NaCl+CO2↑+H2O2NaHCO3△Na2CO3+CO2↑+H2O3Na2CO3+2Br2+H2O＝2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2↑NaHCO3+Br2＝NaBr+HBrO+CO2↑NaNO3、NaNO22NaNO3△2+O2↑H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3△NaHSO4+HNO3↑KClO3+6HCl=KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2ONaNO 2+NH 4Cl ＝NaCl+N 2↑+2H 2O Na 3PO 4、NaH 2PO 4、Na 2HPO 4 Na 3PO 4+HCl ＝Na 2HPO 4+NaCl Na 2HPO 4+HCl ＝NaH 2PO 4+NaCl NaH 2PO 4+HCl ＝H 3PO 4+NaCl Na 2S 、NaHS Na 2S+Cl 2＝2NaCl+S ↓3Na 2S+8HNO 3(稀)＝6NaNO 3+2NO+3S ↓+4H 2O 3Na 2S+Al 2(SO 4)3+6H 2O ＝2Al(OH)3↓+3H 2S ↑ Na 2SO 4、Na 2SO 3、Na 2S2O 33Na 2SO 3+2HNO 3(稀)＝3Na 2SO 4+2NO ↑+H 2O 2Na 2SO 3+O 2＝2Na 2SO 4Na 2S 2O 3+H 2SO 4＝Na 2SO 4+S+SO 2+H 2O Na 2SO 3+SO 2+H 2O ＝2NaHSO 32NaHSO 3 △2SO 3+SO 2↑+H 2O Na 2SiO 3Na 2SiO 3+2HCl ＝H 2SiO 3↓+2NaCl C 6H 5ONaC 6H 5ONa+CO 2+H 2O ＝C 6H 5OH+NaHCO 32.钾 K K+O 2△22K+2H 2O ＝2KOH+H 2↑ K 2O 、K 2O 2 K 2O+H 2O ＝2KOH K 2O+CO 2＝K 2CO 3 2K 2O 2+2CO 2＝K 2CO 3+O 2 2K 2O 2+2H 2O ＝4KOH+O 2 KOH2KOH+CO 2＝K 2CO 3+H 2O KOH+CO 2＝KHCO 3 K 2CO 3K 2CO 3+2HCl ＝2KCl+CO 2↑+H 2O K 2CO 3+CaCl 2＝CaCO 3↓+2KC K 2CO 3+2AgNO 3＝Ag 2CO 3↓+2KNO 3 KHCO 3 KHCO 3+HCl ＝KCl+CO 2↑+H 2O 2KHCO 3 △K 2CO 3+CO 2↑+H 2OKClO 3 2KClO 3△2KCl+3O 2↑KClO 3+6HCl ＝KCl+3Cl 2↑+3H 2OKClO 3+5KCl+3H 2SO 4＝3Cl 2↑+3K 2SO 4+3H 2O KI2KI+Cl 2＝2KCl+I 2 KI+AgNO 3＝AgI ↓+KNO 3 KAl(SO 4)22KAl(SO 4)2+6NaOH ＝K 2SO 4+3Na 2SO 4+2Al(OH)3↓ 2KAl(SO 4)2+3Ba(OH)2＝K 2SO 4+3BaSO 4↓+2Al(OH)3↓KAl(SO 4)2+2Ba(OH)2＝KAlO 2+2BaSO 4↓ KSCN3KSCN+FeCl 3＝Fe(SCN)3+3KCl KHKH+H 2O ＝KOH+H 2↑3.锂 LiLi+O 2△2O2Li+2H 2O ＝2LiOH+H 2↑ Li 2OLi 2O+CO 2＝Li 2CO 3 Li 2O+H 2O ＝2LiOH LiOH2LiOH+CO 2＝Li 2CO 3↓+H 2O LiOH+CO 2＝LiHCO 3 Li 2CO 3Li 2CO 3+2HCl ＝2LiCl+CO 2↑+H 2O LiHCO 3LiHCO 3+HCl ＝LiCl+CO 2↑+H 2O 2LiHCO 3△Li 2CO 3+CO 2↑+H 2O二、常见金属 1.镁 Mg 2Mg+O 2点燃2MgOMg+2H 2O ＝2Mg(OH)2↓+H 2↑Mg+Cl 2 点燃MgCl 2 2Mg+CO 2 点燃2MgO+C Mg+S ＝MgSMg+Br 2＝MgBr 2 3Mg+N 2＝Mg 3N 2Mg+2HCl ＝MgCl 2+H 2↑ Mg+H 2SO 4＝MgSO 4+H 2↑ 2Mg+TiCl 4(熔融)＝Ti+2MgCl 2 Mg+2RbCl(熔融)＝MgCl 2+2Rb MgOMgO+2HCl＝MgCl2+H2OMgO+H2O＝Mg(OH)2↓Mg(OH)2Mg(OH)2+2HCl＝MgCl2+2H2O MgCO3MgCO3+2HCl＝2MgCl2+CO2↑+H2OMgCO3+2H2O △2↓+CO2↑MgCO3△2↑+MgOMg(HCO3)2Mg(HCO3)2+2HCl＝MgCl2+2CO2↑+2H2O2Mg(HCO3)2△Mg(OH)2↓+CO2↑+H2OMgSO4MgSO4+Ba(OH)2＝Mg(OH)2↓+BaSO4↓MgSO4+2NaOH＝Mg(OH)2↓+Na2SO4↓Mg3N2Mg3N2+8H2O＝3Mg(OH)2+2NH3·H2O 2.铝AlAl+3O2点燃2Al2O32Al+3S △Al2S32Al+3Cl2△2AlCl34Al+3MnO2高温2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3高温Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3高温Al2O3+2Fe（铝热反应）2Al+3FeO △Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl＝2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4＝Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)△Al2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2OAl+4HNO3(稀)＝Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O（Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化）2Al+2NaOH+2H2O＝2NaAlO2+3H2↑Al2O3、Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2SO4＝Al2(SO4)3+3H2O（Al2O3是两性氧化物）Al2O3+2NaOH＝2NaAlO2+H2O2Al(OH)3△Al2O3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HCl＝AlCl3+3H2O2Al(OH)3+3H2SO4＝Al2(SO4)3+6H2O Al(OH)3+NaOH＝NaAlO2+2H2O铝盐AlCl3+3NaOH＝Al(OH)3↓+3NaCl AlCl3+3NH3·H2O＝Al(OH)3↓+3NH4Cl2AlCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O＝2Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl AlCl3+3NaHCO3＝Al(OH)3↓+3CO2↑AlCl3+3NaAlO2+6H2O＝4Al(OH)3↓Al2(SO4)3+3Na2S+6H2O＝2Al(OH)3↓+3H2S↑Al4C3+12H2O＝4Al(OH)3↓+3CH4↑3.铁Fe2Fe+3Cl2点燃2FeCl33Fe+2O2点燃Fe3O4Fe+S△FeS2Fe+3Br2＝2FeBr3Fe+I2△2Fe+S△FeS3Fe+4H2O(g)高温Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl＝FeCl2+H2↑Fe+CuCl2＝FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4＝FeCl2+SnCl2Fe+H2S＝FeS+H2↑2Fe+6H2SO4(浓)＝Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2↑+6H2OFe+H2SO4(稀)＝FeSO4+H2↑Fe+6HNO3＝Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2OFe+4HNO3＝Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O8Fe+30HNO3＝8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑+15H2O10Fe+36HNO3＝10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O8Fe+30HNO3＝8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFe+(CH3COO)2Cu＝Cu+(CH3COO)2FeFeO3FeO+2Al△Al2O3+3Fe6FeO+O2△2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3＝Fe(NO3)3+NO2↑+2H2OFe2O3Fe2O3+2Al高温Al2O3+2FeFe2O3+3CO△2Fe+3CO2Fe2O3+3H2＝2Fe+3H2O（制还原铁粉）Fe2O3+6HCl＝2FeCl3+3H2OFe3O4Fe3O4+4H2△2OFe3O4+8HCl(浓)△FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe(OH)2、Fe(OH)34Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O＝4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3△Fe2O3+3H2OFeCl22FeCl2+Cl2＝2FeCl3FeCl2+Mg＝Fe+MgCl2FeCl32FeCl3+Fe＝3FeCl22FeCl3+Cu＝2FeCl2+CuCl2（用于雕刻印刷电路板）2FeCl3+H2SO3+H2O＝H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl2FeCl3+Zn＝2FeCl2+ZnCl22FeCl3+H2S＝2FeCl2+2HCl+S↓2FeCl3+2KI＝2FeCl2+2KCl+I2FeCl3+3NH3·H2O＝Fe(OH)3↓+3NH4Cl 2FeCl3+3Na2CO3+3H2O＝2Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑+6NaCl FeCl3+3NaHCO3＝Fe(OH)3↓+3CO2↑2FeCl3+SO2+2H2O＝2FeCl2+H2SO4+2HClBaCl2+H2SO4＝BaSO4↓+2HClFeCl3+3KSCN＝Fe(SCN)3+3KClFeSFeS+2HCl＝FeCl2+H2S↑FeS+H2SO4＝FeSO4+H2S↑4FeS2+11O2＝2Fe2O2+8SO2H2FeO44H2FeO4+2H2O＝4Fe(OH)3+3O2↑4Na2FeO4+10H2O＝4Fe(OH)3+3O2↑+8NaOH2Fe(OH)3+3NaClO+4NaOH＝2Na2FeO4+3NaCl+5H2O Fe2O3+3Na2O2＝2Na2FeO4+Na2O其它Fe化合物Fe2(SO4)3+2Ag＝FeSO4+Ag2SO4（较难反应）Fe3C+22HNO3＝3Fe(NO3)3+CO2+13NO2+11H2O三、其他金属1.锰KMnO42KMnO4△K2MnO4+MnO2+O2↑2KMnO4+16HCl＝2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O2KMnO4+5H2O2+6HCl＝2KCl+2MnCl2+5O2↑+8H2O 2KMnO4+5KNO3+3H2SO4＝2MnSO4+K2SO4+5KNO3+ 2H2PMnO2MnO2+4HCl(浓)△MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O2.铜Cu2Cu+O2△2CuO2Cu+S △Cu2SCu+Cl2CuCl2CH4+4CuO＝4Cu+CO2+2H2O3CuO+2NH3△3Cu+N2+3H2OCuO+2HCl＝CuCl2+H2OCuO+H2SO4＝CuSO4+H2OCu(OH)2+2HCl＝CuCl2+2H2O Cu(OH)2+H2SO4＝CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2△2OCuCl2+H2S＝CuS↓+2HCl CuCl2+2NaOH＝Cu(OH)2↓+2NaClCuSO4+H2S＝CuS↓+H2SO4CuSO4+2NaOH＝Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4CuSO4+Ba(OH)2＝Cu(OH)2↓+BaSO4↓3.钙CaCaO+H2O＝Ca(OH)2CaO+SiO2高温CaSiO32Ca(OH)2+2Cl2＝CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2OCa(OH)2+SO3＝CaSO4+H2OCaCO3+2HNO3＝Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑（用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2等还原性气体）CaCO3+SiO2高温CaSiO3+CO2↑CaF2+H2SO4(浓)＝CaSO4+2HF↑Ca3(PO4)2+3H2SO4(浓)＝3CaSO4+2H3PO4Ca3(PO4)2+2H2SO4(浓)＝2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2Ca3(PO4)2+4H3PO4＝3Ca(H2PO4)2（重钙）CaH2+2H2O＝Ca(OH)2+2H2↑4.钡BaBa(OH)2+CO2＝BaCO3↓+H2OBa(OH)2+2CO2(过量)＝Ba(HCO3)2Ba(OH)2+H2SO4＝BaSO4↓+2H2O3Ba(OH)2+2H3PO3＝Ba3(PO4)2↓+6H2O BaCl2+H2SO4＝BaSO4↓+2HClBaCl2+Na2SO4＝BaSO4↓+2NaCl BaCO3+2HCl＝BaCl2+CO2↑+H2O BaCO3+2HNO3＝Ba(NO3)2+CO2↑+H2O BaO2+H2SO4(稀)＝BaSO4↓+H2O2) 5.铅Pb、PbO2Pb+2HCl＝PbCl2+H2↑PbO2+4HCl(浓)△PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O铅盐Pb(NO 3)2+H2S＝PbS↓+2HNO3(CH3COO)2Pb+H2S=PbS↓+CH3COOH 6.锌ZnZn+S △ZnSZn+2HCl＝ZnCl2+H2↑Zn+H2SO4＝ZnSO4+H2↑Zn+2NaOH＝Na2ZnO2+H2↑Zn+2FeCl3＝2FeCl2+ZnCl2 As2O3+6Zn+12HCl＝2AsH3↑+6ZnCl2+3H2O ZnOZnO+2HCl＝ZnCl2+H2OZnO+2NaOH＝Na2ZnO2+H2OZn(OH)2Zn(OH)2+2HCl＝ZnCl2+2H2OZn(OH)2+2NaOH＝Na2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH)2+4NH3·H2O＝Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2O Zn(OH)2△ZnO+H2O7.铍BeBe+2HCl＝BaCl2+H2↑Be+2NaOH＝Na2BO2+H2↑BeCl2+2NaOH＝Be(OH)2↓+2H2OBe(OH)2+2HCl＝BeCl2+2H2OBe(OH)2+2NaOH＝Na2BO2+2H2O8.汞Hg3Hg+8HNO3(稀)＝3Hg(NO3)2+2NO2↑+4H2O Hg+4HNO3(浓)＝Hg(NO3)2+2NO2↑+2H2第二部分卤族元素、氮族元素一、卤族元素1.氟F2F2+H2＝2HF2F2+2H2O＝4HF+O2HF4HF+SiO2＝SiF4+2H2O2.氯Cl2Cl2+H2＝2HCl（光照或点燃）Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl53Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+Cu CuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2＝2FeCl32Cl2+2NaBr＝2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2KI＝2KCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O＝2HIO3+10HCl Cl2+Na2S＝2NaCl+S↓Cl2+H2S＝2HCl+S↓Cl2+SO2+2H2O＝H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2SO3+H2O＝H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2O＝HCl+HClOCl2+H2O2＝2HCl+O2Cl2+2NaOH＝NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2＝CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热、浓)＝5KCl+KClO3+3H2O HCl6HCl+2Al＝2AlCl3+3H2↑2HCl+Fe＝FeCl2+H2↑4HCl(浓)+MnO2△MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2△2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4＝2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O 14HCl+K2Cr2O7＝2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O HCl+NH3＝NH4Cl（白烟）2HCl+FeO＝FeCl2+3H2O6HCl+Fe2O3＝2FeCl3+3H2O8HCl(浓)+Fe3O4△FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O HCl+Na3PO4＝Na2HPO4+NaClHCl+Na2HPO4＝NaH2PO4+NaClHCl+NaH2PO4＝H3PO4+NaCl HCl+Na2CO3＝NaHCO3+NaCl HCl+NaHCO3＝NaCl+H2O+CO2 HClOHClO=HCl+O2↑3.溴Br2Br2+H 2△2HBrBr2+Fe＝FeBr3Br2+2FeBr2＝2FeBr3Br2+NaI＝NaBr+I2Br2+HI＝HBr+I2Br2+H2O＝HBr+HBrOBr2+NaOH＝NaBr+NaBrO+H2O Br2+SO2+2H2O＝H2SO4+2HBr Br2+H2S＝S↓+2HBr2Br2+3Na2CO3+H2O＝2NaHCO3+2NaBrO+2NaBr+CO2↑HBrHBr+NaOH＝NaBr+H2O2HBr+Cl2＝2HCl+Br24.碘I2I2+H22HII2+Fe FeI2I2+2NaOH＝NaI+NaIO+H2OHI2HI△H2+I22HI+Cl2＝2HCl+I2HI+NaOH＝NaI+H2O二、氮族元素1.氮N2N2+3H2 2NH3N2+O22NON2+3Mg点燃Mg3N2N2+6Na＝2Na3NNO、NO2、N2O52NO+O2＝2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH＝2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2）6NO+4NH3催化剂△5N2+6H2ONO2+2KI+H2O＝NO+I2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2）4NO2+H2S＝4NO+SO3+H2ONO2+SO2＝SO3+NO3NO2+H2O＝2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O＝2HNO3HNO33HNO3+Ag3PO4＝H3PO4+3AgNO3Al+4HNO3(稀)＝Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3+4H2O＝6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO↑4HNO3(浓)+C △2↑+4NO2↑+2H2O2HNO3+CaCO3＝Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2↑6HNO3+Fe＝Fe(NO3)3+3NO2↑+3H2O 4HNO3+Fe＝Fe(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe＝8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O↑+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe＝10Fe(NO3)3+3N2↑+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe＝8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2OFeO+4HNO3＝Fe(NO3)3+NO2↑+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀) 3S↓+2NO+4H2O4HNO3＝4NO2+O2+2H2O（见光或受热分解）NH3+HNO3＝NH4NO3（白烟）（用HNO3和浓H2SO4不能制备H2S、HI、HBr、SO2）3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)＝6NaNO3+2NO+3S↓+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)＝3Na2SO4+2NO↑+H2O3Cu2S+22HNO3＝6Cu(NO3)2+10NO↑+3H2SO4+8H2O5HNO3(浓)+P＝H3PO4+5NO2↑+H2OP4+20HNO3(浓)＝4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OS+6HNO3(浓)＝H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)＝3SO2↑+4NO↑+2H2OS+6HNO3(浓)＝H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2O3As2S3+28HNO3(稀)+4H2O＝6H3AsO4+9H2SO4+28NO ↑As2S3+28HNO3(浓)＝2H3AsO4+3H2SO4+28NO2↑+8H2ONH32NH3+3CuO△3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2＝N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2＝N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧)点燃2N2+6H2O催化剂高温、高压4NH 3+5O 2 催化剂△4NO+6H 2O4NH 3+6NO 催化剂△5N 2+6HO （用氨清除NO ）NH 3+HCl ＝NH 4Cl （白烟） NH 3+HNO 3＝NH 4NO 3（白烟） 2NH 3+H 2SO 4＝(NH 4)2SO 4NH 3+NaCl+H 2O+CO 2＝NaHCO 3↓+NH 4Cl （侯氏制碱法）2NH 3+SO 2+H 2O ＝(NH 4)2SO 3 NH 3·H 2O △NH 3↑+H 2O NH 3+H 2ONH 3·H 2ONH 4++OH -NH 4HCO 3、(NH 4)2CO 3 NH 4HCO 3＝NH 3+H 2O+CO 2 (NH 4)2CO 3＝2NH 3↑+H 2O+CO 2↑ NH 4ClNH 4Cl ＝NH 3+HCl 2NH 4Cl+Ca(OH)2 △CaCl 2+NH 3↑+H 2ONH 4Cl+NaOH△NaCl+NH 3↑+H 2ONH 4Cl+NaOH ＝NaCl+NH 3·H 2O NH 4NO 3NH 4NO 3+NaOH==NaNO 3+NH 3·H 2O NH 4NO 3+NaOH △NaNO 3+NH 3↑+H 2O 5NH 4NO 32HNO 3+4N 2↑+9H 2O (NH 4)2SO 3、(NH 4)2SO 4 (NH 4)2SO 3+SO 2+H 2O ＝2NH 4HSO 3(NH 4)2SO 4+2NaOH ＝Na 2SO 4+2NH 3·H 2O (NH 4)2SO 4+2NaOH △2SO 4+2NH 3↑+2H 2O2.磷 P 2P+3Cl 2点燃2PCl 3 PCl 3+Cl 2 △PCl 5P 4+6H 2 △4PH 34P+5O 2点燃P 4O 10（常写成P 2O 5）P 4+20HNO 3(浓)＝4H 3PO 4+20NO 2+4H 2O 11P+15CuSO 4+24H 2O ＝5Cu 3P+6H 3PO 4+15H 2SO 4 PH 3+2O 2＝H 3PO 4 P 2O 3、P 2O 5、P 4S 3 P 2O 5+H 2O(冷)＝2HPO 3P 2O 5+3H 2O(热)＝2H 3PO 4（P 2O 5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂）P 2O 5+3H 2SO 4(浓)＝2H 3PO 4+3SO 3P 2O 5+2NaOH ＝2NaPO 3+H 2O P 2O 5+6NaOH ＝2Na 3PO 3+3H 2OP 4S 3+38HNO 3+8H 2O ＝9H 2SO 4+12H 3PO 4+38NO ↑ H 3PO 44H 3PO 4+Ca 3(PO 4)2＝3Ca(H 2PO 4)2 H 3PO 4(浓)+NaBr ＝NaH 2PO 4+HBr H 3PO 4(浓)+NaI ＝NaH 2PO 4+HI第三部分 碳族元素、氧族元素一、碳族元素1.碳 CC+2F 2＝CF 4C+2Cl 2＝CCl 42C+O 2(少量) 点燃2CO C+O 2(足量) 点燃CO 2 C+CO 2△2COC+H 2O高温CO+H 2（生成水煤气）2C+SiO 2 △Si+2CO （制得粗硅） C+Si△SiC （金刚砂） C+2S△23C+CaO电炉CaC 2+CO ↑ 3C+SiO 2电炉SiC+2CO ↑C+2H 2SO 4(浓)△CO 2↑+2SO 2↑+2H 2OC+4HNO 3(浓) △CO 2↑+4NO 2↑+2H 2OCO 2CO+O 2点燃2CO 2 CO+CuO△Cu+CO 23CO+Fe 2O 3△2Fe+3CO 2CO+H 2O 催化剂△ CO 2+H 2CO 2 CO 2+2Mg点燃2MgO+CCO 2+H 2O ＝H 2CO 3CO 2+2NaOH(过量)＝Na 2CO 3+H 2O CO 2(过量)+NaOH ＝NaHCO 3 CO 2+Ca(OH)2(过量)＝CaCO 3↓+H 2O 2CO 2(过量)+Ca(OH)2＝Ca(HCO 3)2CO 2+2NaAlO 2+3H 2O ＝2Al(OH)3↓+Na 2CO 3 CO 2+C 6H 5ONa+H 2O ＝C 6H 5OH+NaHCO 3 CO 2+Na 2O ＝Na 2CO 32CO 2+2Na 2O 2＝2Na 2CO 3+O 2CO 2+NH 3+NaCl+H 2O ＝NaHCO 3↓+NH 4Cl （侯氏制碱法）H 2CO 3H 2CO 3＝CO 2↑+H 2O 2.硅 Si Si(粗)+2Cl 2 △SiCl 4SiCl 4+2H 2 △Si(纯)+4HClSi(粉)+O 2 △SiO 2Si+C△SiC （金刚砂）Si+2NaOH+H 2O ＝Na 2SiO 3+2H 2 SiO 2 2C+SiO 2 △Si+2CO 3C+SiO 2电炉SiC+2CO ↑ 2Mg+SiO 2点燃2MgO+Si4HF+SiO 2＝SiF 4+2H 2O SiO 2+2H 2△Si+2H 2O SiO 2+2Mg△2MgO+Si SiO 2+CaO高温CaSiO 3SiO 2+2NaOH ＝Na 2SiO 3+H 2O （常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃）SiO 2+Na 2CO 3 高温Na 2SiO 3+CO 2SiO 2+CaCO 3 高温CaSiO 3+CO 2 2NaOH+SiO 2＝Na 2SiO 3+H 2O 二、氧族元素1.氧 O 2 O 2+2H 2点燃2H 2OO 2+K△KO 22O 2+3Fe点燃Fe 3O 4 O 2+S 点燃 SO 2 O 2+N 22NO 3O 22O 34P+5O 2点燃2P 2O 5C+O 2(足量)点燃CO 2Si+O 2△24Na+O 2＝2Na 2O 2Na 2O+O 2△2Na 2O 22Na+O 2＝Na 2O 22Mg+O 2 点燃2MgO 4Al+3O 2 点燃2Al 2O 3 4NH 3+5O 2 催化剂△ 4NO+6H 2O2SO 2+O 2△2SO 3 2CO+O 2点燃2CO 26FeO+O 2 △2Fe 3O 4 2H 2SO 3+O 2＝2H 2SO 44Fe(OH)2+O 2+2H 2O ＝4Fe(OH)3 2Na 2SO 3+O 2＝2Na 2SO 4 O 32O 3＝3O 2O 3+2HI ＝＝I 2+O 2+H 2OH 2O2F 2+2H 2O ＝4HF+O 2 Cl 2+H 2O ＝HCl+HClO 2Na+2H 2O ＝2NaOH+H 2↑ Mg+2H 2O ＝Mg(OH)2+H 2↑3Fe+4H 2O(g) 高温Fe 3O 4+4H 2 2H 2O 电解 2H 2↑+O 2 SO 2+H 2O ＝H 2SO 3 SO 3+H 2O ＝H 2SO 4 3NO 2+H 2O ＝2HNO 3+NO N 2O 5+H 2O ＝2HNO 3 P 2O 5+H 2O(冷)＝2HPO 3 P 2O 5+3H 2O(热)＝2H 3PO 4 CO 2+H 2O ＝H 2CO 3 H 2O 22H 2O 2＝2H 2O+O 2↑ H 2O 2+Cl 2＝2HCl+O 25H 2O 2+2KMnO 4+6HCl ＝2MnCl 2+2KCl+5O 2↑+8H 2O 2.硫 SS+H 2 △2S 2S+C △2S+Fe△FeS S+2Cu△Cu 2S 3S+2Al△2S 3S+Zn △ZnSS+O 2 点燃SO 2S+6HNO 3(浓)＝H 2SO 4+6NO 2↑+2H 2O 3S+4HNO 3(稀)＝3SO 2↑+4NO ↑+2H 2O 3S+6NaOH △2Na 2S+Na 2SO 3+3H 2O S+2Na ＝Na 2S(爆炸) S+Mg ＝MgSS+Fe △FeSS+2H 2SO 4(浓)＝3SO 2↑+2H 2O SO 2SO 2+2H 2S ＝3S+2H 2O 2SO 2+O 22SO 32SO 2+O 2+2H 2O ＝2H 2SO 4 SO 2+Cl 2+2H 2O ＝H 2SO 4+2HCl SO 2+Br 2+2H 2O ＝H 2SO 4+2HBr SO 2+I 2+2H 2O ＝H 2SO 4+2HI SO 2+NO 2＝SO 3+NO SO 2+2H 2S ＝3S+2H 2O SO 2+H 2O ＝H 2SO 3SO 2+2NH 3+H 2O ＝(NH 4)2SO 3 SO 2+(NH 4)2SO 3+H 2O ＝2NH 4HSO 3 SO 2+Ca(OH)2＝CaSO 3↓+H 2O（不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO 2和CO 2.可用品红鉴别） 2NaOH+SO 2(少量)＝Na 2SO 3+H 2O NaOH+SO 2(足量)＝NaHSO 3 Cl 2+SO 2+2H 2O ＝H 2SO 4+2HCl SO 3SO 3+H 2O ＝H 2SO 4 SO 3+MgO ＝MgSO 4 SO 3+Ca(OH)2＝CaSO 4+H 2O SO 3+Na 2O ＝Na 2SO 4 SO 3+2KI ＝K 2SO 3+I 2 H 2SH 2S+Cl 2＝2HCl+S ↓ H 2S+Mg ＝MgS+H 22H 2S+3O 2(足量)＝2SO 2+2H 2O 2H 2S+O 2(少量)＝2S+2H 2O 2H 2S+SO 2＝3S+2H 2OH 2S+H 2SO 4(浓)＝S ↓+SO 2+2H 2O H 2S △H 2+S3H 2S+2HNO 3(稀)＝3S ↓+2NO+4H 2O5H 2S+2KMnO 4+3H 2SO 4＝2MnSO 4+K 2SO 4+5S+8H 2O 3H 2S+K 2Cr 2O 7+4H 2SO 4＝Cr 2(SO 4)3+K 2SO 4+3S+7H 2O H 2S+4Na 2O 2+2H 2O ＝Na 2SO 4+6NaOH H 2S+Fe ＝FeS+H 2↑ H 2S+CuCl 2＝CuS ↓+2HCl H 2S+2AgNO 3＝Ag 2S ↓+2HNO 3 H 2S+HgCl 2＝HgS ↓+2HCl H 2S+Pb(NO 3)2＝PbS ↓+2HNO 3 H 2S+4NO 2＝4NO+SO 3+H 2O H 2SO 3H 2SO 3+X 2+H 2O ＝H 2SO 4+2HX （X 表示Cl 2、Br 2、I 2） 2H 2SO 3+O 2＝2H 2SO 4 H 2SO 3+H 2O 2＝H 2SO 4+H 2O5H 2SO 3+2KMnO 4＝2MnSO 4+K 2SO 4+2H 2SO 4+3H 2O H 2SO 3+2FeCl 3+H 2O ＝H 2SO 4+2FeCl 2+2HCl H 2SO 3＝H 2O+SO 2↑ 2H 2SO 3+2H 2S ＝3S ↓+2H 2O H 2SO 4Zn+H 2SO 4＝ZnSO 4+H 2↑ Fe+H 2SO 4＝FeSO 4+H 2↑ Mg+H 2SO 4＝MgSO 4+H 2↑2Al+3H 2SO 4＝Al 2(SO 4)3+3H 2↑2Al+6H 2SO 4(浓) △Al 2(SO 4)3+3SO 2↑+6H 2O 2NH 3+H 2SO 4＝(NH 4)2SO 4 2Al+6H 2SO 4(浓)△Al 2(SO 4)3+3SO 2↑+6H 2OH 2S+H 2SO 4(浓)＝S ↓+SO 2+2H 2O P 2O 5+3H 2SO 4(浓)＝2H 3PO 4+3SO 3 BaO 2+H 2SO 4(稀)＝BaSO 4+H 2O 2) Na 2O 2+H 2SO 4(冷、稀)＝Na 2SO 4+H 2O 2 MgO+H 2SO 4＝MgSO 4+H 2O Al 2O 3+3H 2SO 4＝Al 2(SO 4)3+3H 2O 2H 2SO 4(浓)+C△CO 2↑+2SO 2↑+2H 2O2H 2SO 4(浓)+S ＝3SO 2↑+2H 2O6H 2SO 4(浓)+2Fe ＝Fe 2(SO 4)3+3SO 2↑+6H 2O 2H 2SO 4(浓)+Cu△CuSO 4+SO 2↑+2H 2O H 2SO 4(浓)+2HBr △SO 2+Br 2+2H 2OH 2SO 4(浓)+2HI△SO 2+I 2+2H 2OH 2SO 4(浓)+CaF 2＝CaSO 4+2HF ↑ H 2SO 4(浓)+NaCl△NaHSO 4+HCl ↑H 2SO 4(浓)+2NaCl Na 2SO 4+2HClH 2SO 4(浓)+NaNO 3△NaHSO 4+HNO 3↑3H 2SO 4(浓)+Ca 3(PO 4)2＝3CaSO 4+2H 3PO 4△2H 2SO 4(浓)+Ca 3(PO 4)2＝2CaSO 4+C a (H 2PO 4)2第四部分 有机反应一、烃 1.甲烷甲烷的制取：CH 3COONa+NaOH Na 2CO 3+CH 4↑ 烷烃通式：C n H 2n -2（1）氧化反应 甲烷的燃烧：CH 4+2O 2 CO 2+2H 2O 甲烷不可使酸性高锰酸钾溶液及溴水褪色。