员工激励的文献综述外文翻译

合集下载

外文文献翻译企业核心员工激励

外文文献原文+译文原文The research of enterprise core staff incentiveMarkus HAbstractEconomic globalization gradually, the modern enterprise is facing more and more fierce market competition, the competition is the core of enterprise talent competition. As the employees of the enterprise, the core employees because of their master professional skills, in the management, controlling and utilizing the dominant position of other resources, become the key to gain a competitive edge. And how to effectively motivate the core staff, to cope with the increasingly fierce external competition has become a modern enterprise is facing a big problem.Key words: Enterprise core staff; Incentives; The psychological contract1 IntroductionIn the global competition of the knowledge economy era, the enterprise's survival and the sustainable growth depends fundamentally on enterprise's competitive advantage, and the modern enterprise's human resources is its unique value, scarcity and difficult to imitation characteristics become an important part of enterprise core competitiveness. The core employees as the owner of the key knowledge and skills, is a major creator of enterprise value, is also the source of enterprise gain competitive advantage. The effect of the core staff can be fully play to a large extent determines the rise and fall success or failure of the enterprise, and how to effective incentive is the core staff is the enterprise human resources management must be part of the work. In the increasingly fierce war for talent in the new economic era, the world within the scope of the enterprise are facing an important and headaches, namely core staffs loss problem. How to establish and perfect the policy system of favorable to arousing the initiative of enterprise core staff, retain and use good enterprise core staff, fully tap the potential construction enterprise own core competitiveness, is a need to actively explore and strive to solve the problem.2 Literature reviewScholars have the general research of enterprise employees incentive is more, and the study of enterprise core staff incentive is relatively small, they in this aspect research focus mainly on how to retain core employees, scholars to business success in keeping key employees are studied on the basis of the fact, puts forward some practical methods and countermeasures. Management guru Peter ducker put knowledge staff is defined as: "those who master and use symbols and concepts, use knowledge or information to the people who work". He describes the characteristics of knowledge workers in two ways: first, they may be due to bad mood productivity. Second, they are not employees but volunteers, although they also get the corresponding reward. He pointed out that the main cause of knowledge worker productivity is low is failed to define knowledge worker's own work. Education is the responsibility of knowledge workers, and others in the enterprise into a Learning organization, Learning organization) first before going to be a type of Teaching organization (would organization).Knowledge workers have to clear the information he needed. Therefore, must be the same as volunteers rather than employees to manage them. Although the core staff and knowledge workers are not the same concept, but there are many commonalities between the two. David Park and Scott a. spell from the perspective of enterprise development strategy, a combination of transaction cost economics theory, human capital theory and strategic management theory, human capital in the enterprise employment model on the basis of core employees has been studied. They think: human capital is the key of enterprise competitive advantage resources, and the core of the enterprise staff in the organization's unique technology, is to organize the source of competitive advantage. Lose loss of core staff will lead to organization capital, and increase the inside of the core staff employed to enhance the value of organizational creativity. Therefore, the organization should pay attention to cultivating the core staff loyalty, by increasing the investment in this part of the employees, allowing them to participate in decision-making and motivation to contribute to the organization.And scholars mainly from the core staff loss such as Bevan losses to the enterprise, the reasons of the loss of core staff, and retain the core staff and theenterprise strategy and so on were studied. They put forward the core employee retention strategy mainly includes: provide training and development opportunities for the core staff improve the manager's management style, flexibility, let the core employees in company profits, etc. Cloth lanham that retain the core staff strategy focused on four key points: first, as people are willing to work for the company. Second, we should choose good talent. Third, let employees have a good start. Fourth, use methods such as guidance and rewards to keep staff loyalty. He also provides many excels in human resources management of the company's actual case studies, such as HP, Cisco and star bucks, lists many of these companies specific incentives, for many managers in keeping enterprise core talents provides certain help and reference. Beverly kay and Sharon Jordan stressed that retain the core staff refers to not only stop the outflow, at the same time to make them more "into" and "work". He pointed out that in addition to a reasonable remuneration, in reality the core employees also expect a challenging and meaningful work, learning and development opportunities, friendly colleagues, hope to get recognition and respect, still hope to have a good manager can affect these aspects. In addition, he also for managers and human resource workers put forward the strategy of the 26 effective to retain core employees. Knowledge management expert Dr Han tan's core staff incentive factors is proposed. Motivate the core staff, he thought, the first four factors are: personal growth 43%, 13% work independent, business achievement of 5%, 7% money wealth. So on the core staff incentive, not with money is given priority to, and should be given priority to with development and growth. Axe, a world famous management consulting co., LTD cooperate with Australian institute of management research after three years of research, for Australia, the United States, Japan's industries, 858 employees (including 160 knowledge workers) listed after analyzing the knowledge staff incentive factors.3 Related theories3.1 Enterprise core staffAt the university of Maryland and David Scott from the perspective of enterprise development strategy, the theory of transaction cost economics theory, human capitaland strategic management theory, put forward to build organizational strategic mixed employment model of human capital theory of human capital. The human capital in the organization can accord the value of "human capital" and "the uniqueness of human capital" dual dimension is divided into four types. Among them, the human capital has the high value and is unique staff can be called the core staff.The core employees of enterprises can be roughly divided into three categories: the first category, the core staff with professional skills, this kind of core employees mainly owns a business or professional skills in the field of talent on one hand, its working relationship with the normal operation of the enterprise. The second category, the core staff with a broad range of external relations, this type of employees needed to have the business relationship with extensive external resources, is the enterprise bridge of communication with outside organizations, such as sales of key personnel and business personnel, enterprises need through their access to the required resources and product output. Third class, has the core staff management skills, this kind of staff is mainly to help enterprises to resist risk management, save administrative costs, its performance is closely related to the development of the enterprise quality. Of course, the enterprise managers in determining the enterprise core staff, the company should pay attention to combining with the specific development status and trend of the enterprise external environment and attention should be paid to the determination of core employees should be along with the development of the enterprise and the market changes constantly, dynamic adjustment and optimization.3.2 Incentive theoryMotivation is a general term, is widely used for driving force, wishes, needs, wishes and similar forces of the whole class. In management, incentives is by some means or methods for organization members in a state of excitement and tension, positive action, and pay more time and energy, to achieve the organization's desired goal. Since the beginning of the 20th century, many management scientists, psychologists and sociologists have been studied from different angles on people implement effective incentive problems, and put forward many good incentive theory. According to the core of the incentive problem research, can reduce incentive theoryand divided into content motivation theory, process motivation theory, strengthening the incentive theory and comprehensive incentive theory etc.3.3 The psychological contract theoryPsychological Contract (The Psychological Contract) and been translated into The Psychological Contract, The current in The field of psychology research there are a lot of different understanding and explanation, has not yet formed a very authoritative and unified concept. Levinson regarded the concept of "psychological contract" as a kind of no written contract. According to Levinson's point of view, "psychological contract" relations between the employers and employees in the organization and the employee agree beforehand good implicit didn't say it to each other with their respective various expectations. Some expectations in consciousness clear (such as wages), and some expectation on the consciousness is vague, such as long-term expectations of promotion, etc.Famous American management psychologist cover (e. h. Stein) professor, psychological contract is "between the individual will be dedicated and desires to obtain, and the organization for personal expectations and provide a kind of coordination with the". It is not a tangible contract, but it does play a tangible contract again. Robinson (Robinson), and other people will be psychological contract is defined as between individuals and organizations, a certain period of time, certain circumstances a personal belief within the scope of the mutual expectations. That is to say, in the research of psychological contract is an expect of each other between people and organizations, as well as in different periods and different situations exist specifically belongs to the expectations of the faith, emphasizes the psychological contract is a kind of two levels of the each other between individuals and organizations. Above all, "psychological contract" to each other in the employment of the parties shall employ what should be a kind of subjective psychological agreement at the same time, the key components of convention is to employ the implicit unwritten mutual responsibility. This article USES the concept of "psychological contract", emphasizes the psychological contract of employees, namely from the perspective of employees unilateral responsibility and the responsibility of theemployees of the organization.文献出处：Markus H. The research of enterprise core staff incentive [J]. Across the Disciplines, 2016, 4(3):31-41.译文企业核心员工激励研究Markus H摘要经济全球化进程逐步推进，现代企业面临着越来越激烈的市场竞争，而竞争的核心是企业人才实力的竞争。

员工激励机制外文文献翻译

员工激励机制外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Public Personnel Management, 12(2):159-166.原文Performance Appraisal as a Guide for Training and Development: A Research Note on the Iowa Performance Evaluation SystemDennis DaleyIowa State UniversityThis paper examines one facet of performance appraisal-its use as a guide for the drafting of employee training and development plans. The scope is limited in that it excludes any consideration as to whether these plans are actually implemented. Our interest focuses only on the extent to which supervisors endeavor to assist employees in correcting or overcoming weaknesses and in enhancing or developing perceived strengths. The findings reported here are based on a 1981 monitoring of the performance appraisal system used by the State of Iowa.As civil service reform has been instituted in one jurisdiction after another in order to further assure objective, performance based personnel practices, performance appraisal has emerged as one of the key issues in the personnel management of the 1980s. This heightened sense of importance and seriousness has, in turn, led to a renewed interest in the study of the actual workings of performance appraisal systems.The uses to which performance appraisal can be put are myriad. The recent Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 serves as a model in this respect. Here we find enunciated what may be taken as the typical orientation toward the uses of performance appraisal, recommending that personnel managers and supervisors "use the results of performance appraisal as. a basis for training, rewarding, reassigning, promoting, reducing in grade, retaining, and removing employees." Performance appraisal systems can also serve to validate personnel testing and selection procedures, although such systems are themselves also subject to affirmative action validation requirements.The economic recessions of the 1970s and 1980s have placed significant restraints on these uses, however. The imposition of hiring freezes, the diminishment of promotional opportunities, the advent of reductions-in-force, and the near abandonment of merit pay provisions by financially strapped governmental entities have contributed to the loss of enthusiasm for performance appraisal in many quarters. Under such circumstances, performance appraisal一limited in its use to the more negative functions of employee evaluation-takes on the dreaded image ascribed to them by Douglas McGregor (1957).In their search to salvage something positive from amidst these circumstances personnel specialists have alighted upon the use of performance appraisal as a guide for employee training and development. This offers them the opportunity of providing public employees with a service that employees view as beneficial. Although public employees have shown little confidence in specific performance appraisal systems or in the managerial abilities of those responsible for their implementation (McGregor, 1957; Levinson, 1976; Nalbandian,1981), they have tended to demonstrate a more favorable attitude when the purpose of performance appraisal has been perceived to be employee development (Decotiis and Petit, 1978;Cascio, 1982).This, of course, still poses a significant problem to a multipurpose system such as that found in the State of Iowa. Disenchantment or distrust with one aspect of the performance appraisal system may significantly contribute to the weakening of the entire evaluation system.THE IOWA PERFORMANCE EV ALUATION SYSTEMIn all public service systems employees are evaluated periodically; most often this is done informally. The introduction of formal systems of performance appraisal, usually in addition to continued informal assessment, is a relatively recent event. Formal systems of performance appraisal are designed to provide a systematic and objective measure of individual job performance and/or potential for development.Although the use of formal performance appraisal in Iowa can be traced back at least to the early 1950s (limited, for the most part, to such rudimentary methods as the essay or graphic rating scale), these occurred within a fragmented setting. Individualdepartments and agencies retained descretion over the choice of such personnel practices until well into the 1960s.Under Governor Harold Hughes (1963一1969) a number of efforts were undertaken to strengthen the executive. Among these reforms was the creation of the State Merit System of Personnel Administration, administered by the Iowa Merit Employment Department, in 1967. Even so, there were numerous exemptions limiting the extent of its coverage, both in terms of separate merit systems outside its jurisdiction and of patronage appointments.The executive reform movement was continued throughout the lengthy service of Governor Robert Ray (1969-1983). Strong executive support was placed behind the development of the personnel system. Governor Ray unsuccessfully advocated expanding the IMED jurisdiction through the elimination of the existing coverage exemptions and by integrating the separate merit systems into an executive personnel department. Notwithstanding the somewhat 1imited success of recent Iowa governors, the basis for a professionalized public service was established during those years.One reflection of this basis is the fact that the use of a statewide appraisal-by-objectives system was inaugurated in 1977. The implementation of this system followed the introduction of the management-by-objectives concept among a number of the larger state agencies. Since appraisal-by-objectives is a specific application or extension of the MBO approach, it was felt that by this means executive support for performance appraisal could be more readily obtained. It is known, of course, that the lack of managerial support is a significant contributing factor in the failure of many performance appraisal systems.The Iowa performance evaluation system is an ideal-typical descriptive example of the appraisal-by-objectives technique. The introduction of this approach in 1977 was accompained by a series of training sessions (Burke, 1977) and supported with supervisory and employee handbooks. However, training for new supervisors and periodic "refresher courses" appear to have been given a low priority in Iowa, as is generally the case in public sector personnel systems. Iowa's use of appraisal-by-objectives is designed as a participatory system. Employee participationis a hallmark found among most modern management approaches and has been linked to successful public sector performance appraisal systems (Lovrich, et al，1981).The Iowa performance evaluation process is initiated with joint completion of "Section A: Responsibilities and Standards/Results Expected" (also referred to as the "job description") by the supervisor and employee. This is the first of three sections included in the performance appraisal form/process. Section A is completed at the beginning of the annual appraisal period while sections B and C are written up at its conclusion. The employee is to be given prior notice of the conference and supplied copies of previous evaluation for use as guides.Eight to ten major responsibilities (four to five is the norm) are to be selected and，written down in a results-oriented format with specific standards by which the achievement of these results are to be measured. These individual responsibilities are weighted through the use of an additive formula which factors in the time spent on each task and the evaluation of its importance or the consequence of error (a five point Likert-type scale is used for both). The overall employee rating is the weighted average of these individual responsibility ratings(also based on a five point scale).In the event that these responsibilities need to be subject to modification due to changing circumstances, a new Section A would be prepared by the supervisor and employee. During the course of the evaluation period the supervisor is also encouraged to use a "critical incident" approach. Both formal (with written copy inserted into the employee's file) and informal communications between employees and supervisors are encouraged. For negative incidents it is important that a record of corrective action be documented; employees must be notified if they are doing something wrong and the supervision must indicate how they can correct their behavior.At the end of the evaluation period, again following advanced notice, the employee and supervisor meet to discuss the employee's job performance in light of the responsibilities outlined in the employee's Section A. Worksheets are used at this meeting with a formal evaluation prepared only afterward. At this appraisal interview the supervisor discusses "SectionB: Performance Review/Rating" with the employee.Employees are also given the opportunity to formally comment on the final evaluation form. Historically only five percent do so,of which under two percent can be classified as negative comments."Section C: Summary of Total Job Performance and Future Performance Plans" is also completed at this time. Basically, this is an essay evaluation. The supervisor is provided the opportunity to list the employee's "areas of strength and those "areas needing improvement." In the latter instances "training and developmental plans" for correcting these are supposed to be filed.DATA COLLECTIONIn conjunction with its implementation efforts the Iowa Merit Employment Department engaged in a two-year monitoring of its appraisal-by-objectives evaluation system. The results of this monitoring project, involving the sampling of performance appraisals submitted in between July 1978 and December 1979, were reported to state officials in January 1980.The first monitoring project led to a number of minor changes in the performance evaluation system. For most part these modifications represented "word changes;" e.g., instead of list ing” employee weaknesses," "areas needing improvement" were prescribed.This study is based on the results of a second monitoring project conducted by the IMED. The questions addressed in this study were, in part, raised by the first monitoring project. While the first monitoring focused primarily on the basic or general implementation of the performance evaluation system (i.e., was there compliance with the mandated requirements?), the second is more concerned with how well it is working. The format used here is that of "action research" or "troubleshooting" (Starling, 1979, pp. 495一514; Rossi and Freeman, 1982). IMED staff served as judges who assessed the qualitative aspects of performance appraisals.A stratified approach to sampling was employed in order to assure that sufficient supervisory, professional and managerial appraisals were included. The resultant data base consisted of 535 performance appraisals submitted between July and December of 1981.DATA ANALYSISThe primary results assessing how well Iowa's performance appraisal system is working are reported elsewhere (Daley, 1983). This paper focuses only on those aspects related to the specification of training and development plans.Because Iowa employs a multipurpose approach in the use of performance appraisals it is hardly surprising that there are many instances, 43 percent of those monitored, in which no training and development are specified. This, however, poses the task of somehow separating the cases in which training plans should most definitely be present.A supervisor may choose to list training and development plans for three reasons. First,unrelated to any individual strengths or weaknesses, he may choose to use this performance appraisal section as a memo or reminder of a training activity which all employees are routinely given. The inclusion of such activities in an "official" performance appraisal may serve to provide added political weight in order to insure their being performed; it is all to easy amidst the pressing, day-to-day concerns of administrative firefighting to let training and development activities slide off the edge.Second, supervisors may choose to promote employee development. They may either pickup on some strength an individual already possesses or for which he may have an aptitude and attempt to polish, refine, or enhance those skills. While this is not an automatic relationship, not all "strengths" would require additional or follow-up training, it is important for both organizational and individual well-being. Obviously, such activities benefit the organization by increasing its administrative or technical capacity. One can also expect that the individual employee benefits through material rewards and/or enhanced self-esteem. As such, this represents one of the positive uses to which performance appraisal can be put. Hence, it has an added importance.Finally, training plans should be specified in those instances in which a supervisor notes that an employee "needs improvement." As such remarks may become the basis for an adverse personnel action (reassignment, reduction in grade, removal, etc.) it is legally incumbent that the state demonstrate that it has made a good faith effort to correct such deficienties. Due process demands that public employeesnot be dealt with a "star chamber" fashion. An employee cannot be expected to correct inadequate work behaviors if he is neither told that they are inadequate nor, it told, not instructed or assisted in how to correct them. In monitoring Iowa's performance appraisals room was allowed to record up to three "strengths" and "areas needing improvement" for each employee. Supervisors tended to list employee strengths twice as often as they detailed areas needing improvement (1223 to 506),and as one would expect there is a pronounced tendency to note both strengths and areas needing improvement vis-a-vis individual employees (58 percent of the monitored appraisals combine both strengths and areas needing improvement).A count of the number of listed strengths and areas needing improvement was made use of (zero to three for each variable) in analyzing this data. While this fails to measure the importance or significance of each strength or area needing improvement, it was felt that in some way the number of such instances would be related to or a rough indicator of the overall seriousness underlying the specification or training plans (i.e., as the number of instances increased so would the need for a training plan to be specified).Furthermore, training plans were judged not only as to their existence but also as to whether they were deemed to represent a "poor" or "good" relationship between the plan and the listed strengths and areas needing improvement. The nature of this relationship may also be interpreted in terms of partial or full compliance. "Good" plans would be seen as following-up on the listed strengths and/or areas needing improvement and, hence, as complying with the personnel system's intention to use performance appraisals as a guide for training and development.In addition to the above analysis the count of strengths and areas needing improvement were also compared to the rounded performance ratings given to each individual. It was felt that there should be evidence here, too, albeit tangential in nature, of a relationship; those employees garnering more mentions of strengths and/or of fewer areas needing improvement should possess higher ratings.中文译文绩效考核为导向的培训和发展: 在爱荷华州的绩效评估系统的研究报告丹尼斯·戴利爱荷华州立大学本文探讨的是一个方面的性能评估的使用作为一个指南起草员工培训和发展计划。

员工激励的著作文献

员工激励的著作文献英文回答：The Significance of Employee Motivation in the Workplace.Employee motivation plays a crucial role in shaping the success of an organization. It directly impacts employee productivity, engagement, and retention, which in turn influences the overall organizational performance. Various theories and models have been developed over the years to understand and enhance employee motivation. Here are some notable works that have significantly contributed to this field of study:1. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Proposed by psychologist Abraham Maslow, this theory suggests that human needs follow a hierarchical order, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization. As individuals fulfill their lower-level needs, they become motivated topursue higher-level ones.2. Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory: Psychologist Frederick Herzberg distinguished between hygiene factors (related to job dissatisfaction) and motivators (related to job satisfaction). Hygiene factors include salary, working conditions, and company policies, while motivators encompass achievement, recognition, and personal growth.3. Vroom's Expectancy Theory: Developed by Victor Vroom, this theory posits that motivation is influenced by an individual's beliefs about the relationship between effort, performance, and rewards. When employees perceive a clear link between their efforts and desired outcomes, they are more likely to be motivated.4. Equity Theory: Proposed by J. Stacey Adams, this theory suggests that employees are motivated to maintain a fair balance between their inputs (effort, skills, experience) and outcomes (rewards, recognition). Employees who perceive inequity may experience dissatisfaction and reduced motivation.5. Goal-Setting Theory: This theory emphasizes the importance of setting specific, challenging, and achievable goals. When employees have clear goals and feedback ontheir progress, they are more likely to be motivated and engaged in their work.6. Reinforcement Theory: Based on principles of operant conditioning, this theory states that positive reinforcement (rewards) and negative reinforcement (avoiding punishments) can shape behavior. Managers can use reinforcement techniques to encourage desired behaviors and increase employee motivation.7. Self-Determination Theory: Developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, this theory focuses on the intrinsic motivation that arises from satisfying the needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. When these needs are fulfilled, employees experience greater motivation andwell-being.中文回答：员工激励著作文献。

股权激励外文文献【中英对照】

外文文献原文The Diffusion of Equity Incentive Plans in Italian Listed Companies 1.INTRODUCTIONPast studies have brought to light the dissimilarities in the pay packages of managers in Anglo-Saxon countries as compared with other nations (e.g., Bebchuk, Fried and Walker, 2002; Chefﬁns and Thomas, 2004; Zattoni, 2007). In the UK and, above all in the US, remuneration encompasses a variety of components, and short and long term variable pay carries more weight than elsewhere (Conyon and Murphy, 2000). In other countries, however, fixed wages have always been the main ingredient in top managers’ pay schemes. Over time, variable short-term pay has become more substantial and the impact of fringe benefits has gradually grown. Notwithstanding, incentives linked to reaching medium to long-term company goals have never been widely used (Towers Perrin, 2000).In recent years, however, pay packages of managers have undergone an appreciable change as variable pay has increased considerably, even outside the US and the UK. In particular, managers in most countries have experienced an increase in the variable pay related to long-term goals. Within the context of this general trend toward medium and long-term incentives, there is a pronounced tendency to adopt plans involving stocks or stock options (Towers Perrin, 2000; 2005). The drivers of the diffusion of long term incentive plans seem to be some recent changes in the institutional and market environment at the local and global levels. Particularly important triggers of the convergence toward the US pay paradigm are both market oriented drivers, such as the evolving share ownership patterns or the internationalization of the labor market, and law-oriented drivers, such as corporate or tax regulation (Chefﬁns and Thomas, 2004). Driven by these changes in the institutional and market environment, we observe a global trend toward the “Americanization of international pay practices,〞characterized by high incentives and very lucrative compensation mechanisms (e.g., Chefﬁns, 2003; Chefﬁns andThomas, 2004).Ironically, the spread of the US pay paradigm around the world happens when it is hotly debated at home. In particular, the critics are concerned with both the level of executive compensation packages and the use of equity incentive plans (Chefﬁns and Thomas, 2004). Critics stressed that US top managers, and particularly the CEOs, receive very lucrative compensation packages. The ’80s and ’90s saw an increa sing disparity between CEO’s pay and that of rank-and-ﬁle workers. Thanks to this effect, their direct compensation has become a hundred times that of an average employee (Hall and Liebman, 1998). The main determinants of the increasing level of CEOs’ and executives’ compensation are annual bonuses and, above all, stock option grants (Conyon and Murphy, 2000). Stock option plans have recently been criticized by scholars and public opinion because they characteristically are too generous and symptomatic of a managerial extraction of the firm’s value (Bebchuk et al., 2002; Bebchuk and Fried, 2006).In light of these recent events and of the increased tendency to adopt equity incentive plans, this paper aims at understanding the reasons behind the dissemination of stock option and stock granting plans outside the US and the UK.The choice to investigate this phenomenon in Italy relies on the following arguments. First, the large majority of previous studies analyze the evolution of executive compensation and equity incentive plans in the US and, to a smaller extent, in the UK. Second, ownership structure and governance practices in continental European countries are substantially different from the ones in Anglo-Saxon countries. Third, continental European countries, and Italy in particular, almost ignored the use of these instruments until the end of the ’90s.Our goal is to compare the explanatory power of three competing views on the diffusion of equity incentive plans: 1) the optimal contracting view, which states that compensation packages are designed to minimize agency costs between managers and shareholders (Jensen and Murphy, 1990); 2) the rent extraction view, which states that powerful insiders may influence the pay process for their own benefit (Bebchuk et al., 2002); and 3) the perceived-cost view (Hall and Murphy, 2003), which states thatcompanies may favor some compensation schemes for their (supposed or real)cost advantages.To this purpose, we conducted an empirical study on the reasons why Italian listed companies adopted equity incentive plans since the end of the ’90s. To gain a deep understanding of the phenomenon, we collected data and information both on the evolution of the national institutional environment in the last decade and on the diffusion and the characteristics (i.e., technical aspects and objectives) of equity incentive plans adopted by Italian listed companies in 1999 and 2005. We used both logit models and difference-of-means statistical techniques to analyze data. Our results show that: 1) firm size, and not its ownership structure, is a determinant of the adoption of these instruments; 2) these plans are not extensively used to extract company value, although a few cases suggest this possibility; and 3) plans’ characteristics are consistent with the ones defined by tax law to receive special fiscal treatment.Our findings contribute to the development of the literature on both the rationales behind the spreading of equity incentive schemes and the diffusion of new governance practices. They show, in fact, that equity incentive plans have been primarily adopted to take advantage of large tax benefits, and that in some occasions they may have been used by controlling shareholders to extract company value at the expense of minority shareholders. In other words, our findings suggest that Italian listed companies adopted equity incentive plans to perform a subtle form of decoupling. On the one hand, they declared that plans were aimed to align shareholders’ and managers’ interests and in centive value creation. On the other hand, thanks to the lack of transparency and previous knowledge about these instruments, companies used these mechanisms to take advantage of tax benefits and sometimes also to distribute a large amount of value to some powerful individuals. These results support a symbolic perspective on corporate governance, according to which the introduction of equity incentive plans please stakeholders –for their implicit alignment of interests and incentive to value creation –without implying a substantive improvement of governance practices.2.Corporate Governance in Italian Listed CompaniesItalian companies are traditionally controlled by a large blockholder (Zattoni, 1999). Banks and other financial institutions do not own large shareholdings and do not exert a significant influence on governance of large companies, at least as far as they are able to repay their financial debt (Bianchi, Bianco and Enriques, 2001). Institutional investors usually play a marginal role because of their limited shareholding, their strict connections with Italian banks, and a regulatory environment that does not offer incentives for their activism. Finally, the stock market is relatively small and undeveloped, and the market for corporate control is almost absent (Bianco, 2001). In short, the Italian governance system can be described as a system of “weak managers, strong blockholders, and unprotected minority shareholders〞(Melis, 2000: 354).The board of directors is tra ditionally one tier, but a shareholders’ general meeting must appoint also a board of statutory auditors as well whose main task is to monitor the directors’ performance (Melis, 2000). Further, some studies published in the ’90s showed that the board of di rectors was under the relevant influence of large blockholders. Both inside and outside directors were in fact related to controlling shareholders by family or business ties (Melis, 1999;2000; Molteni, 1997).Consistent with this picture, fixed wages have been the main ingredient of top managers’ remuneration, and incentive schemes linked to reaching medium to long term company goals have never been widely used (Melis, 1999). Equity incentive schemes adopted by Italian companies issue stocks to all employees unconditionally for the purpose of improving the company atmosphere and stabilizing the share value on the Stock Exchange. Only very few can be compared with stock option plans in the true sense of the term. Even in this case, however, directors and top managers were rarely evaluated through stock returns, because of the supposed limited ability of the Italian stock market to measure firm’s performance (Melis, 1999).3.The Evolution of Italian Institutional ContextThe institutional context in Italy has evolved radically in the last decade, creatingthe possibility for the dissemination of equity incentive plans. The main changes regarded the development of commercial law, the introduction and updating of the code of good governance, the issue of some reports encouraging the use of equity incentive plans, and the evolution of the tax law (Zattoni, 2006).Concerning the national law and regulations, some reforms in the commercial law (1998, 2003, and 2005) and the introduction (1999) and update (2002) of the national code of good governance contributed to the improvement of the corporate governance of listed companies (Zattoni, 2006). Financial markets and corporate law reforms improved the efficiency of the Stock Exchange and created an institutional environment more favorable to institutional investors’ activism (Bianchi and Enriques, 2005). At the same time the introduction and update of the code of good governance contributed to the improvement of governance practices at the board level. These reforms did not produce an immediate effect on governance practices of Italian listed companies, although they contributed to improve, slowly and with some delay, their governance standards (Zattoni, 2006).Beyond the evolution of governance practices, some changes in the institutional environment directly affected the diffusion and the characteristics of equity incentive plans. Both the white paper of the Ministry of the Industry and Foreign Commerce and the code of good governance issued by the national Stock Exchange invited companies to implement equity incentive plans in order to develop a value creation culture in Italian companies. Furthermore, in 1997 fiscal regulations were enacted allowing a tax exemption on the shares received through an equity incentive plan. According to the new regulation, which took effect on January 1, 1998, issuance of new stocks to employees by an employer or another company belonging to the same group did not represent compensation in kind for income tax purposes (Autuori 2001). In the following years, the evolution of tax rules reduced the generous benefits associated with the use of equity incentive plans, but also the new rules continued to favor the dissemination of these plans.Driven by these changes in the institutional context, equity incentive plans became widely diffused among Italian listed companies at the end of the ’90s (Zattoni,2006). Ironically, the diffusion of these instruments – in Italy and in other countries, such as Germany (Bernhardt, 1999), Spain (Alvarez Perez and Neira Fontela, 2005), and Japan (Nagaoka, 2005) – took place when they were strongly debated in the US for their unpredicted consequences and the malpractices associated with their use (Bebchuk et al., 2002).4.The Rationales Explaining the Adoption of Equity Incentive PlansEquity incentive plans are a main component of executive compensation in the US. Their use is mostly founded on the argument that they give managers an incentive to act in the shareholders’interests by providing a direct link between their compensation and firm stock-price performance (Jensen and Murphy, 1990). Beyond that, equity incentive plans also have other positive features, as they may contribute to the attraction and retention of highly motivated employees, encourage beneficiaries to take risks, and reduce direct cash expenses for executive compensation (Hall and Murphy, 2003).Despite all their positive features, the use of equity incentive plans is increasingly debated in the US. In particular, critics question their presumed effectiveness in guaranteeing the alignment of executives’ and shareholders’ interests. They point out that these instruments may be adopted to fulfill other objectives, such as to extract value at shareholders expenses (e.g., Bebchuk and Fried, 2006), or even to achieve a (real or perceived) reduction in compensation costs (e.g., Murphy, 2002). In summary, the actual debate indicates that three different rationales may explain the dissemination and the specific features of equity incentive plans:1) the optimal contracting view (Jensen and Murphy,1990 );2) the rent extraction view (Bebchuk et al., 2002); and 3)the perceived-cost view (Hall and Murphy, 2003).According to the optimal contracting view, executive compensation packages are designed to minimize agency costs between top managers (agents) and shareholders (principals) (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). The boards of directors are effective governance mechanisms aimed at maximizing shareholder value and the topmanagement’s compensati on scheme is designed to serve this objective (Fama and Jensen, 1983). Providing managers with equity incentive plans may mitigate managerial self-interest by aligning the interests of managers and shareholders (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). Following the alignment rationale, equity incentives may improve firm performance, as managers are supposed to work for their own and shareholders’ benefit (Jensen and Murphy, 1990). In short, these instruments are designed to align the interests of managers with those of shareholders, and to motivate the former to pursue the creation of share value (Jensen and Murphy, 1990).4.1 the principle of equity incentiveManagers and shareholders is a delegate agency relationship managers operating in assets under management, shareholders entrusted. But in fact, in the agency relationship, the contract between the asymmetric information, shareholders and managers are not completely dependent on the manager's moral self-discipline. The pursuit of the goals of shareholders and managers is inconsistent. Shareholders want to maximize the equity value of its holdings of managers who want to maximize their own utility, so the "moral hazard" exists between the shareholders and managers, through incentive and restraint mechanisms to guide and limit the behavior of managers.In a different way of incentives, wages based on the manager's qualification conditions and company, the target performance of a predetermined relatively stable in a certain period of time, a very close relationship with the company's target performance. Bonuses generally super-goal performance assessment to determine the part of the revenue manager performance is closely related with the company's short-term performance, but with the company's long-term value of the relationship is not obvious, the manager for short-term financial indicators at the expense of the company long-term interests. But from the point of view of shareholders' investment, he was more concerned with long-term increase in the value of the company. Especially for growth-oriented companies, the value of the manager's more to reflect the increase in the company's long-term value, rather than just short-term financialindicators.In order to make the managers are concerned about the interests of shareholders need to make the pursuit of the interests of managers and shareholders as consistent as possible. In this regard, the equity incentive is a better solution. By making the manager holds an equity interest in a certain period of time, to enjoy the value-added benefits of equity risk in a certain way, and to a certain extent, you can make managers more concerned about the long-term value of the company in the business process. Equity incentive incentive and restraint to prevent short-term behavior of the manager, to guide its long-term behavior.4.2 Equity Incentive mode(1) The performance of stockRefers to a more reasonable performance targets at the beginning of the year, if the incentive object to the end to achieve the desired goal, the company granted a certain number of shares or to extract a reward fund to buy company stock. The flow of performance shares realized that usually have the time and number restrictions. Another performance of the stock in the operation and role relative to similar long-term incentive performance units and performance stock difference is that the performance shares granted stock, performance units granted cash.(2) stock optionsRefers to a company the right to grant incentive target incentive object can purchase a certain amount of the outstanding shares of the Company at a predetermined price within a specified period may be waived this right. The exercise of stock options have the time and limit the number of cash and the need to motivate the objects on their own expenditure for the exercise. Some of our listed companies in the application of virtual stock options are a combination of phantom stock and stock options, the Company granted incentive object is a virtual stock options, incentive objects rights, phantom stock.(3) virtual stockThat the company awarded the incentive target a virtual stock incentive objectswhich enjoy a certain amount of the right to dividends and stock appreciation gains, but not ownership, without voting rights, can not be transferred and sold, expire automatically when you leave the enterprise.(4) stock appreciation rightsMeans the incentive target of a right granted to the company's share price rose, the incentive object can be obtained through the exercise with the corresponding number of stock appreciation gains, the incentive objects do not have to pay cash for the exercise, exercise, get cash or the equivalent in shares of companies .(5) restricted stockRefers to the prior grant incentive target a certain number of company shares, but the source of the stock, selling, etc. There are some special restrictions, generally only when the incentive object to accomplish a specific goal (eg, profitability), the incentive target in order to sell restricted stock and benefit from it.(6) The deferred paymentRefers to a package of salary income plan designed to motivate object, which part of the equity incentive income, equity incentive income was issued, but according to the fair market value of the company's shares to be converted into the number of shares after a certain period of time, the form of company stock or when the stock market value in cash paid to the incentive target.(7) the operator / employee-ownedMeans the incentive target to hold a certain number of the company's stock, the stock is a free gift incentive target, or object of company subsidy incentives to buy, or incentive target is self-financed the purchase. Incentive objects can benefit from appreciation in the stock losses in the devaluation of the stock.(8)Management / employee acquisitionMeans to leverage financing to the company's management or all employees to purchase shares of the Company, to become shareholders of the Company and other shareholders of risk and profit sharing, to change the company's ownership structure, control over the structure and asset structure, to achieve ownership business.(9) The book value appreciation rightsDivided into specific buy and virtual two. Purchase type refers to the incentive target in the beginning of the period per share net asset value of the actual purchase of a certain number of shares, end of period value of the net assets per share at the end of the period and then sold back to the company. Virtual type incentive target in the beginning of the period without expenditure of funds granted by the Company on behalf of the incentive target a certain number of shares calculated at the end of the period, according to the increment of the net assets per share and the number of shares in the name of the proceeds to stimulate the object, and accordingly to incentive target payment in cash.外文文献译文股权鼓励方案在意大利上市公司扩散过去的研究提醒了管理者薪酬在盎格鲁撒克逊国家和其他国家相比的差异〔例如，贝舒克，弗莱德和瓦尔克，2002；柴芬斯和托马斯，2004；萨特尼，2007〕。

员工激励问题及对策外文翻译文献

员工激励问题及对策外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Research direction: staff motivation problems andCountermeasures1. IntroductionAs recognized in the law (e.g., the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002), professional risk frame-works (Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission [COSO] 1992,2004), auditing standards (American Institute of Certiﬁed Public Accountants [AICPA]2007; Public Company Accounting Oversight Board [PCAOB] 2007), accounting textbooks(Reding et al. 2007; Romney and Steinbart 2009), and management best practices (Merchantand Vander Stede 2007), formal controls serve a vital role in safeguarding a company’s operational processes, information, and assets and in providing reasonable assurance regard-ing the reliability of ﬁnanc ial reporting. Although critical to a company’s success, relatively little is understood about how and why speciﬁc types of formal control are effective.Prior research in accounting and economics examines how formal controls inﬂuence employee behavior,often ﬁnding that formal controls can have negative consequences,such as lower employee effort and ﬁrm proﬁt. Recently, research has begun to focus on how employees’ response to formal controls can be inﬂuenced by speciﬁc aspects of the imposed control (e.g., Christ, Sedatole, and Towry 2011). This study extends this line of research by providing evidence as to how and why two types of formal controls, preven-tive controls and detective controls, affect employee performance and motivation.Romney and St einbart (2009: 200) deﬁne preventive controls as controls that ‘‘deter problems before they arise’’ and detective controls as controls designed to ‘‘discover prob-lems after they occur’’. These types of formal controls differ in two fundamental ways.First, preventive controls restrict employees’ autonomy by prohibiting certain behaviors(e.g., employees cannot enter data or make a payment unless authorized to do so). Alter-natively, detective controls maintain the decision rights of employees and therefore do not limit their autonomy (Christ, Sedatole, Towry, and Thomas 2008). Second, the feedback provided by preventive controls is never delayed, whereas detective controls can provide immediate or delayed feedback. Importantly, companies can often choose to impose either preventive or detective controls to address the same control objective.For example, with respect to the expenditure cycle, different types of controls can be implemented to ensure that only authorized cash disbursements are made. Speciﬁcal ly,management could implement each of the following types of controls: (1) preventive: estab-lish authorization limits prohibiting employees from initiating disbursements above a pre-speciﬁed amount; (2) detective with immediate feedback: an alert is activ ated on an employee and ⁄ or supervisor’s computer monitor when a disbursement above a prespeciﬁed amount has been entered; or (3) detective with delayed feedback: a report of all disburse-ments over the prespeciﬁed amount is produced periodically (e.g., monthly). Our research examines differential costs and beneﬁts of these three types of controls, which should enable managers to make more informed control decisions.We examine several of the costs and beneﬁts of these types of formal controls in a set-ting in which management has implemented an incomplete contract. Speciﬁcally, one dimension of the employees’ responsibilities is directly compensated (i.e., compensated task dimension) and the other dimension is not compensated, but is subject to a formal control imposed by management (i.e., controlled task dimension).We examine the effects of for-mal control on the compensated and controlled dimensions of the task separately so that we can isolate formal control effects from the incentive contract effects.We rely on psychology research on salience, norms, and intrinsic motivation to form our predictions regarding how preventive and detective controls will affect employee per-formance and motivation. We expect that when a formal control is activated, i t willincrease the salience of the employee’s goal to comply with various goals of the organiza-tion for which s ⁄ he is not explicitly compensated, despite the fact that it may conﬂict with the employee’s goal to perform strongly on the compensated dimens ions of his ⁄ her task.We hypothesize that reductions in autonomy caused by a control and increases in the timeliness of control feedback will increase the salience of the control objective. Thus, we expect employees subject to preventive controls to exhibit stronger performance on the controlled dimension than employees in the other control conditions. Employees working in conditions with detective controls with immediate feedback should be the next best per-formers on the controlled dimension of the task followed by employees working in condi-tions with detective controls with delayed feedback and employees operating without controls, respectively.Motivational framing research further suggests that it is difﬁcult for individuals to have multiple (poten tially conﬂicting) goals ⁄ frames activated at the same time (Lindenberg2001). We therefore predict that when employees focus on the goal of performing well on the controlled task dimension, they will focus less on the goal to excel on other task dimensions (e.g., the compensated dimension in our study) and will consequently perform worse on those dimensions. This suggests a reverse order of how employees facing these control types will perform on the compensated dimension of the task relative to their per-formance on the controlled dimension.To test these predictions, we use a simpliﬁed data entry task in an experimental setting in which participants are ﬁnancially motivated to enter data as quickly as possible (com-pensated dimension). Importantly, participants are informed that the company values both data entry speed and accuracy. However, rather than also compensating participants for accuracy, the company implements a formal control to encourage accuracy (controlled dimension).Our results reveal that participants exposed to preventive controls or detective controls with immediate feedback perform signiﬁcantly better on the controlled dimension of the task (data entry accuracy) than participants in the detectivecontrol-delayed feedback con-dition. This suggests that the timeliness of control feedback is the salient feature inﬂuenc-ing performance. We do not ﬁnd differences in the overall performance on the compensated dimension (data entry speed), suggesting that explicit incentives still provide a powerful motivation despite the activation of formal controls directing attention to other dimensions of the task.In addition to examining how formal controls affect employee performance, we add to the growing literature on the unintended costs of formal controls by examining how different formal control types affect employees’ intrinsic motivation to perform the task. We expect that because preventive controls restrict autonomy, which likely will be perceived by employees as ‘‘controlling’’, they wil l be more detrimental to employees’ intrinsic motivation than detective controls. Consistent with our expectations, the results show that preventive controls signiﬁcantly reduce intrinsic motivation relative to both types of detective controls. This suggests that the extent to which formal controls restrict employees’ autonomy, and not the timeliness of the feedback they provide, inﬂuences employees’ intrinsic motivation to perform their responsibilities. Further, we conﬁrm results from prior research findi ng that lower intrinsic motivation leads to lower performance on all dimensions of the task.Taken together, our results suggest that detective controls that provide immediate feedback can be just as effective at producing high employee performance as preventive controls (and more effective than detective controls with delayed feedback or no controls),without causing a decrease in intrinsic motivation that is exhibited by employees subjected to preventive controls. Therefore, organizations can likely achieve many of their control objectives by increasing the timeliness of feedback from detective controls, without bearing the costs associated with preventive controls.This study provides several important practical and theoretical contributions. First,this study can inform practitioners, auditors, and regulators who design, implement, and evaluate formal controls about some of the potential costs and beneﬁts of various types of formal controls. Formal controls play a critical role in promoting efﬁciency,reducing risk of asset loss, ensuring the reliability of ﬁnancial statements, and promoting compliance with laws and regulations (COSO 1992). Our study suggests that practitioners can better achieve many of these control objectives by implementing formal controls that provide immediate feedback. Furthermore, this study suggests that formal controls which restrict employee autonomy reduce employees’ intrinsic motivation, and practitioners would there-fore benefit in many situations by implementing formal controls that provide immediate feedback but donot restrict user autonomy.Second, this study contributes to several streams of academic research on formal con-trols. To our knowledge, ours is the ﬁrst study to examine the differential impact of pre-ventive and detective controls on employee performance and motivation. Further, this study also contributes to a growing body of literature examining some of the unintended consequences of formal controls (e.g., Frey 1993; Das and Teng 1999; Tenbrunsel and Mes sick 1999; Christ et al. 2008; Tayler and Bloomﬁeld 2011).The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides theoretical development of our hypotheses. In section 3 we describe our experiment. We provide our results in section 4 and conclude and describe potential avenues for future research in section 5.2. Literature review and hypotheses developmentClassiﬁcations and importance of formal controlsFormal controls can take many forms, including, but not limited to, policies and proce-dures, segregation of duties, performance-based compensation, supervisory reviews, com-puterized edit checks, and so on. Academics have developed a variety of control frameworks to classify the many different types of controls. Some focus on the object of control (e.g., behavior vs. output) (Merchant and Van der Stede 2007), while others focus on the control method (e.g., boundary systems, belief systems, etc.) (Simons 1990). How-ever, practicing accountants and auditors generally classify controls as preventive or detec-tive, based on how risk is mitigated (COSO 1992, 2004; AICPA 2007; PCAOB 2007).When determining the speciﬁc formal control type to implement, management would beneﬁt from understanding how different control types inﬂuence employee performance and motivation. Further, prior academic research reveals that formal controls often have unintended consequences, which can ultimately be detrimental to the organization (e.g.,Das and Teng 2001). Therefore, management should also consider the potential repercus-sions of their control design choices when designing formal controls.In this study, we examine a simpliﬁed work environment in which we manipulate the formal control type and measure employee performance and intrinsic motivation. Similar to the real world, we use a work environment in which management employs an incom plete contract (e.g., Williamson 1985; Ittner, Larcker, and Rajan 1997), using formal compensation contracts to encourage certain types of behavior while implementing form a controls to encourage other types of behavior. Thus, we examinehow different forma control types impact employees’ performance on both compensated and controlled dimensions of their responsibilities. The control environment used in our experiment is designed to isolate the effect of various formal control types from the effects of the incentive contract. Therefore, we explicitly do not compensate the employees based on all task dimensions, but rather allow the formal control to induce certain desired behavior.Effect of formal controls on controlled task dimensions Standard economic theory predicts that individuals are self-interested and therefore pri-marily motivated by explicit incentives. Following this logic, employees are expected to respond only to the ﬁnancial incentives described in their formal employment contract. However, a growing body of research on individuals’ preferences for social norms and sit-uational framing suggests that there are other ways to direct employees’ behavior towards the best interests of the organization (e.g., Evans, Hannan, Krishnan, and Moser 2001;Camerer and Fehr 2004; Osterloh and Frey 2004; Hannan 2005; Hannan, Rankin, and Towry 2006; Fischer and Huddart 2008).A substantial body of research has developed indicating that individuals are strongly motivated by stated goals and objectives (e.g., Locke, Shaw, Saari, and Latham 1981; Locke and Latham 1990; Locke 1996). Indeed, speciﬁc performance measures are incorpo-rated into employment contracts to align employ ees’ goals with the goals of the organiza-tion so that employees will focus their efforts on activities beneﬁting the organization (Farrell, Kadous, and Towry 2008). One reason goals provide such powerful motivation is that they can change the way a situation is framed. Lindenberg (2003) describes two frames linked to employees’ goals that, together, can provide strong governance: the gain frame and the normative frame. The gain frame relates to one’s goal to improve one’s resources (i.e., earn money). The normative frame is related to one’s goal to ‘‘act appropriately’’, which can be defined as adhering to institutionalized rules such as policies and pro-cedures (March and Olsen 1995). When an employee is faced with an explicit contracttying speciﬁc aspects of his ⁄ her performance to ﬁnancial incentives, it is likely that the gain frame will be dominant and any other goals will be secondary (Lindenberg 2003).However, individuals’ behavior can be redirected or refocused when a stimulus is intro-duced. In this paper, we argue that the activation of a formal control is such a stimulus.翻译：研究方向：员工激励问题及对策1.引言公认的法律(如。

员工激励机制外文文献翻译最新译文

员工激励机制外文文献翻译最新译文文献出处：Barney J B. The employee’s incentive s mechanism in small and medium-sized enterprise[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2016, 31(7): 464-476.原文The employee’s incentive s mechanism in small and medium-sized enterpriseBarney J BAbstract"Incentive" is a psychological term, psychologists point out that all behavior is caused by the motivation of associated with it, as one of the person's state of mind, this motive for human behavior has the effect of reinforcement, vertebral move and inspire, known as a motivation. Incentive is mainly to inspire people to inner potential, cause people intelligence, mobilize people's enthusiasm and creativity. In this paper, the construction of small and medium-sized enterprise employees incentive mechanism problem. From the use of different ideas, different angles, for enterprise employees incentive. Staff incentive mechanism is through the system, rational system to reflect the interaction between incentive subjects with incentive object, is the enterprise connect the ideal into reality. Small business managers should learn effective research method for reference, targeted to solve their practical problems, and strive for a breakthrough in terms of theory. In the research and construction of small and medium-sized enterprise incentive mechanism on the road to constantly innovation, divergent thinking, from surface to inside, and realize the goal of research. And summarizes a set of suitable for small and medium-sizedenterprises for effective incentive mechanism, to promote the vigorous development of small and medium-sized enterprises.Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises, incentive mechanism, staff requirementsIntroductionIn the increasingly fierce competition, more and more small and medium-sized enterprises begin to realize enterprise's competition is talented person's competition,actually only attach importance to talents, pay attention to the development of human resources management, to constantly improve their own core competitiveness, make the enterprise in the incentive competition advantage. However, the construction of the incentive mechanism is the core of the construction of enterprise human resources management, and enterprise operation of each link, and employees are closely linked. Use reasonable effective employee incentive mechanism to attract talent, formed a set of scientific, perfect enterprise candidates, choose and employ persons, cultivate people's human resources management system, is to motivate employees continuously enterprising, the key to motivate staff morale; Is in motivating talents plays an important role in promoting the competition to attract talent, retain talent; Is to guide employees to establish scientific, and the basis of the strategic target of enterprise organization goal is consistent. But most of the small and medium-sized enterprise development history is short, the lack of management experience, management system is not mature, the understanding of human resource management is not deep, incentive mechanism is not sound, for enterprise employees cannot give a sufficient motivation, to arouse the enthusiasm of employees, lead to the market competition ofenterprises is relatively weak. Therefore, how to strengthen the management of human resources, to establish scientific and effective employee incentive mechanism, and reasonable use of scientific and effective incentive mechanism, attract talent, talent of education development, to prevent the brain drain becomes the key to enterprise core competitiveness.In the face of increasingly fierce market competition, establish a scientific and reasonable employee incentive mechanism for the production and business operation and sustainable development of enterprises play a vital role. Only retain talent, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of employees, play employees' creativity, to constantly strengthen the enterprise core competitive power, to give priority to occupy talent highland, finally to make small and medium-sized enterprises in the fierce competition of modern society.Summary of incentive and incentive mechanismThe meaning of incentiveAs a social people are engaged in all behaviors are caused by some kind of motivation, desire, motivation, desire is a kind of mental state, through the role of the mental state can inspire people to dig their own potential, fight, fight for the realization of self-worth. Incentive mechanism as one of the important content of enterprise human resources management has an irreplaceable role. In the enterprise staff work enthusiasm, motivation and ability to work effectively and use is one of the important factors of enterprise sustainable development, enterprise managers through scientific and effective means and ways of reasonable use of limited resources, to understand employees at the level of the rationalization of demand and, in turn, meet the demand of employees of rationalization, tomotivate, inspire and guide the enterprise staff's work enthusiasm, goal setting and enhanced to enterprise's loyalty, to achieve the strategic goals of the enterprise management process. Motivation mainly includes the trigger a desire, guide the target, etc.The meaning of employee incentive mechanismEmployee motivation is to use some kind of external cause, use all kinds of effective measures to meet the diverse needs of employees or restrict, and through certain rules and regulations to regulate and constraint, penalties, employees, motivate employees, to constraint employee morale and employee motivation, arouse the enthusiasm of work, desire, etc., make the person has an inner motivated employees can form a certain goal, and keep a high mood and actively state to the desired goal of psychological process. This process relies on a system we defined as incentive mechanism can also be called incentive system. Incentive system concrete application in the process of the employee's incentive, in the process of the interaction, constraints, and incentive results closely linked to a kind of comprehensive function. In terms of enterprise employees incentive mechanism its essence lies in through scientific, perfect system construction, promote employees in the direction of the organization to make persistent efforts. Staff incentive mechanism in the enterprise application is urge employees strive to achieve the strategic goals of the enterprise incentive system.The type of staff incentive mechanismIn the era of global competition and knowledge-based economy, more and moresmall and medium-sized enterprises gradually realized that the competition between the enterprises is the result of the talentcompetition, talent as a resource is the first of all resources. The sustainable development of small and medium-sized enterprises, fundamentally, mainly depends on the enterprise the competitive advantage of human resources. Employee’s incentive mechanism as one of the main content of human resource management, contains a lot of ways, it not only through the every link of the enterprise, but also closely connected with the employee's personal interests. Employee incentive way is not the same, one of the main forms are:Material aspects of the stimulusPhysiological needs is a kind of demand at the lowest level of all the requirements, it is mainly refers to people in their daily lives for clothing, housing, food, travel tools, air, water and other basic living needs and physiological needs. Physiological demand is people in social activities, maintain the basic survival motivation, the basis of the material aspects of the incentive is to be able to make people physiological demand and life needs are met. The implementation of the material incentive is can make employees work power source. Material things incentives also include wages, salary, promotion, bonuses, welfare, insurance, reward housing, echo managers in the use of employee wages, bonuses and other incentives in terms of money, should be aware of the value of money between employees have different value, cannot treat as the same, and each employee to earn the satisfaction is not the same, therefore, when using monetary rewards not should adopt the principle of distribution of average, should be targeted.Goal setting incentiveGoal setting incentive, namely through the guide staff according to their own actual situation to set realistic goals,causing employee morale, motivate and inspire employees to complete the goal setting and constantly struggle, make employees the purpose of energy. Staff has constantly encouraged by power and passion, striving to make progress constantly asked him to pursue higher goals. Managers in the process of human resource management, be good at discover employees inner expectations and goals, and moderate guide employees to achieve their goals and formulatedetailed implementation steps, the corresponding work objectives for each employee, the task assigned to each employee, can give employees the invisible pressure, in turn, into power, strengthening the staff's sense of responsibility. When employees own goal is to realize the satisfaction of, will strengthen their awareness of the enterprise goal, to strengthen the enterprise's loyalty, thus make the enterprise organizational goals be implemented step by step.The respection of incentiveThe respection of incentive is one of the most basic of incentives, is to speed up the staff passion of the catalyst. Respect for every employee, to win the respect of each employee and loyalty. As a manager to respect employees at all levels of the independent personality and value orientation, in particular, pay attention to the demands of grass-roots staff, timely grasp and meet the needs of staff rationalization, is the embodiment of the enterprises fully respect for employees, at the same time, the staff work hard, obey organization arrangement, is the employee feedback and enterprise managers' respect and obedience. Respect include mutual respect between employees, mutual respect between leadership and staff, between enterprises and enterprises such as mutual respect, the main performance formutual respect between superiors and subordinates, friendly atmosphere of mutual respect and promote the affection between staff, staff and leadership, strong force mouth among employees, between employees and leadership, make the enterprise team to better cooperation, strengthen team cohesion.The employee involvement of incentiveStaff participation motivation mainly refers to the enterprise should pay attention to the cultivation of enterprise employee ownership. Now the employees have to participate in the management of the appeal. As managers, establish reasonable mechanism of employee involvement, advice for mechanism and system of employee ownership, create and provide opportunity for employees to provide reasonable Suggestions for the development of enterprises, and the proportion of adopting staff have put forward opinions and Suggestions, and to adopt the opinions and Suggestions of certain rewards to employees, make employees really participate in themanagement of the enterprise, enhance the staff of the enterprise belonging, at the same time make the employees get the realization of self-worth, make employees in respect of expectations, the realization of self-worth, got fully meet the desire. At the same time, also can create more effective value for the enterprise. Can also set up the system of mutual selection between staff and departments, which respect the wishes of employees, allows employees to have jobs initiative, options, and conducive to business to choose jobs suitable for working people.译文中小企业员工激励机制研究Barney J B摘要“激励”是一个心理学词汇，心理学家指出人的所有行为是由与其相关联的动机所引起的，这种动机作为人的精神状态之一，对人类的行为有强化、椎动和激发的作用，人们称之为激励。

员工激励【外文翻译】

本科毕业论文（设计）外文翻译原文：Employee MotivationThe problem of motivating other people is probably as old as the history of man himself, or at least as old as that point in time when man found he could only accomplish certain tasks by combining his efforts or abilities with those of other individuals. With the onset of this realization of the value and need for cooperative effort, the problem was further compounded when larger numbers of people were needed to accomplish a task. The situation then arose of providing direction to such a multiple effort; and with direction, i.e., someone telling others what to do or overseeing the effort, there came the matter of how to motivate these people. The old saying, one can lead a horse to water but one cannot make him drink, was and remains the crux of the motivation problem.The whip, the lash, cajolery, persuasion, bribery, promises, pleadings, and numerous other techniques have been and are still being used in an attempt to motivate others. Yet, despite our long confrontation with this problem, we are still far from understanding or knowing how to motivate others. Motivation is a matter further complicated by the particular period of time, the particular circumstances and the par- ticular economic conditions surrounding an act. Under conditions of prosperity and full employment, such as the U.S.A. has experienced, the problem of motivating others may become a far more difficult task, particularly in a free society. It is not uncommon today to hear employers ask: How does one get his employees to be genuinely concerned about their work, to take real interest in what they are doing, to accept challenges, to take pride in what they are doing, to want to accomplish at a high level, to want to assume responsibility?Let us begin by examining the problem of motivation in an organizational setting, for it is here that our particular interests are most concerned. Analytically and forsimplicity's sake, one can discern five key elements which play a major role in motivation. These are the employer, the employee, the work environment, the goals of the employer and the goals of the other members of the organization (the workers, supervisors, and managers). It is the interplay of these factors that influences the problem of motivation and determines the outcome.Let us then make some quick observations of this organizational setting for it is here, within these bounds, that the drama is played. If one observes the work place, one can see people engaged in a variety of activities. Some of these activities may seem to be related to the activities of others, while others may seem to be quite independent. One catches a glimpse of a particular individual who appears to be telling others what to do, or of other people near each other engaged in conversation, while carrying on some activity. The total effect is one of much activity about the scene. This activity-whether similar or different; whether it is writing, talking or making machines function; or whether it is unobservable activity of thought-all has purpose. The purpose or purposes may be different for different organizations, but one basic fact emerges regardless of the kind of organization it may be-all organizations have purpose, and all of the activities that take place within the organization are deemed essential by someone to accomplish the organization's purpose.Lest one gain from this description a picture of uncertainty and unpredictability of output, it is important to add that management cannot function or accept such a condition and, therefore, imposes standards of productivity or output. In the factory these are most readily known in terms of piece rates or units of production. Despite these requirements by management, it is well known that workers withhold produc- tion; that is, workers may well have the ability to produce more than that required of them. This problem of level of production is far more amorphous in the work situation where the professional person is engaged. How does one measure output in these situations and by what standards? One looks in vain for answers. Attempts have been made and will continue to be made to find solutions, but most of the attempts so far have crumbled or floundered because of the subjectivity involved in establishing such criteria. To date no precise mathematical formulae for determining such standardshave been found, and even if they were, it is highly questionable whether they would be equally acceptable to managers and workers. At best, in the business and in- dustrial situation, the worker is considered as a cost factor in the grand total of production costs. Successful companies approximate or determine some level of productivity needed from the worker to consider this element a profitable aspect of the overall operation. In state, national or urban governmental work where services are rendered to the public, even the cost concept of the worker as he relates to pro- ductivity or profitability becomes lost.What then are some of the factors that lead to this situation and what can be done to motivate people? Earlier five factors were mentioned as playing a key role in the motivation area. At this point, I mention two of the vital ones-the supervisor and the employee.First, let us repeat quickly some points already made. All organizations have purpose. A library is an organization having the purpose or purposes of providing a professional service to the public or to special publics. All of its employees are then the means by which this service will be provided. How well this service will be rendered will depend upon how well the various activities are carried out by the employees of the library. How adequately these employees will perform will depend upon their own self-motivation or how well they have been motivated by their supervisors.Even if there is satisfaction with the work being done today, it is only momentary for the accomplishments of today merely become the base for the improvements of tomorrow. The overwhelming characteristic of work in our time is change, and the only instruments capable of making these changes are the managers, the supervisors and the workers. There is only one effective way to get these changes made and that is to influence employees to want to make them.How do we do this? What are some of the factors involved? First, it is important that we never forget that it is the individual, the worker, who is being asked to make this change and that it is the employee who is in control of the situation. It is the worker who must make the final decision to make this change and he will determinehow much or how little he will do. The supervisor, in the extreme position, can fire the worker, but the question then arises as to what this will accomplish.A second point that must be made is the point so well stated by Drucker: "In hiring a worker one cannot hire a hand; its owner always comes with it . . .one can hire only a whole man rather than any part thereof." And when one hires this whole man or woman, one has hired a personality, attitudes, motives, levels of aspiration, goals, am- bitions, needs, egos, roles, abilities, interests, values and many other factors.Now let us briefly consider the other half of this duality of the supervisor motivating the employee. This worker has a personality which is defined in Menninger's words as "all that a man has been- is-and hopes to be." This is the total person-the way he thinks and feels, his likes and hates, his abilities and interests, his values, and his hopes and desires. It is here in this work place where his hopes and ambitions may be fulfilled or smashed. It is here where his aspirations may be achieved and challenged or where he may develop frustration, aggression, hostility, and apathy. It is this work place which consumes so large a part of his life and either provides fulfillment of his needs or miserably fails to meet them.Searching deeper to understand this worker, one can see him as a "needs system" seeking to satisfy his wants. Maslow sees the individual in our society and culture as one having a hierarchy of needs. These move from a base of meeting physiological requirements for survival to the apex of self-accomplishments in one's own right. Between these bounds he traces the need for safety and protection from bodily harms and the next level of dependence, the need to feel secure and to be able to depend upon others. This is followed by the need for independence, to be able to stand on one's own two feet, to be respected, to have self-esteem. And lastly this need hierarchy is capped by the need for self-realization, the need to achieve and accomplish. Gratification of our basic needs frees us to move on to the next higher level. In this concept one moves from the area of physiological requirements to the psychological needs. McGregor points this up clearly when he states, "Man lives by bread alone, when there is no bread." He points to this area of higher needs as theplace where managers and supervisors fail to motivate their works. He points out that today most employees can generally fulfill their basic physiological needs, whereupon they attempt to seek fulfillment of their needs in the areas of self- expression, recognition, having some voice in job affairs, doing something worthwhile, and demanding a chance to grow. Often these needs are largely overlooked by the supervisor and the result is frustration for the worker.Fundamentally, the problem can be raised in question form as follows: How can we apply the knowledge we have gained to the problem of motivating people? In posing this question, certain conditions must be recognized: 1) One cannot blanket all workers by a general formula. Motivation is an individual matter, and one needs to know and understand as best one can the individual who is to be motivated. 2) One will not be able to motivate others for any length of time if such motivation is used for personal or selfish reasons, i.e., if people are being used for one's own gain. 3) A most important condition, one that cannot be overlooked, is that individuals have their own goals, objectives and aspirations. Unfortunately and all too frequently, only the organization's goals are considered. True, these are important, but equally important is the need to help the individual seek to achieve his goals within the context of the organization's goals. It is a concept of integration, of the realization of individual goals within the larger framework of the organization. It is possible, and it becomes an essential element in motivating others.Along with the above concept flows the process of giving greater freedom and responsibility to the individual to direct his own activities for the accomplishment of organizational objectives. At the same time, this will provide the individual with the opportunity to meet his own egoistic needs. Along with this one can allow the individual to enlarge his job responsibilities and more fully to utilize his abilities. Here one is providing the opportunity of challenge, and the environment for accomplishment, and again one sees conditions being provided for the meeting of higher level needs.Finally there is the matter of appraisal. Ratings and evaluations of workers have long been in use. In general, they have not been very successful, and much of thecause is related to the fact that they have been used critically, destructively, and with little sound data to support the evaluation. Within this process of appraisal, however, there lies good potential for motivation of the worker. But first, it becomes necessary that we reverse the attitude that the appraisal process is destructive. It must be used to allow the employee to set objectives or goals for himself and his work. It can be used to allow the individual to evaluate himself, or, as in the case of General Electric, IBM, General Mills, and others, it can be used as a process of self-evaluation by the employee as well as his supervisor. Regardless of specific technique, the fundamental factor is that evaluations become a constructive developmental approach which can be vitally effective in the motivational process.In conclusion, one can see the supervisor as one of the prime forces in the motivational process. His prime role is one of developing people who want to participate spontaneously and cooperatively in reaching both organizational and personal goals.Source: Charles H. Goodman. Employee Motivation[J]. LibraryTrends.1971(7).pp:39-47译文：员工激励激励他人的问题可能跟人类历史一样古老，或者至少跟当人发现自己只能跟其他人一起通过努力和能力相结合完成特定任务的想法出现的时候一样古老。

员工激励外文翻译

附录ATitle: Meeting employeee requirements: Maslow's hierarchy of needs is still areliable guide to motivating staff.Material Source: Industrial Engineer Oct2011 Author:SADRI,GOLNAZ BOWEN, R. CLARKE.Motivation relates to a range of psychological processes that guide an individual toward a goal and cause that person to keep pursuing that goal. Motivation often is described in terms of direction (the choice of one activity over another), intensity (how hard an employee tries) and persistence (how long an employee continues with a behavior, even in the face of obstacles or adverse circumstances). Motivated employees work harder, produce higher quality and greater quantities of work, are more likely to engage in organizational citizenship behaviors, and are less likely to leave the organization in search of more fulfilling opportunities.Competition by companies to attract the most talented individuals has given employees the power to demand more than just a reasonable wage or salary, and there is evidence that companies are starting to listen. A recent survey showed that salary had only a 20 percent impact on job satisfaction. Employees need a range of motivators in order to remain engaged in their work. In response to this demand, employers are looking at how to satisfy their employees on both an extrinsic, financial level as well as an intrinsic, psychological level.Research conducted by the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) found that in 2004, 92 percent of employer spending for total compensation was on wages and salaries; however, the following year spending on wages fell to 81 percent. In balancing monetary (extrinsic) and nonmonetary (intrinsic) incentives, companies use diverse motivators ranging from competitive monetary compensation and health insurance packages to concierge services and nap times. The continuous endeavor is to be creative in designing a benefits package that attracts and retains quality employees.The theory of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can be used as a framework to identify the various benefits organizations can offer to satisfy their employees’needs and, in turn, increase revenues and reduce expenses. Psychology professor Abraham Maslow’s theory, proposed in 1943, identifies the five basic human needs that underlie all human activity.Fundamental behaviorMaslow’s hierarchy of needs is one of the fundamental theories of personal motivation. The theory can help organizations design programs to motivate their employees, retain employee loyalty, reduce turnover, recruit quality individuals and ultimately increase productivity and net income. A. Kinicki and R. Kreitner, in their book Organizational Behavior, identify and define the five basic human needs that comprise Maslow’s hierarchy. The five human needs, presented in hierarchical order from the most basic to the most advanced, are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem and self-actualization.According to Maslow, each need has to be satisfied substantially in order for an individual to progress to the next level. Managers are able to motivate their employees by providing rewards that help satisfy the need that is operational and prevalent at any point in time. Once a need has been satisfied substantially, it ceases to be a motivator. Then, employees move to the next level in the need hierarchy and work on satisfying those needs.1. Physiological needsMaslow defined the physiological need as the most basic. It includes the need for food, air, water and shelter as well as the need to be active, to rest and to sleep. The most obvious motivational item in this category is monetary compensation, which includes wages and salaries, bonuses, stock options and retirement plans. Wages and salaries make up about 80 percent of what companies spend to compensate their employees. Many individuals would list salary as one of the most important factors when considering a job. Money is a vital part of employees’reward packages and helps fulfill the bulk of their physiological needs. Food, clothing and a place to live can be obtained with the wage or salary a person earns.Providing a comfortable work environment also helps satisfy physiological needs. Clean and fresh air to breathe and an ergonomic workspace, keyboard and mouse can help employees perform without distraction and keep them motivated. Other benefits offered to satisfy employees’physiological needs are free or subsidized cafeterias, regular break times and break rooms stocked with drinks and food.Many companies provide free food for their employees so that they are satisfied on this level and able to engage more fully in their workplace activities. For example, A. Lashinsky in Fortune describes Google’s 11 gourmet cafeterias at its Mountain View, Calif., headquarters where employees can eat for free. Other free (and subsidized) perks that companies provide include car washes, laundry and drycleaning facilities, onsite gyms, exercise classes, massages and discounts on company products. Providing perks for free or at a subsidy helps reduce employees’expenses, which indirectly gives them more discretionary income to purchase other necessary items that help satisfy basic physiological needs and beyond.Another employee benefit that is becoming more important for companies to provide is a healthy work-life balance. Work-life balance is considered a physiological need since one needs to engage in enough nonwork activity and rest to have a healthy lifestyle. Increasingly, employees are considering work-life balance as an important goal and factor the potential for this into their decision of whether to work for a company. It is not uncommon for a job candidate to reject a job offer because it did not include a good work-life balance. Most recruiters say work-life balance considerations are more important now than they were five or 10 years ago.In order to accommodate the work-life balance needs of potential employees and attract the best possible applicants, companies have developed greater levels of flexibility, offering programs like telecommuting, on-site fitness centers, on-site laundry facilities, flexible workweeks and hours, and the ability to work from home a few days a week. In addition, employees seek greater balance through vacation time and extra days off during the holidays to help them enjoy life outside of work, have more balance in their lives and be more productive once they are back at the workplace.2. Safety needThe safety need, as defined by Maslow, consists of the need to be safe from physical and psychological harm. As with physiological needs, wages and salaries help to provide a safe place to live, a basic need. Another factor that is as important as a safe place to live is a sense of security regarding an employee’s health (both physical and mental). According to a study by J. MacDonald from EBRI, corporate America spent $596.5 billion on health benefits in 2005. In prior decades, perhaps only the employee received health insurance. Today, it is expected that companies extend health coverage to family members. In addition, companies are providing disability and life insurance, which adds to the feeling of long-term safety and security and helps build employee trust and loyalty.Another major component used to satisfy safety needs is the provision of retirement plans. Employees derive an overall sense of long-term security with the knowledge that they are able to provide for themselves during their retirement years.The most popular and widely used employer-sponsored plan is the 401(k), in which the employer matches a portion of the employee’s contribution. Companies that do not provide a matching contribution find themselves at a disadvantage in attracting, hiring and retaining the most qualified individuals.Finally, as a way to help with emotional and mental wellbeing, companies are providing employee assistance programs and counseling services. These programs provide psychological security through the use of qualified professionals who can be accessed through a confidential helpline (where employees call in to speak with trained counselors to help them with problems ranging from conflict and stress at the workplace to personality disorders and recovery from addiction) or face-to-face meetings with trained counselors who can help employees cope with their emotional difficulties.3. love/belonging needsThe desire to love and to be loved is the third tier in Maslow’s hierarchy and includes the need for affection and belonging. Individuals who are looking to satisfy their love/belonging needs are likely to join or continue working at a company based on the relationships and social support mechanisms they have established or potentially expect to establish there. Two important sources of social support for employees include co-workers and bosses.Cohesive teams benefit employers as well as employees. Teams are able to produce synergy (output that is greater than the sum of all the individual parts). Thus, a company can become more efficient and develop new and creative ideas by allowing employees to collaborate and work in teams. This is a win-win situation for the company since it also will help satisfy the belonging needs of its employees. Other programs that companies have implemented to meet the belonging need of employees are company luncheons, banquets, retreats, company-sponsored sports teams, clubs, mentoring and programs that allow employees to bring children and pets to work. In addition, open plan offices and break rooms where employees have opportunities to meet and interact with one another help satisfy belonging needs.4. esteem needMaslow’s esteem need includes the needs for responsibility, reputation, prestige, recognition and respect from others. These, in turn, lead to self-confidence and strengthen an employee’s motivation and productivity. Research has shown that lack of recognition from their direct supervisor is one of the main reasons employeesleave their jobs. Receiving recognition and praise are fundamental motivators across all levels of employees. Recognition and praise help an individual know that people appreciate what that person has accomplished. Again, self-confidence is strengthened and motivation is created for continued hard work. A study conducted by G. Graham at the Barton School of Business at Wichita State University found that 63 percent of American workers ranked recognition as a meaningful incentive.Research also shows that many individuals will join or stay with a company to satisfy their esteem needs through a sense of accomplishment in their work. Employees like to feel that their work contributes to establishing a good reputation for them. To help foster these feelings, companies can implement many simple and cost-effective programs. Providing business cards with the employee’s name and title produces an emotional appeal, a sense of connection and pride in the organization. Many companies have started creating societies or prestigious groups that include the best technical professionals in order to keep their employees motivated.Ambitious employees want to feel challenged and have opportunities to advance. They want a defined work role with distinct career possibilities. For these employees, titles and promotions are important. In small companies, if there is no vertical ladder to climb, then companies need to delegate responsibilities to help their employees with career development and keep them engaged.5. Self-actualization needThe fifth and final tier of Maslow’s hierarchy is the need for self-actualization, which is the need for self-fulfillment and to become the best one is capable of becoming. Employees who significantly have satisfied the four lower needs now are looking to better themselves, those around them and the world as a whole. There is a sense that once these needs are engaged, they likely will become stronger as they are fed and satisfied. Therefore, this layer within the hierarchy is used to inspire employees and to help them perform at their highest levels.One of the basic ways in which companies can help their employees begin to satisfy this need is to offer tuition-reimbursement programs and encourage enrollment in classes and courses related to their job responsibilities. Education assistance plans help employees keep pace with the ever-changing work environment as well as provide valuable opportunities for personal and professional growth and development. Further-more, employees will bring new skills back into the workplace that will add value to the company.Another benefit is allowing a paid sabbatical, typically ranging from a few weeks to a few months, in which the employee can participate in a humanitarian cause or work toward a lifelong goal. R. Levering and M. Moskowitz in Fortune detail REI’s practice of allowing a four-week sabbatical after 15 years of service. Employees use the time to tackle an outdoor goal, such as climbing Mount Everest. Sabbaticals also are offered by most educational institutions to support faculty in developing research agendas while taking a break from teaching classes. The result of a sabbatical is mental and physical renewal, which brings with it a renewed energy for the employee’s work, resulting in greater productivity upon a return to the workplace.This is a great opportunity to get out of the office and partner with co-workers to do charity work, which also helps meet employee needs for love and belonging. Another way to help satisfy the need for self-actualization and motivate employees is to match dollar for dollar (or a percentage) of employees’contributions to a charitable organization. This also helps build company loyalty.附录B标题：会议员工要求：马斯洛需求层次仍然是一个可靠的指导鼓励员工的理论。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

一、激励理论的背景在经济发展的过程中,劳动分工与交易的出现带来了激励问题。

激励理论是行为科学中用于处理需要，动机，目标和行为四者之间关系的核心理论。

行为科学认为人的动机来自需要，由需要确定人们的行为目标，激励则作用于人内心活动，激发，驱动和强化人的行为。

哈佛大学维廉詹姆士研究表明：在没有激励措施下,下属一般仅能发挥工作能力的20%～30%，而当他受到激励后,其工作能力可以提升到80%～90%，所发挥的作用相当于激励前的3到4倍。

日本丰田公司采取激励措施鼓励员工提建议，结果仅1983年一年，员工提了165万条建议，平均每人31条，它为公司带来900亿日元利润，相当于当年总利润的18%。

由于激励的效果明显，所以各种组织为了提高生产效率，有些专家学者就开始了对激励理论的研究之中，探索激励的无穷潜力。

二、国外研究现状国外对于激励理论有了大量的研究并获得了丰硕的成果。

总体来说，可以分为两类激励理论。

一类是以人的心理需求和动机为主要研究对象的激励理论，熟称“内容型激励理论”。

另一类是以人的心理过程和行为过程相互作用的动态系统为研究对象的激励过程理论,它也被称作是“行为型激励理论”。

1 内容型激励理论1.1 奠瑞的人类人格理论这种理论认为，在面临着动态且不断变化的环境时，人们都是自适应的。

它把需求分成了两种类型，即生理需求和心理需求。

前者与人体基本生理过程的满足感有关，而后者所关注的是情绪上和精神上的满足感。

1.2 马斯洛的“需要层次”理论美国心理学家马斯洛(A.H.Maslow)进一步发展了莫瑞的研究，在1954年出版的《动机与人格》一书中对该理论作了进一步的阐释。

马斯洛认为人的需要可以划分为五个层次，从低到高依次为生理需要，安全需要，社交需要，尊熏需要，自我实现需要，且这五个层次的顺序，对每个人都是相同的。

只有当较低层次的需要获得了基本满足后，下一个较高层次的需要才能成为主导需要。

1.3 赫茨伯格的激励—保健双因素理论美国心理学家赫茨伯格因素理论打破了这一假设。

他于1959年在《工作的激励》一书中提出了保健——激励因素理论，简称双因素理论。

即保健因素和激励因素。

保健因素可以用来体现高水平员工的不满意，激励因素可以用来体现高水平员工的满意度。

他认为只有激励因素才能促发员工积极性,提高生产效率。

2 行为型激励理论2.1 洛克的目标设置理论2O世纪6O年代末，埃德温·A·洛克和他的同事们花了许多年的时间研究目标对于人类行为和绩效的效果。

他们的研究导致了目标设置理论的创立并不断地得到验证，提出：指向一共同目标的工作意向是工作效率的主要源泉。

他还提出了具体的设置目标的步骤。

2.2 亚当斯的公平理论美国心理学家亚当斯(J.s.Adams)对员工受激励程度的大小与他人之间的关系进行研究，并在《工人关于工资不公平的内心冲突同其生产率的关系》(1962年与罗森合写)，《工资不公平对工作质量的影响》等等著作中提出来了公平理论的观点。

该理论侧重于研究工资报酬分配的合理性，公平性及其对职工生产积极性的影响。

2.3 斯金纳的强化理论激励强化理论是由斯金纳于2O世纪7O年代提出来的。

该理论认为人的行为是由外界环境决定的,外界的强化因素可以塑造行为。

该理论主张对激励进行针对性的刺激，只看重员工的行为及其结果之间的关系，而不是突出激励的内容和过程。

三、国内研究现状随着我国市场经济改革的不断深入,企业由以前只注重简单的劳资行政管理开始转到复杂人力资源管理方面。

而激励在人力资源管理方面的作用日益凸显。

1 俞文钊设计了《员工需要自我评价调查表》对我国员工的需要层次进行了广泛的调查研究，发现不同单位，职务因素，文化因素，年龄因素等在需要等级上存在不同，他在公平理论基础上联系中国实际提出了公平差别阀理论，马胜祥博士也进行了一些相关的实证研究。

2 韩大勇，顾建平，林彬等都对知识型员工员工的激励进行了研究，韩大勇提出了小满意创造大收益的观点。

而顾建平则认为对于知识型员工的激励主要是实施薪酬激励。

林彬则认为激励知识型员工最好的方法是为员工制定好职业发展规划。

张望军对知识型员工和非知识型员工的激励因素进行对比，探讨了对知识型员工的激励模式。

3 苏伟伦通过对企业的实践研究总结出了8类激励员工的方法。

分别是物质激励，精神激励，目标激励，行为激励，关怀激励，民主激励，竞争激励和反向激励。

4 王志兵提出通过创造良好的工作环境和实行完善的沟通体系以激发员工的积极性。

5 张冬梅对企业经营者人力资本与激励问题进行了系统深入的理论研究和实证分析。

她的论点是：在为经营者人力资本“高价值”，所以需要对经营者进行“高激励”，对经营者的“高激励”才能体现经营者人力资本“高价值”。

四、小结通过以上的综述，我们可以看出，国外特别是美国在激励理论方面的研究已经形成了比较系统，全面并且完善的理论体系，而且经历了几个不同的发展阶段。

相对而言，中国的研究才刚刚开始，并且只是就事论事，各成一家，没有进行很好的理论总结和系统化，显得杂乱无章。

它最大的缺点就是不能形成一个系统性的属于自己的理论。

现在当务之急应该是结合实际情况，系统总结国内外的研究成果和新动向,形成我们自己的激励理论,更好地为各种组织服务。

参考文献[1]冯丹丹.基于知识型员工的激励机制的构建[J].集团经济研究,2007,(27),382-383.[2]苏金明、马小强.人力资源管理者的第五项修炼[J].现代企业，2007年第7期.[3]刘燕.论激励理论在企业管理中的应用[J].现代商贸工业.2008年第7期.[4]黄其坤.浅谈企业管理中的激励原则和激励措施[J].时代经贸.2008,25-26.[5]刁在亮.论激励理论在企业管理中的运用[J].黑龙江科技信息.2008年24期.[6]杨勇、高庆国.激励在现代企业管理中的重要作用[J].煤炭技术，2008,20-23.[7]张冬梅.企业经营者人力资本及激励方式[J].中国经济，2006,(5):59-60.[8]王瑾.构建我国中小企业员工激励机制的路径研究[J].当代经济2011(2):64-65.[9]郭军.中小企业激励机制问题与对策研究[J].现代企业2011(6):45-46.[10]韩大勇.知识型员工的激励[J].中国经济出版社2011(1):97-98.[11]赵丽丽.现代企业员工有效激励探析[J].科技经济市场2011(7):63-64.[12]姚凯、孙力军.企业经营者薪酬激励机制改革新思路[J].商业时代，2007,(3)：58-59.[13] Society for Human Resource Management, Career development for HR professionals [J].HR Magazine, 2008,1-9.[14] Zeitz, G., Blau, G. and Fertig, J. Boundaryless careers and institutional resources [J]. TheInternational Journal of Human Resource Management, 2009,20(2): 372-398.[15]Cristian,Valentin,HAPENCIUC,Andrei-Alexandru,MOROSAN.EMPLOYEE,MOTIV ATION IN THE COMPANY. STUDY CASE[J].The Annals of The "Ştefan cel Mare" University of Suceava..Fascicle of The Faculty of Economics and Public Administration2010(10)The performance inspection and drive mechanismHuman resources as the modern enterprise of a kind of strategic resources, has become the most important factor for enterprise development. In the human resources management of numerous content, incentive question is one important content of. Incentive scientific or not, relates directly to the stand or fall of human resource use. Many enterprises have a brain drain phenomenon, cannot keep talents restricts enterprise development has become one of theimportant factors. Effective incentive is the key to this question. Any enterprise is by the people to manage, and be in enterprise middleman's enthusiasm height, is crucial to the success of the enterprise decision factors. So, for companies to, its vigorous vitality from the employee's infinite vigor, how to motivate employees of energy? Must on employees effective incentive. Therefore, the enterprise human resources management core is to incentive mechanism as lever, arousing the enthusiasm of the employees, initiative.Managers deal with employees at issue, must have a fair mind, should not have any prejudices and preferences. Although some staff may allow you to enjoy, some you do not enjoy, but at work, must be treated equally and should not have any of the words and acts of injustice.1 Stimulate the transfer of staff from the results of equal to equal opportunities and strive to create a level playing field.For example, Wu Shihong at IBM from a clean start with the people, step by step to the sales clerk to the district person in charge, General Manager of China, what are the reasons for this? In addition to individual efforts, but also said that IBM should be a good corporate culture to a stage of development, that is, everyone has unlimited opportunities for development, as long as there is capacity there will be space for the development of self-implementation, which is to do a lot of companies are not, this system will undoubtedly inspire a great role of the staff.2 Inspire the best time to grasp.- Takes aim at pre-order incentive the mission to advance incentives.- Have Difficulties employees, desire to have strong demand, to give the care and timely encouragement.3 Want a fair and accurate incentive, reward- Sound, perfect performance appraisal system to ensure appropriate assessment scale, fair and reasonable.- Have to overcome there is thinning of the human pro-wind.- In reference salary, promotions, awards, etc.involve the vital interests of employees on hot issues in order to be fair.4 The implementation of Employee Stock Ownership Plan.Workers and employees in order to double the capacity of investors, more concerned about the outcome of business operations and improve the initiative.Modern human resources management experience and research shows that employees are involved in modern management requirements and aspirations, and create and provide opportunities for all employees is to mobilize them to participate in the management of an effective way to enthusiasm. There is no doubt that very few people participated in the discussions of the act and its own without incentives. Therefore, to allow trade unions to participate in the management of properly, can motivate workers, but also the success of the enterprise to obtain valuable knowledge. Through participation, the formation of trade unions on the enterprise a sense of belonging, identity, self-esteem and can further meet the needs of self-realization. Set up and improve employee participation in management, the rationalization ofthe proposed system and the Employee Stock Ownership and strengthening leadership at all levels and the exchange of communication and enhance the awareness of staff to participate in ownership.5 Honor incentiveStaff attitude and contribution of labor to honor rewards, such as recognition of the meeting, issued certificate, honor roll, in the company's internal and external publicity on the media reports, home visits condolences, visit sightseeing, convalescence, training out of training, access to recommend honor society, selected stars model, such as class.6 Concerned about the incentivesThe staff concerned about work and life, such as the staff set up the birthday table, birthday cards, general manager of the issue of staff, care staff or difficult and presented a small gift sympathy.7 CompetitiveThe promotion of enterprise among employees, departments compete on an equal footing between the orderly and the survival of the fittest.8 The material incentivesIncrease their wages, welfare, insurance, bonuses, incentive houses, daily necessities, wages promotion.9 Information incentivesEnterprises to communicate often, information among employees, the idea of communication, information such as conferences, field release, enterprises reported that the reporting system, the association manager to receive the system date.绩效考核与员工激励人力资源作为现代企业的一种战略性资源，已经成为企业发展的最关键因素。