2014年首都师范大学876英语学科教学考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2014年首都师范大学876英语学科教学考研真题及详解一、定义题(请用英语解释下列词语，并举例说明)：(每题8分，共40分)1. Behaviorism【参考答案】As for the behaviorist theory, it is based on a stimulus-response theory of psychology, and proposed by behavioral psychologist Skinner. He suggested that language is also a form of behavior. It can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. This theory of learning is referred to as behaviorism.One influential result is the audio-lingual method, which involves endless “listen and repeat” drilling activities. The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised. This method is still used in many parts of the world today.2. cognitive style【参考答案】Cognitive style or “thinking style” is a term used in cognitive psychology to describe the way individuals think, perceive and remember information. Cognitive style differs from cognitive ability (or level), the latter being measured by aptitude tests or so-called intelligence tests. There is controversy over the exact meaning of the term “cognitive style” and w hether it is a single ormultiple dimension of human personality. However it remains a key concept in the areas of education and management. If a pupil has a cognitive style that is similar to that of his/her teacher, the chances are improved that the pupil will have a more positive learning experience. Likewise, team members with similar cognitive styles likely feel more positive about their participation with the team. While matching cognitive styles may make participants feel more comfortable when working with one another, this alone cannot guarantee the success of the outcome.3. Monitor Model【参考答案】Krashen’s monitor model is made up of five hypotheses:(1) Acquisition-learning hypothesis: Acquisition is the way children pick up their first language. Learning is a conscious process of study. Acquisition is more important. Only acquired language is available for fluent communication. Learning cannot become acquisition.(2) Monitor hypothesis: Learners monitor what they are saying or writing and correct it. They only do this when they are really concerned about formal correctness and when they have time to do so.(3) Natural order hypothesis: Second language learners acquire the features of the second language in a predictable order. This natural order is independent of the order in which rules have been learned in language classes.(4) Input hypothesis: Learners acquire language in one way—by exposure tocomprehensible input. If the input contains language just beyond the current level of the learner, then comprehension can occur and acquisition will occur.(5) Affective filter hypothesis: Affect refers to motives, needs, attitudes and emotional states. If a learner is tense or angry, for example, they will filter out input, making it unavailable for acquisition.4. Sociocultural Theory【参考答案】Sociocultural theory is an emerging theory in psychology that looks at the important contributions that society makes to individual development. This theory stresses the interaction between developing people and the culture in which they live. This theory suggests that human learning is largely a social process.Sociocultural theory focuses not only how adults and peers influence individual learning, but also on how cultural beliefs and attitudes impact how instruction and learning take place.According to Vygotsky, children are born with basic biological constraints on their minds. Each culture, however, provides what he referred to as ‘tools of intellectual adaptation.’ These tools allow children to use their basic m ental abilities in a way that is adaptive to the culture in which they live.For example, while one culture might emphasize memory strategies such as note-taking, other cultures might utilize tools like reminders or rote memorization.5. content—based instruction【参考答案】The focus of a CBI lesson in on the topic or subject matter. During the lesson, students are focused on learning about something. This could be anything that interested them from a serious science subject to their favorite pop star or even a topical news story or film. They learn about this subject using the language they are trying to learn, rather than their native language. This is thought to be a more natural way of developing language ability and one that corresponds more to the way we originally learn our first language.For example, there are many ways to approach creating a CBI lesson. The following is one possible way.Preparation: (1) choose a subject of interest to students. (2) find three or four suitable sources that deal with different aspect of the subject. These could be websites, reference books, audio or video of lectures or even real people.During the lesson: (1) divide the class into small groups and assign each groupa small research task and a source of information to use to help them fulfill the task.(2) then once they have done their research they form new groups with students that used other information sources and share and compare their information. (3) There should then be some product as the end result of this sharing of information which could take the form of a group report or presentation of some kind.二、简答题(请用英语回答下列问题)：(每题l5分，共60分)1. Explain Autonomous Learning.【参考答案】The concept of learner autonomy has been introduced into foreign language teaching over twenty years. Nowadays, autonomy has been widely accepted as an educational goal and few teachers will disagree with the importance of helping language learners become more autonomous as learners. But as to what learner autonomy really is, various interpretations proposed by different researchers and scholars in different contexts. For example, according to Holec, it is defined as the ability to take charge of one’s own learning. D.Little sees learner autonomy as a capacity for detachment, critical reflection, decision-making and independent action. Nunan also believes that this ability is extraordinary important. The learners who are able to fix their won aims and produce chances for learning are autonomous learners. Little wood talks about learner autonomy as “ the ability to use the knowledge one has learned without help of the teacher. One of the widely accepted of learner autonomy is put forward by Benson who defines it as “ the capacity to take control of one’s own learning.Some researcher defines it in terms of attitude. Dickinson sees autonomy very much as an attitude to language learning. In his opinion, autonomous learners are ready to take responsibility for their own learning and show their willingness by setting their own goals, selecting their materials, deciding on their own methods, place time and pace for study, monitoring their study and making proper evaluation.Some researches define it in terms of ability and willingness. They define an autonomous learner as one who has the ability and willingness to act independently and decisively. In this view, attitudes translate into practice, and motivation is a necessary precursor of autonomy. Finally, with the development of researches on learner autonomy, the term autonomy has come to be used in at least five ways: 1) For situations in which learners study entirely on their own; 2) For a set of skills which can be learned and applied in self-directed learning; 3) For an inborn capacity which is suppressed by institutional education; 4) For the exercise of learners’ responsibility for their own learning; 5) For the right of learners to determine the direction of their own learning. The importance of developing learner autonomy in English self-study In general, importance of developing learner autonomy in EFL can be summarized as follows: 1) It matches our educational goal. The final product of education is an independent learners and cultivating a learner’s independ ence of autonomy should be regarded as the end goal that teachers or educators try to pursue. And it also meets life-long learning and creative education. 2) It helps students to make improvements beyond knowledge. The present epoch is one with an explosion of knowledge and information. So it is impossible for one to adapt to this changing society with the knowledge acquired at school. If learner autonomy is developed, then students become skillful in learning how to learn. And they will be able to master new knowledge, new technology, face new challenges and task. 3) It can adapt to students’ individual differences. Different students have different preferred ways。
2014年首都师范大学876英语学科教学考研试题（回忆版）
2014年首都师范大学876英语学科教学考研试题英语学科教学考研试题（（回忆版回忆版））一、名词解释名词解释 1.学校教育制度2.隐性教育功能3.国家课程4.教学5.学习动机6.常规参照测验二、简答题简答题 1、 杜威实用主义教育学基本观点2、 教师个体的专业性发展的基本内容3、 元认知与学习策略的关系4、 教育行动研究的基本特征三、论述题论述题 1、 试论学校教育对学生人文精神的培育2、 移情的内涵和作用3、 访谈法的适用情形4、 试论教师的职业角色和实现876 876 英语教学法英语教学法英语教学法 一、定义题定义题，，举出例子举出例子 1. Behaviorism2. cognitive style3. Monitor Model4. Sociocultural Theory5. content-based instruction二、简答题简答题 1. Explain Autonomous Learning.2. Analyze the concept of teacher role in second language learning3. Analyze the contributing factors in classroom language learning.4. Introducing the concept of learning strategies in second language teaching,论述题三、论述题1. What are the necessary conditions of second language learning? Do we have these conditions? How can we create these conditions?2. How do you define the success of second language acquisition? Give your criteria and why do you think so?。
2014年英语真题含答案
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have _1_ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually _2_. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. _3_, among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an _4_ of good health.Of even greater _5_ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often _6_body mass index, or BIMI _7_ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BIMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 to 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, _8_ can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem _9_, they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit. _10_ others with a low BMI may be in poor _11_. For example, many collegiate and professional football players _12_ as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a _13_ BMI.Today we have a(n) _14_ to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes _15_ in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_ very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_ in health concerns have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_, My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives, Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat!1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in respects of7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored16. [A] compared [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1What would you do with $559m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, un-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings or fulfillment. She could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these maternal purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was Once exciting and new becomes old hat; regret creeps in, It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dun and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time–as stones or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected toothers.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.”It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib-a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world. and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers, But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[A] A big house.[B] A special tour.[C] A stylish car.[D] A rich meal.22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is.[A] critical[B] supportive[C] sympathetic[D] ambiguous23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that .[A] consumers are sometimes irrational[B] popularity usually comes after quality[C] marketing tricks are after effective[D] rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money .[A] has left much room for readers’ criticism[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the us[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to .[A] balance feeling good and spending money[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you're more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing (to use the psychological terminology) strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving (across the ages and genders ) and 85% at getting on well others-all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We strut around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been morphed to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”.If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image-which most did-they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that those who self-enhanced the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion,”says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.” If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.Knowing the results of Eplet’s study, it makes sense that manypeople hate photographs of themselves so viscerally — on one level, they don’t even recognize the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the flukiest of flattering photos, the cream of their wit style Beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray an idealized version of themselves”. (People are much more likely to out-and-out lie on dating websites, to an audience of strangers.)26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that .[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect[C] our need for leadership is unnatural[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s .[A] rapid watching[B] conscious choice[C] intuitive response[D] automatic self-defense28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to .[A] underestimate their insecurities[B] believe in their attractiveness[C] cover up their depressions[D] oversimplify their illusions29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para.6) is closest in meaning to .[A] instinctively[B] occasionally[C] particularly[D] aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can .[A] present their dishonest profiles[B] define their traditional life styles[C] share their intellectual pursuits[D] withhold their unflattering sidesText 3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side ofa boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can’t immediately foresee.When there is exponential improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be “tightly scripted”and “highly standardized”ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity.” In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, sincewe are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.”That’s not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would .[A] ease the competition of man vs. machine[B] highlight machines’ threat to human jobs[C] provoke a painful technological revolution[D] outmode our current economic structure32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that .[A] technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities[B] automation is accelerating technological development[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation[D] man will finally win the race against machine33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often .[A] performed by innovative minds[B] scripted with an individual style[C] standardized without a clear target[D] designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed .[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modern times[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices[B] Machines will Replace Human Labor[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines[D] Economic Downturns Stimulate InnovationsText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to jostle for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged. This government does not want to see a return to large-scale provision of council housing, so it is naturally wary of measures that will lead us down that route.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. The cap, introduced in 2012 as part of the Housing Revenue Account reform, hasbeen a major issue for the sector. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.Finally, they should look at the way in which public sector land is released. Currently up-front payments are required, putting a financial burden on the housing provider. A more positive stimulus would be to encourage a system where the land is made available and maintained as a long-term equity stake in the project.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate. This means that affordable housing specialists like Wates Living Space have to create a whole new way of working in partnership with registered providers. Wehave to be prepared to take on more of the risk during the development phase, driving down the cost to deliver high-quality affordable housing and, most importantly, developing alternative funding models to help achieve this.While the government's commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away. The comprehensive spending review provides the opportunity to start moving us in the right direction - stimulating investment in new supply and quickly delivering tangible benefits to local economies. It also helps create the space to develop a long-term sustainable strategy for housing.36. The author believes that the housing sector .[A] has attracted much attention[B] has lost its real value in economy[C] shoulders too much responsibility[D] involves certain political factors37. It can be learned that affordable housing has .[A] suffered government biases[B] increased its home supply[C] offered spending opportunities[D] disappointed the government38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may .[A] prepare to reduce housing stock debt[B] release a lifted GDP growth forecast[C] allow greater government debt for housing[D] stop local authorities from building homes39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would .[A] lower the costs of registered providers[B] relieve the minister of responsibilities[C] contribute to funding new developments[D] lessen the impact of government interference40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may .[A] implement more policies to support housing[B] stop generous funding to the housing sector[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme[D] review the need for large-scale public grantsPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked detailsgiven in the left column. There are two extra choices in the left column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of eland itself as their medium.The British land artist, typified by Richard Long’s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action” is in the past the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The BoyleFamily, on the other hand, stands for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the mundanity that characterizes most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny. Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottishartist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality,”says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down- say, after giving a bad lecturehe grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter.Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John,a local student. Write him an email to1) tell him about your living habits, and2) ask for advice about living there.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考英语试卷答案Section I Use of English1. [B] concluded2. [A] protective3. [C] Likewise4. [A] indicator5. [D] concern6. [A] in terms of7. [C] equals8. [C] in turn9. [D] straightforward10. [B] while11. [A] shape12.[B] quality13. [C] normal14. [D] tendency15. [B] pictured16. [D] associated17. [A] Even18. [D] grounded19. [C] policies20. [B] againstSection II Reading Comprehension21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?[B]A special tour22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is[A]critical23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase25. This text mainly discusses how to26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______[C] intuitive response28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______[B] believe in their attractiveness29. The word "Viscerally"(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.[A]instinctively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.[D] withhold their unflattering sides31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would _____.[B]highlight machines’ threat to human jobs32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that _____.[A]technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often _____.[D]designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed _____.[D] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[C]Can We Win the Race Against Machines36. The author believes that the housing sector______.[D]involves certain political factors37. It can be learned that affordable housing has_____.[A]suffered government biases38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may _____.[C]allow greater government debt for housing39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would _____.[C]contribute to funding new developments40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may _____.[B]stop generous funding to the housing sector41.Stone Cirele[D]represents the elegance of the British land art.42.Olaf Street Study[E]depicts the ordinary side of the British land art.43.Across the Park[G]contains images from different parts of the same photograph.44.Towards Avebury[C]reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition.45.Seven Days[A]originates from a long walk that the artist took.Section III Translation大多数人认为乐观主义就是无休止的开心，就像在看到一个装了一半水的杯子的时候，会认为还差半杯就满了，而非空了一半。
2014年北师英语翻译基础考研真题,考研参考书,考研招生信息,答案解析
1/13【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 12015年考研指导育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。
更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。
北京师范大学（回忆+原题）翻译硕士英语一、20个单项选择：主要考察单词和词组，不考察语法，考了ecstacy,incentive,prevalent 等等。
这题需要大家扩充词汇量。
二、阅读理解：第一篇，演讲中逻辑和修辞的作用，想要说服人们，仅有逻辑是不够的，必须发挥修辞的作用。
第二篇，印象派画家的兴起，风格与画法。
第三篇，日本企业雇佣制度进行了改革，以前是终身制，职员为企业尽心尽力，老年享受公司退休制度的福利，升职靠资历。
（以上三篇考的是选择题）第四篇，关于快乐的两个发现，人的快乐程度受基因和年龄影响。
考的是问答题。
三、作文：People send gifts on important occasions like weddings,funerals,promoion,graduation,etc.some people think gift is a token of goodwill,others think expensive gifts will harm people's relations and are just vanity.Write a composition about 300-400words,and express your own opinion.2/13【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 2英语翻译基础一、英译汉及育明教育解析the Authorized Version 钦定版圣经flesh and blood 血肉之躯a wet blanket 令人扫兴的人puppy love 早年初恋the Analects 论语contact lenses 隐形眼镜proof positive 铁证track and field 田径运动child's play 容易干的事，不重要的事danger money 危险工作的额外报酬pull sb's leg 愚弄某人in for a penny,in for a pound 一不做二不休between the devil and the deep blue sea 左右为难real economy 实体经济二、汉译英及育明教育解析音译transliteration国内生产总值GDP八折优惠20%off左上角top left corner淡酒light wine老于世故的人man of the world/sophisticated person3/13【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 3硬性推销hard sale promotion天道酬勤god helps those who help themselves隔墙有耳wall have ears三三两两small knots of people耐用消费品durable consumer goods招领启事Lost and Found拦路虎a lion in the way可持续发展sustainable development新兴市场国家Emerging Market Countries三、英译汉：I was slow to understand the deep grievances of women.This was because,as a boy,I had envied them.Before college,the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature,the only ones who read books,the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease and grace were the mothers and daughters.Like the menf**d about money,they scrimped and made-do.But,when the pay stopped coming in,they were not the ones who had failed.Nor did they have to go to war,and that seemed to me a blessed fact.By comparison with the narrow,ironclad days of fathers,there was expansiveness,I thought,in the days of mothers.They went to see neighbors,to shop in town,to run errands at school,at the library,at church.No doubt,had I looked harder at their lives,I would have envied them less.It was not my fate to become a woman,so it was easier for me to see the graces.Few of them held jobs outside the home,and those who did filled thanklessroles as clerks and waitresses.I didn’t see,then,what a prison a house could be,since houses seemed to me brighter,handsomer places than any factory.I did not realize—because such things were never spoken of-how often women suffered from men's bullying.I did learn about the wretchedness of abandoned wives,single mothers,widows;but I also learned about the wretchedness of lone men.Even then I could see how exhausting it was for a mother to cater all day to the needs of young children.But if I had been asked,as a boy,to choose between tending a baby and4/13【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 4tending a machine,I think I would have chosen the baby.四、汉译英：书信作为人际交往中传递信息，建立，发展和改变人际关系，联络和加深思想感情，以至评论时政抒发己见的主要形式，古时就已有之。
教育硕士入学考试教育综合真题首都师范大学2014年_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
教育硕士入学考试教育综合真题首都师范大学2014年(总分150, 做题时间90分钟)一、名词解释1.学校教育制度SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5学校教育制度简称学制，是指一个国家各级各类学校的系统及其管理规则，它规定着各级各类学校的性质、任务、入学条件、修业年限以及它们之间的关系。
现代学制主要有三种类型：一是双轨学制，二是单轨学制，三是分支型学制。
一般来说学制由学校的类型、学校的级别和学校的结构三个基本要素构成。
2.隐性教育功能SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5隐性教育功能是伴随教育的显性功能所出现的非预期的功能，如教育复制了现有的社会关系，再现了社会的不平等，学校照管儿童的功能等，都是隐性功能的表现。
隐性与显性的区分是相对的，一旦隐性的潜在功能被有意识地开发、利用，就转变成了显性教育功能。
3.国家课程SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5国家课程是指自上而下由中央政府负责编制、实施和评价的课程，亦称国家统一课程。
负责国家课程的课程编制中心一般具有权威性、多样性和合法性三个特征。
权威性来自政府赋予它们的职责以及法律赋予它们的合法性。
多样性是指课程编制中心可以为整个教育系统编制课程，也可以为某些地区编制课程；可以为某个教育阶段或几个教育阶段编制课程，也可以为某类学校或几类学校编制课程，还可以为某类学科或几类学科编制课程。
强制性是指在绝大多数国家，课程编制中心负责编制的课程是强制执行的，其中包括课程标准、教材、教师用书、习题集等。
4.教学SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 5教学是在一定的教育目的的规范下，教师的教与学生的学共同组成的一种教育活动。
在这一活动中，学生在教师有计划地组织与引导下，能动地学习、掌握系统的科学文化基础知识，发展自身的智能与体力，养成良好的品行与美感，逐步形成全面发展的个性。
教学是在教师引导下学生能动地学习知识以获得个性发展的活动。
教学是学校实现教育目的的基本途径。
全国名校英语教学论历年考研真题汇编
目 录第一部分 首都师范大学876英语学科教学历年考研真题2013年首都师范大学876英语学科教学考研真题2012年首都师范大学876英语学科教学考研真题2011年首都师范大学876英语学科教学考研真题第二部分 北京师范大学440英语教学理论与实践历年考研真题2004年北京师范大学440英语教学理论与实践考研真题2003年北京师范大学440英语教学理论与实践考研真题第三部分 宁波大学837英语教学论历年考研真题2013年宁波大学837英语教学论考研真题2011年宁波大学840英语教学论考研真题2010年宁波大学840英语教学论考研真题第四部分 南京师范大学F092英语教学论历年考研真题2011年南京师范大学F092英语教学论考研真题2004年南京师范大学英语教学论考研真题2003年南京师范大学英语教学论基础知识考研真题2002年南京师范大学445英语教学论考研真题第五部分 杭州师范大学823英语语言学和英语教学论历年考研真题2011年杭州师范大学823英语语言学和英语教学论考研真题2010年杭州师范大学825英语语言学和英语教学理论考研真题2009年杭州师范大学823英语语言学和英语教学理论考研真题2008年杭州师范大学825英语语言学和英语教学理论考研真题2007年杭州师范大学426英语语言学和英语教学理论考研真题第一部分 首都师范大学876英语学科教学历年考研真题2013年首都师范大学876英语学科教学考研真题第二部分 北京师范大学440英语教学理论与实践历年考研真题2004年北京师范大学440英语教学理论与实践考研真题2003年北京师范大学440英语教学理论与实践考研真题第三部分 宁波大学837英语教学论历年考研真题2013年宁波大学837英语教学论考研真题2011年宁波大学840英语教学论考研真题2010年宁波大学840英语教学论考研真题第四部分 南京师范大学F092英语教学论历年考研真题2011年南京师范大学F092英语教学论考研真题2004年南京师范大学英语教学论考研真题2003年南京师范大学英语教学论基础知识考研真题2002年南京师范大学445英语教学论考研真题第五部分 杭州师范大学823英语语言学和英语教学论历年考研真题2011年杭州师范大学823英语语言学和英语教学论考研真题2010年杭州师范大学825英语语言学和英语教学理论考研真题2009年杭州师范大学823英语语言学和英语教学理论考研真题2008年杭州师范大学825英语语言学和英语教学理论考研真题2007年杭州师范大学426英语语言学和英语教学理论考研真题。
2014年首都师范大学考研(教育学综合)真题试卷
2014年首都师范大学考研（教育学综合）真题试卷(总分：30.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.赫尔巴特教学阶段论。
（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：赫尔巴特认为兴趣可以分为四个阶段：注意、期待、要求、行动。
在此基础上，他提出了教学阶段论：教师应采取符合学生心理活动规律的教学程序，有计划、有步骤地进行教学。
他把教学过程分成四个连续的阶段：一是明了。
指教师讲解新教材，把教材分解为许多部分，提示给学生，便于学生领悟和掌握。
这时，学生的心理处于“静止的专心”状态，其兴趣阶段是注意，教师适合用叙述的方法传授知识。
二是联想。
指通过师生谈话把新旧观念结合起来。
教学的任务是把前一阶段教师所提示的新观念和学生意识中原有的旧观念结合起来。
这时，学生的心理表现为“动态的专心”。
其兴趣阶段发展到“期待”新的知识。
教师的任务是与学生交流，自由交谈是联想的最好方法。
三是系统。
指在教师指导下寻找结论和规则，使观念系统化，形成概念。
这时，学生的心理处于“静止的审思”状态，兴趣活动处于要求阶段，教师要运用综合的方法，使知识系统化。
四是方法。
指通过练习把所学知识应用于实际，以检查学生对新知识的理解是否正确。
这时学生的心理表现为“动态的审思”。
其兴趣点在于进行学习行动，教学方法主要是让学生做作业、写文章与修改等，对知识进行运用。
)解析：2.如何进行质性研究?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：质性研究即定性研究。
因此这道题需要考生答出定性研究的定义、研究步骤和主要的研究方法。
2014年考研英语一真题及答案
2014年考研英语一真题及答案2014年考研英语一真题及答案可以为考生提供有效的备考参考材料和指导。
以下是2014年考研英语一真题及答案。
希望对考生备考有所帮助。
Part A Text 1Just a few years ago, the news that a Californian fruit-packing company was turning awayjob seekers who had not mastered basic math sparked a national debate. How could a high school diploma,or even a college degree, not ensure a worker’s competence in arithmetic?The answer is simple: American education is in a sorry state of affairs. In 2012, the Organisationfor Economic Cooperation and Development administered basic math and literacy tests to thousands ofadults in 24 countries. The United States ranked second to last in math. More than 20 percent of the USadults scored at the lowest level on the test, compared with only 9 percent of adults in Japan and 5 percentin Finland.The state of American education did not happen by chance, nor is it an isolated problem. Fromhistoric underfunding to today’s emphasis on hard skills over critical thinking, the United States haslong failed to prioritize education. If we want to keep pace with international competitors and prepareour students for 21st-century careers, we must finally start investing in education.In the years following World War II, the United States dominated the world economy. Americanswere well educated and the states and federalgovernment invested heavily in expanding access toeducation. But as the United States began losing its competitive edge, factors including changingdemographics, the economy, and technological advances prompted officials to pull back on governmen\tfunding for education.The implications of that disinvestment are clear. The US high school dropout rate remains high,at around 17 percent, and has shown little improvement in recent years. College is even less accessible.Plus, the cost of going to college has skyrocketed, putting it out of reach for many low-income students,at least without burdening themselves with massive debt. As a result, American workers lag behindtheir global peers in the skills that are increasingly demanded in today’s economy.So how can we fix our education system? The answer is complex, and there is no one-size-fitsall solution. However, there are several key areas that need to be addressed if we want to makeprogress.First and foremost, we must invest more money in education. Money alone will not solve theproblem, but it is certainly a necessary starting point. Adequate funding is needed to attract and retainhigh-quality teachers, provide modern resources and infrastructure, and support innovative programs.High-performing countries, such as Finland and South Korea, understand this and consistently investheavily in education.Secondly, we must shift our focus from standardized testing to a more well-rounded approachto education. Standardized tests have their place, but they should not be the sole measure of a student’sability or a teacher’s effectiveness. We need to foster critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solvingskills, rather than teaching to the test.Additionally, it is crucial that we improve the professional development and support provided toteachers. Teachers are the backbone of our education system, and they need ongoing training and supportto stay effective in the classroom. Investing in teachers means investing in our students.Finally, we must address the disparities in education that exist among different regions and socioeconomic groups. Education should not be a privilege reserved for the wealthy or those lucky enoughto live in well-funded school districts. Every child, no matter their background, deserves access to ahigh-quality education.In conclusion, the state of American education is in dire need of improvement. It is time for usto recognize the significance of education and invest in its future. By putting money towards education,shifting our focus to a more well-rounded approach, supporting and training our teachers, and ensuringequal access to education for all students, we can begin to turn the tide and provide our students withthe skills they need to succeed in the 21st century.Part A Text 1 Source: Adapted from The New York Times, September 13, 2014Part A Text 1 Questions:1. Why were fruit-packing companies turning away job applicants a few years ago?2. What does the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development study revealabout the competence of American adults in basic math and literacy?3. What is the main reason for the sorry state of American education according to the text?4. What consequences does the disinvestment in education in the United States bring about?5. What does the author suggest about how to improve the current education system in theUnited States?Part A Text 1 Answers:1. A Californian fruit-packing company was turning away job seekers who had not mastered basicmath because American education is in a sorry state and workers lack competence in arithmetic.2. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development study reveals that the UnitedStates ranked second to last in math and more than 20 percent of American adults scored at thelowest level in the basic math and literacy tests.3. The main reason for the sorry state of American education is a historic underfunding of and the lackof priority given to education in the United States.4. The consequences of disinvestment in education in the United States include a high high schooldropout rate, limited access to college, and American workers lagging behind their global peers inthe skills demanded in today’s economy.5. The author suggests that the education system in the United States can be improved by investingmore money in education, shifting focus fromstandardized testing to a more well-rounded approach,supporting and training teachers, and ensuring equal access to education for all students.。
首都师范大学硕士生英语考试题
首都师范大学2014-2015学年第二学期研究生英语学位考试考试科目：研究生英语试卷类别：A 考试时间：120 分钟Section A (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be read only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. (Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet 1.)1. A. Michael Jordan is a famous businessman.B. Michael Jordan is the name of the woman's friend.C. Michael Jordan is a manufacturer of sneakers.D. Michael Jordan is both a person's name and a trademark.2. A. He is a billionaire in Chinatown.B. He owns a big company in China.C. He is successful businessman.D. He earned 100 million dollars last year.3. A. He succeeded quickly by working hard.B. He won because he's got very good luck.C. Despite his achievements, he hasn't got a reputation yet.D. He had a reputation as an experienced speaker on TV.4. A. Yao Ming's team should not have lost in the first round. .B. Yao Ming is the best player in the national team.C. Yao Ming is surprised at his loss in the first round. .D. Yao Ming's team is expected to win the national tournament.5. A. How a famous Chinese kung fu master teaches his lessons.B. A way to keep energetic in life.C. The method for practising Chinese kung fu.D. A friend who has won several Chinese kung fu competitions.6. A. Jean is not fashion-conscious.B. Jean saw her sister downtown yesterdayC. Jean and her sister spend lots of time togetherD. Jean isn't a good buyer of dresses like her sister.7. A. He didn't like the fashion show last night.B. He thinks it pretty for the models to wear nightgowns.C. He thinks the woman should take part in the fashion show.D. He thinks the models gave a good performance.8. A. The woman likes to follow fashion.B. The man and woman have the same attitude to clothes.C. The man is laughing at the woman.D. The woman's clothes are out of date.9. A. He thinks it's out of date.B. He doesn't think modern women would like to wear clothes like that.C. He thinks it's wonderful.D. He likes the color but not the style.10. A. The woman has a job related to dress design.B. The two speakers agree the Oscars ceremony is a big event.C. The woman thinks it worthwhile to see the Academy Awards.D. The man believes the Oscar ceremony provides a chance for stars to show off.Section B (1 point each)Directions:In this section you will hear a long conversation. At the end of the conversation, some questions will be asked about what was said. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.( Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on Answer Sheet 1. ) (The conversation will be read to you only once.) Conversation 111. A. Because he thinks it makes him relaxed.B. Because he has used up all his salary.C. Because he likes window-shopping more than anything else.D. Because he is window-shopping while waiting for a friend.12. A. She's always been good with money.B. She's never been good with moneyC. She used to be a bad saver, like Jack.D. She doesn't save money.13. A. Earning more money.B. Opening another bank account for spending.C. Opening another bank account for saving.D. Finding a better job.14. A. 10% of her salary. B. 20% of her salaryC. 30% of her salary.D. 40% of her salary.15. A. Jack likes shopping when he gets paid.B. Molly has made a plan for Jack and it works.C. Jack may listen to Molly's advice and do his best to save money.D. Jack will not listen to Molly's advice because it is impractical.Section C (1 point each)Directions:In this section you will hear a talk about the importance of play. Listen carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given to each question you hear. (The conversation will be read to you twice.)16. A. Because play can lead us to successB. Because play can help set our minds free.C. Because play can let us experience new things.D. Because play can make people become wiser.17. A. They can learn what they cannot learn in class.B. They can learn how to help one another.C. They can learn how to express their feelings.D. They can learn good behavior through play.18. A. It makes children learn things systematically.B. It enables children to make progress step by step.C. It can help children organize their thoughts more clearly.D. It provides some rules for children to identify and follow.19. A. It provides unexpected events for children to handle.B. It gives children more freedom to play without rules or control.C. It has no goals or objectives in the game.D. It is basically an individual game in which ideas are less specific.20. A. The speaker should be a college teacher.B. The speaker is a researcher on parenthood.C. The speaker is a children's writer.D. The speaker is a specialist in childcare.Part II Vocabulary （20 points）Section A21. The department deferred the decision for six months.A. postponedB. discussedC. heldD. revised22. The scientists will go on an expedition to the South Pole.A. explorationB. tripC. tourD. outing23. She asked her mother to pick her up from the camp a day earlier than scheduled. Although she was sick of camp and ready to come home”, Ms. Wexler objected and finally prevailed.A. changedB. triumphedC. disagreedD. consented24. The number of old people is on the rise, and with this fact comes the number of people with chronic diseases associated more with old age.A. incurableB. severeC. painfulD. enduring25. With this strong right-wing views, and close affiliation to the military, he’d long been regarded as a sworn enemy of the people.A. emotionB. communicationC. reactionD. association26. The best hope is that we will have a rapid mobilization of international opinion in support of the movement.A. getting upB. catching upC. bringing upD. calling up27. The cause of the incidence has been kept off the air in the radio by the administration.A. not knownB. publicizedC. not broadcastedD. secret28. Some intrepid individuals were still prepared to make the journey.A. recklessB. AggressiveC. fearlessD. tough29. The liberal party held a convention to agitate for reforms.A. runB. postponeC. proposeD. push30. The jury deliberated for 18 minutes and recommended a sentence of from 2 to 5 years in the state penitentiary.A. inquiredB. complainedC. discussedD. spoke Section B31. The personal computer is only a decade old, and the language it ________ has made only minor inroads in English, but this will change.A. pronouncedB. processedC. spawnedD. prohibited32. He formally disbanded the fact-finding team Thursday because of Israel’ objections to the mission’s composition and ________.A. mandateB. purposeC. identityD. motivation33. If you don’t pay your rent you will be.A. finedB. suedC. rejectedD. evicted34. The old lady is so ________ that she’ll believe anything she hears.A. carelessB. sillyC. ignorantD. gullible35. When he was there, he often gave food and coins to the ________ children who lived on the street.A. despairedB. homelessC. destituteD. deserted36. Combining social commentary with rhythmic ________, heavy bass beats, and remixed or original melodies, rap is one of the most controversial of black musical forms.A. danceB. bandC. musicD. lyrics37. He took out a court ________ against the newspaper demanding the return of the document.A. injunctionB. suspensionC. biasD. sentence38. They said on the wedding that they belonged ________ to each other---for life or for death.A. by farB. on earthC. perpetuallyD. in all39. It’s good news that the Governor and lawmakers are finally talking to each other, however ________.A. sullenlyB. off-handedlyC. hospitablyD. slowly40. We now are provided with several television commentators to explain the action to us, with the help of the ________ slow-motion instant replay.A. popularB. ubiquitousC. successfulD. continuousPart III. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part, there are three short passages. Read each one carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on Answer Sheet 1.Passage OneMoviegoers may think history is repeating itself this weekend. The summer's most anticipated film, Pearl Harbor, which has opened recently, painstakingly re-creates the Japanese attack that drew the United States into World War II. But that isn't the film's only reminder of the past. Harbor invites comparison to Titanic, the biggest hit of all time. Like Titanic, Harbor heaps romance and action around a major historical event. Like Titanic, Harbor attempts to create popular global entertainment from a deadly real-life tragedy. Like Titanic, Harbor costs a pretty penny and hopes to get in even more at the box office.Both Titanic and Pearl Harbor unseal their tales of love and tragedy over more than three hours. Both stories center on young passion, triangles of tension with one woman and two men; In Titanic, Leonardo DiCaprio and Billy Zane compete for the love of the same woman, a high-society type played by a British actress named Kate (Winslet). In Harbor, two pilots (Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett) fall for the same woman, a nurse played by a British actress named Kate (Beckinsale).The scenes of peril also have similarities. Harbor has a shot in which soldiers cling for dear life as the battleship USS Oklahoma capsizes. The moment is recalled of theTitanic's climactic sinking scene in which DiCaprio and Winslet hang from the ocean liner as half of the ship vertically plunges into the water. In Harbor, one of its stars floats atop a piece of debris in the middle of the night, much like Winslet's character does in Titanic.And the jaw-dropping action of Titanic is matched by Harbor's, 40-minute re-creation of the Dec. 7, 1941 attack on the United States' Pacific Fleet. Both films spent heavily on special effects. Harbor director, Michael Bay, for example, says he kept salaries down so more could be spent on the visuals. Both movies even shot their ship-sinking scenes at the same location; Fox Studios Baja in Mexico.Harbor's makers have even taken a Titantic-like approach to the soundtrack. The film includes one song. There You'll be, performed by country music superstar Faith Hill. Titanic, which is one of the best selling soundtracks of all time, also has only one pop song: Celine Dion's MY Heart Will Go On.“If Harbor becomes a major moneymaker, filmmakers may comb history books searching for even more historical romance-action material.” says a critic.41. What are the two things that the author of this article tries to compare?A. The attack on Pearl Harbor and the sinking of the Titanic.B. Historical fiction movies and successful box office hits.C. The movie Titanic and the on-show movie Pearl Harbor.D. Sinking boats and famous actors.42. Pearl Harbor and Titanic are similar in all of the following aspects EXCEPT_____.A. both spent large amount of money on special effectsB. both have soundtracks starring a major pop starC. both added made-up stories to historical eventsD. both are documentary movies of historical events43. Who plays the leading female role in Pearl Harbor?A. Kate Beckinsale.B. Ben Affleck.C. Kate Winslet.D. Faith Hill.44. What does the phrase “cost a pretty penny” in the first paragraph mean?A. To be very attractive.B. To cost a lot.C. To have big box office returns.D. To require a lot of effort to accomplish.45. If Pearl Harbor is as successful as Titanic, which of the following movies might we see next?A. The Battle of Waterloo.B. The Advents of Mr. Bean.C. Space Invaders.D. The Haunted House.Passage TwoA few weeks ago my mother called to say there was a warrant out for my arrest. I was mystified. I’d like to think myself dangerous but I’m a mild-mannered journalist. I don't have a criminal record, though the a ddress on my driver’s license is my mother’s - thus the “raid.” I hadn’t robbed any convenience stores lately, nor fled the scene after backing a Jeep into a crowd of people.But this is Mayor Giuliani s New York, where it doesn’t take much to draw the attention of cops. New Yorkers know all about Hizzonor’s banning homeless cleaning men from approaching drivers and offering to clean their windshields. H’s also cracked down on street vendors. Yuppie that 1 am. I’ve never given much thought to what it fe lt like to be on the other side of the law.So when the cops came knocking, I thought there must be some mistake. Imagine my embarrassment upon discovering my crime. One Saturday night in March, I strolled out of apartment after dinner, a Coors Light beer in hand. Suddenly a police officer came up and wrote me a ticket. The charge: violating New York City’s open-container laws. Yeah. I probably should have paid it then and there. But instead I stuck the pink slip in my back pocket and forgot about it.When I called to inquire about my case. I was told to “speak with Officer Kosenza.” But I didn’t get a chance. Kosenza called me that night while I was having dinner with my girlfriend. He wanted me to come to court, right then. But I was cautious. It s eems New York’s police are in a bind. With crime falling to record lows, it's getting harder and harder for cops to “make the numbers” that show they’re doing a better and better job. What to do? The answer is to rifle through out-of-date tickets that have n’t been paid –anything they could turn into a “crime.” I finally decided to turn myself in. which is how 1 found myself, one August evening, handcuffed at the downtown Manhattan police station with an older officer telling us tales of his days in the 1980s. “Times sure have changed.” he said, shaking his head at us statistically useful nuisances.Eventually I was led into a courtroom. Very quickly, it was done. Handcuffs off, out the door. I wanted to complain but went quietly home, promising not to do whatever I was guilty of for another six months. I got off easy. But I also learned a lesson: Giuliani s clean streets come with a price. If only the mayor would neglect to pay a ticket.46. According to the passage, the author is probably _____.A. an urban young professionalB. a narrow-minded journalistC. a criminal wanted by the policeD. a traffic offender47. The author was arrested primarily because _____.A. he once stuck a piece of pink paper in his back pocketB. he used his mother's address on the driver's licenseC. he had robbed convenience shops beforeD. he drank some beer one night on the street48. The word "nuisances" in the fourth paragraph may mean _____.A. mild-mannered prisonersB. trouble makersC. new arrivalsD. hardened criminals49. Through the passage, the author wants to convey the idea that _____.A. New York policemen are doing a good job cracking down on crimesB. not everyone agrees with the mayor's management of the cityC. the crime rate has been reduced at the expense of citizens' convenienceD. everyone including the mayor should be punished if he is guilty of crime50. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. The author pleaded guilty and was set free.B. Policemen were trying hard to please their superiors.C. Many so-called crimes were only trifle things.D. It's no use complaining to cops when you are caught.Passage ThreeEwen Cameron is long dead but his ghost appears to haunt Canada, where extraordinarily strict rules are being considered to protect the subjects of psychological research.Cameron was a scientist straight from a horror movie. On the surface, he was a respectable academic. But after the end of the Second World War, he visited the Nuremberg trials, superficially to examine Rudolf Hess's psychological state. Many people believe that he also studied Nazi methods of mind control. Certainly, he never internalized the Nuremberg declaration that prohibits human experiments where risk outweighs “humanitarian importance.”Throughout the 1950s, Cameron ran a CIA-funded laboratory at McGill University where patients were used as guinea pigs in brainwashing experiments. Some patients were given ECT “therapy” twice daily, others were drugged and kept unconscious for weeks or months, injected with huge amounts of drugs, and subjected to long-term sensory deprivation.Compensation has been paid to most surviving patients. But suspicion of the psychological sciences has not entirely gone away. Nor has the need for patients’ rights to be guaranteed. Cameron, after all, ensured that every patient signed a consent form, even though many were not in position to understand what it meant.The strict new rules for psychological research now under discussion can partly be understood in the light of special Canadian sensitivities. They are designed to ensure that no one can be involved in an experiment that might damage their own interests.All well and good, e xcept that psychological sciences aren’t going to advance if anyone can leave an experiment if they don’t like the results. Obviously, many psychological experiments would not be possible if the experimenters had to reveal exactly what they were testing.There is much to debate about the rights of patients and experimental subjects. The committee drawing up the code has apparently received 2,000 pages of comment on its draft.No one should do anything until this committee has had all the time it needs to read, digest and study these submissions. And then reach a truly balanced position.51. According to the author, we may conclude that _____.A. Cameron was a dedicated and responsible scientistB. Cameron was interested in unveiling the myths about Rudolf Hess’s psychological stateC. Cameron tried to ensure that his subjects clearly understood the purpose of the experimentsD. Cameron unmistakably violated the subjects’ rights52. Which of the following statements is NOT true based on the second paragraph?A. Cameron’s appearance might misrepresent his true personality.B. Probing into the psychological state of the Nazi was outside Cameron’s profession.C. Cameron did not observe the stipulation relating to human experiments.D. People believed that he had undisclosed motives for attending the Nuremberg trials.53. We can infer from this passage that _____.A. making compensation for the subjects’ loss was illegalB. some subjects in Cameron’s experiments diedC. p eople have been quite indifferent to the subjects’ rightsD. as a rule, people are fully supportive of psychological sciences54. The committee responsible for working out the rules governing psychological research _____.A. has to give top priority to psychological advancesB. is bombarded with criticisms from the publicC. is expected to take into account all the reactions to the draftingD. should rely on those willing to sacrifice their own interests55. One of the problems with the new rules for psychological research is that _____.A. the rules can do little to protect the patients’ rightsB. people may withdraw from the experiments in fear of damage to their own interestsC. it would be impossible to sort out anything valuable from the comments on the rulesD. people’s response to psychological sciences is overwhelmingly negativePassage Four[1] Unfortunately, I know more than I care to about the aftermath of drinking and driving. As a high school freshman in Wayland, Mass., in 1980, I suffered through the death of a classmate on my hockey team who was killed in an alcohol-related crash. Two years later I attended the funeral of another student in my class who died while driving under the influence.[2] I thought drunk driving had hurt me as much as it could. I was wrong. Four years ago my brother Ryan, a senior at Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vt., drove 70 to 100 miles an hour on a rainy rural road into a tree, ending his life. His blood-alcohol level was nearly three times the legal limit.[3] It was one of the worst accidents that officers at the crash site had ever seen. The two policemen who were assigned to wipe Ryan's blood and tissue off the car's broken wind shield found it impossible to talk to my family about the details.[4] Ryan was last seen drinking vodka punch at an on-campus social house. He left the party intending to drive to his apartment three miles away to pick up a toga for yet another event. He never made it home.[5] After his death we found out that Ryan had developed a drinking problem. But even though he drank to excess at nearly every social function, usually three to four times a week, many of his friends never realized he was becoming an alcoholic.[6] We were told that a staff member in the student-activities office where Ryan often registered his social house's parties had suspected that he had a drinking problem. And Ryan was not the only Middlebury student to be involved in a dangerous alcohol-related incident: in the year before his death, one of Ryan's fellow students nearly died in a binge-drinking episode. She was saved only because someone in the hospital emergency room pumped her stomach as she lay unconscious. Her blood-alcohol level was 0. 425 percent.[7] I know that my brother was ultimately responsible for his death, but in my view, college administrators can work harder to keep kids like Ryan from getting behind the wheel. Many schools, however, have been reluctant to address the problem. Why? Perhaps because taking responsibility will make trustees and college presidents legally liable for students' drunk-driving behavior.[8] If administrators accepted this responsibility, they might ask themselves: Should we expel students who receive a DUI? Has the university president met with the town's mayorto create a unified policy toward drunk driving? Have we contacted organizations like MADD and SADD to help us implement alcohol-education programs?[9] On campuses like Middlebury's, where many students own cars, administrators can use more aggressive methods to combat drinking and driving. Yet after Ryan's death, his university refused my family's request to fund an officer to patrol the main entry into the campus on weekend evenings for out-of-control drivers.[10] Why does the problem of drunk driving persist? It's not easy to solve.[11] A lot of college students are young and irresponsible, and drinking is part of their culture. Many administrators have not wanted to abolish fraternities and social houses for fear that ending such beloved traditions would lower alumni donations.[12] College officials, I ask that you go home tonight and consider your love for your son or daughter, brother or sister. Imagine the knock on your door at 3 a. m. when a police officer announces that your loved one has died. Then go to a mirror and look deep into your own eyes. Ask yourself: have I done enough to help solve this problem?[13] The choice is simple. You can choose to be a leader and an agent of change on a controversial issue. Or you can continue authoring your students' eulogies. My family, in its grief, begs you to do the former.56. The article is most probably addressed toA. drunk-driving studentsB. family members of drunk-driving studentsC. school administratorsD. law-enforcement officers57. The author suggests that on the issue of students' deaths caused by drunk-driving, the universitiesA. have faithfully fulfilled their dutiesB. have not done their fair share of dutyC. should be held legally responsibleD. should not assume responsibility58. Many universities show little enthusiasm in solving students' drinking problem becauseA. drinking is considered to be beyond their mandateB. drinking is generally regarded as part of youth cultureC. they are doubtful of the effectiveness of aggressive methodsD. they are afraid of taking legal liability for such behavior59. Which of the following is the request of the author's family for Ryan's university?A. To impose a ban on social houses and on-campus drinking.B. To expel any student who has received tickets for drunk driving.C. To patrol the main school entry on weekend evenings for drunk drivers.D. To initiate alcohol-education programs with the help of social organizations.60. The author's tone in writing this article is ..A. sincereB. satiricalC. arrogantD. helplessPart IV. Translation (10 points)(注意：此部分试题61—65请在答题卡2上作答。
2013年首都师范大学876英语学科教学考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年首都师范大学876英语学科教学考研真题及详解一、定义题——请用英语解释下列词语，并举例说明：(每题8分，共40分)1. communication strategies【参考答案】Communication strategies are psycholinguistic plans which exist as part of the language users’ communi cative competence. In the course of learning a second language, learners will frequently encounter communication problems caused by a lack of linguistic resources. Communication strategies are strategies that learners use to overcome these problems in order to convey their intended meaning. Strategies used may include paraphrasing, substitution, coining new words, switching to the first language, and asking for clarification. So communication strategies are systematic techniques employed by a speaker to express his or her meaning when faced with some difficulty.2. T eacher Talk【参考答案】Teacher T alk means the speeches that the teacher uses to speak to students when the teacher undertakes the task in the foreign language teaching. Teacher talk refers to the language of teaching tasks as prescribed in textbooks and the language the teacher uses to perform such teaching tasks as paragraphing words or sentences or illustrating grammar rules. Speeches used by the teacher for greeting, comments, task switching, discipline regulation, etc. are all different typesof teacher talk. Teacher talk as the essential medium in language teaching is firstly studied in the field of T eaching Methodology. Different teaching approaches can bring about different styles of Teacher Talk; and different Teacher Talk applies different teaching approaches to teaching activities.3. TPR【参考答案】TPR attempts to teach language through speech and physical activity at the same time. Motor activities are means to language learning. It is just like the way children acquire their native language. Learners’ role in TPR is to listen to and perform what the teacher says, they monitor and evaluate their own progress. They are encouraged to speak when they feel ready to speak. This is when a sufficient basis in language has been internalized. Teacher is the model and the director. The teacher provides opportunities for learning. When TPR is integrated into routines, the learners will immediately become involved in the language and engaged in reacting to it. They will soon realize that they understand a lot of things and will build confidence as they learn. The teacher takes on the role of the parent, giving prompts, setting patterns, playing games and the student then responds physically to the prompt. In giving feedback the teacher responds positively to the correct answer, much in the way that a parent would. This reinforces the learning and encourages further steps. Although TPR is a powerful technique, it is more effective when it is followed by games, songs, stories or demonstrations.4. the Affective Filter Hypothesis【参考答案】The affective filter hypothesis, is the fifth hypothesis of Stephen Krashen’s Monitor Model in language learning, accounts for the influence of affective factors on second language acquisition. Affect refers to non-linguistic variables such as motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety. According to the affective filter hypothesis, affect effects acquisition, but not learning, by facilitating or preventing comprehensible input from reaching the language acquisition device. In other words, affective variables such as fear, nervousness, boredom, and resistance to change can affect the acquisition of a second language by preventing information about the second language from reaching the language areas of the mind. Furthermore, when the affective filter blocks comprehensible input, acquisition fails or occurs to a lesser extent then when the affective filter supports the intake of comprehensible input. The affective filter, therefore, accounts for individual variation in second language acquisition. Second language instruction can and should work to minimize the effects of the affective filter.5. multiple intelligence【参考答案】The theory of multiple intelligences was developed in 1983 by Dr. Howard Gardner. It recognizes that human beings possess more intelligences than we used to think. According to Gardner, intelligence does not exist in one single form like IQ. It is not stat ic either. In other words, people’s intelligences can exist in many different forms and can develop and be developed over a life time. It alsosuggests that the traditional notion of intelligence, based on I.Q. testing, is far too limited. Instead, Dr. Gardner proposes eight different intelligences to account for a broader range of human potential in children and adults. These intelligences are: Linguistic intelligence (“word smart”); Logical-mathematical intelligence (“number/reasoning smart”); Spatial intelligence (“picture smart”); Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence (“body smart”); Musical intelligence (“music smart”); Interpersonal intelligence (“people smart”); Intrapersonal intelligence (“self-smart”); Naturalist intelligence (“nature smart”).二、简答题——请用英语回答下列问题：(每题15分，共60分)1. Discuss why learners make errors in language learning.【参考答案】(1) Learner errors refer to the errors that the learners make during the process of learning a second language. At first, language learners’ errors were severely criticized and it was strictly emphasized that learner errors should be avoided. However, in the 1960s, with the appearance of new L2 approaches, learners’ errors are regarded as fully acceptable and treated as part of a creative process towards the achievement of linguistic perfection and communicative meaning. Recently and in relation to the communicate approach in language learning a more balanced perspective has emerged according to which language transfer and the respective errors are seriously considered as i mportant linguistic elements that can’t be avoided nor criticized. Errors are no longer seen as signs of failure that have to beprevented and eradicated, but are rather considered as signs of developmental processes involved in the learning of language.(2) The causes of learner errors: generally speaking, there are two major types of leaner errors: universal errors and transfer errors. Universal errors reflect leaners’ attempts to make the task of learning and using the second language simpler, such as omission, overgeneralization and simplification at the phonetic, grammatical, lexical and discourse levels. Transfer errors refer to that the errors made when learners uses their first language as a resource. This used to be looked upon as a mistake, but it is now recognized that all learner fall back on their mother tongues, particularly in the early stages of language acquisition and that this is s necessary process.2. Discuss implications of interlanguage study for language teaching and learning. 【参考答案】(1) Interlanguage was firstly introduced by Selinker in 1969. It is defined as the systematic knowledge of language that is independent of both systems of the learner’s first language and the second language that he or she is trying to acquire. It is a unique language system because it is neither first language nor second language, but at the same time bears some resemblances to both.(2) According to Interlanguage theory, interlanguage functions as a relatively systematic and dynamic transition from initial knowledge of a language to native proficiency during the process of language learning, which is always regarded as anunstable set of language characteristics produced by learners. Its fossilization is a universal phenomenon in second language acquisition.(3) The implications for language teaching of Interlanguage theory. First, it language teaching, the interference of mother language should be reduced. That is, the teachers need to encourage learners to speak more often and more native-like. When learners make errors because of negative transfer, teachers should provide them with native expressions for them to compare. What is more important is that the teachers should restrict learners’ Chinese thinking model in English speaking environment and cultivate their English thinking model. Second, there should be some appropriate ways in dealing with learners’ errors. In daily English teaching, some errors that are unable to be eliminated by learners themselves will be retained in their interlanguage if the t eachers don’t correct them. However, at the initial stage, the fluency should also be emphasized, thus the teachers should make a balance between accuracy and fluency. Third, the teachers should make full use of effective factors at the initial stage because learners tend to attain strongest interest at the beginning period of learning and the teachers should improve or adapt the textbooks so that the contents are more suitable for the learners which can help motivate their learning.3. Comment on Content-based Teaching.【参考答案】(1) Content-based language teaching is a version of bilingual education and。
2014全国研究生考试英语一真题（完整版）【4】
2014全国研究生考试英语一真题（完整版）【4】37. Influential figures in the congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] define the government’s role in education[B] safeguard individuals’ rights to education[C] retain people’s interest in liberal education[D] keep a leading position in liberal education38. According to paragraph 3,the report suggests[A] an exclusive study of American history.[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects.[C] the application of emerging technologies.[D] funding for the study of foreign languages.39. the author implies in paragraph 5 that professors are[A] supportive of free markets[B] conservative about public policy.[C] biased against classical liberal ideas.[D] cautious about intellectual investigation.40. which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET. (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600,this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C]How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites[D]Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerialphotographs and by making surveys on foot. The revaluing settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500 and 850,when Copan collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft . allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F]Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologists Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologists Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’ interpretations of these engravings eventually him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos(Knossos), on the island of Crete, in 1900.。