语言学补充习题
语言学第三章习题(含答案)
第三章语音和音系一、填空题1.语音的自然属性包括物理属性、生理属性和心理属性。
2.任何声音都具有音高、音强、音长和音质（音色）四个要素。
3.引起音质不同的三个要素是：发音体、发音方法和共鸣器。
4.国际音标遵守音素和音标一个对应一个的原则。
5.从辅音音位来说，汉语有 22 个，英语有 28 个，俄语有35个，法语有20个。
6.常见的语流音变现象主要有同化、异化、弱化、脱落四种。
例如汉语的“豆腐”，实际音质是【toufu】，但人们说话时常说成【touf】，这种现象是脱落。
7.音位变体分为条件变体、自由变体两种。
8.语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节，分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性。
9.在发音器官中，唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带是能够活动的，叫做主动发音器官；上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫做被动发音器官。
10.根据发音特点，音素可以分为元音和辅音两类，例如汉语音节中的声母，主要就是由辅音充当的。
11.每个元音的音质是由舌位高低、舌位前后、圆唇与否三个方面的音素决定的。
12.辅音的发音特点主要是由发音部位、发音方法两个方面决定的。
13.以音素为材料进行分析的音位是音质音位，具有区别意义作用的音高、音重、音长这类音位叫做非音质音位。
14.汉语的音节一般可以分为声母、韵母、声调三部分，其中韵母又分为韵头、韵腹、韵尾三部分。
15.汉语的调位可以分为阴平、阳平、上声、去声四类，其调值分别是55 、 35 、 214 、 51 。
二、判断题1.语音的最小单位是音节。
（×）2．男子声音和女子声音的差别主要是音长不同。
（×）3．儿童的声音和成人的声音的差别主要是音长不同。
（×）4．发音时，声带是否振动、气流是否强，都能形成不同的音素。
（×）5．肺是人类发音的动力站，声带是发音体。
（√）6．口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是上齿。
（×）7．元音发音时，声带不一定振动，辅音发音时，声带一定要振动。
英语语言学补充练习
Supplementary exercisesChapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. PrescriptiveB. AnalyticC. DescriptiveD. Linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. PrimaryB. CorrectC. SecondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and B Ⅳ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity 54. Displacement 55. Duality56. Design Features 57. Competence 58. Performance59. Langue 60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 PhonologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. V owel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels,semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. A_______ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22. A_______ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b_______ sounds.24. Of all the speech organs, the t_______ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27. S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s_______ rules.29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31. P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33. T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41.A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme 44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesⅣ. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47. allophone48. international phonetic alphabet 49. intonation 50. phonetics51. auditory phonetics 52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?Chapter 3 MorphologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.Ⅱ. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M _______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g_______ meaning.13. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes28. _______ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s”in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootⅣ. Define the following terms:31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology 33. derivational morphology 34. morpheme 35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme37. root 38. affix 39. prefix40. suffix 41. derivation 42. CompoundingⅤ. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Chapter 4 SyntaxⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.17. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o_______ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.22. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24. The theory of C_______ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati-cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.31. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sen-tences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structureⅣ. Define the following terms:35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate sentence38. syntactic categories 39. grammatical relations 40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules 42. D-structureⅤ. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence?44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.Chapter 5 SemanticsⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic worldof experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.9. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.13. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.16. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19. An a______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) ina sentence.20. According to the n______ theory of meaning, the words in a lan-guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “Alive”and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms。
语言学课外单元补充习题及答案4
语⾔学课外单元补充习题及答案4语⾔学课外单元补充习题及答案编写说明本练习是基于《英语语⾔学》课程⽽设置，通过教师讲解、学⽣⾃学与练习，加深学⽣对⼈类语⾔的理性认识，初步具备运⽤理论解释语⾔现象、解决具体语⾔问题的能⼒，从⽽提⾼学⽣的语⾔素养和学习语⾔的能⼒，为以后⼯作和科研奠定基础。
为此，我们特编写本练习的答案，仅供参考。
Language1.State the nature of language briefly with examples.2.Why is it said that the language system is unique to human beings?3.What are the characteristics of human language?4.What are the social functions of language?5.Do animals other than humans have their own languages?6.Exemplify how animals communicate with each other.7.Can language be viewed only as a system of communication? Why not?8.How did language come into being? What is the relationship between the origin of language and theorigin of human beings?9.Rewrite each of the following lists of words into natural order.（1）Five /the /fresh /potatoes（2）Pretty /American /girls /the two（3）Airlines /brand /France-made /new /the two（4）Fashions /Chinese /the /latest /three（5）Beginning /hardworking /two /the /workers10.Fill in the blanks with the proper words.（1）_______ function means language can be used to ―do‖ things.（2）_______ function means the use of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.（3）Most imperative sentences are associated with _______ function.（4）The sentence ―What‘s it like?‖ sho ws ______ function.（5）Greetings shows _______ function.（6）“We are most grateful for this.”shows______ function.（7）Propaganda shows ________ function.（8）________ refers to contexts removed from the immediate of the speaker.（9）For________, reference is not the only, not even the primary goal of communication.（10）Halliday‘s metafunctions include ________, ___________, _____________.（11）Linguistics should include at least five parameters:_________ __________ ___________ _____________________________..11.Say the following are true or false. If it is false correct it（1）Language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animals communication system.（2）There is not a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the actual happenings.（3）The theories discussed in the textbook about the origins of language are not at most a speculation.（4）The definition,― Language is a tool for human communication.‖ has no problem.（5）The definition, ―language is a set of rules‖, tells nothing about its functions.（6）Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution.（7）Chomsky‘s definition about language is the same as Sapir‘s.Linguistics1.Explain the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Point out three aspects .3.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?4.Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?5.How is Saussure‘s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky‘s distinction between competence and performance?6.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?7.What features of human language have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system?8.What is the main task for a linguist? State the importance of linguistics.9.Why is ―duality‖ regarded as an important feature of human language?10.Fill in the right word according to the explanations.（1）_____________ the scientific study of language.（2）_____________ the study of the interlinguistic relationships among different linguistic elements of language.（3）____________the study of universal features of language（4）____________ the study of a particular language at the particular point of time.（5）____________ the study of the structure and both the syntactic and semantic rules of a language （6）the study of the rules or principles prescribed for people to follow when they use a language.（7）___________the study of language is relation to other sciences（8）the study of the nature of human language and the human mind through the study of the U.G. 11.Say the following are true or false. If it is false correct it.（1）Sociolinguistics relates the study of language to Psychology.（2）In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.（3）In the past, traditional grammarians tended to over-emphasize the importance of the written word. （4）Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently.（5）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.（6）Saussure‘s distinction took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions.（7）Early grammars were based on ―high‖（religious, literary）written language.（8）The study of language as a whole is often called applied linguistics.（9）Language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets.（10）To explain what language is seems to be a na?ve and simple question.（11）Language bears certain features distinguishing it from means of communication other forms of life may possess, such as bird songs and bee dances.Phonetics1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?2.What are the three branches of phonetics? How do they contribute to the study of speech sounds?3.Draw a picture for the speech organs of human beings.4.Where are the articulatory apparatus of a human being contained?5.What is voicing and how is it caused?6.What criteria are used to classify English vowels?7.What is the function of the nasal cavity ? How does it perform the function?8.Describe the various parts in the oral cavity which are involved in the production of speech sounds?9.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?10.How are the English consonants and vowels classified?11.Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:（1）voiced palatal affricate（2）voiceless labiodental fricative（3）voiced alveolar stop（4）front close short（5）back semi-open long（6）voiceless bilabial stop（7）tense front mid vowel（8）lateral liquid（9）lax high back vowel（10）voiced bilabial oral stop（11）mid central lax vowel（12）low front vowel（13）palatal glide（14）voiced interdental fricative（15）voiced affricate（16）velar nasal consonant（17）low back vowel（18）high back tense vowel（19）mid back lax vowel（20）voiceless interdental fricative12.Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:［d］［l］［t∫］［w］［u］［?］［b］［v］［a:］［m］［r］［i:］13. Draw a tongue chart for the basic English vowels.Phonology1.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?2.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme ? How are allophones related to the phoneme?3.What is a minimal pair and what is a minimal set ? Why is it important to identify the minimal set in alanguage?4.Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.5.State the functions of stress in a language with examples.6.What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function inconveying meaning?7. A phonetic symbol is actually a ―cover term‖ for a composit e of distinct phonetic properties or features.Define each of the symbols below by marking a ―+‖ or a ―---‖ for each given feature: a ―+‖, if the property is present, a ―---‖ , if it is absent:Sound segments: u э a: i ? u: i: ou eiPhonetic features:HighLowBackTenseRoundSound segments: f n g θ z t lPhonetic features:StopNasalV oicedLabialAlveolarVelarLiquidfricative8.Distinguish and transcribe the following sounds in groups.（1）【p】in pit , tip and spit（2）【l】in lesson and people（3）【n】in ten and tenth（4）【k】in key and scheme（5）【t】in team and steam9.Fill in the proper word according to the explanations.（1）the frequency of vibration in the musical sound of the voice.（）.（2）a special emphasis on a sound or a sound group.（）.（3）the length of silence between parts of utterance.（）.（4）the smallest structured sound unit made up of a rule-governed sequence of phonemes.（）. （5）the phonetic process in which two phonemes ,adjacent to each other, become identical.（） .Morphology1.What does morphology study? How do we define morphology?2.Distinguish between phonologically and morphologically conditioned allomorphs, and betweeninflectional and derivational affixes, and between free and bound morphemes. Give examples.3.Dissect the following words into morphemes:Description/ underdevelopment/ photosynthetic /anatomy /radiation/ geography /philharmonic defrosted/ refreshment/demobilized /conducting/ suppression /circumspect/ dialogue deformed /combination4.Try to find out the meaning of the following roots in English and give two or three words that containeach of them:hydro chron demo dur agr kilo nym ped rupt gress poly syn5.State the morphological rules that govern the use of the given derivational affixesExample: --er This suffix is added to a verb to form a noun indicating the agent that carries out the action, e. g. writer---writer --ant --ment --sub --en --en --ee --ful --some --wise --un6.Explain the formation and meaning of the following compounds:Example: nightcap------ noun formed by combining two nouns, meaning a drink one takes before going to bed.cat‘s paw tablecloth green-eyed green born update jet lag bootleg built-in cockpit good-for-nothing7.Write out the proper word or words according to the explanations:（1）the smallest meaningful unit which can be used independently.（）（2）each of the phonetic forms or variants.（）（3）the different morphs of one morpheme.（）（4）the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning.（）（5）words whose membership can be regularly expanded.（）（6）all the words of a given language.（）（7）the way how morphemes are combined to form new words.（）8.Point out the derivational and inflectional morphemes in the following words and give their meanings:teacher shorter breaks books girl‘s careless usefulness irregular Marxist readers wanted loved houses buses studied business9.divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a ―+‖ between each two morphemes:reconstruction sociolinguistics tourists readings morphophonemic predetermination endearment girls independentreplacement grandparents generalization derivational television retroactive psycholinguistic befriended unpalatable10.Think of five English suffixes, give their meanings and explain what bases or stems they may besuffixed to.Example: --er meaning ―doer of ‖, making an agentive noun, is added to verbs, as shown in the following: reader, ―one who reads‖, speaker ―one who speaks‖Syntax1.Examine each of the following sentences and indicate if it is a simple, coordinate, complex orcompound complex sentences:（1）Jane did it because she was asked to.（2）The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves.（3）David was never there, but his brother was. （4）She leads a tranquil life in the country. （5）Unless I hear from her, I won‘t leave this town../doc/23376b19ac02de80d4d8d15abe23482fb4da0297.html e the appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for eachof the following sentences:（1）A clever magician fooled the audience.（2）The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.（3）They knew that the senator would win the election.3.For each of the following two sentences , draw a tree diagram of its underlying structure that willreveal the difference in the relationship between John/Mary and the verb ―see ‖:（1）Mary advised John to see the dentist.（2）Mary promised John to see the doctor.4.The formation of many sentences involves the operation of syntactic movement. The followingsentences are believed to have derived from their D—structure representations. Show the D—structure for each of these sentences.（1）The leader of the majority party was severely criticized by the media.（2）The man threw the rake away in the yard..（3）What can robot do for us?（4）Will the new shop owner hire her?5.Draw on your linguistic knowledge of English and paraphrase each of the following sentences in twodifferent ways to show how syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences:（1）Smoking cigarettes can be nauseating.（2）Tony is a dirty street fighter.（3）After a two-day debate, they finally decided on the helicopter.（4）The man is too heavy to move.（5）The little girl saw the big man with the telescope.6.Because languages have recursive properties, there is no limit to the potential length of sentences, andthe set of sentences of any language is infinite. Give two examples to show the recursive properties of sentences.7.Write down the embedded sentences below:（1）The girls pleaded for Mary to leave them alone.（2）I found my wife writing a letter to her friend.（3）Who told the teacher that I wouldn‘t attend his lecture?（4）I know the man who is standing there.（5）For us to master a foreign language is very useful.（6）Give this book to the students whom we were just talking about.8.Explain the deep structure and surface structure, and account for the relations between the two kinds of structures> Semantics1.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?2.What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?3.How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairsof antonyms belong?Left/right far/near vacant/occupied father/daughter north /south doctor/patient dark/bright ugly/beautiful4.Identify the relations between the following pairs of sentences:（1）Tom‘s wife is pregnant. / Tom has a wife.（2）He likes swimming. / He likes sports.（3）My sister will soon be divorced. / My sister is a married woman.（4）He speaks English. / He speaks a foreign language.5.Try to analyze the following sentences in terms of predication analysis:（1）The man sells ice-cream.（2）Is the baby sleeping?（3）It is snowing（4）The tree grows well.6.Write out the proper word or words according to the explanations:（1）a sense relation between a pair of words, in which the meaning of a word is included in the meaning of the other.（）（2）the symbol refers to the linguistic elements.（）（3）an approach adopted by structural semantists in describing the meaning of words and phrases（4）the kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents—arguments and predication.（）8.Pick out from the following pairs the homonyms and the homophones:Style/stile hear/here bank/bank know/no hare/hair ear/ear tale/tail bear/bear soul/sole one/won tear/tare dear/deer9.Indicate which among the following are complementary pairs, which are gradable pairs, and which arerelational pairs:Larger/smaller asleep/awake parents/children legal/illegal false/true start/end fail/pass strong/weak beautiful /uglytrainer/trainee pregnant/sterile rude/polite ask/answer for/against.10.Which of the following sentences belong to illustrative language and which to metalanguage?（1）Yellow is the color of my true lover‘s hair.（2）―Yellow‖ is a color word.（3） A horse is an animal.（4）―Horse‖ contains the semantic property of ―animal‖.（5）Everybody likes flowers.（6）―Flowers‖ is spelled f-l-o-w-e-r-s.。
语言学补充习题教学内容
语言学补充习题Language and Linguistics1.The important distinction in linguistics proposed by Chomsky is _____.A.Synchronic and diachronicngue and paroleC.Signifier and signifiedpetence and performance2.According to Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared byall the members of a speech community.A.paroleB.performancenguenguage3.The term _________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to theapproach which studies language change over the various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativenguage is ____ in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between aword and the object it refers to.A.systematicB.symbolicC.arbitraryD.ambiguous5.What function are most imperative sentences associated with?rmativeB.InterrogativeC.PhaticD.Directive6. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade.” is _________A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative6.Everyday we send messages that have never been sent and understand novelmessages; in this sense, our language is ____.A.productiveB.interchangeableC.genetically transmittedD.rule-governednguage can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This is what we mean by _____.A.cultural transmissionB.displacementC.dualityD.productivity8.By duality we mean that language has two sets of structures, one of _______ andthe other of ______.A.surface structure, deep structureB.phonemes, morphemesC.sounds, meaningsD.production, reception9.According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge ofhis language.petenceB.paroleC.performancengue10.General linguistics is the scientific study of _________.nguage of a certain individualB.the German languageC.human languages in generalD.the system of a particular languagePhonetics and Phonology11.The study of how sounds are put together are used to convey meaning incommunication is _________.A.morphologyB.general linguisticsC.phonologyD.phonetics12.A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collectionof distinctive phonetic features.A.phoneB.soundC.allophoneD.phoneme13./m, n / are ________.A.fricativesB.dentalsC.glidesD.nasals14./w, j / belong to _____.A.fricativesB.dentalsC.glidesD.nasals15.Which of the following vowel is the rounded one?A./i:/B./u:/C./i/D./a:/16.The vowel /u:/ in /fu:d/(food) is a _________vowel.A.backB.frontC.unroundedD.centralMORPHOLOGY17._______ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship betweenexpression and content.A.WordB.MorphemeC.AllomorphD.Root18._______are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combinedwith other morphemes to form a word.A.Free morphemesB.Bound morphemesC.Bound wordsD.Words19._______modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part ofspeech of the original wordA.PrefixesB.SuffixesC.RootsD.Affixes20.“-s” in the word books is ____.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC.an inflectional affixD. a rootNote: root（词根）/ affix（词缀）, 都属于 bound morpheme (粘着词素)1. root(词根): a part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears a clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix toform a word.(一个不能再分，再分就会失去其本义的基本形式)词根词素可以分为自由词根词素（free root morpheme, e.g. rain→ rainy →raincoat粘着词根词素(bound root morpheme)e.g. geo(the earth) + ology (a branch of learning)→ ge ology, psych ology, physi ology tele (distant, far) + vision →tele vision, tele graphtrans mit, per mit, sub mit ‘main tain, con tain, de tain2. Affix 词缀1) inflectional（曲折）: 语法关系的标志grammatical relations(number, tense, degree, case) -s, -er,不改变词性2) derivational(派生):在词干上加上一个词缀得到一个新词，与词性和意义有关3. stem 词干The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.It refers to the left morpheme or combination of morphemes when one affix is removed for one time.e.g. care less ness21.Which of the following words is a derivational one?A.BlackboardB.TeachesC.ConsiderationD.Books22.Which of the following words is created through the process of acronym?A.adB.editC.AIDSD.Bobo23.The word “lab” is formed through ____.A.back formationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation24.Which of the following is NOT a compound word ?A. LandladyB. GreenhouseC. UpliftD. Unacceptable20. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ________.A.lexical wordsB.grammatical wordsC.function wordsD.form words21. Open class of words can consist of the following categories EXCEPT _________A. nounsB. verbsC. adjectivesD. articles22. Which one of the following most possibly belongs to the closed class?A. FlowerB. Treacherous.C. WeD. Whack23. Inflectional morphemes manifest the following meanings EXCEPT_________A. toneB. tenseC. numberD. case24. Which of the following contains at least an inflectional morpheme?A. PossibilityB. DecisionC. HersD. Enable25. ________ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds26. The word “irresistible” is ______________A. a compound oneB. a clipped oneC. a blended oneD. a derived one27. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –ful28. The word “Kung-fu” is _____.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compound on eD. a borrowed oneSemantics25. A word with several meanings is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC.an abnormalD. a multiple26.The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are___.A.gradable oppositesB.relational oppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms27.The relationship between ‘fruit’ and ‘apple’ is _______.A.homonymyB.hyponymyC.polysemyD.synonymy28.“Alive” and “dead” are ______ antonyms.A.relationalB.gradableC.symmetricplementary29.“Big” and “small” are a pair of _____ opposites.plementaryB.gradablepleteD.converse6. The word “luggage” and “baggage” are _________A. emotive synonymsB. dialectal synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. stylistic7. The relation between “begin” and “commence” is _________A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. semantically different synonyms8. “Fall ” and “autumn” are _________ synonymsA. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive9. _________ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. rain and reignB. flea and fleeC. lead [li:d] and lead [led]D. compliment and complement10. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to _______A. conceptB. the real worldC. the thoughtD. meaning11. “Wise” and “cunning” are a pair of _________ synonyms.A. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive12. “Wide” and “broad” are a pair of __________ synonymsA. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive13. Which of the followings can be the same form shared by two homonyms?A. BallB. CanC. BarkD. North14. “See” and “sea” are ___________A. homophonesB. homographsC. complete homonymsD. polysenmic words15. What is the sense relation between “learn” and “teach”?A. Relational antonymsB. Complementary antonymsC. Gradable anonymsD. Absolute antonyms16. What is the sense relation between “pass” and “fail”?A. Relational antonymsB. Complementary antonymsC. Gradable anonymsD. Absolute antonyms17. : X: They are going to have another baby.Y: They have a child.The relationship of X and Y is ________A. synonymousB. inconsistentC. X entailing YD : X presupposing Y18. “Tommy’s hen laid an egg yesterday.” presupposes __________A. Tommy had a henB. Tommy had a big henC. An egg was laid by Tommy’s henD. The egg is not a stone.19. “He has been to Tokyo” entails “_________”.A. He has been to JapanB. Tokyo is the capital of Japan.C. He has never been to Japan.D. He is not a Japanese.Pragmatics1.According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit thespeaker to some future course of action are called _____.missivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives2._______ is defined as the study of language in use and linguistic communication.A.PragmaticsB.SociolinguisticsC.NeurolinguisticsD.Contextual linguistics3.“We can do things with words”--- this is the main idea of ______.A.the Speech Act TheoryB.the Co-operative PrincipleC.the Polite PrinciplesD.pragmatics4._________ refer to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense andreference.A.Locutionary actB.Illocutionary actC.Perlocutionary actD.Speech act5.The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called_______.A.semanticsB.sociolinguisticsC.pragmaticsD.psycholinguistics6.Which of the following is NOT the specific instance of directives?A.InvitingB.AdvisingC.WarningD.Swearing7. _________ acts expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech8. “I didn’t steal that ring” is a _________.A. directiveB. expressiveC. commissiveD. representatives9. “I’m so sad about your wrong doings” is a __________A. declarationB. expressivesC. representativesD. commissives10. “Hands up!” is a ________.A. directiveB. representativeC. commissiveD. declaration11. “I’ll be with you!” is a _________.A. directiveB. commissiveC. expressiveD. representativeSociolinguistics1.In areas which are populated by people speaking different languages, onelanguage is often used by common agreement; such a language is called________.A.pidginB.lingua francaC.CreoleD.slang2. The dialect which is caused by social status is ________.A. regional dialectB. sociolectC. idiolectD. diglossia3. Standard dialect is ______A. designated as the official or national language of a country.B. a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialectC. used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposeD. used by people who belong to the higher social status.4. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. This phenomenon is _______.A. bilingualismB. diglossiaC. pidginD. creole5 The form of a given language used in a certain geographical space is called _______A. styleB. dialectC. registerD. pidginLanguage Acquisition1.According to Krashen, ________ refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A.learningpetenceC.performanceD.acquisition。
英语语言学练习(含答案)
英语语言学练习(含答案)Chapter 11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language .(√)2.What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the rules used in language .(×)[What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the sounds used in language .]3The major branches of linguistics are phonetics ,phonedogy ,psycholinguistics ,morphology ,syntax ,semantics ,pragmatic ,sociolinguisti cs ,and applied linguistics .(√)4.As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonetics .(×) [As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonology .]5.Linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use ,it is said to be descriptive and modern linguistics is mostly descriptive .(√)6.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a diachronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a synchronic .(×)[The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a diachronic .]ngue and parole are relatively stable ,it does not change frequently .(×)[Langue and parole varies from person to person ,from situation to situation .]8.Chomsky define com petence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language ,and performance the actual realization of this language in linguistic communication .(√)9.Modern linguistics regards the written as primary .(×)[Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary .]nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .(√)nguage is arbitrary ,this means that there is logical connection between meanings and sounds .(×)[Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is not logical connection between meanings and sounds .]nguage feature are arbitrariness ,productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cultural transmission .(√)nguage is arbitrary by nature ,and it is entirely arbitrary .(×)[Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is not entirely arbitrary .]14.Productivity is unique to human language .(√)nguage is a system ,which consists of three sets of structures ,or three levels .(×)[Language is a system ,which consists of two sets of structures ,or three levels .]16.Three main functions of language are :the descriptive function ,the expressive,and the social function.(√)nguage cannot beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .(×)[Language can beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .]18."what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the expressive function of language .(×)["what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the social function of language .]19.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language ,but are not mutually intelligible . This indicates cultural transmission feature of language .(√)20The ideational function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .(×)[The interpersonal function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .]Chapter 21.Speech and writing are the two media order substances used by natural language as vehicle for communication .(√)2.Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with a part of the sounds that occur in the world’s language .(×)[Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language .]3.The branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and acoustics phonetics .(√)4.Phonetic similarly ,phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .(×)[Phonetic similarly ,not phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .]5.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causingvibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless. (√)6.The speech organ located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula，the soft palate （the velum），the hard palate，the teeth ridge（the alveolus），the teeth and the lips.(√)7.Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.（×）[Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.]8.In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.（×）[In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated.]9.English consonants can be classified in two ways：one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.（√）10.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and bilabial. （×）[In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and glides . ]11.In terms of place of articulation，the English consonants can be classified into seven types：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、and glottal. （√）12.V owels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held lowest.(×)[V owels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest .]13、We classify the vowels into four groups：close vowels，semi-close vowels，semi-open vowels，and open vowels. （√）14、In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.(×)[In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels without the [a:]，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.]15.The main supranational features include stress ,intonation ,and tone .Stress contains word stress and sentence stress.(√)16.There are four tones .The first tone is level ,the second rise ,the third fall -rise ,and the fourth fall .(√)17."He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,car ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.(×)["He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,my ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.]18.The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning .(√)19When spoken in different intonation ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.(×)[When spoken in different tones ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.]20.A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an concrete unit . (×)[A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an abstract unit .]Chapter 31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" and "functional" words. (√)2. Linguisis use the term morphlolgy to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word and word structure.(√)3.Linguisis define the word as the smallest free form found in language. (√)4. The plural marking -s is a free form. (×) [The plural marking -s is not a free form]5. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. (√)6. The word READER consists of two morphemes:read and -er. (√)7. The English plural and possessive morphems may be said to share a single morph,the suffix /-s/. (√)8. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a bound morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a free morpheme. (×)[A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.]9. STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. (√)10. AFFIX is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). (√)11. The root constitutes the cor e of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. (√)12. Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always free morphemes. (×) [Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes.]13. A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning. (√)14. -en,-ate,and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes. (√)15.The morpheme BOY is free morpheme since it can be used as a word on its own;the plural -s ,on the other hand,i s bound. (√)16. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes. (√)17. Compounding is a very common and frequently process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language. (√)18. Morphemes may have different forms. (√)19. The plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation and cannot be separated from the noun to which it belongs. (√)20.It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of sound joined together. (√)Chapter 41.Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the different functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .(×)[Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the same or similar functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .]2.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences .(√)3.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head and specifier .(×)[Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head,specifier and complement .]4.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule .(√)5.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called sentences .(×)[Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases .]6.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase structure rule .(√)7.The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . (×)[The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . ]8.Major lexical categories are Non ,verb ,Adjevtive and Preposition .(√)9.The XP rules =(specifier )×(complement).(√)10.Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence . (×)[Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation .]11.The most central categories to the synthetic study are the word-level categories .(√)12.According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the tail of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the left .(×)[According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the head of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the right .]13.The words around which a phrase is formed is termed head .(√)14.Words which include the sentence complement are termed complementizers . (√)15.The construction in which the phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .(×)[The construction in which the complement phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .]16.This classification reflects a variety of factors ,including the type of meaning that words express ,the type of affixes that they take ,and the type of structures in which they can occur .(√) Chapter 51.In semantic triangle，the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct，and it is mediated by concept. (√)2.The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. (√)3. A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things. (√)4.Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.(√)5.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship6. “I bought some roses” entails “I bought some flowers”. (√)7. The naming theory was proposed by the Greek scholar Plato. (√)8.According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the language of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. (√)9.The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context.(√)10.The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning;words that are opposite in meaning are antonymy. (√)11.Semantics can be defined as the study of naming.(×)[Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.]12.Once the notion of meaning was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.(×)[Once the notion of context was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.]13.According to semantic triangle，there is a direct link between a symbol and referent，i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.(×)[According to semantic triangle，there is no direct link between a symbol and referent，i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.]14.Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(×)[Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,complementary.]16.The meaning of the word black consists in the two collocational of black hair and black coffee. (×)17.Words are identical in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.(×)[Words are different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.]18.Hyponyms is helpless in both receptive and productive processing of language.(×) [Hyponyms is helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language.]19.” Can I borrow your bike？"is synonymous with "You have a bike."(×) [” Can I borrow your bike？" presupposes "You have a bike."]ponential analysis can help explain the sense relations of words.(×)[Componential analysis cannot help explain the sense relations of words.]。
语言学概论填空选择
二、填空题(20分，每空1分)1．中国、印度、希腊-罗马具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。
2．字形、字音、字义是我国传统的语文学。
3．研究语言的结构，主要是研究语音、语义、语法三个部分。
4．运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为编码、发送、传递、接收、解码五个阶段。
5．专语语言学可以从纵向和横向研究语言，由于研究角度不同，所以又分为历时语言学和共时语言学。
6．历史比较语言学语言学的建立，标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。
7．布龙菲尔德的代表著作《语言论》，是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作，对美国结构主义语言学的形成、发展有重要的作用和深远的影响。
8．索绪尔被称为现代语言学之父，其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。
二、填空(20分，每空1分)1．人和动物的区别是人会制造生产工具进行劳动，而且人类有语言，这是人和动物相区别的重要标志之一。
2．—种语言中的句子数量是无限的，人类之所以能掌握语言，是因为构成句子的语言材料和组织语言材料的规则是十分有限的。
语言是人类社会的最重要的交际工具，而且也是思维的最重要最有意义的工具。
4．在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务。
例如汉民族点头表示肯定，摇头表示否定，送别时挥手表示再见，鼓掌表示欢迎，咬牙切齿表示愤怒，手舞足蹈表示兴奋。
5．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。
6汉语的姐姐、妹妹，英语用sister表示，汉语的叔叔、伯伯、舅舅、姨父、姑父，英语用uncle。
表示。
7．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个量词。
8．儿童最早的智力活动就是学习语言。
9．语言是特殊的社会现象的含义是语言具有全民性，没有阶级性。
10．语言和说话的关系可以这样理解：语言是社会的、全民共有的，说话是个人的；语言是抽象的，说话是具体的。
二、填空(20分，每空1分)1．任何符号，都是由形式和意义两个方面构成的。
语言学补充内容
Deep structure and surface structureIn 1957, Noam Chomsky published Syntactic Structures, in which he developed the idea that each sentence in a language has two levels of representation — a deep structure and a surface structure.[2][3] The deep structure represented the core semantic relations of a sentence, and was mapped on to the surface structure (which followed the phonological form of the sentence very closely) via transformations. Chomsky believed there are considerable similarities between languages' deep structures, and that these structures reveal properties, common to all languages that surface structures conceal. However, this may not have been the central motivation for introducing deep structure. Transformations had been proposed prior to the development of deep structure as a means of increasing the mathematical and descriptive power of context-free grammars. Similarly, deep structure was devised largely for technical reasons relating to early semantic theory. Chomsky emphasizes the importance of modern formal mathematical devices in the development of grammatical theory:But the fundamental reason for [the] inadequacy of traditional grammars is a more technical one. Although it was well understood that linguistic processes are in some sense "creative," the technical devices for expressing a system of recursive processes were simply not available until much more recently. In fact, a real understanding of how a language can (in Humboldt's words) "make infinite use of finite means" has developed only within the last thirty years, in the course of studies in the foundations of mathematics.—Aspects of the Theory of SyntaxInnate linguistic knowledgeTerms such as "transformation" can give the impression that theories of transformational generative grammar are intended as a model for the processes through which the human mind constructs and understands sentences. Chomsky is clear that this is not in fact the case: a generative grammar models only the knowledge that underlies the human ability to speak and understand. One of the most important of Chomsky's ideas is that most of this knowledge is innate, with the result that a baby can have a large body of prior knowledge about the structure of language in general, and need only actually learn the idiosyncratic features of the language(s) it is exposed to. Chomsky was not the first person to suggest that all languages had certain fundamental things in common (he quotes philosophers writing several centuries ago who had the same basic idea), but he helped to make the innateness theory respectable after a period dominated by more behaviorist attitudes towards language. Perhaps more significantly, he made concrete and technically sophisticated proposals aboutthe structure of language, and made important proposals regarding how the success of grammatical theories should be evaluated.Chomsky distinguished between grammars that achieve descriptive adequacy and those that go further and achieved explanatory adequacy. A descriptively adequate grammar for a particular language defines the (infinite) set of grammatical sentences in that language; that is, it describes the language in its entirety. A grammar that achieves explanatory adequacy has the additional property that it gives an insight into the underlying linguistic structures in the human mind; that is, it does not merely describe the grammar of a language, but makes predictions about how linguistic knowledge is mentally represented. For Chomsky, the nature of such mental representations is largely innate, so if a grammatical theory has explanatory adequacy it must be able to explain the various grammatical nuances of the languages of the world as relatively minor variations in the universal pattern of human language. Chomsky argued that, even though linguists were still a long way from constructing descriptively adequate grammars, progress in terms of descriptive adequacy will only come if linguists hold explanatory adequacy as their goal. In other words, real insight into the structure of individual languages can only be gained through comparative study of a wide range of languages, on the assumption that they are all cut from the same cloth."I-Language" and "E-Language"In 1986, Chomsky proposed a distinction between I-Language and E-Language, similar but not identical to the competence/performance distinction.[7] (I-language) refers to Internal language and is contrasted with External Language (or E-language). I-Language is taken to be the object of study in linguistic theory; it is the mentally represented linguistic knowledge that a native speaker of a language has, and is therefore a mental object — from this perspective, most of theoretical linguistics is a branch of psychology. E-Language encompasses all other notions of what a language is, for example that it is a body of knowledge or behavioural habits shared by a community. Thus, E-Language is not itself a coherent concept,[8] and Chomsky argues that such notions of language are not useful in the study of innate linguistic knowledge, i.e., competence, even though they may seem sensible and intuitive, and useful in other areas of study. Competence, he argues, can only be studied if languages are treated as mental objects.MinimalismMain article: Minimalist programFrom the mid-1990s onwards, much research in transformational grammar has been inspired by Chomsky's Minimalist Program.[10] The "Minimalist Program" aims at the further development of ideas involving economy of derivation and economy of representation, which had started to become significant in the early 1990s, but were still rather peripheral aspects of Transformational-generative grammar theory.∙Economy of derivation is a principle stating that movements (i.e., transformations) only occur in order to match interpretable features withuninterpretable features. An example of an interpretable feature is the pluralinflection on regular English nouns, e.g., dog s. The word dogs can only beused to refer to several dogs, not a single dog, and so this inflectioncontributes to meaning, making it interpretable. English verbs are inflectedaccording to the number of their subject (e.g., "Dogs bite" vs "A dog bite s"),but in most sentences this inflection just duplicates the information aboutnumber that the subject noun already has, and it is therefore uninterpretable.∙Economy of representation is the principle that grammatical structures must exist for a purpose, i.e., the structure of a sentence should be no larger or more complex than required to satisfy constraints on grammaticality.Both notions, as described here, are somewhat vague, and indeed the precise formulation of these principles is controversial.[11][12] An additional aspect of minimalist thought is the idea that the derivation of syntactic structures should be uniform; that is, rules should not be stipulated as applying at arbitrary points in a derivation, but instead apply throughout derivations. Minimalist approaches to phrase structure have resulted in "Bare Phrase Structure," an attempt to eliminate X-bar theory. In 1998, Chomsky suggested that derivations proceed in phases. The distinction of Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure is not present in Minimalist theories of syntax, and the most recent phase-based theories also eliminate LF and PF as unitary levels of representation.TransformationsThe usual usage of the term 'transformation' in linguistics refers to a rule that takes an input typically called the Deep Structure (in the Standard Theory) or D-structure (in the extended standard theory or government and binding theory) and changes it in some restricted way to result in a Surface Structure (or S-structure). In TGG, Deep structures were generated by a set of phrase structure rules.For example, a typical transformation in TG is the operation of subject-auxiliary inversion (SAI). This rule takes as its input a declarative sentence with an auxiliary: "John has eaten all the heirloom tomatoes." and transforms it into "Has John eaten all the heirloom tomatoes?" In their original formulation (Chomsky 1957), these rules were stated as rules that held over strings of either terminals or constituent symbols or both.X NP AUX Y X AUX NP Y(where NP = Noun Phrase and AUX = Auxiliary)In the 1970s, by the time of the Extended Standard Theory, following the work of Joseph Emonds on structure preservation, transformations came to be viewed as holding over trees. By the end of government and binding theory in the late 1980s, transformations are no longer structure changing operations at all; instead they add information to already existing trees by copying constituents.The earliest conceptions of transformations were that they were construction-specific devices. For example, there was a transformation that turned active sentences into passive ones. A different transformation raised embedded subjects into main clause subject position in sentences such as "John seems to have gone"; and yet a third reordered arguments in the dative alternation. With the shift from rules to principles and constraints that was found in the 1970s, these construction-specific transformations morphed into general rules (all the examples just mentioned being instances of NP movement), which eventually changed into the single general rule of move alpha or Move.Transformations actually come of two types: (i) the post-Deep structure kind mentioned above, which are string or structure changing, and (ii) Generalized Transformations (GTs). Generalized transformations were originally proposed in the earliest forms of generative grammar (e.g., Chomsky 1957). They take small structures, either atomic or generated by other rules, and combine them. For example, the generalized transformation of embedding would take the kernel "Dave said X" and the kernel "Dan likes smoking" and combine them into "Dave said Dan likes smoking." GTs are thus structure building rather than structure changing. In the Extended Standard Theory and government and binding theory, GTs were abandoned in favor of recursive phrase structure rules. However, they are still present intree-adjoining grammar as the Substitution and Adjunction operations, and they have recently re-emerged in mainstream generative grammar in Minimalism, as the operations Merge and Move.In generative phonology, another form of transformation is the phonological rule, which describes a mapping between an underlying representation (the phoneme) and the surface form that is articulated during natural speech.[17]Transformational syntaxFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIn linguistics, transformational syntax is a theory of syntax that developed from the extended standard theory of generative grammar originally proposed by Noam Chomsky in his books Syntactic Structures and Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.[1] It emerged from a need to improve on approaches to grammar in structural linguistics. Transformational syntax states that the combination of phrase structure grammar and transformational grammar must be able to generate all expressions that are part of the language.OverviewMain article: Transformational grammarAccording to the Chomskyan tradition, language acquisition is easy for children because they are born with a universal grammar in their minds. The tradition also distinguishes between linguistic competence, what a person knows of a language, and linguistic performance, how a person uses it. Finally, grammars and metagrammars are ranked by t hree levels of adequacy: observational, descriptive, and explanatory. A core aspect of the original Standard Theory is a distinction between two different representations of a sentence, called deep structure and surface structure. The two representations are linked to each other by a set of transformation rules, the totality of these rules is what constitute grammar, and what a grammatical description of a language should present. Under this theory, a speaker must have access to both structures to interpret an expression.Under this model, syntax was placed in the center of linguistic research and sought to go beyond description. Scholars explored the formalism of syntax and psychology of grammar under this model. This led to more systematic research on linguistic data such as native speaker judgments and distinctions in grammaticality.Many notable linguists have written on the topic, including Andrew Radford,[2] Rodney Huddleston,[3] and Roger Fowler.[4] Aspects of transformational syntax were revised or replaced under the Minimalist program.[5]观察的充分性：不仅需要要观察那些合法的句子中存在的语法事实，更要关注那些不合法的句子中所能反映出的带有普遍性的制约因素。
语言学补充练习(1-3)教学提纲
语言学补充练习(1-3)第一章语言学入门知识：I. 名词解释1．cultural transmission (as a defining property of language) Answer: While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted. They are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.2． descriptive linguistics vs. prescriptive linguisticsAnswer: A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior. Linguistic studies before the 204 century are largely prescriptive whereas modem linguistic is mostly descriptive.II. 判断正误（T for True and F for False）1. When language is used to get information, it serves an informative function.Answer: F (It serves an interrogative function).2． Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.Answer: F (The primary units in these systems cannot be further divided into elements. So what they lack is the secondary level of articulation.) 3． Descriptive linguistics are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be improved.Answer: TIII. 填空题1．By saying that "language is arbitrary", we mean that there is no logical connection between meaning and _______.Answer: sounds2． The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist E de Saussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made by the American linguist__________.Answer: Noam Chomsky3． An approach to linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is _______.Answer: prescriptiveIV. 选择题1．Unlike animal communication system, human language is ______.A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interestAnswer：A2. ____ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modem linguistics.a. Chomskyb. Saussurec. Bloomfieldd. John LyonAnswer: bV. 问答题l. Is language productive or not? Why?Answer: Firstly, Language is productive or creative. This means that language users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Secondly, Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems have a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Thirdly, The productivity or creativity of human language originates from its duality. Because of duality, the speaker can combine the basiclinguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. This is made possible by the recursive nature of language.2. Comment on the following statement: “In linguistics, ‘language’ only means what a person says or said in a given situation”.Answer: This statement is incorrect. In linguistics, "language" has several layers of meaning: firstly, the whole of a person’s language, e.g. Shakespeare’s language; secondly, a particular variety or level of speech or writing, e.g. scientific language, literary language, colloquial language; thirdly, an abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community, e.g. the English language, the Chinese language; lastly, there is an even more abstract sense of "language", referring to the common features of all human languages that distinguish them from animal communication systems or any artificial language.3. Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.Answer: Firstly, most linguistic analyses today focus on speech rather than writing. Secondly, modem linguistics is mostly descriptive while traditional grammar is largely prescriptive. Thirdly, a third difference is the priority of synchronic description over the traditional diachronic studies.4. What is the major difference between Saussure' s distinction between langue and parole and Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?Answer: Saussure’s langue is social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure studies language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky studies it more from a psychological point of view.第二章语音学和音位学I. 名词解释1．narrow transcriptionAnswer: There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is the “broad transcription”----the transcription with letter-symbols only, and the other is “narrow transcription”---the transcription with letter-symbols accompanied by the diacritics which can help bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.2. Illustrate the term “allophone” with at least one appropriate example. Answer: Allophones are the different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning. For example, in English, the phoneme /l/ is pronounced differently in "let", "play" and "tell". The first /l/ is made byraising the front of the tongue to the hard palate, while the vocal cords are vibrating; the second /l/ is made with the same tongue position as the first, but the vocal cords are not vibrating; and the third /l/ is made by raising not only the front by also the back of the tongue while the vocal cords are vibrating.II 判断正误（T for True and F for False）1. /o/ is a mid-high front rounded vowel.Answer: F. (/o/ is a mid-high BACK rounded vowel.)2. A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect.Answer: T.III. 填空题：1. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are _____, _______, and _____.Answer: pharynx, the nasal cavity, the oral cavity2. By the position of the ____ part of the tongue, vowels and classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels.Answer: highest.3. ____refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Answer: Assimilation.4. You are required to fill in the blanks below abiding by the instance given beforehand.Example: /p/: voiced bilabial stop/s/: ________________/g/:_______________/tʃ/:______________/t/: _______________/f /: _______________Answer:/s/: voiceless alveolar fricative/g/: voiced velar stop/tʃ/: voiceless alveo-palatal/post-alveolar affricate/ t /: voiced dental fricative/f /: voiceless labiodental fricative5. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs and minimal sets?pat, pen more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, heel, ten, men, pit, main, hit, eat, manAnswer:pat, fat; pat, pit; pit, hit;pen, ten; ten, men;heat, eat; heat, heel;tape, tale;bun, ban;chain, main;bell, bet;meal, heel;man, men, main.IV. 选择题1. All syllables contain a(n) _______.a. nucleusb. codac. onsetAnswer: a2. _____is one of the supersegmental features.a. Stopb. Voicingc. Deletiond. ToneAnswer: d3. Which of the following consonants does not exist in English?a. dental stopb. bilabial stopc. alveolar stopd. velar stopAnswer: a4. _____is not an English consonant.a. Labiodental plosiveb. Alveolar nasalc. Velar stopd. Dental fricativeAnswer: aV. 辨音选择1. What are the distinctive features that group the following sounds in these sets?1) /f, v ,s/2) /p, f, b/3) /g, z, b/4) /k, g, w/5) /m, n, ŋ/Answer: 1) fricative 2) obstruent 3) voiced 4) velar5) nasal2. There is one segment that does not belong to the natural class in each of the following groups of speech sounds. You are required to identify that segment and label the natural class, using a descriptive term as specific as possible.a) /m/, /n/, /w/, / ŋ /b) /v/, /w/, /z/, /t/c) /n/, /f/, /l/, /s/, /t/, /d/, /z/Answer:1) /w/ is a semi-vowel, and the others are all nasals.2) /t/ is voiceless, and the others are voiced.3) /f/ is labiodental, and the rest are alveolarVI. 问答题1．Circle the words that contain a sound as required:1) a low vowel: pipe, gather, article, leave, cook2) a bilabial consonant: cool, lad, leap, bomb, push3) an approximant: luck, boots, word, once, table4) a front vowel: god, neat, pit, lush, cook5) a velar: god, fast, chat, lake, quick2．Exemplify the relationship between phone, phoneme and allophone. Answer: Firstly, a “phone” is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones may or may not distinguish meaning. Secondly, a "phoneme" is a phonological unit that is of distinctive value. As an abstract unit, a phoneme is not any particular sound. It is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. Thirdly, thephones representing a phoneme are called its "allophones". How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random but rule-governed in most cases.3．When we are pronouncing the following phrases, how do we actually articulate the "n" sound in the word "ten"? Do we still pronounce it as /n/?1) ten houses 2) ten teachers 3) ten colleges 4) ten pupils 5) ten buildings 6) ten classesAnswer: 1) /n/2) /n/3) / ŋ /4) /m/5) /m/6) / ŋ /4．How many functions do the vocal cords have in the production of speech sounds?Answer: They have three functions: to make a glottal stop, to produce a voiced sound and to produce a voiceless sound.第三章形态学I. 名词解释1．morphemeAnswer: The morpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering its meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For instance, the word "barks" in "The dog barks" consists of two morphemes ― "bark" and "-s", neither of which can be further divided into other smaller meaningful units.2．lexemeAnswer: The term "lexeme" is postulated to reduce the ambiguity of the term "word". It is the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts. For example, "write" is the lexeme of the following set of words: "writes", "wrote", "writing", "written".3．inflectional morphemesAnswer: Inflectional morphemes are also called inflectional affixes. They manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such asnumber, tense, degree and case. In English, all inflectional morphemes are suffixes, e.g. -(e)s, -ing, -(e)d, -est.II. 判断正误1． A root is not always a free form.Answer: T (There are such bound roots as “-ceive”.)III. 填空题1．Polymorphemic words other than compounds have two parts: the roots and the ____.Answer: affixes2．On, before and together are_____words ― they are words which do not take inflectional endings.Answer: grammatical (functional/form)IV．选择题1．"Radar" is a/an____.a. acronymb. blendingc. coinaged. clippingAnswer: a2．Compound words consist of______ morphemes.a. boundb. freec. both bound and freeAnswer: bV. 匹配题Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes it.A B1. a noisy crow a. compound noun2. eat crow b. root morpheme plus derivational prefix3. scarecrow c. phrase consisting of an adjective plus noun4. the crow d. root morpheme plus inflection affix5. crowlike e. root morpheme plus derivational suffix6. crows f. grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morphemeg. idiomAnswer: 1. c 2. g 3. a 4. f 5. e 6. dVI. 问答题1. Divide the following words into Roots, IA (inflectional affix) and/or DA (derivational affix).1) transformations 2) looseleaves3) destructive 4) geese 5) misledAnswer:1) trans- (DA) form (Root) -ation (DA) s (IA)2) loose (Root) leave (Root) s (IA)3) de- (DA) struct (Root) -ive (DA)4) geese (IA)5) mis- (DA) led (IA)2. Label the morphological category of the morphemes underlined in each of the English expressions.a) I' ve been here.b) transformc) oxend) recurAnswer: a) bound morpheme b) derivational prefix c) inflectional suffix d) bound root3. Each of the following Persian words is poly-morphemic. You are required to match each of the notions given below with a morpheme in Persian. (Note that xar means "buy" and -id designates the past tense). xaridiYou (singular) bought.naxaridamI did not buy.namixaridandThey were not buying.xaridHe bought.naxaridimWe did not buy.mixaridHe was buying.mixarididYou (plural) were buying.xaridamI bought.Match each of the notions given below with a morpheme in Persian:a) Ib) you (singular)c) notd) was/were V-ing (continuous)Answer: a) amb) ic) nad) miVid4．It is a fact that morphological processes may be sensitive to certain phonological context. The English data given below illustrate this fact. You are required to state the phonological contexts where the addition of -en is possible.a bwhiten *bluenmadden *stupidenredden *greenenFatten *fartheren quicken *slowendeafen *difficultenLiven *abstractenharden *shallowensoften *angryendeepen *vividenAnswer: The suffix -en, which attaches to adjectives to form verbs, can only attach to monosyllabic bases ending in oral stops or fricatives. VerbAdjective-en if Adjective ends in an obstruent (oral stop or fricative).- <Φ> if Adjective ends in a sonorant (nasal, approximant, vowel) Meaning: to make (more) Adjectives5．The word uneasiness may be analyzed in either of the two ways below. You are required to find an argument to support one of the two analyses.a)NPrefixNoununAdjectiveSuffixeasinessb)NAdjectiveSuffixPrefixAdjectivenessuneasiAnswer: b) is the correct analysis, because un- only attaches to adjectives to form other adjectives. Un- cannot be attached to a noun.。
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Language and Linguistics1.The important distinction in linguistics proposed by Chomsky is_____.A.Synchronic and diachronicngue and paroleC.Signifier and signifiedpetence and performance2.According to Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguisticsystem shared by all the members of a speech community.A.paroleB.performancenguenguage3.The term _________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referringto the approach which studies language change over the various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativenguage is ____ in the sense that there is no intrinsic connectionbetween a word and the object it refers to.A.systematicB.symbolicC.arbitraryD.ambiguous5.What function are most imperative sentences associated with?rmativeB.InterrogativeC.PhaticD.Directive6. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade.”is _________A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative6.Everyday we send messages that have never been sent and understandnovel messages; in this sense, our language is ____.A.productiveB.interchangeableC.genetically transmittedD.rule-governednguage can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situationsof the speaker. This is what we mean by _____.A.cultural transmissionB.displacementC.dualityD.productivity8.By duality we mean that language has two sets of structures, one of_______ and the other of ______.A.surface structure, deep structureB.phonemes, morphemesC.sounds, meaningsD.production, reception9.According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user’s internalizedknowledge of his language.petenceB.paroleC.performancengue10.General linguistics is the scientific study of _________.nguage of a certain individualB.the German languageC.human languages in generalD.the system of a particular languagePhonetics and Phonology11.The study of how sounds are put together are used to convey meaningin communication is _________.A.morphologyB.general linguisticsC.phonologyD.phonetics12.A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstractunit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A.phoneB.soundC.allophoneD.phoneme13./m, n / are ________.A.fricativesB.dentalsC.glidesD.nasals14./w, j / belong to _____.A.fricativesB.dentalsC.glidesD.nasals15.Which of the following vowel is the rounded one?A./i:/B./u:/C./i/D./a:/16.The vowel /u:/ in /fu:d/(food) is a _________vowel.A.backB.frontC.unroundedD.centralMORPHOLOGY17._______ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationshipbetween expression and content.A.WordB.MorphemeC.AllomorphD.Root18._______are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes to form a word.A.Free morphemesB.Bound morphemesC.Bound wordsD.Words19._______modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original wordA.PrefixesB.SuffixesC.RootsD.Affixes20.“-s” in the word books is ____.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC.an inflectional affixD. a rootNote: root（词根）/ affix（词缀）, 都属于 bound morpheme (粘着词素)1. root(词根): a part of a word; it can never stand by itself althoughit bears a clear, definite meaning; it must be combined withanother root or an affix to form a word.(一个不能再分，再分就会失去其本义的基本形式)词根词素可以分为自由词根词素（free root morpheme, e.g. rain rainy raincoat粘着词根词素(bound root morpheme)e.g. geo(the earth) + ology (a branch of learning)ge ology,psych ology, physi ologytele (distant, far) + vision tele vision, tele graphtrans mit, per mit, sub mit ‘main tain, con tain, de tain2. Affix 词缀1) inflectional（曲折）: 语法关系的标志grammatical relations(number, tense, degree, case) -s, -er,不改变词性2) derivational(派生):在词干上加上一个词缀得到一个新词，与词性和意义有关3. stem 词干The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.It refers to the left morpheme or combination of morphemes when oneaffix is removed for one time.e.g. care less ness21.Which of the following words is a derivational one?A.BlackboardB.TeachesC.ConsiderationD.Books22.Which of the following words is created through the process ofacronym?A.adB.editC.AIDSD.Bobo23.The word “lab” is formed through ____.A.back formationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation24.Which of the following is NOT a compound word ?A. LandladyB. GreenhouseC. UpliftD. Unacceptable20. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ________.A.lexical wordsB.grammatical wordsC.function wordsD.form words21. Open class of words can consist of the following categories EXCEPT _________A. nounsB. verbsC. adjectivesD. articles22. Which one of the following most possibly belongs to the closed class?A. FlowerB. Treacherous.C. WeD. Whack23. Inflectional morphemes manifest the following meanings EXCEPT_________A. toneB. tenseC. numberD. case24. Which of the following contains at least an inflectional morpheme?A. PossibilityB. DecisionC. HersD. Enable25. ________ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds26. The word “irresistible” is ______________A. a compound oneB. a clipped oneC. a blended oneD. a derived one27. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –ful28. The word “Kung-fu” is _____.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compound on eD. a borrowed oneSemantics25. A word with several meanings is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC.an abnormalD. a multiple26.The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are___.A.gradable oppositesB.relational oppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms27.The relationship between ‘fruit’ and ‘apple’ is _______.A.homonymyB.hyponymyC.polysemyD.synonymy28.“Alive” and “dead” are ______ antonyms.A.relationalB.gradableC.symmetricplementary29.“Big” and “small” are a pair of _____ opposites.plementaryB.gradablepleteD.converse6. The word “luggage” and “baggage” are _________A. emotive synonymsB. dialectal synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. stylistic7. The relation between “begin” and “commence” is _________A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. semantically different synonyms8. “Fall ” and “autumn” are _________ synonymsA. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive9. _________ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. rain and reignB. flea and fleeC. lead [li:d] and lead [led]D. compliment and complement10. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to _______A. conceptB. the real worldC. the thoughtD. meaning11. “Wise” and “cunning” are a pair of _________ synonyms.A. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive12. “Wide” and “broad” are a pair of __________ synonymsA. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive13. Which of the followings can be the same form shared by two homonyms?A. BallB. CanC. BarkD. North14. “See” and “sea” are ___________A. homophonesB. homographsC. complete homonymsD. polysenmic words15. What is the sense relation between “learn” and “teach”?A. Relational antonymsB. Complementary antonymsC. Gradable anonymsD. Absolute antonyms16. What is the sense relation between “pass” and “fail”?A. Relational antonymsB. Complementary antonymsC. Gradable anonymsD. Absolute antonyms17. : X: They are going to have another baby.Y: They have a child.The relationship of X and Y is ________A. synonymousB. inconsistentC. X entailing YD : X presupposing Y18. “Tommy’s hen laid an egg yesterday.” presupposes __________A. Tommy had a henB. Tommy had a big henC. An egg was laid by Tommy’s henD. The egg is not a stone.19. “He has been to Tokyo” entails “_________”.A. He has been to JapanB. Tokyo is the capital of Japan.C. He has never been to Japan.D. He is not a Japanese.Pragmatics1.According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to committhe speaker to some future course of action are called _____.missivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives2._______ is defined as the study of language in use and linguisticcommunication.A.PragmaticsB.SociolinguisticsC.NeurolinguisticsD.Contextual linguistics3.“We can do things with words”--- this is the main idea of ______.A.the Speech Act TheoryB.the Co-operative PrincipleC.the Polite PrinciplesD.pragmatics4._________ refer to the utterance of a sentence with determinate senseand reference.A.Locutionary actB.Illocutionary actC.Perlocutionary actD.Speech act5.The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in contextis called _______.A.semanticsB.sociolinguisticsC.pragmaticsD.psycholinguistics6.Which of the following is NOT the specific instance of directives?A.InvitingB.AdvisingC.WarningD.Swearing7. _________ acts expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech8. “I didn’t steal that ring” is a _________.A. directiveB. expressiveC. commissiveD. representatives9. “I’m so sad about your wrong doings” is a __________A. declarationB. expressivesC. representativesD. commissives10. “Hands up!” is a ________.A. directiveB. representativeC. commissiveD. declaration11. “I’ll be with you!” is a _________.A. directiveB. commissiveC. expressiveD. representativeSociolinguistics1.In areas which are populated by people speaking different languages,one language is often used by common agreement; such a language is called ________.A.pidginB.lingua francaC.CreoleD.slang2. The dialect which is caused by social status is ________.A. regional dialectB. sociolectC. idiolectD. diglossia3. Standard dialect is ______A. designated as the official or national language of a country.B. a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialectC. used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposeD. used by people who belong to the higher social status.4. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. This phenomenon is _______.A. bilingualismB. diglossiaC. pidginD. creole5 The form of a given language used in a certain geographical space is called _______A. styleB. dialectC. registerD. pidginLanguage Acquisition1.According to Krashen, ________ refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A.learningpetenceC.performanceD.acquisition。