练习题4讲课讲稿
(精品教案)高中数学讲课稿4篇
（精品教案）高中数学讲课稿4篇精心整理的高中数学讲课稿4篇，欢迎大伙儿借鉴与参考，希翼对大伙儿有所帮助。
高中数学讲课稿篇11. 教材所处的地位和作用：本节内容在全书和章节中的作用是：《》是中数学教材第册第章第节内容。
在此之前学生已学习了基础，这为过渡到本节的学习起着铺垫作用。
本节内容是在中，占领的地位。
以及为其他学科和今后的学习打下基础。
2. 教育教学目标：依照上述教材分析，思考到学生已有的认知结构心理特征，制定如下教学目标：(1)知识目标：(2)能力目标：经过教学初步培养学生分析咨询题，解决实际咨询题，读图分析，收集处理信息，团结协作，语言表达能力以及经过师生双边活动，初步培养学生运用知识的能力，培养学生加强理论联系实际的能力，(3)情感目标：经过的教学引导学生从现实的日子记忆与体验动身，激发学生学习兴趣。
3. 重点，难点以及确定依据：下面，为了说清重难上点，使学生能达到本节课设定的目标，再从教法和学法上谈谈：1. 教学手段：怎么突出重点，突破难点，从而实现教学目标。
在教学过程中拟打算举行如下操作：教学办法。
基于本节课的特点：应着重采纳的教学办法。
2. 教学办法及其理论依据：坚持“以学生为主体，以教师为主导”的原则，依照学生的心理进展规律，采纳学生参与程度高的学导式讨论教学法。
在学生看书，讨论的基础上，在老师启示引导下，运用咨询题解决式教法，师生交谈法，图像信号法，咨询答式，课堂讨论法。
在采纳咨询答法时，特殊注重别同难度的咨询题，提咨询别同层次的学生，面向全体，使基础差的学生也能有表现机遇，培养其自信心，激发其学习热情。
有效的开辟各层次学生的潜在智能，力求使学生能在原有的基础上得到进展。
并且经过课堂练习和课后作业，启示学生从书本知识回到社会实践。
提供给学生与其日子和身边世界紧密相关的数学知识，学习基础性的知识和技能，在教学中积极培养学生学习兴趣和动机，明确的学习目的，老师应在课堂上充分调动学生的学习积极性，激发来自学生主体的最有力的动力。
高中英语演讲稿练习题30题
高中英语演讲稿练习题30题1.In a school assembly speech, which is the best way to start?A.Good morning, everyone!B.Hi there!C.Dear students and teachers.D.Hello, world!答案：A。
在学校集会演讲中，“Good morning, everyone!”是比较正式且恰当的开场问候语。
B 选项“Hi there!”过于随意，不适合正式场合。
C 选项“Dear students and teachers.”缺少具体的问候语，不够完整。
D 选项“Hello, world!”一般不用于演讲开场，比较奇怪。
2.When giving a speech at a graduation ceremony, what is a good opening line?dies and gentlemen, it's a great day.B.Hello, graduates!C.Dear friends and family.D.Good afternoon, all!答案：A。
在毕业典礼上，“Ladies and gentlemen, it's a great day.”既正式又能引起听众的兴趣，强调了这是个重要的日子。
B 选项“Hello, graduates!”比较单一，只针对了毕业生。
C 选项“Dear friends and family.”不够正式，可能更适合私人场合。
D 选项“Good afternoon, all!”比较平淡，缺乏感染力。
3.For a speech at a science fair, which start is most appropriate?A.Hello, science lovers!B.Good day, everyone!C.Dear participants and judges.D.Hi, guys!答案：C。
冈萨雷斯数字图像处理第3版第4章习题4.164.43备课讲稿
4.16 证明连续和离散二维傅里叶变换都是平移和旋转不变的。
首先列出平移和旋转性质：002(//)00(,)(,)j u x M v y N f x y e F u u v v π+⇔-- (4.6-3) 002(//)00(,)(,)j x r M y v N f x x y y F u v e π-+--⇔ (4.6-4)旋转性质：cos ,sin ,cos ,sin x r y r u v θθωϕωϕ====00(,)(,)f r F θθωϕϕ+⇔+ (4.6-5) 证明：由式(4.5-15)得：由式(4.5-16)得：依次类推证明其它项。
4.17 由习题4.3可以推出1(,)u v δ⇔和(,)1t z δ⇔。
使用前一个性质和表4.3中的平移性质证明连续函数00(,)cos(22)f t z A u t v z ππ=+的傅里叶变换是0000(,)[(,)(,)]2AF u v u u v v u u v v δδ=+++-- 证明：000000002()2()002()2()2()2()2()2()2((,)(,)cos(22)[]222j ut vz j ut vz j u t v z j u t v z j ut vz j u t v z j u t v z j ut vz j u F u v f t z e dtdzA u t v z e dtdzA e e e dtdzA A e e dtdz e e πππππππππππ∞∞-+-∞-∞∞∞-+-∞-∞∞∞+-+-+-∞-∞∞∞+-+-+--∞-∞==+=+=+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰)00000000(,)(,)22[(,)(,)]2t vz dtdz A Au u v v u u v v Au u v v u u v v δδδδ∞∞+-∞-∞=--+++=--+++⎰⎰ 4.18 证明离散函数(,)1f x y =的DFT 是1,0{1}(,)0,u v u v δ==⎧ℑ==⎨⎩其它证明：离散傅里叶变换112(//)00(,)(,)M N j ux M vy N x y F u v f x y e π---+===∑∑112(//)00112(//)00{1}M N j ux M vy N x y M N j ux M vy N x y e e ππ---+==---+==ℑ==∑∑∑∑如果0u v ==，{1}1ℑ=，否则：1100{1}{cos[2(//)]sin[2(//)]}M N x y ux M vy N j ux M vy N ππ--==ℑ=+-+∑∑考虑实部，1100{1}cos[2(//)]M N x y ux M vy N π--==ℑ=+∑∑，cos[2(//)]ux M vy N π+的值介于[-1, 1]，可以想象，1100{1}cos[2(//)]0M N x y ux M vy N π--==ℑ=+=∑∑，虚部相同，所以1,0{1}(,)0,u v u v δ==⎧ℑ==⎨⎩其它4.19 证明离散函数00cos(22)u x v y ππ+的DFT 是00001(,)[(,)(,)]2F u v u Mu v Nv u Mu v Nv δδ=+++--证明：000000112(//)00112(//)0000112()2()2(//)00112()2(//)00(,)(,)cos(22)1[]21{2M N j ux M vy N x y M N j ux M vy N x y M N j u x v y j u x v y j ux M vy N x y M N j u x v y j ux M vy N x y F u v f x y e u x v y e e e e e e πππππππππ---+==---+==--+-+-+==--+-+====+=+=∑∑∑∑∑∑∑∑000000112()2(//)0011112(//)2(//)2(//)2(//)00000000}1{}21[(,)(,)]2M N j u x v y j ux M vy N x y M N M N j Mu x M Nv y N j Mu x M Nv y N j ux M vy N j ux M vy N x y x y e e e e e e u Mu v Nv u Mu v Nv ππππππδδ---+-+==----+-+-+-+====+=+=+++--∑∑∑∑∑∑4.20 下列问题与表4.1中的性质有关。
物理化学第四章溶液练习题讲课讲稿
物理化学第四章溶液练习题第四章作业一、选择题1. 在25℃时，纯液体A 的p *A ＝5×104Pa ，纯液体B 的p *B ＝6×104Pa ，假设两液体能形成理想溶液混合物，当达到气液平衡时，液相中组成x A =0.4，在气相B 的摩尔分数y Ｂ则为( )(A) 0.64 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.50 (D) 0.406. 若A 分子和B 分子之间的相互作用力，与A 、B 各自处于纯态时分子之间的相互作用力相同，混合后，则有( )(A) 0mix H ∆< (B) 0mix H ∆>(C) 0mix H ∆= (D) mix H ∆无法确定7. 在10.325KPa 下，往纯水中加入少量NaCl ，与纯水比较，此稀溶液沸点( )(A) 降低 (B) 升高 (C) 不变8. 某化合物1.5g 溶于1kg 纯水中，形成非电解质溶液，冰点降低了0.015K ，该化合物的相对分子量可能是( )。
(K f =1.86K·mol -1·kg -1。
)(A) 100g·mol -1 (B) 200 g·mol -1(C) 186g·mol -1 (D) 150g·mol -110. A 和B 形成的非理想溶液，在TK 时测得其总蒸气压为29398Pa ，在气相中B 的摩尔分数y Ｂ＝0.82，而该温度时纯A 的蒸气压为29571 Pa ，那么在溶液中A 的活度A α为( )。
(A) 0.813 (B) 0.815 (C) 0.179 (D) 0.994二、计算题1. 两种挥发性液体A 和B 混合形成理想液态混合物，在298K 时，测得溶液上面的蒸气总压为5.41×104Pa ，气相中A 物质的摩尔分数为0.450，且已知p *A ＝3.745×104Pa 。
试求在该温度下(1) 液相组成；(2) 纯B 的蒸气压。
国际私法第一章测试题(修改后)讲课稿
2014年国际私法第一章(涉外民事关系与国际私法)测试题一、名词解释（共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1.国际私法2.civil relations involving foreign elements3.间接调整方法4.法律人际冲突5.统一冲突法二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)1.国际私法的调整对象是（含有涉外因素的民事法律关系）。
2．国际私法的渊源是指赋予国际私法规范以法律效力的法律文件的（表现形式）。
3.《中华人民共和国涉外民事关系法律适用法》于（2011）年（4）月（11）日生效。
4.涉外民事关系的法律调整分为两种方式，一种是冲突法调整，一种是（实体法）调整。
5.涉外民事关系的产生，必须具备两个条件：（经济条件）和（法律条件）。
6.实现国际私法规范统一的政府间国际组织是（海牙国际私法会议）。
7.在我国，一般认为国际私法由外国人民事法律地位规范，冲突规范，统一实体法规范，国际民事诉讼程序和仲裁程序规范组成。
这四种规范中最重要的规范是（冲突规范）。
8. 欧洲议会、欧盟理事会2007年7月11日之（EC864/2007号条例）（《非合同之债法律适用条例》简称《罗马条例Ⅱ》）是欧洲国际私法统一史上的一座里程碑，总结其规定，一方面，一般性规则给予“损害发生地法”和“共同惯常居所地法”以优先地位，增加了法律适用的可预见性。
另一方面，例外条款软化了一般性规则的僵化性。
9．国际私法产生的前提规范是（外国人民事法律地位规范）。
三、判断题(每题1分，共10分)1.实体法对涉外民事关系的调整是一种间接调整。
（错）2．国内立法是国际私法的最早法律表现形式。
（对）3. 国际私法主要指法律的国际冲突，不涉及在一国内部不同地区或不同人种的法律冲突。
（错）4．国际私法渊源的最早表现形式是国际条约，迄今为止国际条约仍是国际私法最主要的渊源之一。
（错）。
5．所谓法律的域外效力，是指一国法律在制定者管辖领土以外尚能发生的效力，它常常表现为国家的属人优越权。
(精品教案)精选讲课稿四篇
（精品教案）精选讲课稿四篇整理的讲课稿4篇，仅供参考，大伙儿一起来看看吧。
讲课稿篇1一、讲教材1、课程性质及教学内容在教材中的地位和作用本教材是“全国中等职业教育教材审定委员会审定”，“中等职业教育课程改革国家规划新教材”。
依据教学内容及其课时安排，《学习领域三笔随人意的好秘书—word文档的操作》分为八课时四项目完成教学。
《撰写旅行打算》为其第一项目。
依据教学内容和难度，本项目将分为两课时来展开教学，第一课时要紧举行word软件的熟悉、文档录入、文件保存等操作，熟悉word界面、学习文档录入办法及保存等知识点；第二课时完成文档的简单编辑，要紧学习文本的挑选、复制、剪切等操作办法。
本讲课稿要紧讲明第一课时。
2、与前后知识点的联系本章节是在学生认识计算机功能，熟悉计算机基本操作的基础上编排的。
word软件的使用，别仅进一步巩固了前面学习的书信撰写和个人博客等知识点，而且为今后个人简历和板报等的设计打下基础，所以，本章节别仅起到承上启下的知识链接作用，而且在本教材中占领举脚轻重的重要作用，为学生今后的电脑技能操作有着深远的妨碍。
3、教学目标依照上述教材分析，确定如下教学目标：(1)知识目标：了解Word窗口功能，掌握新建、关闭Word窗口的办法；了解Word窗口命令，认识常用工具栏的名称、按钮；了解Word字处理功能，学会输入文字、新建文档及文件保存。
(2)能力目标：认识Word窗口命令，学会常用工具按钮的使用；训练学生键盘操作技能，说究心手合一；提高学生文字的输入能力，学会新建文档及文件保存。
(3)情感目标：激发学生对word的学习兴趣，体验成功的欢跃和开心；逐步培养学生的制造性、思维性和别断探究的学习精神。
培养学生的审美情操和对故乡的热爱之情4、重点和难点经过分析教材，也依照平常的教学经验，我确定了如下的教学重点和难点(1)教学重点：Word界面的认识及其各菜单和工具按钮的使用文件的新建和保存办法(2)教学难点：文件保存与另存为的区不工具栏按钮的显示与躲藏5、资源利用课内资源：旅行打算模板及设计要点课外资源：“无锡三日游”文稿二、讲学生1、职业高中学生厌倦纯理论式的学习，却对动手操作有着较为浓厚的兴趣。
第4-6章微生物皮肤病习题及答案备课讲稿
第4-6章微生物皮肤病习题及答案备课讲稿第4章细菌性皮肤病一填空题1.脓疱疮临床上可分为＿＿、＿＿、＿＿。
2.麻风的五级分类法为＿＿、＿＿、＿＿、＿＿、＿＿。
3.＿＿是麻风重要的传播方式。
4.脓疱疮多由＿＿引起，亦可由＿＿或＿＿感染发病。
5.疖是由＿＿引起的＿＿和＿＿的急性化脓性炎症。
二判断改错题1.引起脓疱疮的最常见病原菌是溶血性链球菌。
2.丹毒的病原菌为凝固酶阳性的金黄色葡萄球菌。
3.麻风患者是麻风杆菌的天然宿主，也是本病的唯一传染源。
4.麻风临床类型的差别是由机体免疫力、麻风杆菌量及类型演变所决定的。
总的趋势是：体液免疫水平和麻风杆菌量结核样型（TT）>界限类偏结核样型（BT）>中间界限类（BB）>界限类偏瘤型（BL）>瘤型（LL）。
5.皮肤结核病是由念珠菌引起的一种慢性传染病。
三选择题【A型题】1.在疖和痈，下列正确的是＿＿。
BA.因化脓菌侵入皮下组织而发生B.反复发病者，应疑有糖尿病C.近卫淋巴结有疼痛、肿大者少见D.作为治疗原则，应早期切开排脓2.结核样型麻风的麻风菌素试验应为＿＿。
BA.阴性B.阳性C.假阳性D.弱阳性E.个体有差异3.麻风患者皮肤感觉障碍，最开始表现是＿＿。
AA.先失温觉（冷热觉）B.先失痛觉C.先失触觉D.节段性痛觉丧失E.同时丧失4.麻风患者发生兔眼是病变侵犯＿＿。
CA.三叉神经B.眶上神经C.面神经D.桡神经E.耳大神经5.麻风杆菌进入人体是否引起发病以及发病的类型取决于＿＿。
EA.麻风杆菌的毒力B.麻风杆菌的数量C.接触者创面的大小D.性别E.机体对麻风杆菌的抵抗力6.哪型麻风可在鼻粘膜查到抗酸杆菌＿＿。
BA.未定类麻风B.瘤型麻风C.结核样型麻风D.界限类偏结核样型麻风E.以上都可查到7.各型麻风细胞免疫反应强度依序为＿＿。
AA.TT>BT>BB>BL>LLB.LL>BL>BB>BT>TTC.BB>BT>TT>BL>LLD.BT>TT>BB>BL>LLE.BL>LL>BB>BT>TT(注：TT—结核样型麻风BT—界限类偏结核样型麻风BB—中间界线类麻风BL—界限类偏瘤型LL—瘤型麻风）8.麻风菌素试验强阳性表示＿＿。
第四章 实物期权讲稿及练习题
实物期权隐含在投资项目中，有的项目期权价值很小，有的项目期权价值很大。
这要看项目不确定性的大小，不确定性越大则期权价值越大。
一、扩张期权【提示1】在确定二期项目未来现金流量的现值(S0)时，由于投资有风险，未来现金流量不确定，折现率要用考虑风险的投资人要求的必要报酬率；【提示2】在确定二期项目投资额的现值PV(X)时，由于项目所需要的投资额相对比较稳定，折现率要用无风险的折现率。
【例题12·计算分析题】A公司是一个颇具实力的制造商。
公司管理层估计某种新型产品可能有巨大发展，计划引进新型产品生产技术。
考虑到市场的成长需要一定时间，该项目分两期进行。
第一期投资1200万元于2000年末投入，2001年投产，生产能力为50万只，相关现金流量如下：第二期投资2500万元于2003年年末投入，2004年投产，生产能力为100万只，预计相关现金流量如下：公司的等风险必要报酬率为10％，无风险利率为5%。
要求：(1)计算不考虑期权情况下方案的净现值。
(2)假设第二期项目的决策必须在2003年底决定,该行业风险较大，未来现金流量不确定，可比公司的股票价格标准差为14%，可以作为项目现金流量的标准差，要求采用布莱克-斯科尔斯期权定价模型确定考虑期权的第一期项目净现值为多少，并判断应否投资第一期项目。
【答案】(1)表项目第一期的计划单位：万元表项目第二期计划单位：万元(2)（万元）1265.193)()()(4305.05695.01)(5268.0)(1752.02425.00673.030673.01213.00540.01213.02425.00131.022425.02425.09870.0ln 2314.0314.0)594.2159/4193.2131ln(2)](/ln[210211201=-==-==-=-=⨯-==+-=+-=+=⨯+⨯=+=d N X PV d N S C d N d N d d ttX PV S d σσσ所以：考虑期权的第一期项目净现值＝193.1265-198.544=-5.4175(万元)二、时机选择期权从时间选择来看，任何投资项目都具有期权的性质。
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外研社现代大学英语4精读练习(专升本-本科必用)单元课后选择练习题讲课稿
外研社现代大学英语4精读练习(专升本-本科必用)单元课后选择练习题Unit 11. The safari hunter was nearly _____ to death by a herd of elephants.A. stampededB. trampledC. trodD. stamped2. She felt that she was too ______ with problems to be able to study properly.A. burdenedB. tiredC. grievedD. disturbed3 The roof ______ under the weight of the snow.A. fellB. submergedC. collapsedD. descended4. Juvenile _______ is becoming a very difficult problem for society to overcome.A. negligenceB. crimeC. delinquencyD. offence5. The current spirit of _____ among the various departments of the university have led to a number of interdisciplinary publications which might not otherwise have been written.A. competitionB. patriotismC. cooperationD. futility6. Ben derived a lot of ______ from his bo ss’s apology.A. comfortB. easeC. gratificationD. Satisfaction7. His criticism injured Jenny’s ______. So she is feeling sad now.A. divinityB. indignityC. egoD. mind8. Hundreds of people ______ on the playground for watching the Dragon Lantern Show.A. contrivedB. conformedC. conferredD. converged9. Beware of the cream on the floor. An elderly lady ______ and fell down there just not.A. spilledB. slippedC. slidD. Split10. She had been educated in England, which accounted for her ______ in the English language.A. efficiencyB. proficiencyC. effectivenessD. effectuality11. A sweet smile is a figurative expression, but sweet coffee is a ______ one.A. literalB. literaryC. literateD. illiterate12. I missed the last bus. I could do nothing but ______ in the village for the night.A. stayingB. stayedC. to stayD. stay13. International football matches do not always make ______ better understanding between countries.A. upB. forC. intoD. out14. Cambridge can look very attractive ______ of year.A. at the same timeB. at one timeC. at this timeD. at times15.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ______ a sudden loud noise.A. being thereB. should there beC. thereD. there having been16. ______ for the timely investment form the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.A. Had it not beenB. Were it notC. Be it notD. Should it not be17. According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself apparent, so one______ wait instead of searching for it.A. would ratherB. had toC. cannot butD. had best18. The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers______ for.A. be demonstratingB. demonstrateC. had been demonstratingD. have demonstrated19. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ______ in a personal one.A. rather thanB. other thanC. better thanD. less than20. The business of each day, ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.A. it beingB. be itC. was itD. it wasKey:1-5DACCC 6-10DCDBB 11-15AD(C)BCB 16-20ADCABUnit 21. Her jewelry _______ under the spotlights and she became the dominant figure at the ball.A. blazedB. dazzledC. glaredD. glittered2. Weeks ______ before anyone was arrested in connection with the bank robbery.A. elapsedB. expiredC. overlappedD. terminated3. Often such arguments have the effect of _____ rather than clarifying the issues involved.A. blockingB. obscuringC. tacklingD. prejudicing4. He raised his eyebrows and stuck his head forward and _______ it in a single nod, a gesture boys used then for O.K. when they were pleased.A. jerkedB. twistedC. shruggedD. Tugged5. She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of the company’s client data, which she intended to ______ in starting her own business.A. dwell onB. base onC. draw uponD. come upon6. I can’t give you that for nothing. What do you take me _____ ?A. upB. ForC. toD. After7. Let me _____ the broken glass before someone walks on it.A. cover upB. clear upC. wash upD. spring up8. If you keep in mind the process of word deviation, you’ll be able to _____ the meaning of many words.A. reason withB. make upC. count onD. figure out9. Scientists will have to come _____ new metho ds of increasing the world’s food supply.A. up withB. up foC. down withD. down to10..A thought ______ me that we ought to make a new arrangement.A. occurredB. struckC. turned toD. struck to11. _____ in a recent science competition, three individuals were awarded scholarships totaling 36,000.A. Judged the bestB. Judging for the bestC. Judging the bestD. Having judged the best12. You never told us why you were late for the last meeting, _____?A. weren't youB. didn’t youC. had youD. did you13. He has ______ that it is difficult for him to travel.A. too heavy a work loadB. a too heavy work loadC. so heavy a work loadD. such heavy a work load14. ______ I’ll marry him all the same.A. Whether he being rich or poorB. He be rich or poorC. He being rich or poorD. Be he rich or poor15. If that idea was wrong, the project is bound to fail, _____ good all the other ideas might be.A. whateverB. thoughC. whatsoeverD. however16. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ____ to the body.A. the greater the stressB. the stress is greaterC. greater the stress isD. greater is the stress17. —Could you give this book to Mr. Chen?—Certainly, ______ him about something else in any case, so it won’t be any bother at all.A. I’ll seeB. I seeC. I can seeD. I’ll be seeing18. _____ their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty.A. If it is not forB. Be it not forC. It being not forD. Were it not for19. Some days go by much more quickly than others. Some hours as if they _____.A. would never endB. should never endC. will never endD. might never end20. When she arrived, she found _____ the aged and the sick at home.A. none butB. nothing butC. none otherD. no other thanKEY:1-5DADAC 6-10BBDAB 11-15ADCBD 16-20 ADDAAUNIT 31. In my opinion, you can widen the _____ of these improvements through youractive participation.A. dimensionB. magnitudeC. volumeD. scope2. The tourist is forbidden to enter a country if he does not have a(n) _____ passport.A. operativeB. effectiveC. validD. Efficient3. Gone with the Wind deals with questions__________America’s Civil war and the experiences of two couples of lovers.A. concernedB. concerned withC. concerning withD. concerning4. She was very interested in the work of certain charities, and made a_______ regular to them.A. subscriptionB. contributionC. allowanceD. Tribute5. Anthropology is a science _____ anthropologist use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.A. in thatB. that inC. thatD. in6. People under the age of 18 are not___________to join the club.A. capableB. legitimateC. availableD. Eligible7. Essentially, a theory is an abstract symbolic representation of ___________reality.A. what it is conceivedB. that is conceivedC. that is being conceivedD. what is conceived to be8. Although some students graduate from high school, they are virtually illiteratewriting a business letter.A. in the event ofB. in the light ofC. in case ofD. in terms of9. Sometimes the tension produced by fears is so great that we cannot suppress it. At such times we need to the tension by laughing or crying.A. discardB. disperseC. disguiseD. discharge10. We are all agreed that the plan is practical and feasible, but he thinks .A. notB. the reverseC. contrarilyD. Otherwise11. Go and ask his wife. She must be__________ the know.A. inB. forC. atD. under12. She knew that she was__________against very strong opposition.A. atB. upD. with D. On13.Until the 1800s, communication had been _____ by distance and time.A. curbedB. inhibitedC. limitedD. restricted14. This car is cheaper to buy _____ the other one is more economical to run.A. althoughB. sinceC. thanD. whereas15. The score is 3 to 2 in their favor. This is not _____ result as we expected.A. a badB. as a badC. bad aD. as bad a16.Hardly a day goes by _____ I write to my family.A. whenB. sinceC. butD. Before17. The old man strolled to the beach, _____.A. his dog following himB. his dog followed himC. his dog was followedD. following by his dog18. I don’t believe your dad is over fifty. He looks _____ forty.A. no older thanB. not older thanC. no older asD. none older as19. The Prime Minister walked onto the platform and seated herself in a chair, _____ to answer questions.A. had preparedB. being preparedC. preparedD. preparing20. There can be no economy _____ there is no efficiency.A. unlessB. whereC. provided thatD. BecauseKEY:1-5 DCDBA 6-10DDDDD 11-15 ABDDD 16-20 CAACBUNIT 41.The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that ___ the speakers stopped for refreshments.a. at largeb. at easec. at intervalsd. at random2. This kind of material can ____ heat and moisture.a. propelb. repelc. compeld. Constrain3. Hamlet ___ his father’s death on his uncle.a. reversedb. revengedc. revertedd. averted4. In a sense, tennis and Taijiquan are similar in that they both require your full attention, and if done ____, take your mind off daily problems and preoccupations.a. successfullyb. consecutivelyc. conscientiouslyd. compulsively5. Strict ____ is observed in connection with depositors’ accounts.a. sectionb. securityc. secrecyd. segregation6. The remarkable ___ of life on the Galapagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of evolution.a. classificationb. densityc. varietyd. Diversion7. The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transportation and is therefore, not ____ to work locally.a. compelledb. obligedc. restrictedd. repelled8. The doctors don’t ____ that the patient will live much longer.a. monitorb. manifestc. articulated. Anticipate9. She should be ___ and not make unreasonabledemands.a. sensationalb. sensiblec. sensitived. sensual10. Europe’s earlier industrial growth was ____ by the availability of key resources, abundant and cheap labor, coal, iron ore, etc.a. constrainedb. remainedc. sustainedd. detained11. His kindness was ___ that we will never forget him.a. whatb. whichc. whod. such12. I walked too much yesterday and ___ are still aching now.a. my leg’s musclesb. my muscles of legc. my leg musclesd. my muscles of the leg13. I think the Red Team will win the final game; it’s ____ that they will.a. almost surelyb. very likelyc. rather possiblyd. quite certainly14. Fond of singing as she is, she is ____ a good singer by profession.a. everything butb. anything butc. nothing butd. something but15. I didn’t go to his party last night, because ____ I changed my mind.a. on a second thoughtb. on second thoughtc. by second thoughtd. on the second thought16. We left the meeting, there obviously ____ no point in staying.a. wereb. to bec. beingd. Having17. The manager would rather his daughter ____ in the same office.a. had not workedb. not to workc. does not workd. did not work18. I’d rather read than watch television, the programs seem ____ all the time.a. to get worseb. getting worsec. to have got worsed. to be getting worse19. Many a student and teacher ___ making a careful study of ___ own problems.a. are; theirb. is; theirc. are; hisd. is; his20. It is not unusual for workers ____ in that region.a. to be paid more than a month lateb. to be paid later than more a monthc. to pay later than a month mored. to pay late more than a monthKEY:1-5CBBCC 6-10CCDBC 11-15DCBBB 16-20CDDDAUNIT 51.Only ten to twenty percent of cold viruses are transmitted by carriers, who, sneezing and coughing, ___ the viruses into the air.a. sprayb. sprinklec. spreadd. sprout2. While taking a walk to the department store, I____ an old schoolmate this morning.a. ran overb. ran offc. ran intod. ran to3. Mr. Brown’s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will ______.a.pull backb. pull upc.pull throughd. pull out4. A scientist usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices have no satisfactory explanation, and his curiosity makes him look for ____ relationship even if the data available seem to be unconnected.a. underliningb.underneathc. underlyingd. Undergoing5. Because of the mistake made in his work, he has been obliged to ____ from his job.a. resignb. dismissc. abandond. retire6. You’d better ask professor Smith—he has got the whole subject ______.a. at the fingersb. at his fingersc. at his fingers’ tipsd. at the fingers’ tips7. The tenant left nothing being except some____ of paper, cloth, etc.a. sheetsb. scrapsc. pagesd. Slices8. The majority of nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a ______.a. minorityb. scarcityc. rarityd. minimum9. I couldn’t sleep because the tap in the bathroom was _________.a. drainingb. droppingc. spillingd. dripping10. Failure to follow the club rules ________ himfrom the volleyball team.a. disfavoredb. dispelledc. disqualifiedd. Dismissed11. Because one is grown up, _____ he/she can become more intelligent.a. but it isn’t thatb. but it can’t follow thatc. it is not followed thatd. it does not follow that12. Do help yourself to some fruit, _____ you? (TEM4-2000)a. can’tb. don’tc. wouldn’td. won’t13. Wait for me. You _____ impatient. I am still having my breakfast.a. areb. are beingc. wered. have been14. You and I could hardly understand, _____?(TEM4-1995)a. could Ib. couldn’t youc. couldn’t wed. could we15. I wish to pay you a visit tomorrow, _____?a. shall Ib. didn’t Ic. may Id. would I16. She ought to go to Shanghai by plane, _____?a. ought sheb. shouldn’t shec. won’t shed. wouldn’t she17. I’m surely happy, _____?a. am Ib. isn’t Ic. aren’t Id. am not I18. Very important in our daily life _____.a. is the weather forecastb. the weather forecast isc. the weather is forecastedd. forecasts the weather19. Cars moved very slowly in the 1920s, but they ____ move more quickly than ina. were tob. didc. willd. can20. To say is one thing, and to do is quite _____.a. one otherb. the otherc. anotherd. something elseKEY:1-5ACCCA 6-10CBADC 11-15 DDBDC 16-20 BCABCUNIT 61. I only know the man by ___ but I have never spoken to him.A. chanceB. heartC. sightD. experience2. Being colour-blind, Sally can’t make a _____ between red and green.A. differenceB. distinctionC. comparisonD. Division3. You must insist that students give a truthful answer ___ with the reality of their world.A. relevantB. simultaneousC. consistentD. practical4. In order to raise money, Aunt Nicola had to ___ with some of her mosttreasured possessions.A. divideB. separateC. partD. Abandon5. The car was in good working ___ when I bought it a few months ago.A. orderB. formC. stateD. circumstance6. The customer expressed her ___ for that broad hat.A. disapprovalB. distasteC. dissatisfactionD. Dismay7. In order to repair barns, build fence, grow crops, and care for animals a farmer must indeed be ___.A. restless C. strongB. skilled D. versatile8. His expenditure on holidays and luxuries is rather high in ___ to his income.A. comparisonB. proportionC. associationD. Calculation9. Although he has become rich, he is still very ___ of his money.A. economicB. thriftyC. frugalD. careful10. As the manager was away on a business trip, I was asked to ___ the weekly staff meeting.A. presideB. IntroduceC. chairD. Dominate11. Basically a robot is a machine which moves, manipulates, joins or processes ____ in the same way as human hand or arm.A. charactersB. componentsC. cataloguesD. collections12. Of course, talking about something which affects them personally is ____ motivating for students.A. chieflyB. correctlyC. currentlyD. eminently13. Most importantly, such an experience helps ____ a heightened sensitivity to other cultures and will bring about a greater appreciation of one’s own culture as well.A. coachB. forsakeC. fosterD. censor14. When Ann broke the dish she tried to put the ____ back together.A. fragmentsB. piecesC. bitsD. slices15. ____ drills that have no real topic have to remain as they are.A. ManufactureB. ManipulativeC. ManipulateD. Manifest16. This book has been in the works so long that I have lost ____ of most of the sources found for me by the staff of the library.A. traceB. trailC. trackD. touch17. The audience waited in ____ silence while their aged speaker searched among his note for the figures he could not remember.A. respectiveB. respectC. respectfulD. respectable18. The disappearance of her paper has never been ____ .A. counted forB. looked upC. accounted forD. checked up17. The audience waited in ____ silence while their aged speaker searched among his note for the figures he could not remember.A. respectiveB. respectC. respectfulD. respectable18. The disappearance of her paper has never been ____ .A. counted forB. looked upC. accounted forD. checked upKEY:1-5CBCCA 6-10BDBCC 11-15BDCAB 16-20CCCBDUnit 81. ______ at conveying her underlying message through topical plots and contemporary characters that by 1940 her book had sold some three million copies.a.So successful, Grace Leeb. So successful was Grace Leec. Grace Lee, so successfuld. Because Grace Lee was so successful2. We must urge that delegates ______ from the various factories in a district.a.should electb. will be electedc. be electedd. must have been elected3. It wasn’t such a good dinner ______ she had promised.a.thatb. asc. whichd. what4. By the end of this month, we surely ______ a satisfactory solution to the problem.a.have foundb. will have foundc. will findd. will be finding5. The doctor insisted that his patient ______ the medicine.a. takeb. takesc. to taked. taking6. ______ they will not come to join us, we have to change our plan.a.Seeing thatb. forc. Whend. As soon as7. Since the family moved here last year, they ______ better health.a.were enjoyingb. had enjoyedc. have been enjoyingd. enjoyed8. Living in the Central Australian desert has its problems, ______ obtaining watering is not the least.a. of whichb. for whatc. asd. Whose9. The heart is ______ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.a.not sob. not muchc. much mored. no more10. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______ all practical value by the time they were finished.a.could loseb. would have lostc. might losed. ought to have lost11. ______ to deliver this letter to the secretary?a.Would you be so kindb. Would you be so kind asc. Would you be as kind asd. Would you be kind12. Having no money but ______ to know, Tom simply said he would go without dinner.a.not to want anyoneb. not wanting anyonec. wanted no oned. to want no one13. It isn’t cold enough for there ______ a frost night, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.a.would beb. beingc. wasd. to be14. A hundred and thirty dollars ______ for that fur coat.a.is a reasonable priceb. are a reasonable pricec. are not a reasonable priced. is a too reasonable price15. Mrs. Brown is supposed ______ for Italy last week.a.to have leftb. to be leavingc. to have been leftd. to leave16. It seems absurd to wait any longer for those materials. We ______ start the project without them.a. as wellb. just as wellc. may as welld. well off17. Frankly speaking, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.a.dob. don’t doc. didd. didn’t do18. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ______ his argument in favor of the new theory.a.which to base onb. to base on whichc. on which to based. which to be based on19. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of universe ______ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.a.so thatb. but thatc. in thatd. provided that20. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ______ in a personal one.a. rather thanb. other thanc. better thand. less thanKey:1-5bcbba 6-10acadb 11-15bbdaa 16-20cdccaUnit 91. Knowing that he had been admitted to Cambridge University, he was too excited to be _______ on the phone.a. coincidentalb. identicalc. samed. coherent2. Hard work and malnutrition _______ his health and he looked thin and pale.a. impairedb. promotedc. acceleratedd. Smashed3. Although he is in his fifties, his _______ arms are as powerful as those of a young man.a. energeticb. giganticc. musculard. effective4. By preliminary _______, the damage caused by the accident amounted to $1,000,000.a. apprehensionb. comprehensionc. proposald. Appraisal5. He proposed at the meeting that _______ restrictions should be imposed on the construction of more expensive housing projects.a. graveb. grimc. rigorousd. reckless6. The purpose of the lecture was to _______the masses of the United States with the elementary problems of Latin America.a. informb. acquaintc. instructd. Announce7. Our teacher didn’t have time so far to go into it_______, but he gave us an idea about his plan.a. in turnb. at handc. in conclusiond. at length8. She often says her greatest happiness _______serving the handicapped children.a. consists inb. relies onc. composes ofd. comprises in9. No one who breaks the law is _______punishment.a. discrete fromb. immune fromc. exceptional tod. invulnerable to10. Since you changed lanes without signaling, you are as much to _______for the accident as us.a. condemnationb. chargec. accusationd. Blame11. ______is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.a. Thatb. Whichc. Asd. It12. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ______your advice.a. followb. had followedc. would followd. have followed13. I remember ______to help us if we ever were in difficulties.a. once offeringb. him once offeringc. him to offerd. to offer him14. Helen apologized for ______the party.a. her not being able to attendb. her being not able to attendc. her being able not to attendd. not her being able to attend15. It’s a pity that we should stay at home when we have ______weather.a. so fineb. such finec. such a fined. so fine a16. His proposal is that the machine ______at once.a. is stoppedb. would be stoppedc. be stoppedd. is being stopped17. Without your help, we ______so much.a. will not achieveb. didn’t achievec. don’t achieved. would not have achieved18. The grass has grown a lot this past week. It needs ______.a. cutb. to be cutc. that we cutd. to cut19. It was with great joy ______he received the news that his long—lost son would soon return home.a. thatb. soc. sinced. For20. Everybody likes to go, ______?a. aren’t theyb. isn’t hec. don’t theyd. doesn’t heKey:1-5DACDC 6-10BDABD 11-15CBBAB 16-20 CDBACUNIT 111) Nothing spoils friendship _____an exaggerationof a friend’s merits.A. such asB. just likeC. that much likeD. so much as2) By the year 2050, this area will hold twice as_____ today.A. much people as it doesB. much people as it isC. many people as it doesD. many people as it is3) Nowadays few people can remember _______ radios, and it is difficult to imagine getting along without the benefits of radio technology.A. not havingB. not to haveC. to be withoutD. been without4) Heathrow, “the Gateway to the World”, __, is one of the busiest airports in the world.A. so it is proudly calledB. as it proudly calls itselfC. so proudly be calledD. as it proudly called5) If there is one main characteristic of the modern world that makes our lives different from ____, it is probably speed.A. that of our grandparentsB. our grandparent’sC. those of our grandparentsD. our grandparents6) If we would build on a sure foundation in friendship, we must love friends for their sake rather than for _____.A. our ownB. our own’sC. that of usD. those of ours7) ___ to use a computer will hurt a person’s chances of finding a job as a secretary.A. Been unableB. To be unableC. Not ableD. Not being able8) Service in a just cause rewards the worker with more real happiness and satisfaction than ___ venture in life.A. many otherB. any otherC. anotherD. other’s9) ___ employees feel about work, their primary motivation to work is to earn a living.A. WhateverB. WhatC. HoweverD. How10) The increasing use of robots—machines that do the jobs of human beings—will mean ___ jobs for blue-collar workers.A. fewB. much fewC. a fewD. Fewer11) Almost three-fifths of the nation’s income ____ from the tertiary/service industries, ______ commercial and professional services.A. come, likeB. comes, such asC. is coming, asD. are coming, say12) Ten percent of the university’s budget _______ capital construction and maintenance.A. is spent onB. are spent onC. go inD. goes in13) Alcoholism is a disease ____ the drinking of alcoholic beverages interferes with some aspects of life.A. thatB. in thatC. whichD. in which14) A great many animals live in ______ water, chiefly because there is much more room for them than on __________ land.A. /, theB. the, aC. the, /D. the, the15) Human beings can eat many different kinds of food, although some eat _____ plant foods and seeds.A. anything butB. nothing butC. everything exceptD. something except16) Some of the amazing social relationships that exist among animals are dependent on the signals ________ they communicate.A. by whichB. in whichC. whereasD. WhereinKEY:1-5DCABC 6-10ADBCD 11-15 BADCB 16-20A。
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1、当工件需要在一次装夹下进行钻-扩-铰孔时，应选用（ ）。
A.特殊钻套B.快换钻套C.可换钻套D.固定钻套2、为减小传动元件对传动精度的影响应采用（ ）传动。
A 等速B 升速C 降速D 变速3、斜楔的斜角α满足（ ）条件，斜楔能自锁。
A. 12αϕϕ>+B. 12αϕϕ<+C.任意角度4、双支承镗模的镗刀杆与机床主轴必须采用（ ）A ．浮动连接B 刚性连接C 弹性连接5、车床主轴的轴向窜动将不会影响（ ）的加工精度。
A 端面B 螺纹C 倒角D 外圆6、常用的夹紧机构中，自锁性能最可靠的是（ ）。
A ．斜楔B ．螺旋C ．偏心D ．定心7、下列说法不正确的是（ ）A 夹紧时不能改变工件定位的位置B 夹紧力的作用点应落在定位元件支承范围内C 工件必须夹紧牢固，这样可以实现准确定位D 夹紧力应朝向主要限位基面8．薄壁套筒零件安装在车床三爪卡盘上，以外圆定位车内孔，加工后发现孔有较大圆度误差，其主要原因是（ ）。
A ．工件夹紧变形B ．工件热变形C ．刀具受力变形D ．刀具热变形9、零件加工后的实际几何参数与理想几何参数的（ ）称为加工误差。
A 一致性B 偏离值C 符合程度10、高精度或形状复杂的箱体在粗加工之后还要安排一次（ ），以消除粗加工的残余应力。
A 淬火 B 调质 C 正火 D 人工时效11、为保证加工面与非加工面的位置精度，应选择（ ）为粗基准A 加工面B 非加工面C 重要表面D 已加工表面12、调整跟刀架时，应综合运用手感、耳听、目测等方法控制支撑爪，使其轻轻接触到（ ）A.顶尖B.机床C.刀架D.工件13、下列加工内容中应尽可能在一次装夹中完成的加工是（ ）A.有同轴度要求的内外圆柱面B.几何形状精度要求较高的内外圆柱面C.表面质量要求较高的内外圆柱面D.尺寸精度要求较高的内外圆柱面14、工程上常讲的“一面两销”一般限制了工件的自由度的个数为 （ ）A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 615、加工有色金属的外圆表面，精度IT6，宜选择加工路线（ ）A 粗车—半精车—精车B 粗车—半精车—粗磨—精磨C 粗车—半精车—精车—金刚车D 粗车—半精车—粗磨—精磨—精密磨16、自为基准是以加工面本身作为精基准，多用于精加工或光整加工工序中，这是由于（ ）。
A. 能保证加工面的余量小而均匀B. 能保证加工面的形状和位置精度C.符合基准重合D. 符合基准统一17、若采用基准不重合方案，必须满足（ ）条件。
A 本道工序的加工误差和基准不重合误差的总和大于设计尺寸B 的公差B 本道工序的加工误差和基准不重合误差的总和小于设计尺寸B 的公差C 本道工序的加工误差不超过设计尺寸B 的公差和基准不重合误差的总和D 本道工序的加工误差大于设计尺寸B 的公差和基准不重合误差的总和18、在工序图上，用来确定本工序所加工后的尺寸、形状、位置的基准称为（ ）基准。
A.装配B.测量C.定位D.工序19、关于定位下列说法不正确的（）A完全定位是六个自由度都限制B不完全定位是正确的定位形式C欠定位在特殊情况下是允许的D有的情况下，过定位是允许的20、规定产品或零件的工艺过程和操作方法等的工艺文件，称为（）A工艺过程B工艺规程C生产规程D工艺系统21、基准统一原则是针对（）A．一道工序主要加工要求而言B．最后一道工序加工面而言C．整个工艺过程而言D．视具体情况而定22．材料为20CnMnTi，6 ～7级精度的齿轮渗碳淬火后，齿形精加工的方法是：（）A.剃齿；B.滚齿；C.珩齿；D.磨齿23.已加工表面质量是指（）A表面粗糙度和力学物理性能B加工硬化C表面粗糙度D微观几何形状误差1.选择加工表面的设计基准作为定位基准称为（）A.基准统一原则B.互为基准原则C.基准重合原则D.自为基准原则2.如果加工尺寸200mm，加工精度IT7，下列半精加工余量中（）相对更为合理。
A.10mmB.0.5mmC.0.01mmD.0.005mm3.对既要铣面又要镗孔的零件（）A先镗孔后铣面B先铣面后镗孔C同时进行4.大平面限制（）个自由度A.三B.两C.一D.四5.淬火的主要目的（）A消除组织的不均匀B消除残余应力C提高材料硬度6.在加工中，用来定位的基准称为（）基准。
A.装配B.测量C.定位D.工序7.欠定位在（）允许的A.特殊情况下B.一般条件下C.绝对不8、选择加工路线。
加工需淬硬的外圆表面，精度IT7，（）A粗车—半精车—精车B粗车—半精车—粗磨—精磨C粗车—半精车—精车—金刚车D粗车—半精车—粗磨—精磨—精密磨9、细长轴加工采用（）装夹方案。
A两中心孔定位B一夹一顶C一夹一托D两外圆面10、定位限制的自由度少于六个，但满足加工精度要求的定位称为（）A完全定位B不完全定位C过定位D欠定位11、阶梯直径相差较大的轴类零件的毛坯宜为（）A铸件B锻件C棒料D焊接件12、正火可消除组织的不均匀，改善金属可切削性能，一般安排在（）A机械加工之前B粗加工之后C半精加工之后D精加工之前13、轴承制造业属于（）生产类型。
A.单件生产B.成批生产C.大量生产D.不一定14、镗削加工适宜于加工（）零件A.轴类B套类C箱体类D机座类15、重型零件在加工时应（）A.少划分加工阶段B.多划分加工阶段C.增加光整加工阶段16.在工序图上用来确定本工序加工表面尺寸、形状和位置所依据的基准，称为（）A．工序基准B．定位基准C．测量基准D．装配基准1、在工件毛坯上增加工艺凸耳的目的是提高工件的刚度。
（）2、轴类零件采用两中心孔定位，符合基准重合原则。
（）3、工件被夹紧后，其位置不能动，因此所有自由度都被限制了。
（）4、加工总余量等于各工序余量之和（√）5、工序分散原则有利于保证各加工面的相互位置精度。
（）6、定位元件限制自由度数少于6个，就不会发生过定位。
（）7. 机械制造工艺是指各种机械制造的方法和过程的总称。
（√）8、一个尺寸方向上的粗基准可以重复使用多次，而精基准则不可以重复使用多次。
（）9、调质工序一般安排在粗加工之后，精加工之前。
（√）10、为保证重要表面的余量均匀，应选择重要表面为粗基准。
（√）1、工艺过程：在生产过程中，凡是改变生产对象的形状、尺寸、位置和性质等，使其成为成品或半成品的过程称为工艺过程。
其他过程则称为辅助过程。
工艺过程又可分为：铸造、锻造、冲压、焊接、机械加工、热处理、装配等工艺过程。
“机械制造技术基础”课只研究机械加工工艺过程和装配工艺过程。
2、工艺规程：工艺规程，是工艺过程的技术文件。
一般包括以下内容：零件加工的工艺路线，各工序的具体加工内容，切削用量、工时定额以及所采用的设备和工艺装备等。
3、工序: 一个或一组工人，在一个工作地（机床设备）上，对同一个或同时对几个工件所连续完成的那一部分工艺过程称为工序。
它是组成生产过程的最小单元。
1、经济精度：指在正常的加工条件下（采用符合质量标准的设备和工艺装备，使用标准技术等级的工人、不延长加工时间），所能保证的加工精度和表面粗糙度。
2、六点定位原理：六点定位原理是指工件在空间具有六个自由度，即沿x、y、z三个直角坐标轴方向的移动自由度和绕这三个坐标轴的转动自由度。
因此，要完全确定工件的位置，就必须限制这六个自由度，通常用定位元件来限制工件的六个自由度。
3、零件结构工艺性：零件的结构工艺性:在保证零件使用性能的前提下，制造该零件的可行性和经济性。
也是评价零件结构设计优劣的重要指标。
4、时间定额：也称工时定额是指在一定的技术状态和生产组织模式下，按照产品工艺工序加工完成一个合格产品所需要的工作时间、准备时间、休息时间与生理时间的总和。
时间定额是完成一个工序所需的时间，它是劳动生产率指标。
根据时间定额可以安排生产作业计划，进行成本核算，确定设备数量和人员编制，规划生产面积。
因此时间定额是工艺规程中的重要组成部分。
时间定额由基本时间（Tj）、辅助时间（Tf)、布置工作地时间（Tw）、休息和生理需要时间（Tx）和准备与终结时间（Tz）组成。
1、何谓误差复映现象？采取哪些措施减轻这一现象提高加工精度？在待加工表面有什么样的误差，加工表面也必然出现同样性质的误差。
这就是误差复映现象。
减少复映误差的措施1 走刀次数（或工步次数）愈多，总的误差愈小，零件的形状精度愈高，对于轴类零件则是径向截面的形状精度愈高。
2 系统刚度愈好，加工精度愈高。
3、如何提高主轴的回转精度？(1)提高主轴部件的制造精度。
首先应提高轴承的回转精度，如选用高精度的滚动轴承，或采用高精度的多油楔动压轴承和静压轴承。
其次是提高箱体支承孔、主轴轴颈和与轴承相配合零件的有关表面的机械加工精度。
此外，还可在装配时先测出滚动轴承及主轴锥孔的径向圆跳动，然后调节径向圆跳动的方位，使误差相互补偿或抵消，以减少轴承误差对主轴回转精度的影响。
(2)对滚动轴承进行预紧。
对滚动轴承适当预紧可以消除间隙，甚至产生微量过盈，由于轴承内外圈和滚动体弹性变形的相互制约，既增加了轴承刚度，又对轴承内外圈滚道和滚动体的误差起均化作用，因而可提高主轴的回转精度。
(3)使主轴的回转误差不反映到工件上。
直接保证工件在机械加工过程中的回转精度而不依赖于主轴，是保证工件形状精度的最简单而又有效的方法。
例如，在外圆磨床上磨削外圆柱面时，为避免工件头架主轴回转误差的影响，上件采用两个固定顶尖支承，丰轴只起传动作用，工件的州转精度完全取决于顶尖和中心孔的形状误差和同轴度误差，提高顶尖和中心孔的精度要比提高主轴部件的精度容易且经济得多。
又如，在镗床上机械加工箱体类零件上的孔时，可采用前、后导向套的镗模，刀杆与主轴浮动连接，所以刀杆的回转精度与机床主轴回转精度也无关，仅由刀杆和导套的配合质量决定。
4、试述工序集中特点。
工序集中就是将零件的加工集中在少数几道工序中完成，每道工序加工的内容多。
与之对应的是工序分散。
工序集中有以下特点：（1）采用高效率专用设备和工艺设备，大大提高了生产率。
（2）减少了设备的数量，相应地也减少了操作工人和生产面积。
（3）减少了工序的装夹次数。
工件在一次装夹中可加工多个表面，有利于保证这些表面之间的相互位置精度。
减少装夹次数，也可减少装夹所造成的误差。
（4）减少工序数目，缩短了工艺路线，也简化了生产计划和组织工作。
（5）缩短了加工时间，减少了运输工作量，因而缩短了生产周期。
（6）专用设备和工艺装备较复杂，生产准备周期长，更换产品较困难。
5、影响加工余量的因素有哪些？确定加工余量方法？加工前（或毛坯）的表面质量（表面缺陷层深度H 和表面粗糙度）⑴铸件的冷硬、气孔和夹渣层，锻件和热处理件的氧化皮、脱碳层、表面裂纹等表面缺陷层，以及切削加工后的残余应力层⑵前工序加工后的表面粗糙度前工序的尺寸公差Ta⑴前工序加工后的尺寸误差和形状误差，其总和不超过前工序的尺寸公差Ta⑵当加工一批零件时，若不考虑其他误差，本工序的加工余量不应小于Ta前工序的形状与位置公差（如直线度、同轴度、垂直度公差等）ρa⑴前工序加工后产生的形状和位置误差，两者之和一般小于前工序的形状和位置公差⑵当不考虑其他误差的存在，本工序的加工余量不应小于ρa⑶当存在两种以上形状与位置误差时，其总误差为各误差的向量和本工序加工时的安装误差εa安装误差等于定位误差和夹紧误差的向量和2、卧式车床床身导轨在水平面内的直线度要求和在垂直面内的直线度要求哪一项要求较高？为什么？水平面内的直线度要求较高误差敏感方向，所谓误差敏感方向就是通过刀刃的加工表面法线方向，在此方向上原始误差对加工误差影响最大。