APA references-example
APA学位论文引用规范要求
APA 参考文献格式指南---应葡萄牙高级工商管理学院论文要求本指南提供了美国心理学会（APA）学术论文引用格式的范例，该格式主要适用于社会科学领域的论文撰写。
一、关于文末资料引用列表：APA 格式要求实际使用的引用来源要按字母顺序排列，并在论文最后列在参考文献（BIBLIOGRAPHY）这部分。
APA的一些通用格式如下：●各条目首行均左对齐，自第二行始，每行开头空五格（即“悬挂式缩进”）。
●英文作者的姓名需将姓氏前置，作者的名、中间名只需写出首字母（大写），如：Miller, J. K●不同内容间空一格（如姓名与年份之间空一格）。
.●文献排列依作者姓氏字母顺序排列；同一作者的作品则按文献名的字母顺序排列。
若作者不详，则按文献名的首字母顺序排列。
●除专有名词外，只有文献名第一个单词的首字母须大写。
副标题（冒号后）的第一个单词也须大写。
书籍●必须列出书籍出版者所在的州、城市。
如果所在地多于一处，则列出第一处。
●所有书名均用斜体。
无作者（举例如下）World development report. (1989). New York: Oxford University Press.单一作者（举例如下）Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.两位作者及其以上（举例如下）Shain, Y., & Linz, J. J. (1995). Between states: Interim governments and democratictransitions. New York: Cambridge University Press.作者超过六人，则再第六位作者名后使用"et al." 代表其余作者. (…, Smith, P. J., et al. (1997). …)非首版书籍（举例如下）Abbott, C. (1982). Colorado: A history of the Centennial State (Rev. ed.).Boulder: Colorado, Associated University Press.●其他缩写，如：1st ed, 2nd ed, 等。
APA格式参考文献示例
APA格式参考文献示例期刊文章1.一位作者写的文章Hu, L. X. [胡莲香]. (2014). 走向大数据知识服务: 大数据时代图书馆服务模式创新. 农业图书情报学刊(2): 173-177.Olsher, D. (2014). Semantically-based priors and nuanced knowledge core for Big Data, Social AI, and language understanding. Neural Networks, 58, 131-147.2.两位作者写的文章Li, J. Z., & Liu, X. M. [李建中, 刘显敏]. (2013). 大数据的一个重要方面: 数据可用性. 计算机研究与发展(6): 1147-1162.Mendel, J. M., & Korjani, M. M. (2014). On establishing nonlinear combinations of variables from small to big data for use in later processing. Information Sciences, 280, 98-110.3. 三位及以上的作者写的文章Weichselbraun, A. et al. (2014). Enriching semantic knowledge bases for opinion mining in big data applications. Knowledge-Based Systems, 69, 78-85.Zhang, P. et al. [张鹏等]. (2013). 云计算环境下适于工作流的数据布局方法. 计算机研究与发展(3): 636-647.专著1.一位作者写的书籍Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Wang, B. B. [王彬彬]. (2002).文坛三户：金庸·王朔·余秋雨——当代三大文学论争辨析. 郑州: 大象出版社.2.两位作者写的书籍Plant, R., & Hoover, K. (2014). Conservative capitalism in Britain and the United States: A critical appraisal. London: Routledge.Yin, D., & Shang, H. [隐地, 尚海]. (2001).到绿光咖啡屋听巴赫读余秋雨. 上海: 上海世界图书出版公司.3. 三位作者写的书籍Chen, W. Z. et al. [陈维政等]. (2006).人力资源管理. 大连: 大连理工大学出版社. Hall, S. et al. (1991). Culture, media, language: Working papers in cultural studies, 1972-79 (Cultural studies Birmingham ). London: Routledge.4. 新版书Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.编著1. 一位主编编撰的书籍Loshin, D. (Ed.). (2013a). Big data analytics. Boston: Morgan Kaufmann.Zhong, L. F. [钟兰凤] (编). (2014). 英文科技学术话语研究. 镇江: 江苏大学出版社.2. 两位主编编撰的书籍Hyland, K., & Diani, G. (Eds.). (2009). Academic evaluation: Review genres in university settings. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Zhang, D. L., & Zhang, G. [张德禄, 张国] (编). (2011). 英语文体学教程. 北京: 高等教育出版社.3. 三位及以上主编编撰的书籍Zhang, K. D. et al. [张克定等] (编). (2007). 系统评价功能. 北京: 高等教育出版社.Campbell, C. M. et al. (Eds.). (2003). Groups St Andrews 2001 in Oxford: Volume 2.New York: Cambridge University Press.4.书中的文章De la Rosa Algarín, A., & Demurjian, S. A. (2014). An approach to facilitate security assurance for information sharing and exchange in big-data applications. In B.Akhgar & H. R. Arabnia (Eds.), Emerging trends in ICT security(pp. 65-83).Boston: Morgan Kaufmann.He, J. M., & Yu, J. P. [何建敏, 于建平]. (2007). 学术论文引言部分的经验功能分析.张克定等. (编). 系统功能评价(pp. 93-101). 北京: 高等教育出版社.翻译的书籍Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays(C. Emerson & M.Holquist, Trans.). Austin: University of Texas Press.Le, D. L. [勒代雷]. (2001).释意学派口笔译理论(刘和平译). 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司.Kontra, M. et al. (2014).语言: 权利和资源(李君, 满文静译). 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.Wang, R. D., & Yu, Q. Y. [王仁定, 余秋雨]. (2001).吴越之间——余秋雨眼里的中国文化（彩图本）(梁实秋, 董乐天译). 上海: 上海文化出版社.硕博士论文Huan, C. P. (2015). Journalistic stance in Chinese and Australian hard news.Unpublished doctorial dissertation, Macquarie University, Sydney.Wang, X. Z. [王璇子]. (2014). 功能对等视角下的英语长句翻译.南京大学硕士学位论文.注：1.APA格式参考文献中的文章标题、书籍名称，冒号后第一个单词，括号里第一个单词和专有名词的首字母大写，其余单词首字母均小写。
apa格式引用参考文献格式
apa格式引用参考文献格式
APA格式（American Psychological Association）是一个广泛接受的研究论文APA格式（American Psychological Association）是一个广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别适用于社会科学领域的研究。
它主要规范了学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，同时还涉及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。
具体到参考文献的引用，APA格式有以下几点规定：
1. 文中引用的格式为：作者的姓，年份，页码。
例如：“(Pauling, 2004)”。
2. 若多篇文献同一作者：只需用逗号来区隔作品的发表年份（最早到最晚依序排列）。
若多篇文献在同一年内发表，请在年份后面加上a、b、c等标注。
例如：“A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b)”。
3. 多篇文献，多位作者：使用分号隔开。
例如：“(Smith & Jones, 2006; Williams, 2007)”。
4. APA采用作者-日期的引用系统，所有在正文中出现过的引用的内容，必须都包括在References的清单里。
5. 在写英文论文时，参考文献必须按照APA格式排版，这包括两部分：一个是在正文中对引用话语的标注，叫做括号夹注；另一个是在文末列出的所有参考文献的完整列表。
apa格式reference模版
APA格式的reference模版是指在学术论文或研究报告中引用参考文献时所使用的一种格式规范。
APA格式的引用要求包括作者尊称、出版年份、文章标题、期刊名、卷号、期号、页码等信息，并且还要求按照一定的顺序和格式来书写这些信息。
以下是APA格式的reference模版的示例：1. 书籍：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
（出版年）。
书名：副标题。
出版地点：出版社。
例如：Smith, J. (2010). The Art of Writing: A Guide to Perfecting Your Craft. New York, NY: HarperCollins.2. 期刊文章：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
（出版年）。
文章标题。
期刊名，卷号（期号），页码。
例如：Johnson, R. (2015). The Effects of Climate Change on Wildlife. Environmental Science Quarterly, 15(2), 45-57.3. 网络来源：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
（出版年）。
文章标题。
全球信息站名。
获取日期，全球信息站。
例如：Brown, M. (2018). The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health. Psychology Today. Retrieved September 25, 2018, from xxx4. 研究报告：机构名。
出版年。
报告标题。
出版地点：出版社。
例如：National Institute of Mental Health. (2016). Mental Health in America: Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Illness. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.5. 会议论文：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
APA格式参考文献示例
APA格式参考文献示例期刊文章1. 一位作者写的文章Hu, L. X. [胡莲香]. (2014). 走向大数据知识服务: 大数据时代图书馆服务模式创新. 农业图书情报学刊(2): 173-177.Olsher, D. (2014). Semantically-based priors and nuanced knowledge core for Big Data, Social AI, and language understanding. Neural Networks, 58, 131-147.2. 两位作者写的文章Li, J. Z., & Liu, X. M. [李建中, 刘显敏]. (2013). 大数据的一个重要方面: 数据可用性. 计算机研究与发展(6): 1147-1162.Mendel, J. M., & Korjani, M. M. (2014). On establishing nonlinear combinations of variables from small to big data for use in later processing. Information Sciences, 280, 98-110.3. 三位及以上的作者写的文章Weichselbraun, A. et al. (2014). Enriching semantic knowledge bases for opinion mining in big data applications. Knowledge-Based Systems, 69, 78-85.Zhang, P. et al. [张鹏等]. (2013). 云计算环境下适于工作流的数据布局方法. 计算机研究与发展(3): 636-647.专著1. 一位作者写的书籍Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Wang, B. B. [王彬彬]. (2002).文坛三户：金庸·王朔·余秋雨——当代三大文学论争辨析. 郑州: 大象出版社.2. 两位作者写的书籍Plant, R., & Hoover, K. (2014). Conservative capitalism in Britain and theUnited States: A critical appraisal. London: Routledge.Yin, D., & Shang, H. [隐地, 尚海]. (2001).到绿光咖啡屋听巴赫读余秋雨.上海: 上海世界图书出版公司.3. 三位作者写的书籍Chen, W. Z. et al. [陈维政等]. (2006).人力资源管理. 大连: 大连理工大学出版社.Hall, S. et al. (1991). Culture, media, language: Working papers in cultural studies, 1972-79 (Cultural studies Birmingham ). London: Routledge. 4. 新版书Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children(3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.编著1. 一位主编编撰的书籍Loshin, D. (Ed.). (2013a). Big data analytics. Boston: Morgan Kaufmann. Zhong, L. F. [钟兰凤] (编). (2014). 英文科技学术话语研究. 镇江: 江苏大学出版社.2. 两位主编编撰的书籍Hyland, K., & Diani, G. (Eds.). (2009). Academic evaluation: Review genres in university settings. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Zhang, D. L., & Zhang, G. [张德禄, 张国] (编). (2011). 英语文体学教程. 北京: 高等教育出版社.3. 三位及以上主编编撰的书籍Zhang, K. D. et al. [张克定等] (编). (2007). 系统评价功能. 北京: 高等教育出版社.Campbell, C. M. et al. (Eds.). (2003). Groups St Andrews 2001 in Oxford: Volume 2. New York: Cambridge University Press.4. 书中的文章De la Rosa Algarín, A., & Demurjian, S. A. (2014). An approach to facilitatesecurity assurance for information sharing and exchange in big-data applications. In B. Akhgar & H. R. Arabnia (Eds.), Emerging trends in ICT security (pp. 65-83). Boston: Morgan Kaufmann.He, J. M., & Yu, J. P. [何建敏, 于建平]. (2007). 学术论文引言部分的经验功能分析. 张克定等. (编). 系统功能评价 (pp. 93-101). 北京: 高等教育出版社.翻译的书籍Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays (C. Emerson & M. Holquist, Trans.). Austin: University of Texas Press.Le, D. L. [勒代雷]. (2001).释意学派口笔译理论 (刘和平译). 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司.Kontra, M. et al. (2014).语言: 权利和资源 (李君, 满文静译). 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.Wang, R. D., & Yu, Q. Y. [王仁定, 余秋雨]. (2001).吴越之间——余秋雨眼里的中国文化（彩图本）(梁实秋, 董乐天译). 上海: 上海文化出版社.硕博士论文Huan, C. P. (2015). Journalistic stance in Chinese and Australian hard news.Unpublished doctorial dissertation, Macquarie University, Sydney. Wang, X. Z. [王璇子]. (2014). 功能对等视角下的英语长句翻译.南京大学硕士学位论文.注：1. APA格式参考文献中的文章标题、书籍名称，冒号后第一个单词，括号里第一个单词和专有名词的首字母大写，其余单词首字母均小写。
apa格式的脚注reference以及bibliography的标准格式-概述说明以及解释
apa格式的脚注reference以及bibliography的标准格式-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述部分旨在介绍本篇长文的主题和目的。
本篇长文将详细讨论APA 格式的脚注引用和参考文献标准格式。
APA 格式是一种常用于学术写作和出版的引用规范，它提供了一套一致性的指引，确保学术著作的准确性和可读性。
脚注是文中对某一特定信息进行解释或提供更多细节的方式。
通过脚注，读者可以获取与主文相关的补充信息，例如书籍、期刊文章和网络资源等的引用。
脚注旨在确保透明度和可追溯性，同时也有助于读者进一步研究相关主题。
与脚注不同，参考文献标准格式则是在文末列出所有引用的来源，以供读者参考和查证。
在APA 格式中，参考文献应按照特定的格式要求排列，并提供详细的作者、出版年份、文章题目、期刊名称等信息，以便读者能够准确地追溯到原始来源。
本篇长文将回顾APA 格式的脚注引用以及参考文献标准格式的规范要求。
在正文部分，我们将逐一介绍如何格式化不同类型的文献来源，例如书籍、期刊文章、学术论文、网页和报告等。
我们还将讨论脚注和参考文献在文中的具体应用方式，并提供一些实用的示例和建议，以帮助读者正确引用和罗列参考文献。
最后，在结论部分，我们将对本篇长文进行总结，并分析APA 格式的脚注引用和参考文献标准格式在学术写作中的重要性。
同时，我们还将展望未来可能出现的变化和发展，以便读者能够更好地适应和应用这一引用规范。
通过读完本篇长文，读者将能够更加熟悉和掌握APA 格式的脚注引用和参考文献标准格式的要求，从而提升自己的学术写作能力。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容：在本文中，将使用APA（American Psychological Association，美国心理学会）格式来创建脚注和参考文献（bibliography）的标准格式。
APA格式是学术论文写作中使用最广泛的引用风格之一。
它提供了一套规范化的准则，以确保文献引用的一致性和可读性。
APACitationStyleExamplesAPA引用样式的例子
Rock, P. (2002). Sociology of prison life. In International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Retrieved August 25, 2005, from /10.1016/B0-08-0430767/02003-9
(examples on reverse)
An e-Journal Article (based on a print version)
Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.
An e-Journal Article from a Database (reformatted)
Felsenstein, D., & Freeman, D. (1998). Simulating the impacts of gambling in a tourist location: Some evidence from Israel. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 145-156. Retrieved January 7, 1999, from Business Source Elite database.
A Book
Harnack, A., & Kleppinger, E. (1997). The Internet guide for students and writers. New York: St. Martin's Press.
apa格式reference例子(一)
apa格式reference例子(一)APA格式Reference例子1. 书籍•基本格式：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母. (出版年). 书名. 出版地点：出版商。
•例子：Smith, J. K. (2019). The Art of Writing. New York, NY: Publishing Company.2. 学术期刊文章•基本格式：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母. (发表年份). 文章标题. 期刊名，卷号（期号），页码范围。
•例子：Johnson, R. D., & Williams, P. T. (2018). The Impact of Technology on Education. Journal ofEducational Research, 42(3), .3. 会议论文集•基本格式：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母. (出版年). 论文标题.在编辑姓名的首字母. 编者(s). 会议论文集标题 (页码范围).地点：出版商。
•例子：Anderson, L. S. (2017). The Future of Artificial Intelligence. In M. Johnson & R. Smith (Eds.),Proceedings of the International Conference on AI(pp. 45-56). New York, NY: Conference PublishingServices.4. 网络文章•基本格式：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母. (发布年). 文章标题.网站名称. 网址。
•例子：Miller, A. (2020). The Benefits of Yoga.Healthline.5. 学位论文•基本格式：作者姓名的首字母. (完成年份). 论文标题 (学位类型). 学府名称，所在城市，国家。
•例子：Carter, M. R. (2016). The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture (Doctoral dissertation). University ofCalifornia, Berkeley, CA.6. 电影或纪录片•基本格式：导演姓氏，导演名字的首字母（导演）。
APA+Reference+Examples
APA Reference ExamplesOne Work by One AuthorWalker (2000) compared reaction times….In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000), it was determined that…..Multiple AuthorsWhen a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text (Walker & Smith, 2003).When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (not italicized and with a period after “al”) and the year if it is the first citation of the reference in the paragraph. Wasserstein et al. (1994) found… If it is the second or more times you have used this reference in the same paragraph, you only use the last name and et al., not the date.When a work has six or more authors,cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations. In the reference list, however, provide the initials and surnames of the first six authors, and shorten ay remaining authors to et al.Groups as AuthorsFor example, in reference list: National Institute of Mental Health. (1988).In first text citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1988In subsequent citations: (NIMH, 1988). The names of universities should always be written out.No Author: Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book brochure, or report. Examples: (“Study Finds,” 1982; the book College Bound Seniors (1979).Two or More Works within the Same Parentheses: (Edeline & Weinberger, 1991, 1993; Kamil, 1988; Pepperberg & Funk, 1990). List authors alphabetically. Works by the same author in the same year: (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c). In the reference list, these references are ordered alphabetically by title (of the article, chapter, or complete work).Personal Communications: Letters, memos, e-mail, personal interviews, telephone conversations –are not included in the reference list. Examples: T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001); (B.G. Nguyen, personal communication, May 4, 2000)General: (see samples given below)no first names, initials only,italicize title of books or journals (the article title in the journal is not italicized),journal number is also italicizedfirst title in a reference does not have capital letters except the first word and after a colon books must have city and publishergive page numbers for journals, not booksBook (up to six authors)Hanson, M. J. & Lynch, E. W. (2004). Understanding families: Approaches to diversity, disability, and risk. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.Journal ArticleMellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 184-194.Magazine ArticleKandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120. Report Available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Mead, J. B. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC DocumentReproduction Service No. ED 346082)Unpublished Paper Presented at a MeetingLanktree, C., & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the AmericanProfessional Society on the Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.Internet Article Based on a Print SourceVandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal ofBibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.If referencing an online article that may have been changed or that includes additional data or commentaries, the date the article was retrieved needs to be added.VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.htmlStand-Alone Document, No Author, No DateGVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.) Retrieved August 8, 2000, from/gvu/user_surveys/survey-1997-10/See pp. 271-281 of the APA Manual, 5th ed., for additional internet reference citation examples.Publishers’ LocationsGive the city and state for U.S. publishers and country for publishers outside of the United States. If the publisher is a university and the name of the state (or province) is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the name in the publisher location. The names of U.S. states and territories are abbreviated in the reference list using the official two-letter U.S. Postal Service abbreviations. The following locations can be listed without a state abbreviation or country: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco; Amsterdam, Jerusalem, London, Milan, Moscow, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Tokyo, Vienna.Spacing and PunctuationSpace once after all punctuation as follows: commas, colons, semicolons; after punctuation marks at the ends of sentences; after periods that separate parts of a reference citation; and periods of the initials in personal names (e.g., J. R. Zhang).Exception: Do not space after internal periods (e.g.,)Numbers Expressed in FiguresAll numbers 10 and above; all numbers below 10 that are grouped for comparison with numbers 10 and above; numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement; numbers that represent statistical or mathematical functions, fractional or decimal quantities; percentages, ratios, and percentiles and quartiles; numbers that represent time, dates, ages, sample, subsample, or population size, specific numbers of subjects or participants in an experiment, scores and points on a scale, exact sums ofmoney, and numerals as numerals, numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers.Universally Accepted: the Twelve Apostles, the Fourth of July, the Ten CommandmentsSymbol for Percent (%)– Use the symbol for percent only when it is preceded by a numeral. Use the word percentage when a number is not given. Exception: In table headings and figure legends, use the symbol % to conserve space.Statistical Symbols: See pages 141-144 of APA Manual, 5th ed., for information on italicization of statistical symbols.Table Titles – Should be italicizedDirect Quotes –quotes of less than 40 words should be put in quotation marks, with the author, date and page number. Example: “a disorder that affects all neurological functions” (Smith, 2002, p. 14).Quotes of more than 40 words should be block indented, no quotation marks, but the same citation at the end of the text, unless the sentence starts with the author and date. For example: Bowe (1999) states:SSI offers monthly checks (plus, in most states, eligibility for Medicaid, foodstamps, and other benefits) for individuals who are both “poor” and “disabled” or “elderly”. The term poor refers to both to the person’s earned income and to theperson’s assets, such as money in a savings account. (p. 36)。
apa reference-example 引用规则
13. Personal communication Information privately obtained e.g. personal conversation, interview, letter, lecture, email.A live lecture is treated as personal communication, but you must reference a podcast of a lecture.In-text Doubts were cast on the statistical methods used (P. Darnell, personal communication, May 3, 2009).In an email communication on 3 May 2008, Peter Darnell explained …List of References[Personal communications are not listed in the List of References.]14. Pamphlet/brochureCite the name of the organisation. If none, then use the title of the work.In-text The archives of the nation are available … (National Archives of Australia, 2008, p. 2).List of References National Archives of Australia. (2008). Memories of a nation [Brochure].Canberra, Australia:Australian Government. Retrieved from.au/images/memory-of-a-nation-flyer_tcm2-8401.pdf15.Data sets/Graphic represen-tations/Maps/ImagesGive information about the type of source in the brackets, e.g. table, graph, image, data set.In undergraduate work you will rarely be asked to reproduce a table, figure or an image. If you do so, you must seek permission from the original author/source.More commonly you will just refer to such a source like you would any other reference.Make sure you include as much information as possible so that the original can be retrieved easily. Treat images/figures or tables as direct quotes and provide full cita-tion in the caption and again the reference list.In-text As shown in Figure 1, the geo-strategic importance of East Germany rainfall in …The number of first time voters in Australia in 2010 (see Figure 4) …The average rainfall in Armidale has been increasing (BOM, 2001, p. 249)[Give source of the table or image immediately above the table. Italicise the heading ‘Figure’ and thenumber]Figure 1. East Germany borders in 1951. Reprinted from The University of New South Wales LibraryMap Collection website:.au/maps/cia08/east_germany_sm_2008.gifList of References East Germany [Map]. (2008). Retrieved from.au/maps/cia08/east_germany_sm_2008.gifCommonwealth Bureau of Meteorology (BOM). (2001). The climate of Australia [Data set].Canberra, Australia: Australian Government, p. 249.Gallup. (2010, August 31). Australian first-time voters [Graph]. Retrieved from/poll/111331/Australia-First-Time-Voters.aspx16. Works or art (photos, paint-ings, sculptures, etc.)Give information about the type of source in the brackets, e.g. painting, sculpture, installation, etc.Make sure you include as much information as possible so that the original can be retrieved easily.In-text The Thinker’s pose has been copied and parodied innumerable times (Rodin, 1902).The romantic aspects of the painting (Wyeth, 1948) are represented …List of References Rodin, A. (1902). The thinker [Bronze and marble sculpture]. Paris, France: Musée Rodin.Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting]. Retrieved from/explore/collection/index17. Newspaper article(a) Specified authorPrint newspaperOnline newspaper(b) Unspecified authorGive the URL of the home page to avoid non-working URLs (a) In-text Target funding is not being met (Leech, 2002, p. 13).Leech (2002, p. 13) suggests that …(a) List of References(print & online ex-amples)Leech, G. (2002, September 19). Call for research shake-up. The Australian, p. 13.Leech, G. (2002, September 19). Call for research shake-up. The Australian. Retrieved from:.au(b) In-text Debt levels have fallen (Computer industry, 1997, p. 3)…(b) List of References Computer industry blamed. (1997, July 7). The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 3.18. Audio-visual(a) Film(b) DVD(c) CD-ROM(d) Television programs(e) TV show episodeIn text, refer to the title and date of production.(a) In-text In The third man (Korda & Wells, 1949) …(a) List of References Korda, A. (Producer), & Wells, O. (Director). (1949).The third man [Motion picture].Great Britain: RKO Films.(b) In-text Australia’s geological history (Clarke, 1986) explored …(b) List of References Clarke, C. (Producer). (1986).Australia’s geological history [DVD]. Sydney, Australia: Outback Films.(c) In-text Fine tuning the vocal folds creates different voice qualities … (Reid, 2004).(c) List of References Reid, N. (Producer). (2004). Phonetics: An interactive introduction [CD-ROM]. Armidale, Australia:University of New England.(d) In-text In The future of work (2010) …(d) List of References Productivity Association (Producer). (2010, November 26). The Future of Work [Television broadcast].Sydney, Australia: ABC Television.(e) In-text The dialogue demonstrates the tension in the city’s projects (Simon & Johnson, 2002)….(e) List of References Simon, D. (Writer), & Johnson, C. (Director). (2002). The detail [Television series episode].In D. Simon & E. Burns (Executive producers), The wire. New York, NY: HBO Time Warner.19. Podcasts/Vodcasts Replace ‘audio podcast’ with ‘video webcast’ for appropriate format. In-text Culture has always been perceived as a form of political ideology (Brown, 2010).Traumatic events are more common than we think (Jenkins, 2009).List of References Brown, A. (Producer). (2010, August 15). Nationalism: Lecture 1. [Audio podcast]. In PAIS 998:Introduction to political ideology. Armidale, Australia: University of New England. Retrieved from:.auJenkins, R. (Producer). (2009, December 12). Overcoming trauma [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from.au/radionational20. MusicIndicate the medium.In text citations include side and band or track numbers. In-text The bassoon solo in Rite of spring (Stravinsky, 1975) …Plant’s vocals on ‘Going to California’ (Led Zeppelin, 1971) ….List of References Stravinsky, I. (1975). Rite of spring [Music score]. London, England: Hansen House.Stravinsky, I. (1975). Rite of spring [Record]. [Recorded by The Sydney Symphony Orchestra].Sydney, Australia: ABC Records.Led Zeppelin. (1971). Going to California. On Led Zeppelin IV [CD]. New York, NY: Atlantic Records.21. Blogs, Discussion groups & WikisProvide a description of the mes-sage in the brackets, e.g. web log post, web log comment, discussion board, mailing list.For blogs and listservs use the author’s full name if available, if only screen name available use the screen name.A wiki is a collaborative reference work with no identified author or editor. You may be asked to contrib-ute to a wiki in your unit or to access some other wikis in your discipline. Wikis are treated as unpublished materials and because their content is reviewed constantly you must include the retrieval date.Please note that Wikipedia is not an appropriate academic source, except when you are writing about Wikipedia itself! In text:Some participants in the debate have expressed their concerns about such an approach(Shippey, 2008; KidA, 2008).List of References:Blog:Shippey, T. (2008, January 31). The consequences of plagiarism [Web log post]. Retrieved fromhttp://www. /shippey/2008/01/the_conseq.phpBlog comment:KidA. (2008, February 5). Re: The consequences of plagiarism [Web log comment]. Retrieved fromhttp://www. /shippey/2008/01/the_conseq.phpDiscussion board:Anderson, J. (2010, December 17). Re: Academic culture [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from/xypbyicy8876/discussions#345Video blog post (e.g. YouTube):Colebrook, C. (2008, April 8). How to organise your desktop [Video file]. Retrieved from/watch?v=Hja987KLXsWikis:Group 1. (n.d.). First week group project. In EDUX 887: Critical theory and practice in education.Retrieved October 17, 2010 from.au/weblog/wiki.phpEpistemology. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2009 from/index.php/Epistemology22. Software, Video GamesDo not reference standard software and programming languages, e.g. Microsoft Office or Java. Provide ref-erence for specialised software and programs with limited distribution.In text:The sample data was analysed using SoftConnect (Version 3.1) and the results are…..In text, give the proper name of the software and version number.List of References:SoftConnect (Version 3.1) [Computer Software]. San Jose, CA: Dubbing Systems.Variations in authors, dates, editions and web addressesA. Single authorsWrite the author’s surname only in-text. Initials are recorded in the list of references.In-text The idea of progress is much overrated (Addington, 1994, pp. 32–33).Addington (1994, pp. 32–33) states that …List of References Addington, H. (1994). Cultural cringe: A study of change. London, England: Routledge.B. Two authorsUse ‘and’ between authors in your sentence preceded by a comma, but an & (ampersand) preceded by a comma when in brackets. Use an ‘&’ preceded by a comma in the List of References.In-text Hunt and Lee (1992, p. 23) claim …Climate change remains controversial (Hunt & Lee, 1992, p. 23).List of References Hunt, E., & Lee, L.J. (1992). Weather matters. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.C. Three to Five authorsName all authors in your first reference, but use ‘et al.’ for all subsequent references.Use ‘and’ between authors in your sentence pre-ceded by a comma, but an & (ampersand) when in brackets preceded by a comma. Use an ‘&’ preceded by a comma in the List of References.In-text First Mention: MacKay, Clarke, Fleming, Collins, and Sue (2006) demonstrated…Subsequent Mentions: MacKay et al. (2006) found…List of References MacKay, I., Clarke, C., Fleming, M., Collins, M., & Sue, J. (2006). Food the focus for our future.Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.D. Six or more authorsCite only the first author’s surname, followed by ‘et al’.Record all the authors’ names in the List of References. Use an ‘&’ preceded by a comma before the last name.In-text Peters et al. (1995) base their study on the economic model.This study is based on an economic model (Peters et al., 1995).List of References Peters, C., Suzuki, T., Corrigan, Y.T., Najar, P., Dudley, P., & Thomas, E. (1995).New economies for new times. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.E. Citing several sources at onceIn text, authors’ names are presented alpha-betically and each reference is separated by a semicolon (;).In-text Policy makers argue that the connection between science and business should not be viewed critically (Branscomb, 1997; Noble, 1993; Stokes, 1997).List of References Branscomb, I. (1997). Investing in innovation. New York, NY: Routledge.Noble, B. (1993). America by design. New York, NY: Knopf.Stokes, D. (1997). Pasteur’s quadrant. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.F. Multiple works by the same author Use a, b, c … to differentiate between works written in the same year.In-text In her first study, Sheldon (1996) supports the theory, but her two later studies (1999a, 1999b) modify this claim.List of References Sheldon, S. (1996). Language Limits. London, England: Duckworth.Sheldon, S. (1999a). Morphemic resonance: A new dimension. Discourse Studies, 23(4), 67–72.Sheldon, S. (1999b, Spring). Rules and tools. Journal of Semantics, 43, 23–45.G. Authors with the same surname(a) Co-authors of a work(b) Separate worksIn text, where it is necessary to distinguish one author from the other, use the authors’ initials. Place after the surname when in brackets, and before the surname when in the sentence.(a) In-text Scollon and Scollon (2001) argue that …(a) List of Refer-encesScollon, R., & Scollon, S.W. (2001). Intercultural communication (2nd ed.). Oxford, England:Blackwell. Retrieved from.au/books?id=Sy81ZI4n214C&pg=PP1&dq=scollon+%26+scollon#v=onepage&q=&f=false(b) In-text A recent report (Jones, R.W., 1991) indicated … but D.J. Jones (1993) has refuted the findings.(b) List of Refer-encesJones, D.J. (1993). Review of social needs in the North West region. Lismore, Australia: FACS.Jones, R.W. (1991). Report to the CARE centre. Armidale, Australia: DOCS.H. Author unknownCite the name of the organisation that produced the work (corporate author). If none, then use the title of the work.DO NOT use the terms ‘Anon.’ or ‘Anonymous’.In-text The NSW Board of Studies (2006, p. 35) advocates an inclusive approach in syllabus design.Reducing friction is essential (“Pressure care”, 2000, p. 3).List of References NSW Board of Studies (2006). Syllabus development handbook. Sydney, Australia: Author.Retrieved from.au/manuals/pdf_doc/syl_dev_hbook.pdf Pressure care. (2000). Perth, Australia: New Health Press.I. A work with no publication date ‘n.d.’ means ‘no date’.In-text Shaw (n.d.) found that …One study (Shaw, n.d.) suggests …List of References Shaw, O. (n.d.). Reflective learning. London, England: Faber.J. EditionIf a source is 2nd or later edition, state the edition after the title inside brackets (xx ed.).In-text Writers need to consider … (Heffernan, Lincoln, & Atwill, 2001, p. 218)List of references Heffernan, J.A.W., Lincoln, E. J., & Atwill, J. (2001). Writing, a college handbook (5th ed.). NewYork, NY: W. W. Norton.K. The DOI SystemA DOI is a unique set of numbers assigned to identify content and provide a permanent link to its location on the Internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic e this format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxxFor more information on how to find a DOI, please visit the APA Style Guide blog entry on finding DOIs: /apastyle/2009/12/how-to-find-a-doi.htmlIf no DOI, use the home page URL for the electronic journal or book publisher.T eaching & Learning Centre ‘Fact Sheet’ series • University of New England .au/tlc/aso/。
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