【国际经济学专题考试试卷十九】Earnings and Discrimination
国际经济学试卷试题包括答案.docx
《国际经济学》选择题汇总版（附答案）Ch1-Ch31.The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries becauseA)the United States is a relatively large country with diverse resources.B)the United States is a“ Superpower. ”C)the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything.D)the United States invests in many other countries.E)many countries invest in the United States.2. Because the Constitution forbids restraints on interstate trade,A)the U.S. may not impose tariffs on imports from NAFTA countries.B)the U.S. may not affect the international value of the $ U.S.C)the U.S. may not put restraints on foreign investments in California if it involves a financial intermediary in New York State.D)the U.S. may not impose export duties.E)the U.S. may not disrupt commerce between Florida and Hawaii.3.International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fields A) macro and micro.B) developed and less developed.C) monetary and barter.D) international trade and international money.E) static and dynamic.4.International monetary analysis focuses onA)the real side of the international economy.B)the international trade side of the international economy.C)the international investment side of the international economy.D)the issues of international cooperation between Central Banks.E)the monetary side of the international economy, such as currency exchange.5.The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact thatA)trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade.B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods.C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products.D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds international trade by the EuropeanUni on.E) the U.S. trades more with Western Europe than it does with Canada.6.The gravity model explains whyA)trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain.B)countries with oil reserves tend to export oil.C)capital rich countries export capital intensive products.D)intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of tradebetween neighboringcountries.E)European countries rely most often on natural resources.7. Why does the gravity model work?A)Large economies became large because they were engaged in international trade.B)Large economies have relatively large incomes, and hence spend more on governm ent promotion of trade and investment.C)Large economies have relatively larger areas which raises the probability that a pro ductive activity will take place within the borders of that country.D)Large economies tend to have large incomes and tend to spend more on impor ts.E) Large economies tend to avoid trading with small economies.8.We see that the Netherlands, Belgium, and Ireland trade considerably more with the United States than with many other countries.A)This is explained by the gravity model, since these are all large countries.B)This is explained by the gravity model, since these are all small countries.C)This fails to be consistent with the gravity model, since these are smallcountri es.D)This fails to be consistent with the gravity model, since these are large countries.E)This is explained by the gravity model, since they do not share borders.9.In the present, most of the exports from Chinaare A) manufactured goods.B) services.C)primary products including agricultural.D) technology intensive products.E) overpriced by world market standards.10.A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because itA) is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.B) is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically.C) is producing exports using fewer labor units.D) is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.E) is producing exports while outsourcing services.11.The Ricardian model attributes the gains from trade associated with the principle o f comparative advantage result toA) differences in technology.B)differences in preferences.C)differences in labor productivity.D)differences in resources.E)gravity relationships among countries.12. A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find itsconsump tion bundleA)inside its production possibilities frontier.B)on its production possibilities frontier.C)outside its production possibilities frontier.D)inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.E)on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.13.Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United Sta tes equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan ifA)U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan's 15 units per hour.B)U.S. labor productivity equaled 30 units per hour and Japan's 20 units per hour.C)U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 units per hour and Japan's 30 units per hour.D)U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour and Japan's 25 units per hour.E)U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour and Japan's 40 units per hour.14.In a two-country, two-product world, the statement“ Germanyenjoys acomparativ e advantage over France in autos relative toships ”is equivalent toA) France having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.B) France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in autos and ship s.C) Germany having a comparative advantage over France in autos and ships.D) France having no comparative advantage over Germany.E) France should produce autos.15.If the United States' production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereas Germany's was flatter to the butter axis, we know thatA)the United States has no comparative advantageB)Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.C)the U.S. has a comparative advantage in butter.D)Germany has comparative advantages in both products.E)the U.S. has a comparative disadvantage in widgets.Ch4-Ch51.The Ricardian model of international trade demonstrates that trade can bemutually beneficial. Why, then, do governments restrict imports of some goods?A)Trade can have substantial effects on a country's distribution of income.B)The Ricardian model is often incorrect in its prediction that trade can bemutually beneficial.C)Import restrictions are the result of trade wars between hostile countries.D)Imports are only restricted when foreign-made goods do not meet domestic standar ds of qualityE) Restrictions on imports are intended to benefit domestic consumers.2.Japan's trade policies with regard to rice reflect the fact thatA) japanese rice farmers have significant political power.B) Japan has a comparative advantage in rice production and therefore exports most o f its rice crop.C) there would be no gains from trade available to Japan if it engaged in free trade in r ice.D) there are gains from trade that Japan captures by engaging in free trade in rice.E) Japan imports most of the rice consumed in the country.3.In the specific factors model, which of the following is treated as a specific factor?A)LaborB)LandC)ClothD)FoodE)Technology4.The specific factors model assumes that there are ________ goods and ________ fa ctor(s) of production.A) two; threeB) two; two C)two; one D)three; two E)four; three5.The slope of a country's production possibility frontier with cloth measured on the horizontal and food measured on the vertical axis in the specific factors model is equa l to ________ and it ________ as more cloth is produced.A)-MPLF/MPLC; becomes steeperB)-MPLF/MPLC; becomes flatterC)-MPLF/MPLC; is constantD)-MPLC/MPLF; becomes steeperE)-MPLC/MPLF; is constant6.Under perfect competition, the equilibrium price of labor used to produce clothwill be equal toA)the slope of the production possibility frontier.B)the average product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth.C)the ratio of the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth to the marginal product of labor in the production of food times the ratio of the price of cloth. to the price of food.D)the marginal product of labor in the production of cloth times the price of cloth.E)the price of cloth divided by the marginal product of labor in the production of clot h.7.In the specific factors model, which of the following will increase the quantity ofla bor used in cloth production?A)an increase in the price of cloth relative to that of foodB) an increase in the price of food relative to that ofcloth C) a decrease in the price of laborD) an equal percentage decrease in the price of food and clothE) an equal percentage increase in the price of food and cloth8.A country that does not engage in trade can benefit from trade only ifA)it has an absolute advantage in at least one good.B)it employs a unique technology.C)pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are not identical.D)its wage rate is below the world average.E)pre-trade and free-trade relative prices are identical.9.In the specific factors model, the effects of trade on welfare are ________ for mobil e factors, ________ for fixed factors used to produce the exported good, and ________ for fixed factors used to produce the imported good.A)ambiguous; positive; negativeB) ambiguous; negative; positive C)positive; ambiguous; ambiguous D)negative; ambiguous; ambiguous E)positive; positive; positive10.The effect of trade on specialized employees of import-competing industries willb e ________ jobs and ________ pay because they are relatively ________.A)fewer; lower; mobileB)fewer; lower; immobileC)more; lower; immobileD)more; higher; mobileE)more; higher; immobile11. There is a bias in the political process against free trade becauseA)there is a high correlation between the volume of imports and the unemployment ra te.B)the gains from free trade cannot be measured.C)those who gain from free trade can't compensate those who lose.D)foreign governments make large donations to U.S. political campaigns.E) those who lose from free trade are better organized than those who gain.12.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differin A)tastes and preferences.B)military capabilities.C)the size of their economies.D)relative abundance of factors of production.E)labor productivities.13.If a country produces good Y (measured on the vertical axis) and good X (measure d on the horizontal axis), then the absolute value of the slope of its production possibil ity frontier is equal toA)the opportunity cost of good X.B) the price of good X divided by the price of good Y.C) the price of good X divided by the price of goodY. D) the opportunity cost of good Y.E)the cost of capital (assuming that good Y is capital intensive) divided by the costof labor.14.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, trade will ________ the owners ofa country's ________ factor and will ________ the good that uses that factor intensiv ely.A)benefit; abundant; exportB)harm; abundant; importC)benefit; scarce; exportD)benefit; scarce; importE)harm; scarce; export15.The assumption of diminishing returns in the Heckscher-Ohlin model means that, unlike in the Ricardian model, it is likely thatA) countries will consume outside their production possibility frontier.B) countries will benefit from free international trade.C) countries will not be fully specialized in one product.D)comparative advantage will not determine the direction of trade.E)global production will decrease under trade.16.If Japan is relatively capital rich and the United States is relatively land rich, and if food is relatively land intensive then trade between these two, formerly autarkic coun tries will result inA)an increase in the relative price of food in the U.S.B)an increase in the relative price of food in Japan.C)a global increase in the relative price of food.D)a decrease in the relative price of food in both countries.E)an increase in the relative price of food in both countries.17.Starting from an autarky (no-trade) situation with Heckscher-Ohlin model, if Coun try H is relatively labor abundant, then once trade beginsA) rent will be unchanged but wages will rise in H.B) wages and rents should rise in H.C) wages and rents should fall in H.D) wages should fall and rents should rise in H.E) wages should rise and rents should fall in H.18.The Leontieff ParadoxA)failed to support the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.B)supported the validity of the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage.C)supported the validity of the Heckscher-Ohlin model.D)failed to support the validity of the Ricardian theory.E)proved that the U.S. economy is different from all others.19. Which of the following is an assertion of the Heckscher-Ohlin model?A)Factor price equalization will occur only if there is costless mobility of all factors a cross borders.B)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of both the capital-intensive and the labor-intensive good.C)In the long-run, labor is mobile and capital is not.D)The wage-rental ratio determines the capital-labor ratio in a country's industr ies.E)Factor endowments determine the technology that is available to a country, which determines the good in which the country will have a comparative advantage.20. Which of the following is an assertion of the Heckscher-Ohlin model?A)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of the labor-i ntensive good and decrease production of the capital-intensive good.B)An increase in a country's labor supply will increase production of both the capital-intensive and the labor-intensive good.C)In the long-run, labor is mobile and capital is not.D)Factor price equalization will occur only if there is costless mobility of all factors a cross borders.E)Factor endowments determine the technology that is available to a country, which determines the good in which the country will have a comparative advantage.Ch6-Ch101.If the ratio of price of cloth (PC) divided by the price of food (PF) increases in thei nternational marketplace, thenA)the terms of trade of cloth exporters will improve.B)all countries would be better off.C)the terms of trade of food exporters will improve.D)the terms of trade of all countries will improve.E) the terms of trade of cloth exporters will worsen.2.If the ratio of price of cloth (PC) divided by the price of food (PF) increases in thei nternational marketplace, thenA)world relative quantity of cloth supplied will increase.B)world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded will increase.C)world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded will decrease.D)world relative quantity of cloth demanded will decrease.E)world relative quantity of food will increase.3.If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend toA)have no effect on terms of trade.B)improve the terms of trade of the United States.C)improve the terms of trade of all countries.D)because a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.E)raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.4.If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of sub sidies for its exports, this mustA)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.B)have no effect on its terms of trade.C)improve its terms of trade.D)harm its terms of trade.E)harm world terms of trade.5.Internal economies of scale arise when the cost per unitA)falls as the average firm grows larger.B)rises as the industry grows larger.C)falls as the industry grows larger.D)rises as the average firm grows larger.E)remains constant over a broad range of output.6. External economies of scale will ________ average cost when output is ________ by _______.A)reduce; increased; the industryB)reduce; increased; a firmC)increase; increased; a firmD)increase; increased; the industryE)reduce; reduce; the industry7.If some industries exhibit internal increasing returns to scale in each country, we sh ould not expect to seeA) perfect competition in these industries.B) intra-industry trade between countries.C)inter-industry trade between countries.D)high levels of specialization in both countries.E)increased productivity in both countries.8.A learning curve relates ________ to ________ and is a case of ________ returns.A) unit cost; cumulative production; dynamic decreasing returnsB)output per time period; long-run marginal cost; dynamic increasing returnsC)unit cost; cumulative production; dynamic increasing returnsD)output per time period; long-run marginal cost; dynamic decreasing returnsE)labor productivity; education; increasing marginal returns9.Patterns of interregional trade are primarily determined by ________ rather than __ ______ because factors of production are generally ________.A)external economies; natural resources; mobileB)internal economies; external economies; mobileC)external economies; population; immobileD)internal economies; population; immobileE)population; external economies; immobile10.Monopolistic competition is associatedwith A) product differentiation.B) price-taking behavior.C) explicit consideration at the firm level of the strategic impact of other firms' pricing decisions. D) high profit margins in the long run.E) increasing returns to scale.11.A firm in long-run equilibrium under monopolistic competition will earnA)positive monopoly profits because each sells a differentiated product.B)zero economic profits because of free entryC)positive oligopoly profits because each firm sells a differentiated product.D)negative economic profits because it has economies of scale.E)positive economic profit if it engages in international trade.12.The most common form of price discrimination in international tradeis A) dumping.B) non-tariff barriers.C) Voluntary Export Restraints.D) preferential trade arrangements.E) product boycotts.13.Consider the following two cases. In the first, a U.S. firm purchases 18% of a forei gn firm. In the second, a U.S. firm builds a new production facility in a foreign countr y. Both are ________, with the first referred to as ________ and the second as ______ __.A)foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows; brownfield; greenfieldB)foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; greenfield; brownfieldC)foreign direct investment (FDI) outflows; greenfield; brownfieldD)foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows; brownfield; greenfieldE)foreign direct investment (FDI); inflows; outflows14. Specific tariffs areA)import taxes stated in specific legal statutes.B)import taxes calculated as a fixed charge for each unit of imported goods.C)import taxes calculated as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.D)the same as import quotas.E)import taxes calculated based solely on the origin country.15.A problem encountered when implementing an "infant industry" tariff isthat A) domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of thetariff. B) the industry may never "mature."C)most industries require tariff protection when they are mature.D)the tariff may hurt the industry's domestic sales.E)the tariffs fail to protect the domestic producers.16.In the country levying the tariff, the tariff will A)increase both consumer and producer surplus.B) decrease both the consumer and producer surplus.C) decrease consumer surplus and increase producer surplus.D) increase consumer surplus and decrease producer surplus.E) decrease consumer surplus but leave producers surplus unchanged.17.If the tariff on computers is not changed, but domestic computer producers shift fr om domestically produced semiconductors to imported components, then the effective rate of protection in the computer industry willA) increase.B) decreaseC) remain the same.D)depend on whether computers are PCs or "Supercomputers."E)no longer apply.18.When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country duty free, this generally results in a(an)A) effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate.B) nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate.C) rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates.D) fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates. E) rise in only the effective tariff rat e.19.Should the home country be "large" relative to its trade partners, its imposition ofa tariff on imports would lead to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms of thetra de rectangle exceed the sum of theA) revenue effect plus redistribution effect.B) protective effect plus revenue effect.C) consumption effect plus redistribution effect.D)production distortion effect plus consumption distortion effect.E)terms of trade gain.20.The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs ar e dismantledand removed,A) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decreaseB) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national econo mic welfare will increase.C) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, henceincreasin g national economic welfare.D)deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing na tional economic welfare.E)government tariff revenue will increase, hence increasing national economic welfar e.21.Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of international trade disputes?A)World BankB)World Trade OrganizationC)International Monetary OrganizationD)International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentE)The League of Nations22.Today U.S. protectionism is concentratedin A) high-tech industries.B) labor-intensive industries.C) industries in which Japan has a comparative advantage.D)computer intensive industries.E)capital-intensive industries.23.The quantitative importance of U.S. protection of the domestic clothing industryis best explained by the fact thatA)this industry is an important employer of highly skilled labor.B)this industry is an important employer of low skilled labor.C)most of the exporters of clothing into the U.S. are poor countries.D)this industry is a politically well organized sector in the U.S.E)the technology involved is very advanced.欢迎下载1124.The optimum tariff is most likely to applyto A) a small tariff imposed by a small country.B) a small tariff imposed by a large country. C)a large tariff imposed by a small country. D) alarge tariff imposed by a large country. E) anad valorem tariff on a small country.25.The median voter modelA)works well in the area of trade policy.B)is not intuitively reasonable.C)tends to result in biased tariff rates.D)does not work well in the area of trade policy.E)is not widely practiced in the United States.欢迎下载12。
2019年国际经济学试题与答案
全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试国际经济学试题一、单项选择题（本大题共25小题，每小题1分，共25分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1．列宁指出资本主义自由竞争阶段表现出的基本经济特征是（）A．商品输出 B．资本输出C．劳务输出 D．技术输出2．相对技术差异论和绝对技术差异论的提出者分别是（）A．魁奈和斯密 B．李嘉图和斯密C．李嘉图和奥林 D．奥林和魁奈3．改变了传统国际贸易理论的基本命题的国际贸易理论是（）A．成本递增条件下的比较利益理论 B．嗜好论C．产业内贸易理论 D．自然资源禀赋论4．首先提出要素价格均等化命题的国际贸易理论是（）A．生产要素禀赋论 B．产品生命周期理论C．自然资源禀赋论 D．差异产品贸易理论5．下述不能有效改善初级产品出口国在国际贸易中的地位和处境的方法是（）A．有计划地控制出口规模B．进行深加工，获取更多的附加值C．利用差别产品的方法扩大出口品需求弹性D．扩大生产规模以期获得规模经济的利益6．幼稚工业保护论的主要代表人物是汉密尔顿和（）A．李斯特 B．李嘉图C．萨伊 D．托马斯·孟7．分配进口配额常常要与进口许可证相结合，下列不属于分配许可证的方法是（）A．政府适当分配 B．竞争性拍卖C．固定的受惠 D．资源使用申请程序8．倾销行为主要分为两种，包括（）A．掠夺性倾销和间歇性倾销 B．攻击性倾销和间歇性倾销C．持续性倾销和掠夺性倾销 D．持续性倾销和间歇性倾销9．战略性贸易政策的核心内容是（）A．鼓励企业积极参与国际竞争B．反倾销政策C．通过政府干预发展本国产业的竞争优势D．出口补贴10．建立国际经济一体化组织需要一些条件，下列不属于其中条件的是（）A．成员国在地理上相互邻近 B．成员国之间经济的互补C．成员国之间政治制度比较接近 D．成员国需都是发达国家11．1982年后石油价格下跌的原因不包括（）A．非石油输出国组织增加石油生产和出口B．西方国家寻找替代能源，减少对石油的依赖C．石油输出国组织成员国的背叛行为D．西方大石油公司对产油国生产和订价垄断经营12．采取出口导向战略的国家倾向于（）A．保护贸易政策 B．自由贸易政策C．非关税贸易壁垒 D．关税贸易壁垒13．世界贸易组织是约束各成员之间贸易规范和贸易政策的（）A．世界经济集团 B．国际经济组织C．区域经济组织 D．国际一体化组织14．中国采取的汇率制度是（）A．固定汇率制度 B．完全自由浮动汇率制度C．有管理的浮动汇率制度 D．钉住汇率制度15．随着信息技术的发展，各类外汇市场上的汇率差异变动的趋势是（）A．扩大 B．缩小C．不变 D．变化不确定16．在国际收支平衡表中，下列不属于经常项目的是（）A．商品贸易收支 B．非货币用途的黄金贸易C．保险费和保险赔偿支付 D．货币用途的黄金交易17．当出现需求无弹性时，一国货币贬值可以导致（）A．贸易收支改善 B．贸易收支恶化C．出口数量下降 D．出口换汇增加18．根据国际收支调整论的吸收方法，若c>1，则（）A．贬值通过闲置资本效应使国民吸收的增加小于国民收入的增加，贸易收支改善B．贬值通过闲置资本效应使国民吸收的增加大于国民收入的增加，贸易收支改善C．贬值通过闲置资本效应使国民吸收的增加小于国民收入的增加，贸易收支恶化D．贬值通过闲置资本效应使国民吸收的增加大于国民收入的增加，贸易收支恶化19．在20世纪初，l英镑含金量为7.32250克，l美元的含金量为1.50466克，则英镑与美元之间的汇率应为1英磅等于（）A．3.8665美元 B．4.8665美元C．5.8665美元 D．6.8665美元20．蒙代尔等提出了国际收支的货币调整法，其理论基础是（）A．价格—铸币流动机制 B．利息平价理论C．资产选择机制 D．理性预期理论21．在发展中国家利用外资的主要渠道中，不需要偿还的引资方式是（）A．官方贷款 B．发行债券C．银行贷款 D．外国直接投资22．国际收支的调节方式不包括（）A．动用国际储备 B．调整汇率C．调整工资 D．调整货币发行量23．根据利润最大化原理，一般情况下企业海外扩张过程实现的顺序是（）A．出口—直接投资—发放许可证 B．出口—发行许可证—直接投资C．发放许可证—出口—直接投资 D．发放许可证—直接投资—出口24．储蓄和投资函数通常存在以下关系（）A．储蓄与实际利率正相关，投资与实际利率正相关B．储蓄与实际利率负相关，投资与实际利率正相关C．储蓄与实际利率正相关，投资与实际利率负相关D．储蓄与实际利率负相关，投资与实际利率负相关25．劳动力在各国间的流动使劳动力的流出国（）A．财政总收入增加，公共设施利用率提高B．财政总收入增加，公共设施利用率下降C．财政总收入减少，公共设施利用率提高D．财政总收入减少，公共设施利用率下降二、多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）在每小题列出的五个备选项中有二至五个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
国际经济学(外语)习题9.doc
Chapter 9 - International Mobility of Productive FactorsObjective Questions1.Incoming direct foreign investment in a new plant in the U.S. is likely to(a)hurt the U.S. balance of payments on the capital account.(b)lower the earnings of American workers.(c)increase the rate of return to capital employed in the U.S.(d)none of the above.2.Which of the following affects the relative investment climate between two countries?(a)the general level of economic activity.(b)tax and tariff policies.(c)general institutional arrangements.(d)all of the above.3.Current U.S. tax law(a)credits in full taxes paid to foreign governments to the maximum rate of U.S. corporatetaxation.(b)allows firms to deduct foreign taxes as costs.(c)does not allow firms either cost deductions or tax credits.(d)allows firms to credit half of the foreign taxes paid.4.The international movement of investment capital is likely to(a)decrease world welfare by lowering exports.(b)increase world welfare by assisting in a more efficient distribution of factors.(c)reduce world welfare by causing bankruptcies in host countries.(d)reduce world welfare by circumventing tariff barriers.5.Total U.S. overseas foreign investment in 1994 was book valued at about(a) $450 million.(b) $600 billion.(c) $4.5 trillion.(d) $450 trillion.6.From the point of view of the national interest foreign investment will be beneficial only if(a)net-of-tax returns abroad exceed net-of-tax returns at home.(b)gross returns abroad exceed net-of-tax returns at home.(c)net-of-tax returns abroad exceed gross returns at home.(d)gross returns abroad exceed gross returns at home.7.From the point of view of the private firm foreign investment will be profitable only if(a)net-of-tax returns abroad exceed net-of-tax returns at home.(b)gross returns abroad exceed net-of-tax returns at home.(c)net-of-tax returns abroad exceed gross returns at home.(d)gross returns abroad exceed gross returns at home.8.From the point of view of the world as a whole foreign investment will increase welfare only if(a)net-of-tax returns abroad exceed net-of^tax returns at home.(b)gross returns abroad exceed net-of-tax returns at home.(c)net-of-tax returns abroad exceed gross returns at home.(d)gross returns abroad exceed gross returns at home.9.The phenomenon of transfer pricing occurs when(a)there are bilateral trade flows.(b)there is extensive use of bartering.(c)goods are sold between subsidiaries of MNCs.(d) a nation uses multiple exchange rate schemes.10.In general the impact of incoming direct investment on the host country's welfare will be(a)negative because the return to labor will be lowered.(b)positive because it results in cheaper labor.(c)positive because it raises labor productivity.(d)negative because it raises the return to capital.11.Japanese direct foreign investment in the U.S. in 1991 was(a)the largest of any nation.(b)greater than that of all other nations combined.(c)exceeded only by that of the U.K.(d)actually less than that of ten other nations.12.Which of the following statements is most justified?(a)The international movement of capital is beneficial to world welfare; labor movementnever is.(b)International labor mobility is always beneficial to world welfare; capital mobility never is.(c)Neither capital nor labor movements ever contribute to raising world welfare.(d)Labor mobility generally raises world welfare; an exception may be when labor movementleads to the loss of substantial externalities.13.The effect of outgoing direct foreign investment on the welfare of the source country is likely to be(a)positive since total investment is raised.(b)positive since it raises the income of domestic labor.(c)negative because it lowers domestic investment and harms labor productivity.(d)positive since it increases tax flows to the government.14.The largest investor in the U.S. market is(a) France.(b) Japan.(c) Germany.(d) theU.K.15.Industrial nations engage in DFI to reduce production costs by(a)gaining access to raw materials.(b)circumventing protectionist barriers.(c)gaining access to low cost labor.(d)all of the above.16.Over time, a country that opens itself up to the global economy will(a)experience a net loss of jobs.(b)tend to experience higher annual growth rates.(c)attract less direct foreign investments.(d lower its living standards.17.When a balanced view is taken, global outsourcing by U.S. companies(a)results in a net loss of jobs.(b)discourages spending on technology upgrading.(c)reduces competitiveness of firms engaged in outsourcing.(d)creates benefits for the U.S.18.Global outsourcing(a)is a threat to living standards.(b)is an extension of the principle of comparative advantage.(c)entails more costs than benefits.(d)counters the process of globalization.。
《国际经济学》模拟考试题库
《国际经济学》模拟考试题库一.单选题1.回租租赁属于（）A.经营性租赁B.维修租赁C.综合租赁D.融资性租赁2.将计算机程序作为文学作品保护的国际公约是()A.伯尔尼公约B.巴黎公约C.与贸易有关的知识产权协定D.关税与贸易总协定3.国际货币牙买加体系与布雷顿森林体系的重大区别在于（）A.采取黄金-美元本位制B.采取固定汇率制C.废除特别提款权制度D.黄金与货币脱钩4.欧盟的宗旨是（）A.建立关税联盟B.建立经济与货币联盟C.建立政治联盟，并制定欧盟宪法D.建立经济与货币联盟和政治联盟5.下面有关TRIMS协议的陈述，正确的是()A.该协议适用于知识产权B.该协议禁止当地成分要求C.该协议适用于服务贸易D.该协议允许贸易平衡要求6.法律意义的国际重复征税与经济意义的国际重复征税的区别在于（）A.课税对象不同B.纳税主体的非同一性C.征税期间不同D.税收性质不同7.亚太经济合作组织投资法制的特点是()A.规定了外资待遇B.规定了征收的补偿原则C.各成员的承诺是以共同宣言作出的，具有充分的灵活性D.规定了外资的保护8.中国甲公司与外国乙公司签定了出口一批水果的合同，双方约定货到验收以后付款。
货到买方验收时发现水果总重短少10％，且抽样检查每个水果的重量也低于合同规定，乙公司于是拒绝付款也拒绝收货。
后来水果全部腐烂。
请问，本案中水果腐烂的损失应当由谁承担？（）A.乙公司B.甲公司C.承运人D.甲公司和乙公司各承担一半9.《世界版权公约》规定的版权保护期是()A.不少于作者有生之年及其死后的25年B.不少于作者有生之年及其死后的50年C.不少于作者有生之年及其死后的15年D.不少于作者有生之年及其死后的10年10.下列哪一项是世界贸易组织的章程性法律文件？（）A.《关税与贸易总协定临时适用议定书》B.《建立世界贸易组织协议》C.《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》D.《1994年关税与贸易总协定》11.根据《华盛顿公约》，下述关于“解决投资争端国际中心”管辖权的论述，正确的选项是（）A.中心受理资本输出国与其国民间因投资引起的法律争端B.中心受理外国投资者与东道国公司之间因投资引起的法律争端C.中心受理外国投资者与东道国政府间因投资引起的法律争端D.中心受理东道国政府与其国民间因投资引起的法律争端12.DES术语的中文名称是（）A.边境交货B.目的港码头交货C.未完税交货D.目的港船上交货13.《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》在风险转移方面采取()原则。
国际经济学试题试卷答案真题
国际经济学试卷一、单选题 (每题1分，共20分)1.J曲线效应是指( )。
A.一国的货币升值后,最初只会使国际收支状况进一步恶化,只有经过一段时滞以后,才会使贸易收入增加,并改善国际收支状况B.一国的货币贬值后,最初只会使国际收支状况进一步恶化,只有经过一段时滞以后,才会使贸易支出减少,并改善国际收支状况C.一国的货币贬值后,最初会使国际收支状况进一步改善,但只有经过一段时滞以后,贸易收入减少,并恶化国际收支状况D.一国的货币贬值后,最初只会使国际收支状况进一步恶化,只有经过一段时滞以后,才会使贸易收入增加,并改善国际收支状况2.当一国政府对某种产品征收进口关税时,若该产品的需求弹性大于供给弹性,生产者与消费者承担关税的程度是()。
A.前者大于后者B.后者大于前者C.两者相等D.不确定3.价格比较规范,不容易出现通货膨胀的汇率制度是( )。
A.固定汇率制B.自由汇率制C.管理汇率制D.浮动汇率制4.如果两国商品生产过程中都出现了中性技术进步,则两国的提供曲线( )。
A.都内移B.都外移C.一国内移,一国外移D.一国外移,一国不变5.具有明显政策优势的汇率制度是( )。
A.固定汇率制B.自由汇率制C.管理汇率制D.浮动汇率制6.在一定汇率条件下,一国物价水平普遍上升,导致出口下降、进口增加,国际收支趋于逆差,这种国际收支不平衡,属于( )。
A.周期性不平衡B.结构性不平衡C.收入性不平衡D.价格性不平衡7.根据S-S定理,如果劳动密集型产品的相对价格上升,劳动力的实际报酬将( )。
A.上升B.不变C.下降D.其它选项说法都不准确8.提供曲线,又叫( )。
A.无差异曲线B.贸易无差异曲线C.生产可能性曲线D.相互需求曲线9.目前,中国加入的地区经济一体化组织是( )。
A.北美自由贸易区B.中日——东盟自由贸易区C.IMFD.WTO10.居民在国外投资收益的汇回应该记入( )。
A.经常账户B.错误和遗漏账户C.资本和金融账户D.官方储备账户11.斯旺模型的原理说明当经济处于通货膨胀和国际收支顺差时,应采取的政策是( )。
7月全国国际经济学自考试题及答案解析
全国2019年7月高等教育自学考试国际经济学试题课程代码：00140一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
每小题1分，共20分)1.亚当·斯密的绝对技术差异论是以（）为前提的。
A.劳动生产率不变B.消费水平不变C.机会成本不变D.劳动分工不变2.（）从需求的角度对部门内贸易作了解释。
A.差异产品贸易理论B.规模经济贸易理论C.战略性贸易理论D.重叠需求贸易理论3.在赫克歇尔—俄林模型中，国际贸易主要基于各国在（）方面的差别。
A.技术B.要素禀赋C.规模经济D.产品差异化4.相互倾销国际贸易理论不适宜在（）市场条件下运用。
A.垄断竞争B.寡头垄断C.完全竞争D.垄断5.在垄断竞争的贸易模型中（）。
A.如果两国拥有同样的总体资本—劳动比例，它们之间就不会发生贸易B.贸易导致了商品品种的增多和规模经济效应的扩大，进而可以带来收益C.从长期看，厂商可以获利D.要素禀赋并不能决定产业间贸易的发生6.成员国之间生产要素不能．．自由流动的国际经济一体化形式是（）。
A.关税同盟B.共同市场C.经济同盟D.完全经济一体化7.有利于发展中国家集中发展工业制成品出口的因素包括（）。
A.发达国家大力支持工业制成品的自由贸易B.发达国家对纺织、服装和鞋类产品实行很低的关税C.进口国在政治上倾向于对方采取自愿出口限制D.初级产品价格下降趋势8.以下哪一项是最为正确的?（）A.在竞争条件下，与关税制相比，进口配额可以使与进口品相竞争的生产者获取更大的利润B.与关税制相比，进口配额更适合于在紧急情况中使用C.配额制比关税制更有效率D.进口配额往往产生垄断租金9.因为销售旺季已过，或因公司改营其他业务，在国内市场上不能售出“剩余货物”，而向国外市场倾销，称之为（）。
A.偶然性倾销B.间歇性倾销C.掠夺性倾销D.长期性倾销110.中国也是石油输出国之一，随着经济发展，中国的石油出口（）。
2019年4月全国自考《国际经济学》试题及答案
绝密＊考试结束前全国2019 年4 月高等教育自学考试国际经济学试题课程代码：00140请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
选择题部分注意事项：1.答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2.每小题选出答案后，用 2 B 铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
一、单项选择题：本大题共25 小题，每小题1 分，共25 分。
在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。
1.15 世纪初到18 世纪中叶，在国际贸易和国际收支理论方面占主导地位的是A.重商主义B. 重衣主义C. 重金主义D. 生产要素禀赋理论2.赫克歇尔—奥林模型认为国际贸易的根本原因是各国A.技术水平不同B. 技术水平相同C. 产品质量不同D. 生产要素禀赋不同3.被后人称为“对对外贸易依赖的递减规律”理论的提出者是A.凯恩斯B. 松巴特C. 罗伯特逊D. 克鲁格曼4.根据克拉克的收入分配原理，劳动力价格水平线以下的部分为A.保持不变的那种生产要素的总收入B.不断减少的那种生产要素的总支出C.不断增加的那种生产要素的总收入D.保持不变的那种生产要素的总支出浙00140# 国际经济学试题第1 页（共5 页）5.商品的进口对千进口竞争部门而言，其共同生产要素和专门生产要素的收入水平将出现的现象是A.两者都升B. 两者都降C. 前者升后者降D. 前者降后者升6.古典经济学家在论述对外贸易对一国经济增长的作用时提出了A.雁形模型理论和大宗产品出口理论B.雁形模型理论和产品生命周期理论C.剩余物资出口论和大宗产品出口理论D. 剩余物资出口论和产品生命周期理论7.进口竞争部门密集使用的生产要素的增长速度超过出口部门的生产要素的增长速度的是A.悲惨的增长C. 偏向进口的生产要素增长8.反倾销的一般政策措施是征收B. 生产要素的等比例增长D.偏向出口的生产要素增长A.进口税B. 过境税C. 出口税9.进口国对进口品征收进口关税的经济影响是D.反倾销税A.不利于进口国进口品的消费者，有利于进口国与进口品相竞争的生产者B.不利于进口国进口品的消费者，不利千进口国与进口品相竞争的生产者C.有利千进口国进口品的消费者，有利于进口国与进口品相竞争的生产者D.有利千进口国进口品的消费者，不利千进口国与进口品相竞争的生产者10.最佳关税来源于A.出口国厂商主动承担的损失B. 出口国厂商被迫承担的关税C. 进口国厂商主动承担的损失D. 进口国厂商被迫承担的关税11. 成员国间相互取消进口关税和与关税具有同等效力的其他措施而形成的国际经济一体化组织是A.关税同盟C. 经济联盟B. 共同市场D. 自由贸易区12.下列选项中与国际卡特尔的产品订价成正比的是A.产品的需求弹性B. 卡特尔的市场占有率C. 对卡特尔产品的需求弹性D. 非卡特尔厂商产品的供给弹性13.石油输出国组织成员国是在哪一年第一次提出提高原油标价的？A. 1960B. 1965C. 1970D. 197514.下列选项中不属千“亚洲四小龙”的是A.日本B. 韩国C. 新加坡D. 中国台湾省15.下列选项中关千关税与贸易总协定的说法正确的是A.它是永久性协定C. 它现在仍与WTO 并存16.国际收支调整的弹性论的最先提出者是B.它是临时性协定D.它对缔约国不具有约束力A.罗伯逊B. 梅次勒C. 哈伯勒D. 马歇尔17.下列选项中应当计入国际收支统计中的贷方项目的是A.商品出口B.本国居民进口商品c. 本国居民在外国旅行或旅游支出D. 外国居民收回其在本国的投资和贷款18.某银行即期汇率报价US $ l=DMl.7889~1.7899, 远期差额为400~360, 则该银行远期汇率报价为$l=DM C1.7889—0.04 ) ~C1.7899—0.036 )$l=DM(1.7889—0.036 )~C1.7899-0.04)$l=DM C1.7889—0.4 )~( 1.7899—0.36)D.US$l=DM C1.7889—0.36 ) ~ (1. 7899—0.4)19.对贸易小国而言，在需求无弹性的情况下，货币贬值会导致A.贸易收支改善B. 贸易收支恶化C. 出口数量下降D. 出口换汇增加20.开放经济条件下，假定一国的边际储蓄倾向为0.05, 边际进口倾向为0.2, 则该国的外贸乘数为A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 521.固定汇率比浮动汇率能更加有效的应对A.出口需求冲击C. 资本流动冲击B. 进口供给冲击D. 内部经济的冲击22.发展中国家引进外资的四大主要渠道中无需担心偿还问题的是A.官方贷款C. 发行债券B. 银行贷款D. 外国直接投资23. 世界上首次实行金本位制的国家是A. 英国B. 美 国C. 德国D. 法 国24. 在下列投资方式中，属于国际直接投资的是A. 购买外国政府债券B. 购买外国企业债券C. 在国外开设合资企业D. 向外国企业提供商业贷款 25. 劳动力在各国间的流动使劳动力移出国劳动力的A. 需求方获利，供给方亦获利 C. 供给方受损，需求方亦受损B. 需求方获利，而供给方受损 D. 供给方获利，而需求方受损二、多项选择题： 本大题共 5 小题， 每小题 2 分， 共 10 分。
国际经济学题库英文版
国际经济学题库(英文版)Part Ⅰ. Fill in the blank with suitable content.1.Seven themes recur throughout the study of international economics. These are the gains from trade , the pattern of trade , protectionism the balance of payments, exchange rate determination, international policy coordination, international capital market.2. Countries engage in international trade for two basic reasons : comparative advantage and economics of scale .3. A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.4. Labor is the only one factor of production. LC a 、LW a and *LC a 、*LW a are the unit labor requirement in cheese and wine at Home and Foreign, respectively. If aLC/aLW<aLC*/aLW* , Home has a comparative advantage in cheese. C p /W p is the relative price of cheese, whenaLC/aLW< Pc/Pw<aLC*/aLW* Home and Foreign specialize in producing cheese and wine , respectively.5. Labor is the only one factor of production. LC a 、LW a and *LC a 、*LW a are the unit labor requirement in cheese and wine at Home and Foreign, respectively. L and L*are Home’s and Foreign’s laborforce. If LC a /LW a <C p /W p <*LC a /*LW a , the world relative supply of cheese equals （L/aLC ）/(L*/aLW*) . Home’s gains from indirectly producing wine can be shown as (1/aLC)(Pc/Pw)－1/aLW6. In specific factors model(Q M =Q M (K, L M ); Q F =Q F (T, L F ); L=L M +L F ), if Home produces and trades manufactured goods for food , the overall comparison of the five change rate of goods price andfactor price MP ˆ、F P ˆ、K r ˆ、T r ˆ、W ˆinside Home is T F M K r P W P r ∧∧∧∧∧〉〉〉〉 . That is, the real income of capitalists increase, it can be shown as ↑M K P r ↑↑M K P r .7. There are two main reasons why international trade has strong effects on the distribution ofincome. First, resources can ’t move immediately or costlessly form one industry to another Second Industries differ in the factors of production they demand.8. In the Heckscher-Ohlin model,Comparative advantage is influenced by the interaction between relative abundance and relative intensity9.According to stolper-sammelson effect if the relative price of a good rises, the real income of the factor which intensively used in that good will rise, while the real income of the other factor will fall.10.According to 罗布津斯基效应 Rybczynski effect , at unchanged relative goods price, if the supply of a factor of production increases, the output of the good that are intensive in that factor will rise, while the output of the other good will fall.11.According to H-O 模型H-O proposition , owners of a country’s abundant factors gain from trade, but owners of a country’s scare factors lose.12.According to 要素价格均等化命题 Factor price equalization proposition , international trade produces a convergence （收敛） of relative goods prices. This convergence, in turns, causes the convergence of the relative factor prices. Trade leads to complete equalization of factor prices.（完整的要素价格均等化）13. Three assumptions （假设） crucial to the prediction of factor price equalization are in reality untrue. These assumptions are (1) 两个国家都生产两种产品 both countries produce both goods (2) 两国技术相同 technologies are the same (3) 存在贸易壁垒：天然壁垒和人为壁垒There are barriers to trade: natural barriers and artificial barriers .14.“U.S. exports w ere less capital-intensive than U.S. imports” is known as 里昂惕夫悖论 Leontief paradox .15.The Ricardian Model , the Specific Factor model and the H-O model may be viewed as special cases （特殊情况） of 标准贸易模型 standard trade models16.The standard trade model derives （派生 推导） a world relative supply curve （曲线） fromproduction possibilities and a world relative demand curve from preferences . 17.To export-biased growth, if the decline （下降） of the welfare caused by the deterioration （恶化） of the terms of trade swap over （交换） the rise of the welfare caused by growth, the growth is immiserizing growth (贫困化增长).18. Some economists argued that export-biased growth by poor nations would worsen their term of trade so much that they would be worse off than if they had not grown at all. This situation is known as immiserizing growth (贫困化增长).19.Immiserizing growth demands strict conditions, these conditions are economic growth is strongly export-biased , the growing country is large enough to affect the world price , RS and RD must be very steep .20.According to “ 梅茨勒悖论Metzle paradox ”, t ariffs and export subsidies （补贴） might have perverse （有害的） effects on internal price. 21.In the model of “Monopolistic （垄断） Competition and Trade”, firms of an individual nation face the trade-off between economies of scale and variety of products .22. Marshall argued that there were three main reasons why a cluster of firms （企业集群）may be more efficient than an individual firm in isolation: specialized supplies , labor market pooling ,knowledge spillovers (知识溢出)23.The pattern of intraindustry （产业内） trade itself is unpredicted, history and accident determine the details of the trade pattern.39. When there is external economies （外部经济）, the pattern of international trade is determined by economics of scale interact with comparative advantage .24. The indexes （指标）of intrainindustry trade of a industry can be calculated by the standard formula:25. Interindustry trade and intrainindustry （产业内） trade are the sources of gains from trade . When countries are similar in their relative factor supplies 、scale economies and product differentiations are important , intrainindustry trade is the dominant source （主要来源） of gains from trade, everyone gains from trade. 26.The argument of temporary （暂时的） protection of industries to enable them to gain experience is known as 幼稚产业论the infant industry argument27. If we add together the gains and losses from a tariff, We find the net effect on national welfarecan be separated into two parts: terms of trade gain and efficiency loss 28.Why do countries adopt trade policies such as tariff or import quota, which produce more costs than benefits?—— trade politics29.In the political economy of trade policy （贸易政策的政治经济学） , government are assumed to （被假定为）maximize 政治成功political success rather than 国家福利 national welfare . 30.Deviations from free trade can sometimes increase national welfare. These arguments include the term of trade argument for a tariff and the domestic market failure argument31.According to “Specific rule (对症规则)”, domestic market failure should be corrected by domestic policies aimed directly at the problem’s sources.32. Although market failures are probably common, the domestic market failure argument against free trade should not be applied too freely.First domestic market failure should be corrected bydomestic policies aimed directly at the problems ’ sources ;Second economists cannot diagnose market failure well enough to prescribe policy .33. International trade often produces losers as well as winners. In the actual politics of trade policy,exp 1exp orts importsI orts imports -=-+income distribution is of crucial importance. 集体行动问题The problem of collective action can explain why policies that not only seem to produce more costs than benefits but that also seem to hurt far more voters them they can help can nonetheless be adopted.34.The WTO includes four aspects content: GATT 1994, GATS , TRIPS , TRIMS35.“Nondiscriminatory” principles （非歧视性原则）include most favored nation principle and national treatment principle 36.For preferential （优惠） trading agreements, such as customs union , countries must cede part of their sovereignty to supranational entity （必须放弃部分主权的超国家实体）37.Whether a customs union （关税同盟） is desirable （可取） or undesirable depends on whether it largely leads to trade creation or trade diversion .38.Trade policy in developing countries is concerned with two objectives （涉及两个目标）: promoting industrialization and Coping with the problem of the dual economy . industrialization and coping with the problems of the dual economy. Correspondingly, there are two main arguments for developing countries to pursue policy of import-substituting industrialization. The two arguments are the infant industry argument t and market failure justification for infant industry protection .40. Sophisticated proponents of the infant industry argument have identified two market failures as reasons why infant industry protection may be a good idea: The imperfect capital markets justification and The appropriability argument .Part Ⅱ. True or False (true and false are denoted by “T” and “F”, respectively) 1. If a LW */a L C *<a LW /a L C , Home’s relative productivity in cheese is higher. (T )2. According to the Ricardian model, it is precisely because the relative wage is between the relative productivities that each country ends up with a cost advantage in one good.The good for which *Li a /Li a>w /*w will be produced in Foreign. ( F )3. It is precisely because the relative wage is between the relative productivities that each country ends up with a cost advantage in one good. ( T )4.Long-run convergence(长期收敛) in productivity （生产力）produces long-run convergence inwages. ( T )5. “Korean workers earn only $2.50 an hour; if we allow Korea to export as much as it likes to the United States, our workers will be f orced down to the same level. You can’t import a $5 shirt without importing the $2.50 wage that goes with it.” (F )6.The proposition that trade is beneficial is unqualified(不合格). That is, there is no requirement that a country be “competitive” or that the trade be “fair”. ( T)7. Free trade is beneficial only if your country is strong enough to stand up to foreign competition.( F )8. Foreign competition is unfair and hurts other countries when it is based on low wages. （F ） 9. Trade exploits a country and make it worse off if its workers receive much lower wage than workers in other nations. (F )10.The Ricardian Model predicts an extreme degree(预测一个极端的程度) of specialization(专业化). ( T )11.The Ricardian Model neglects(忽略) the effects on income distribution. (T )12. The basic prediction of the Ricardian model has been strongly confirmed by a number of studies over years. ( T )13. The Ricardian Model predicts that countries tend to export those goods in which their productivity is relative high. ( T )14. We can think of factor specificity as a matter of time. ( T )15.The opportunity cost of manufacture in terms of food is denoted by(表示) MPL M /MPL F . ( F ) 16.A equal proportional change in price have no real effects on the real wage, real income of capital owner and land owner. ( T )17. Trade benefits the factor that is specific to the import-competing sectors of each country buthurts the factor to the export sectors, with ambiguous effects on mobile factors. ( F )18.It is possible in principle for a country’s government to use taxes and subsidies(补贴) to redistribute（重新分配）income to give each individual more of both goods. ( T )19. Although international trade has strong effects on income distribution, there are still possible in principle to make each individual better off. ( T )20. Typically, those who gain from trade in any particular product are a much more concentrated, informed, and organized group than those who lose. ( F )21. Conflicts of interest(利益冲突) within nations are usually more important in determining trade policy than conflicts of interest between nations. ( T )22. Generally, economists do not regard the income distribution effects of trade as a good reason to limit trade. ( T )23.The formulation of trade policy(贸易政策的制定) is a kind of political process(政治进程). ( T )24. “The world’s poorest countries can’t find anything to export. There is no r esource that is abundant—certainly not capital or land, and in small poor nations not even labor is abundant.” ( F ) 25. Wage inequality in U.S. increased between the late 1970s and the early 1990s, economists attribute the change to the growing exports of manufactured goods from NIEs. ( T )26. If the factor-proportion theory was right, a country would always export factors for which the income share exceeded the factor share, import factors for which it was less. ( F )27.The H-O model can predict not only the direction but the volume of trade(贸易量). ( T )28.Factor trade in general turns out to be much smaller than the H-O model predicts. ( T )29. According to an influential recent paper, the H-O model can predict not only the direction but the volume of trade. Factor trade in general turn out to be t he same a s the H-O model predicts.( F )30. Only by dropping the Heckscher-Ohlin assumption that technologies are the same across the countries can the overall pattern of international trade be well predicted by the H-O model.( T )31.If a country want to maximize its national welfare, the consumption point is where the highest isovalue line is tangent to the highest reachable indifference curve. ( T )32.A rise in the terms of trade increases a country’s welfare, while a decline in the terms of trade reduces its welfare. ( T )33.Export-biased growth tends to improve the growing country’s terms of trade at the rest of the world’s expense.( F )34.If the two countries allocate(分配) their change in spending in the same proportions, there will not be a terms of trade effect. ( T )35. If the country receiving a transfer spends a higher proportion of an increase income on its export good than the giver, a transfer raises world relative demand for the recipient’s export good and thus improve its terms of trade. ( T )36.A transfer worsens the donor’s terms of trade if the donor has a higher mariginal propensity to spend on its export good than the recipient(受体). ( T )37.A transfer improves the donor’s terms of trade, worsens recipient’s terms of trade. ( F )38.A transfer of income——say foreign aid——could conceivably leave the recipient worse off. ( T )39.A tariff improves Home’s terms of trade and worsens Foreign’s, while a Home export subsidy worsens Home’s terms of trade and improve Foreign’s.( T )40. Where there is economies of scale, there is imperfectly competitive market structure. ( F )41.If intraindustry trade is the dominant source of gains from trade, everyone gains from trade. ( T )42.Effect on the distribution of income within countries often weight more heavily on policy than terms of trade concerns. ( T )43.The usual market structure in industries characterized by internal economies of scale is monopolistic competition. ( F )44.Today, antidumping(反倾销) may be a device of protectionism. ( T )45.Reciprocal(相互) dumping tends to increase the volume of trade in goods that are quite identical（一致）. ( F )46.It is possible that reciprocal dumping increase national welfare. ( T )47.Strong external(外部) economies tend to “locked in” the existing patterns of interindustry trade, even if the patterns are run counter to(背道而驰) comparative advantage. ( T )48.A trading country can conceivably lose from trade is potentially justify protectionism. ( T )49.Like static external economies, dynamic external economies can lock in an initial advantage in an industry. ( T )50.The stratigic trade policy is related to the model of “Monopolistic competition, differentiate products and intraindustry trade”. ( F )51.The model “Oligopoly, homogeneous products and intraindustry trade” is first developed by Krugman and Helpman . ( F )52.Trade in factors is very much like trade in goods, it occurs for much the same reasons and produces similar results. ( T )53.Trade in factors is an alternative(替代) to trade in goods for the allocation of resources. ( T )54.Wh en a country borrows, it’s intertemporal PPF is biased toward Q P.( F )55.The relative price of future consumption goods Q P is (1+r). ( T )56.The dynamic path of TNC s’ enter foreign market：FDI→Export→Licence. (F )57.Tariffs may have very different effects on different stages of production of a good. ( T )58.Nominal(名义)tariff reflects the effective rate of protection(有效保护率). (F)59.The costs and benefits analysis of a tariff is correct if only the direct gains to producers and consumers in a given market accurately measure the social gains. ( T )60.The costs and benefits analysis of a tari ff is correct if only a dollar’s worth of benefits to each group is the same. ( T )61.A VER is exactly like an import quota which the license are assigned to foreign government.( T )62.VER S are much more costly than tariffs. ( T )63.Local content laws have been widely used by developing countries trying to shift their manufacturing from assembly back into intermediate goods. ( T )64. A political argument for free trade reflects the fact that a political commitment to free trade may be a good idea in practice even though there may be better policies in principle. ( T )65.Deviations from free trade can sometimes increase national welfare. (T )66.For a sufficiently small tariff the terms of trade gain of small country must outweigh theefficiency loss.( F )67.The domestic market failure argument against free trade is intellectually impeccable but of doubtful usefulness. (F )68. “U.S. farm exports don’t just mean higher incomes for farmers — they mean higher income for everyone who sell goods and services to the U.S. farm sector”. This remark is a potential valid argument for export subsidy. ( T )69.Most deviations from free trade are adopted not because their benefit exceed their costs but because the public fails to understand their true costs. ( T )70.If there is marginal social costs rather than marginal social benefits, domestic market failure reinforce the case for free trade. ( T )71.The electoral competition model believes political competition will drive both parties to propose tariffs close to t M, the tariff preferred by the medium voter. ( T )72.The problem of collective action can best be overcome when a group is large and/or well organized. （F ）73.Trade policy that produce more costs than benefits, hurt more consumers than producers can’t be adopted.( F )74. As a violation of the MFN(“most favored nation”) principle, the WTO for bids preferential trading agreements in general, but allows them if they lead to free trade between the agreeing countries. ( T )75.The infant industry argument violates (违背)the principle of comparative advantage ( T )76.Import substituting industrialization(进口替代工业化) violates the principle of comparativeadvantage.( T )77. “Import quotas on capital-intensive industrial goods and subsidies for the import of capital equipment were meant to create manufacturing jobs in many developing countries. Unfortunately, they have probably helped create the urban unemployment problem.” ( T )78.The East Asian Miracle proved that industrialization and development must be based on import substitution. ( F )79.It is impossible for country to make itself worse off by joining accustoms union(联盟). ( F ) PartⅢ. Choose the ONLY one collect answer in each question.1. An important insight（启示）of international trade theory is that when countries exchange goods and services one with the other itA.is always beneficial to both countries.B.is usually beneficial to both countries.C.is typically beneficial only to the lowwage trade partner country .D.is typically harmful to thetechnologically lagging country.E.tends to create unemployment in bothcountries.2. If there are large disparities（差距）in wage levels between countries, thenA. trade is likely to be harmful to both countries.B. trade is likely to be harmful to the country with the high wages.C. trade is likely to be harmful to the country with the low wages.D. trade is likely to be harmful to neither country.E. trade is likely to have no effect on either country.3.Cost-benefit analysis of international trade（成本收益分析）A.is basically useless.B.is empirically intractable.C.focuses attention on conflicts of interestwithin countries.D.focuses attention on conflicts of interestsbetween countries.E.None of the above.4. A primary reason why nations conduct international trade is because of differences inA.historical perspective.B.location.C.resource availabilities.D.tastes.E.incomes. 5. Arguments for free trade are sometimes disregarded（忽视）by the political process becauseA.economists tend to favor highly protecteddomestic markets.B.economists have a universally accepteddecisive power over the political decisionmechanism.C.maximizing consumer welfare may not bea chief priority（优先）for politicians. 扩大消费者福利不是最主要的D.the gains of trade are of paramountconcern to typical consumers.E.None of the above.6.Proponents（支持）of free trade claim allof the following as advantages except＿＿A. relatively high wage levels for all domestic workers.B. a wider selection of products for consumersC. increased competition for world producers.D. the utilization of the most efficient production processes.E. None of the above.In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of one particular product we need information on at least ____unit labor requirementsA.oneB.twoC.threeD fourE five7. A country engaging in trade according tothe principles of comparative advantagegains from trade because itD.is producing exports indirectly moreefficiently than it could alternatively.E.is producing imports indirectly moreefficiently than it could domestically.F.is producing exports using fewer laborunits.G.is producing imports indirectly usingfewer labor units.H.None of the above.8. A nation engaging in trade according tothe Ricardian model will find itsconsumption bundle（消费约束）A.inside its production possibilitiesfrontier.B.on its production possibilities frontier.C.outside its production possibilitiesfrontier（生产可能性边界）.D.inside its trade-partner's productionpossibilities frontier.E.on its trade-partner's productionpossibilities frontier.9.If a very small country trades with a verylarge country according to the Ricardianmodel, thenA.the small country will suffer a decreasein economic welfare.B.the large country will suffer a decreasein economic welfare.C.the small country will enjoy gains fromtrade.D.the large country will enjoy gains fromtrade.E.None of the above.10.If the world terms of trade for a countryare somewhere between the domestic cost ratio of H and that of F, thenA.country H but not country F will gainfrom trade.B.country H and country F will both gainfrom trade.C.neither country H nor F will gain fromtrade.D.only the country whose governmentsubsidizes its exports will gain.E.None of the above.11.If a production possibilities frontier isbowed out (concave to the origin) )(上凸，凹面向原点), then production occursunder conditions ofA.constant opportunity costs.B.increasing opportunity costs.C.decreasing opportunity costs.D.infinite opportunity costs.E.None of the above.12.If two countries have identical productionpossibility frontiers, then trade betweenthem is not likely ifA.their supply curves are identical.B.their cost functions are identical.C.their demand conditions identical.D.their incomes are identical.E.None of the above.13.Assume that labor is the only factor ofproduction and that wages in the UnitedStates equal $20 per hour while wages inJapan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States ascompared to Japan ifA.U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 unitsper hour and Japan's 15 units per hour.B.U.S. productivity equaled 30 units perhour whereas Japan's was 20.C.U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 andJapan's 30.D.U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 andJapan's 25 units per hour.E.None of the above.14.International trade has strong effects onincome distributions. Therefore,international tradeA.is beneficial to everyone in both tradingcountries.B.will tend to hurt one trading country.C.will tend to hurt some groups in eachtrading country.D.will tend to hurt everyone in bothcountries.E.will be beneficial to all those engaged ininternational trade.15.If the price of the capital intensive productrises, wages willA.rise but by less than the price of thecapital-intensive product.（工资刚性，变动较慢）B.rise by more than the rise in the price ofthe capital-intensive product.C.remain proportionally equal to the priceof the capital-intensive product.D.fall, since higher prices cause lessdemand.E.None of the above.16.If Australia has more land per worker, andBelgium has more capital per worker, then if trade were to open up between these two countries,A.the real income of capital owners inAustralia would rise.B.the real income of labor in Australiawould clearly rise.C.the real income of labor in Belgiumwould clearly rise.D.the real income of landowners inBelgium would fall. 贸易知识使一国丰富要素部门得利，稀缺要素部门受损）E.the real incomes of capital owners inboth countries would rise.17.If the price of manufactures and the priceof food increase by 25%, thenA.the economy moves down its aggregatesupply curve.B.the economy moves back along itsaggregate demand curve.C.the relative quantities（相对数量）ofmanufactures and food remainunchanged.D.the relative quantities of productschange by 25%.E.None of the above.18.If the price of manufactures rises, thenA.the price of food also rises.B.the quantity of food produced falls.C.the quantity of both manufactures andfood falls.D.the purchasing power of labor in termsof food falls.E.None of the above.18.Groups that lose from trade tend to lobby(游说)the government to（贸易失利者游说政府）A.shift the direction of comparativeadvantage.B.abolish the Specific Factor model frompractical application.C.provide public support for the relativelyefficient sectors.D.provide protection for the relativelyinefficient sectors.E.None of the above.19.The specific factor model argues that ifland can be used both for food productionand for manufacturing, then a quota thatprotects food production willA.clearly help landowners.B.clearly hurt landowners.C.clearly help manufacture but hurt foodproduction.D.have an ambiguous effect on the welfareof landowners.E.None of the above.20.If, relative to its trade partners, Gambiniahas many workers but very little land andeven less productive capital, then,following the specific factor model, weknow that Gambinia has a comparativeadvantage inA.manufactures.B.food.C.both manufactures and food.D.neither manufactures nor food.E.None of the above.21.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlinmodel, an influx of workers from acrossthe border would（劳动者越过国境流入）A.move the point of production along theproduction possibility curve.B.shift the production possibility curveoutward, and increase the production ofboth goods.C.shift the production possibility curveoutward and decrease the production ofthe labor-intensive product.D.shift the production possibility curveoutward and decrease the production ofthe capital-intensive product.（资本密集型产品产量下降，扩展了生产可能性曲线，相当于扩展了消费的总量）E.None of the above.22.The 1987 study by Bowen, Leamer andSveikauskasA.supported the validity of the LeontieffParadox.B.supported the validity of theHeckscher-Ohlin model.ed a two-country and two-productframework.D.demonstrated that in fact countries tendto use different technologies.E.proved that the U.S.'s comparativeadvantage relied on skilled labor.23.The Case of the Missing Trade refers toA.the 9th volume of the Hardy Boys'Mystery series.B.the fact that world exports does notequal world imports.C.the fact that factor trade is less thanpredicted by the Heckscher-Ohlintheory.D.the fact that the Heckscher Ohlin theorypredicts much less volume of trade thanactually exists.E.None of the above.24.One way in which the Heckscher-Ohlinmodel differs from the Ricardo model ofcomparative advantage is by assumingthat _技术相同__ is (are) identical in all。
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Chapter 19Earnings and DiscriminationTRUE/FALSE1. A compensating differential refers to a difference in wages that arises from nonmonetary characteristics. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Compensating differentials MSC: Definitional2. A compensating differential is a difference in wages due to higher levels of education or other forms of humancapital.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Compensating differentials MSC: Definitional3. The fact that doctors are paid more than economics professors is an example of a compensating differential. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Compensating differentials MSC: Definitional4. A computer is an example of productivity-enhancing human capital.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Human capitalMSC: Definitional5. Higher levels of human capital are correlated with higher earnings because firms are willing to pay more forbetter-educated workers who have higher marginal productivities.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Human capitalMSC: Interpretive6. As a result of an increase in the earnings gap between skilled and unskilled jobs, the incentive to get a collegeeducation has been declining.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skillsMSC: Interpretive7. The rising gap in wages between unskilled and skilled workers is most likely related to a larger increase indemand for unskilled occupations relative to skilled occupations.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skillsMSC: Interpretive8. One hypothesis to explain the rising gap in wages between unskilled and skilled workers in the United Statesis that international trade has altered the relative demands for skilled and unskilled workers.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skillsMSC: Interpretive9. The statement that "the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer" is supported by evidence of an expandingwage gap between high-skill and low-skill workers.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skillsMSC: Interpretive10. Some economists suggest that international trade has led to an expanding wage gap between high-skill andlow-skill workers in the United States.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skillsMSC: Interpretive12871288 Chapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination11. It is increasingly clear that technological change, rather than international trade, has been largely responsiblefor an expanding wage gap between high-skill and low-skill workers.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skillsMSC: Interpretive12. The United States is losing manufacturing jobs to countries like China and India, where manufacturing jobshave increased 30 percent since 1995.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skillsMSC: Applicative13. Since 1995, global manufacturing employment has declined, yet global industrial output has risen.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skillsMSC: Applicative14. One explanation for the loss in manufacturing jobs is that new technologies have replaced the need for someworkers.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skillsMSC: Applicative15. The demand for workers with excellent problem-solving skills is increasing, as are the wages for thoseworkers.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Increasing value of skillsMSC: Applicative16. One reason why better-looking workers may have higher earnings is that physical attractiveness may enhancea worker’s productivity for certain jobs, especially for those workers who deal with the public.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Beauty premiumMSC: Interpretive17. One reason why better-looking workers may have higher earnings is that physical attractiveness is correlatedwith intelligence.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Beauty premiumMSC: Interpretive18. The signaling theory of education maintains that workers who complete specific levels of education signaltheir high productivity to potential to employers.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: SignalingMSC: Definitional19. The signaling theory of education maintains that workers who complete specific levels of education enhancetheir productivity through education.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: SignalingMSC: Definitional20. If the signaling theory of education is correct, then education is correlated with higher earnings because peoplewith higher levels of education are more productive.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: SignalingMSC: InterpretiveChapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination 1289 21. The human-capital theory of education maintains that workers who complete specific levels of educationenhance their productivity through education.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Human capital | SignalingMSC: Definitional22. Education and on-the-job training are sources of human capital.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Human capitalMSC: Applicative23. The superstar phenomenon explains why professional athletes earn more than amateur athletes.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Superstar phenomenonMSC: Definitional24. Superstars earn high incomes due to their ability to satisfy the demands of millions of people at once.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: SuperstarsMSC: Interpretive25. An effective minimum wage law will increase the quantity of labor demanded.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Above-equilibrium wagesMSC: Applicative26. Labor unions will raise the quantity of labor demanded.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: UnionsMSC: Applicative27. Efficiency wages will raise the quantity of labor supplied to the market.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Efficiency wagesMSC: Applicative28. Efficiency wages decrease employee effort.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Above-equilibrium wagesMSC: Interpretive29. Efficiency wages decrease employee turnover.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Above-equilibrium wagesMSC: Interpretive30. Economic theory of labor markets suggests that wages are governed by labor supply and labor demand. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: WagesMSC: Applicative31. Empirical evidence suggests that ability, effort, and chance are not likely to be significant contributors to wagedifferences.ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: WagesMSC: Interpretive32. Discrimination is a reflection of some people's prejudice against certain groups in society.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: DiscriminationMSC: Definitional1290 Chapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination33. Differences in human capital among groups of workers is possibly a reflection of past discrimination.ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: DiscriminationMSC: Interpretive34. Discrimination is an emotionally charged issue that is impossible to study objectively.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: DiscriminationMSC: Interpretive35. When differences in human capital among workers lead to discrimination, the differences are typically a resultof social or political processes rather than economic processes.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: DiscriminationMSC: Interpretive36. When comparing average wages for black and white workers in the United States, wages paid to blackworkers have been about 20 percent less than those paid to white workers.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discrimination MSC: Applicative37. When comparing average wages for male and female workers in the United States, wages paid to females havebeen about 40 percent less than those paid to male workers.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discrimination MSC: Applicative38. Politicians often point to average wage differentials as evidence of labor-market discrimination against ethnicminorities and women; however, economists argue against this approach because they don't trust any of the statistics quoted by the politicians.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discrimination MSC: Interpretive39. Politicians often point to wage differentials as evidence of labor-market discrimination against ethnicminorities and women; however, economists argue against this approach because people differ in the kinds of work they are willing and able to do.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discrimination MSC: Interpretive40. Economists would argue that the gender wage gap is narrowing because of efficiency wages.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-2 | 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor marketsTOP: Labor-market discrimination | Efficiency wages MSC: Interpretive41. All differences in wages that are not accounted for by differences in human-capital investment are likely to bea result of discrimination.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discrimination MSC: Interpretive42. In a labor market free from discrimination, wages for workers that are employed by the same company willstill differ.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-2 | 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor marketsTOP: Labor-market discrimination | Human capital MSC: InterpretiveChapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination 1291 43. Evidence of discrimination is most apparent when one compares wages among broad groups.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discrimination MSC: Interpretive44. When discrimination occurs as a result of prejudice, firms do not maximize profits.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discrimination MSC: Interpretive45. Consumers are often a primary source of discrimination in labor markets.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discrimination MSC: Interpretive46. Discrimination is usually not a profit-maximizing strategy.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: DiscriminationMSC: Interpretive47. One example of labor-market discrimination is that firms may be less likely to interview job-marketcandidates whose names suggest that they are members of a racial minority.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discrimination MSC: Interpretive48. If people with blue eyes earn more than people with brown eyes, we have proof of discrimination againstpeople with brown eyes.ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: DiscriminationMSC: Interpretive49. Profit-maximizing, competitive firms will not discriminate in the hiring of workers unless consumers exercisea preference for discrimination in product markets or governments mandate discrimination.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discrimination MSC: Interpretive50. Streetcar owners in the early 20th century were against segregation for profit maximizing reasons.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: DiscriminationMSC: Interpretive51. Experimental evidence indicates women choose less competitive environments than men.ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 19-2NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Gender differencesMSC: InterpretiveSHORT ANSWER1. After graduating from college, you receive job offers from five different accounting firms. All job offers havea different compensation package. Is it irrational for you to accept an offer that doesn't provide the highestlevel of monetary compensation? Use the concept of compensating differentials to explain your answer. ANS:Compensating differentials refer to differences in job characteristics across different occupations. But compensating differentials can also lead to differences in job characteristics within an occupation. Such considerations may include geographic location and quality-of-life issues associated with a particular job offer. Thus, it is not irrational to consider nonmonetary compensation.DIF: 2 REF: 19-1 NAT: ReflectiveLOC: Labor markets TOP: Compensating differentialsMSC: Analytical1292 Chapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination2. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has long argued that nationally-prominent collegeathletes are compensated with an investment in human capital that far exceeds the monetary reward of playing professional sports. Examine this argument in light of your knowledge of human capital theory and theeconomic theory of labor markets.ANS:Many economists would argue that the NCAA is the most exploitative organization in the United States, considering the value that star student athletes contribute to a university. Most would argue that the education that star student athletes receive is of less value than what the athletes contribute.DIF: 2 REF: 19-1 NAT: ReflectiveLOC: Labor markets TOP: Human capitalMSC: Analytical3. A recent study of the determinants of wages for clerical staff at a state university found that years of schooling,years of experience, age and job characteristics only explained about one-half of the difference in wages.Describe other factors that may be important in explaining wages differences for clerical staff.ANS:Other factors may include gender, job tenure, and job responsibilities, ability and effort.DIF: 2 REF: 19-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Labor markets TOP: Wages MSC: Analytical4. Explain the theory that education acts as a signaling device. How does this contrast with the theory ofeducation as an investment in human capital?ANS:The theory of signaling suggests that those who have desirable "productivity" characteristics are more likely to finish educational programs. The human capital theory suggests that productivity characteristics are enhanced by the learning that takes place in formal educational programs.DIF: 2 REF: 19-1 NAT: ReflectiveLOC: Labor markets TOP: Human capital | SignalingMSC: Definitional5. List the productivity factors that may explain the differences in pay between men and women in similaroccupations. Do any of these factors arise as a result of cultural or social traditions? If so, describe howchanges in social relationships will affect the pay gap over time.ANS:Job experience, education, lifetime patterns of work experience, etc. The gap should narrow as the cultural and social barriers to female access to productivity-enhancing experiences are reduced.DIF: 2 REF: 19-2 NAT: ReflectiveLOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discriminationMSC: Analytical6. Explain the role of job experience in explaining the differences between the average wages of men andwomen.ANS:Women, who have primary responsibility for housework and child-rearing duties, typically have less continuity in the labor force. As such, there is a difference in the average years of job experience between men and women. DIF: 2 REF: 19-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discriminationMSC: AnalyticalChapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination 1293 7. Explain how compensating differentials could contribute to differences between the average wages of men andwomen.ANS:Men and women may, on average, select different career paths. If men tend to be more concentrated in jobs that have less desirable working conditions, then compensating differentials can explain some of the difference in wages between men and women.DIF: 2 REF: 19-2 | 19-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Labor marketsTOP: Labor-market discrimination | Compensating differentialsMSC: Applicative8. Evaluate the following statement: "The gender pay gap provides evidence of widespread, severe, ongoingdiscrimination by employers and fellow workers."ANS:There are many explanations of the gender pay gap. Some are associated with discrimination both by consumers and employers. Others are not associated with discrimination. Examples of factors that would explain why men earn more than women, on average, but that are not associated with discrimination include years of labor-market experience, types of jobs, levels of human capital, and on-the-job training.DIF: 2 REF: 19-2 NAT: ReflectiveLOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discriminationMSC: Analytical9. In a recent U.S. presidential campaign, a lobbyist for a prominent national women's organization made theclaim that women in the United States earn $0.60 for every $1.00 earned by a man. A reporter, who wasprepared for this statement, asked the lobbyist why wages paid to the organization's secretarial staff (all of whom were women) were significantly below the national average if they were truly interested in raising the rates of compensation for women. If you were the lobbyist, how would you have answered this question? Do you think your answer is convincing? Explain.ANS:The lobbyist would likely respond by citing factors that explain wage differences on the basis of compensating differentials, education, and job experience. These arguments would be convincing to those who subscribe to the marginal productivity theory of compensation.DIF: 2 REF: 19-2 NAT: ReflectiveLOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discriminationMSC: Analytical10. Explain the role that consumers play in perpetuating discrimination in labor markets.ANS:Consumers are able to exercise their biases when they purchase goods and services. For example, if consumers prefer to have female personal trainers than male personal trainers, then firms may respond to these preferences by paying a higher wage to attract female personal trainers. The higher wage paid to women based solely on their gender (or the lower wage paid to male trainers based solely on their gender) would be an example of discrimination driven by consumer preferences.DIF: 2 REF: 19-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discriminationMSC: Applicative11. Explain why the following situation is likely to persist: soccer players in Europe are the highest paid athletesand in the US they are among the lowest paid athletes.ANS:Consumers use personal preferences when they make purchases. In this case, US consumers prefer other sports such as baseball, basketball, or football over soccer. Although over time we would expect a movement together in compensations for athletes in different sports, the discriminatory preferences of consumers allow the gap to persist over time.DIF: 2 REF: 19-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market discriminationMSC: Applicative1294 Chapter 19/Earnings and DiscriminationSec 01--Some Determinants of Equilibrium WagesMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Effective minimum-wage laws will most likelya.increase demand for labor.b.create a surplus of labor.c.increase incomes for all unskilled workers.d.decrease incomes for all unskilled workers.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Above-equilibrium wagesMSC: Applicative2. Above-equilibrium wages caused by efficiency wages will most likely result ina. a shortage of labor.b.increased unemployment.pensating wage differentials.d.an decrease in the quantity of labor supplied.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Above-equilibrium wagesMSC: Applicative3. If we were to observe above-equilibrium wages in a particular labor market, then a possible explanation mightbe thata.the theory of efficiency wages holds true for that market.b.there is a powerful labor union representing workers in that market.c.workers are largely unskilled and/or inexperienced and minimum-wage laws are effectively holdingwages up in that market.d.All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Above-equilibrium wagesMSC: Applicative4. Which of the following statements is not correct?a.Some firms pay wages that are above the equilibrium wage.b.Workers sometimes form labor unions to push their wages up.c.Wages never deviate from the balance of supply and demand in the market for labor.d.The federal government mandates that employers pay their workers at least as much as theminimum wage.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor marketsTOP: Wages | Above-equilibrium wages MSC: Interpretive5. Which of the following is not a consequence of above-equilibrium wages in a labor market?a. a surplus of laborb.unemploymentc.more unionized jobsd.All of the above are consequences of above-equilibrium wages.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Above-equilibrium wagesMSC: AnalyticalChapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination 12956. Which of the following is the most likely outcome of minimum wage laws?a.an increase in both the quantity of labor supplied by workers and the quantity of labor demanded byfirmsb.an increase in the quantity of labor supplied by workers and a decrease in the quantity of labordemanded by firmsc. a decrease in the quantity of labor supplied by workers and an increase in the quantity of labordemanded by firmsd. a decrease in both the quantity of labor supplied by workers and the quantity of labor demanded byfirmsANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Above-equilibrium wagesMSC: ApplicativeFigure 19-17. Refer to Figure 19-1. Some policymakers have argued that the government should establish a "living wage."A living wage would provide workers a reasonable standard of living in their city or region. If a living wage of$10 per hour is established in the market pictured here, we would expecta.employment will increase to 14 million.b.employment will decrease to 8 million.c.the wage will actually rise to $20 per hour.d.there will be a surplus of 14 million workers.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Above-equilibrium wagesMSC: Analytical8. Refer to Figure 19-1. Suppose the local labor market was in equilibrium to begin with but then the largestlocal employer decided to change its compensation scheme to $10 as shown. Which of the followingcompensation schemes could the graph be illustrating?a.An efficiency wage.b.Discrimination.c. A compensating differential.d.The superstar phenomenon.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Reflective LOC: Labor markets TOP: Above-equilibrium wagesMSC: Analytical1296 Chapter 19/Earnings and Discrimination9. Refer to Figure 19-1. What is the loss associated with wages moving from $8 to $10?a. 2 million jobs.b. 6 million jobs.c.8 million jobs.d.14 million jobs.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Above-equilibrium wages MSC: AnalyticalFigure 19-210. Refer to Figure 19-2. This figure depicts labor demand and supply in a nonunionized labor market. Theoriginal equilibrium is at point A. If a labor union subsequently establishes a union shop and negotiates an hourly wage of $20, then there will be an excessa.supply of 3,000 workers.b.demand of 7,000 workers.c.supply of 4,000 workers.d.supply of 7,000 workers.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor marketsTOP: Above-equilibrium wages | Unions MSC: Analytical11. Refer to Figure 19-2. This figure depicts labor demand and supply in a nonunionized labor market. Theoriginal equilibrium is at point A. If a labor union subsequently establishes a union shop and negotiates an hourly wage of $20, then the employment levela.increases from 6,000 to 10,000.b.increases from 3,000 to 10,000.c.decreases from 10,000 to 3,000.d.decreases from 6,000 to 3,000.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor marketsTOP: Above-equilibrium wages | Unions MSC: AnalyticalFigure 19-3The manufacturing labor market.12. Refer to Figure 19-3. Suppose the manufacturing labor market, which is non-unionized, is in equilibrium at awage equal to $30. Suppose now that the AFL-CIO (a labor organization) organizes the workers in themanufacturing market and negotiates a wage of $38 per hour. Because of the union,a.10 people who were once employed are now unemployed.b.20 people who were once employed are now unemployed.c.40 people who were once employed are now unemployed.d.20 people who were once unemployed are now employed.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor marketsTOP: Above-equilibrium wages | Unions MSC: Analytical13. Refer to Figure 19-3. Suppose the manufacturing labor market, which is non-unionized, is in equilibrium at awage equal to $30. Suppose now that the AFL-CIO (a labor organization) organizes the workers in themanufacturing market and negotiates a wage of $38 per hour. After the workers become unionized, how many workers do manufacturing firms collectively hire?a.130 workersb.150 workersc.170 workersd.There is not enough information to determine the number of workers.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor marketsTOP: Above-equilibrium wages | Unions MSC: Analytical14. Which of the following is not an example of efficiency wages?a.More productive workers are paid more to reflect their higher output.b.Higher wages induce higher output from workers.c.Better quality applicants apply for jobs that pay above-equilibrium wages.d.Workers are less likely to leave jobs that pay above-equilibrium wages.ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor marketsTOP: Efficiency wages | Above-equilibrium wages MSC: Analytical15. Which of the following is true of minimum-wage laws?a.They affect skilled workers’ wages.b.They create above-equilibrium wages for some unskilled workers.c.They create a shortage of unskilled labor.d.They negatively affect the employment of skilled workers.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Above-equilibrium wages MSC: Applicative16. A difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs is known asa. a compensating differential.b.an inefficiency wage.c.the equilibrium difference.d. a union wage.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Compensating differentials MSC: Definitional17. Working in a slaughterhouse is much riskier and more unpleasant than working in a bookstore. As a result,we'd expect a difference in wages between the two jobs. The difference is known asa.an efficiency wage.b. a compensating differential.c. a wage adjustment.d. a minimum wage.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Compensating differentials MSC: Definitional18. The term "compensating differential" refers toa.the fact that workers who do similar work should be paid the same wage.b.the fact that some workers live further from their jobs than do other workers.c. a wage difference that is distinguishable on the basis of monetary characteristics.d. a wage difference that arises from nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Compensating differentials MSC: Definitional19. A difference in wages that reflects differences in the nonpay features of two jobs is calleda. a compensating differential.b. a wage adjustment.c.an efficiency wage.d. a minimum wage.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Compensating differentials MSC: Definitional20. Many kindergarten teachers have advanced educational degrees, yet they have lower average earnings thatother individuals with similar educational levels. A potential explanation for the differences in earnings is that kindergarten teachersa.have more pleasant working conditions.b.have less pleasant working conditions.c.work longer hours.d.must pass certification tests.ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 19-1NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Compensating differentials MSC: Applicative。