专八写作讲义完整
专八范文讲解
专八范文背诵：好邻居的标准是什么？几乎每个家庭都有邻居，并且，每个完整的家庭都有邻居。
邻居是一个家庭不可或缺的一部分。
什么样的邻居是好邻居呢？说说你的想法。
Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer.If you have a good neighbor, you are a lucky person. You have someone who cares about your needs and your property, who is helpful in the little day-to-day situations that come up, and who is supportive in times of crisis.A good neighbor is someone who, for instance, understands that your children may occasionally run across his lawn, even though you tell them not to. He'll realize that children can be careless about things like that, and he won't make a big fuss about it unless it becomes a regular thing. In the same vein, he knows that you'll understand if some of the trash from his trash cans blows across into your yard. IN other words, he is sensitive to the unintentional things that can happen. He doesn't make a big deal about them.A good neighbor is also respectful of your property. For example, she asks your permission before doing anything that interferes with what's yours. This means she wouldn't plant a huge tree in between your houses without asking how you feel about it. If she wanted to put up a fence, she would let you know first. She might work with you to decide where it should be placed. Maybe the two of you would even split the cost.A good neighbor would lend you some milk if you ran out . She'd give you a ride to work if your car was broken, and let your children stay at her house in the evening if you got stuck working overtime. You would do the same for her. Both of you would help make the other's life easier.When something really awful happens to you, like a death in the family, a good neighbor will volunteer to help in any way he can. This could mean something small, like making some casseroles to put in your freezer to feed vesting relatives, Or it could mean something big, like helping you get through the sadness of the funeral.I think only someone who has experienced a bad neighbor can really appreciate a good one!A good neighbor can be a good friend. He or she can make all the difference in the world to your life.专八范文背诵：如何看待儿童早上学关于儿童是不是该早上学，人们的意见有很大分歧。
八年级英语作文讲义
八年级英语作文讲义Eight Grade English Composition Lecture NotesToday, we are going to talk about how to write a good English composition. A good English composition should have a clear structure, logical ideas, and correct grammar.Let's start with the introduction.The introduction is the beginning of your composition, where you introduce the topic and grab the reader's attention. You can start with a question, a quote, or an interesting fact to hook the reader. Then, you should provide some background information about the topic and clearly state your thesis or main idea.The body paragraphs are where you develop your ideas and provide supporting details. Each paragraph should focus on one main idea and have a topic sentence to introduce the idea. Use examples, evidence, and explanations to support your points. Make sure to use transition words and phrases to connect your ideas and make the writing flow smoothly.Finally, the conclusion is the ending of your composition, where you summarize your main points andrestate your thesis. You can also make a final comment or recommendation related to the topic. Avoid introducing new ideas in the conclusion.Now, let's talk about some tips for improving your English composition writing.First, read a lot of English essays and articles to learn from other writers' styles and techniques. Pay attention to how they structure their compositions and use language to convey their ideas.Second, practice writing regularly. The more you write, the better you will become. Set aside time each day towrite about different topics and experiment with different writing styles.Third, get feedback from others. Ask your teachers, classmates, or family members to read your compositions and give you constructive criticism. Use their feedback to improve your writing.In conclusion, writing a good English composition takes practice and patience. By following the structure of introduction, body, and conclusion, and incorporatingsupporting details and clear language, you can create awell-written composition. Remember to read and write regularly, and seek feedback to continue improving your writing skills.今天，我们要讨论如何写好一篇英语作文。
专八作文讲座(幻灯2010)PPT课件
专八作文讲座
2试大纲（新变化）
时间：45分钟。 字数：400单词。
CHENLI
2
二 作文评分
1. 评分标准： 内容(content) 结构(organization) 语言(language)
2. 评分方法：整体评分法(global scoring)。
5. But I argue that euthanasia, even if voluntary, should not be legalized.
CHENLI
11
●一个好的论点句不仅要表达作者的态度，还需要 根据要求对题目的范围进行控制和确定。 ① Whatever pressures, academic or professional, experienced by students, cheating on the exam is not allowed. ② Academic and professional pressures make it understandable that cheating on the exam is widespread on the campus today. (sympathetic) ③ Cheating on the exam is popular on the campus today because of academic and professional pressures. (mutual attitude)
英语专业八级考试辅导讲座1-写作
03
Note taking
Take notes on important information and ideas that you
encounter in your reading or in class. This will help you organize
your thoughts and arguments in your writing.
Write regularly
Practice writing essays and other writing tasks on a regular basis. This will help you improve your language expression ability and essay writing skills.
The Writing section of the exam assesses candidates' ability to write coherent, grammatically correct, and well-structured English texts.
Successful completion of this exam can lead to opportunities for higher education and career advancement.
exercises • Exam preparation suggestions and
prospects
01
introduction
Exam background and importance
The English Proficiency Test is a crucial exam for evaluating candidates' English language proficiency. Band 8 is the highest level, indicating a high level of English proficiency.
最新专八人文知识讲义学习资料
Unit One English Literature and American LiteratureSection One English Literature1. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Rome and Greek culture, new discovery in geography and astrology and the religious reformation and the economic expansion.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress（天路历程）is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.3. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, Alexander Pope （蒲柏）was the first to introduce rationalism to England.4. Generally speaking, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is humanism.5. In “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets 18), “this” refers to poetry.6. About Renaissance, a) humanism is the essence; b) Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation; c) The Elizabethan drama, in its totality, is the real stream of the English Renaissance.7. It is Geoffrey Chaucer （杰弗里﹒乔叟）alone who, for the first time in English Literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.8. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” is the beginning line of one of Shakespeare’s sonnets.9. The reasons for that Edmund Spenser （斯宾塞）is f amous for “the poets’poet” are Spenser’s idealism, his love of beauty and his exquisite melody.10. Marlowe （马洛）gave new vigor to blank verse with his “mighty lines”.11. In Shelly’s “To a Skylark”, （雪莱，《云雀颂》）the bird, suspended between reality and poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the poet both celestial rapture and human limitation.12. “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?…and if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it As hard for you to leave, as it is now for me to leave you.” The above quoted passage is most probably taken from Jane Eyre.13. The sentences “and now he stared at her so earnestly that I thought the very intensity of his ga ze would bring tears into his eyes; but they burned with anguish, they did not melt” are found in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte.14. The most eminent dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson（琼森）.15. Descriptions about the Neoclassical Period: a) The Neoclassical Period is prior to the Romantic Period; b) Henry Fielding （菲尔丁）is one of the representatives of the Neoclassical period; c) The modern English novel came into being in the Neoclassical period.16. “O prince, O chief of my throned powers, / That led th’ embattled separation to war / Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds / Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king’. In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Lost, the phrase “thy conduct’refers to Satan’s conduct.17. Comments on William Blake（布莱克）: a) Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience; b) Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity; c) Symbolism in wide range is a distinctive feature of his poetry.18. It is generally regarded that Keat’s （济慈）most important and mature poems are in the form of ode.19. Daniel Defoe’s （笛福《鲁宾逊漂流记》）novels mainly focus on the struggle of the shipwrecked persons for security.20. In the Shepherds Calendar, Edmund Spenser tried to express his laments over the loss of Rosalind.21. In Beowulf, （《贝尔武甫》）Beowulf fought against the monster Grendel and a five breathing dragon.22. In Spenser’s masterpiece The Faerie Queen, （《仙后》）he speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman.23. Francis Bacon is best known for his essays which greatly influenced the development of this literary form.24. The literary form of The Faerie Queen is allegorical poem.25. The characteristics of Spenser’s poetry are a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination.26. Most of Thomas Hardy’s novels are set in Wessex（威塞克斯）, a fictional primitive region.27. We can perhaps describe the west wind in Shelly’s poem Ode to the West Wind as swift, proud and wild.28. “Blindness”, “Partiality”, “Prejudice” and “Absurdity” in the novel Pride and Prejudice are most likely the characteristics of Elizabeth.29. The modern English novel came into being in the middle of the 18th century.30. In terms of Pride and Prejudice, a) it is the most popular of Jane Austen’s novel; b) it is originally drafted as “First Impressions’; c) In it, the author explores the relationship between great love and realistic benefits.31. Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to 1836-1901.32. Dickens’ first child hero is Oliver Twist.33. R. B. Sheridanh （谢里丹）was the only important English dramatist of the 18th century. His plays especially The Rivals（《情敌》）and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernald Shaw.34. Middlemarch（《弥德玛契》）is considered to the George Eliot’s （艾略特）greatest novel, owing to a) it vividly depicts English country life; b) it provides a panoramic view of life; c) it reveals women’s true feelings.35. As the most gifted of the “University Wits”, Marlowe composed six plays within his short life, and among which there are Tamburlaine（《帖木儿大帝》）, Dr. Faustus（《浮士德》）and The Jew of Malta.36. The Romantic Period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly and Keats are the major poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.37. The author of the writing The Return of the Native（《还乡》）is Thomas Hardy.38. The Major figures of modernist movement are Eliot, Joyce and Dickens.39. “At last she spoke to me. When she addressed the first words to me I was so confused that I did not know what to answer. She asked me was I going to Araby. I forgot whether I answered yes or no. It would be a splendid bazaar, she said; she would love to go.” The passage is taken from James Joyce’s Dubliners.40. Tess of the D’Urbervilles, one of Thomas Hardy’s best known novels, portrays man as having no control over his own fate.41. The author of the writing Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage（《恰尔德﹒哈罗德游记》）is Byron.42. Pilgrimage（《游记》）, Ulysses and Mrs. Dalloway are stream-of-consciousness novels.43. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling brings Henry Feilding the name of the “Prose Homer”. Of all the 18th century novelists, he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.44. In the Robert Browning’s works, The Ring and the Book established his position as one of the greatest English poets.45. The major concern of D. H. Law rence’s fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.46. George Bernard Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.47. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southy (骚塞)and William Wordsworth are r egarded as “Lake Poets’.48. Generally, English Romanticism refers to the period of 1836-1901.49. The protagonist of Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge（《卡斯特桥市长》）is a man of self-sufficience.50. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for spiritual salvation.51. The lines “Death, be not proud, though some have called thee / Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;” are found in John Donne’s （多恩、邓恩）writings.52. Contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, the modern English novel gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.53. In Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard（《墓园挽歌》）, Thomas Gray reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despite them and bring havoc on them.54. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, writers in the Victorian Period shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. 55. Thomas Hardy not only continued to expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities, but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions and morals.56. The protagonist of the poem Love Song of T. Alfred Prufrock（《J﹒阿尔弗雷德﹒普鲁弗洛克的情歌》艾略特）is a kind of figure caught in a sense of deafened idealism and tortured by satisfied desires. He is neurotic, self-important and illogical.57. The sentence “Read not to contradict and confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but t o weigh and consider” is from the essay Of Study by Francis Bacon.58. Women in Love is considered to be a better-structured novel of D. H. Lawrence’s.It is regarded to be a more profoundly ordered novel than any other writing by him.59. In the first part of Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver told his experience in Lilliput.60. In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the leading figure among the host of playwrights.61. Francis Bacon lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.62. Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasized that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.63. Dickens’ works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.64. James Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novel, and his novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man（《一个青年艺术家的肖像》）is a naturalistic account of the hero’s bitter experiences and his final artistic and spiritual liberation. Ulysses has become a prime example of modernism in literature and it could hardly be termed as a traditional novel, because there is no story, no plot and no action inside65. Don Juan’s （《唐璜》拜伦）writings can be regarded as typically belonging to the school of Romantic literary.66. Byronic hero can be described as proud, mysterious and progressive.67. In Daniel Defoe’s novels, his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor is shown. Robinson Crusoe is his first novel and is universally considered his masterpiece.68. In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. 69. After reading the first chapter of Pride and Prejudice, we may come to know that Mrs. Bennet is a woman of simple character and poor understanding.70. According to D. H. Lawrence, George Eliot was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside”.71. The poetic form which Browning attached to maturity and perfection is dramatic monologue.72. The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.73. “The V anity Fair”（名利场）is a well-known part in The Pilgrim’s Progress.74. In The Songs and Sonnets（《歌与十四行诗》）, for which Donne is probably best known, love is the basic theme.75. Bitter Satire is a typical feature of Swift’s （斯威夫特）writings.76. The period of Old English literature refers to about the year 450-the year of 1066.77. The middle of the 18th century was predominated by a newly literary form, that is the modern English novel, which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.78. The protagonist of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine is a man of cruelty and ambition.79. In Oliver Twist（《雾都孤儿》）, Charles criticizes dehumanizing of workhouse system.80. Henry IV by Shakespeare is history play.81. William Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.82. Charles’ works include A Tale of Two Cities, Hard Times and Oliver Twist.83. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. The School for Scandal is his masterpiece.84. The sentences, “This fair is no new-erected business, but a thing of ancient standing; I will show you the original of it”, are taken from The V anity Fair.85. Charles Dickens’serious intention is to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. The later works such as A Tale of Two Cities, show his development towards a highly conscious artist of the modern type.86. In his novel Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the hard-working people.87. The 18th century England is known as the Enlightenment in the history.88. George Bernard Shaw’s career as a dramatist began in 1892, when his first play Widowers’Houses（《鳏夫的房产》）was put on by the Independent Theater Society. He began his literary career by writing novels soon after his settling down in London. His plays can be termed as problem plays.89. In Hardy’s “Wessex” novels, there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.90. In Leda and the Swan by William Butler Yeats we can find the allusion to Helen and the Trojan Way.91. The Waste Land（《荒原》）by T. S. Eliot （艾略特）is hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th century English poetry.Section Two American Literature1. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. Rationalism was the dominant spirit.2. “God help them that help themselves” is found in Franklin’s work.3. Franklin was a scientist and a master of diplomacy. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.4. Declaration of Independence stirred the world and helped form the American republic.5. Common Sense, The American Crisis and The Rights of Man are connected with Thomas Paine.6. “These are the times that try men’s souls”, these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Their author is Thomas Paine.7. Philip Freneau （弗雷诺）was a satirist, a pamphleteer and a poet. He wrote The Wild Honey Suckle（《野金银花》）. He was considered as the “Poet of American Revolution”.8. At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the Enlightenment Movement.9. Hawthorne （霍桑）is a great allegorist and a master of symbolism. One source of evil that he is concerned mostis over-reaching intellect.10. In Walt Whitman’s There was a Child Went Forth（《有一个孩子向前走去》）, the child refers to the young America.11. In Moby-Dick（《白鲸》、《莫比敌》）, the voyage symbolizes a search for truth. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize mystery of the universe, power of the Great Nature and evil of the world. It is regarded as the first American prose epic. For Melville, as well as for the reader and Ishmael, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the Universe.12. Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communication with nature.13. The Transcendentalist （先验论、超验主义）group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.14. The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a puritan community are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways. In this writing, “A”may stand for “Adultery”, “Angel” and “Amiable”.15. The Romantic Period of American literature started with the publication of Washington Irving（欧文）’s The Sketch Book（《见闻札记》）and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass（《草叶集》）. And The Sketch Book signs the beginning of the American literature.16. Washington Irving’s social conservation and literary for the past is revealed, to some extent,in his famous story Rip V an Winkle（《瑞普﹒凡﹒温克尔》）. The convention of the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature in American literature is particularly evident in this writing. His fame mainly rested on his Tales about America.17. Poe’s （艾伦﹒坡）first collection of short stories is Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque（《怪诞奇异故事集》）.18. Characters which appear in the novel The Scarlet Letter include Hester Prynne, Atthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth and Pearl.19. Typee（《泰比》）was a romanticized account of Melville’s （麦尔维尔）stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville become known as the “man who lived among cannibals”.20. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as the Romantic Period.21. Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne include The House of the Seven Gables（《有七个尖角阁的房子》）, The Marble Faun （《玉石雕像》）and The Blithedale Romance（《福谷传奇》）.22. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is religion, love and marriage, and life and death. Emily Dickinson’s poetic idiom is noted for brevity, directness and plainest.23.The thought “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity” is reflected in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown（《小伙子布朗》、《好人布朗》、《古德曼》）. He is the most ambivalent writer in the American literary history.24. Washington Irving’s Rip V an Winkle is famous for Rip’s 20-year sleep.25. The publication of Nature established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.26. In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.27. Typee, Omoo（《奥穆》）and Mardi（《玛地》）drew from Melville’s adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands.28. In the poem Song of Myself, Whitman sets forth the principle beliefs of the theory of university and singularity and equality of all beings in value.29. Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass” and the self as well.30. Emily Dickinson’s poems (441) “This is my letter to the World” expresses the poet’s anxiety about hercommunication with the outside world.31. Poems by Walt Whitman are characterized by free-flowing, simple and rather crude, conversational and casual.32. Writings finished by Ralph Waldo Emerson include Nature（《论自然》）, Essays（《散文集》）and The Over-Soul（《论超灵》）.33. In I heard a Fly buzz-when I died（《我在死时听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声》）, Emily Dickinson describes the moment of death peacefully.34. Books written by Emerson include Representative Men（《代表人物》）, English Traits（《英国人的特征》）and Nature.35. The Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States refers to the period from 1865 to 1914.36. Henry James, William Dean Howells and Mark Twain are the representativ e writers in the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States.37. Innocents Abroad（《傻子出国记》）explores the scrupulous individualism in a world of fantastic speculation and unstable values, and gives its name to the get-rich-quick years of the post Civil War era.38. An American Tragedy is considered to be Theodore Dreiser’s greatest work.39. Daisy Miller is a novella about a young American girl who gets “killed” by the winter in Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first.40. Stylistically. Henry James’ fiction is characterized by highly refined language.41. Huckleberry Finn（《哈克贝里芬历险记》）is described by Mark Twain as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience.”42. The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors and The Golden Bowl are novels by Henry James dealing with the international theme.43. Darwin exerts the single most important influence on literary naturalism, of which Theodore Dreiser and Jack London are among the best representative writers.44. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his local color.45. In Henry James’Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of the free spirit of the New World.46. The literary characters of the American type in the early 19th century are generally characterized by the features that they speak local dialects, that they are simple and crude farmers, and that they are noble savages (red and white) untainted by society.47. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, realism became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of 19th century.48. Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be pessimists.49. Henry James experimented with many different themes in his literary career, the most influential one being international theme.50. Theodore Dreiser is generally regarded as one of America’s naturalists.51. Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire（《欲望三部曲》）includes three novels. They are T he Financier（《金融家》）, The Titan（《巨人》）and The Stoic（《斯多葛》）.52. The book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to The Adventures of huckleberry Finn.53. The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American naturalism.54. Mark Twain had led an active life in the very center of the American experience. He had been a printer, pilot, soldier, silver-minor, gold-washer, lecturer, traveler, businessman, novelist and autobiographer.55. While embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel Martin Eden.56. In 1900, London published his first collection of short stories, named The Son of the Wolf（《狼孩》）.57. Stephen Crane’s best short stories include Open Boat（《小划子》）, An Experiment and The Blue Hotel, all reinforcing the basic Crane motif environment and heredity overwhelming man.58. Dreiser was left-oriented in his views. He visited Russia and wrote Dreiser Looks at Russia and Tragic America to express his new faith, and shortly before his death, he joined the Communist Party.59. In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway presents his philosophy about life and death through the depiction of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy.60. F. Scott Fitzgerald （费兹杰拉特）is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. His fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Period.61. The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway’s first true love novel in which he depicts a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation”.62. Ezra Pound（庞德）, William Carlos Williams and Robert Frost belong to “The Lost Generation”.63. In a tragic sense, The Old Man and the Sea is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable forces in which only a partial victory is possible.64. Faulkner once said that The Sound and the Fury（《喧哗与骚动》）is a story of “lost innocence”, which proves itself to be an intensification of the theme of imprisonment in the past.65. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms—the sonnets, rhyming couplets, blank verse—with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of New England farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax. 66. Ezra Pound, one of the most important poets in his time, is a leading spokesman of the“Imagist Movement”.67. Sinclair Lewis’Babbitt（《巴比特》）presents a documentary picture of the narrow and limited middle-class mind.68. Y ank’s sense of belonging nowhere, hence homeless and rootless. The Hairy Ape（《毛猿》）is thus a play that concerns the problem of modern man’s identity.69. American fiction in the 1960s and 1970s proves to be different from its predecessors. It is always referred to as “new fiction”.70. As an autobiographical play, O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night（《长夜漫漫路迢迢》）(1951) has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama.71. Tender Is the Night is a novel by Fitzgerald.72. The leading playwright of the modern period in American literature, if not the most successful in all his experiments, is Eugene O’Neill.73. From Eugene O’Neill’s works, we can see he is a man of pessimism.74. Eugene O’Neill a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama of the modernistic period.75. Absalom, Absalom is said to be a “historical novel” by Faulkner.76. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening（《雪夜林边小驻》）stems from the ambiguity of the speaker’s choice between safety and the unknown.77. Hemingway’s writing style, together with his theme and the hero, is greatly and permanetly influenced by his experiences in the war.78. William Faulkner, John Steinbeck and Ernest Hemingway were awarded Nobel Prize for literature.79. The Great God Brown（《大神布朗》）fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.80. Most of Eugene O’Neill’s plays are tragedies, dealing with human existence and predicament.81. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction in the modernistic period.82. “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both…” In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by implication, was referring to one’s course of life.83. The American “Thirties”, lasted from the Crash, through the ensuing Great Depression, until the outbreak of the Second World War 1939. This was a period of poverty, bleakness, important social movements and a new social consciousness.84. Ezra Pound showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas.85. Ezra Pound’s long poem The Cantos（《诗章》）contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected.86. Wallace Stevens’ poetry is primarily motivated by the belief that true ideas correspond with an innate order in nature. Many of his good poems derive their emotional power from reasoned revelation. This philosophical intention is supported by the titles Stevens gave to his volumes such as Harmonium（《风琴》）, Ideas of Order（《关于秩序的思想》）and Parts of a World.87. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and travelling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as The Roaring Twenties, The Jazz Age and The Dollar Decade.88. In 1954, Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”.89. Faulkner wrote about the society in the south by inventing families which represented different social forces: the old decaying upper class; the rising, ambitious, unscrupulous class of the “poor Whites”; and the Negroes who labored for both of them.90. In Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called stream of consciousness in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.91. Most of the writers in the modern period were able to probe into the inner world of human reality on the base of William James’“stream of consciousness”, Carl Jung’s “collective unconscious” and “archetypal symbol” and Sigmund Freud’s “interpretation of dreams”.92. Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a Lost Generation.93. John Steinbeck is the author of the work The Grapes of Wrath.94. In 1920 Sinclair Lewis published his memorable denunciation of American small-town provincialism in Main Stree（《大街》）t.Unit Two LinguisticsSection One The Nature of Language1. Language is a system. It is symbolic. It is arbitrary（任意性）.2. The design features of language （语言的普遍特征）are dual（双层性）, productive （多产性）and arbitrary.3. The dual structures （双层结构）of language are sounds and meaning.4. Displacement（移位性）, one of the unique properties of language, means that we can use language to refer to something not present.5. The most important function of language is informative.6. One of the core branches of linguistics is phonology（音位学）.7. Morphology（形态学）, one of the branches of linguistics, takes the inner structure of word as its main object of study.8. The prescriptive（规定性）mode of study emphasizes on the “standards” of language.9. Saussure put forward the distinction between Lange and Parole（《语言与言语》）.10. The distinction between competence （语言能力）and performance （语言运用）is proposed by Chomsky.。
英语专八写作指导
英语专八写作指导Part Two Structure of TEM-8Compsition1. 作文三段式基本常识由于八级作文使用的是三段式格式，那我们就有必要先对它有个基本的了解。
顾名思义，三段式就是由三个段落组成的文章。
但是这样理解就太简单了。
其实，三段式指的是由三个部分组成的文章，这三部分的关系可以用下面的图1表示：引言段(Introduction Paragraph)正文段1 正文段2 正文段3(Body Paragraph 1) (Body Pamgraph 2) (Body Paragraph 3)结论段(Concluding Paragraph)图示：三段式的段落关系由上图可以看出，三段式的作文会用一个段落作引言，以引出话题并阐明观点，然后会用几个段落来支持这个观点，最后再做一个总结。
虽然上图显示中间部分有三个段落，但实际上作者可以自己决定，如TEM-4的作文和CET的作文，可以少至只有一个；又比如TOEFL 和TEM-8，也可以是好几个段落。
最后作者会用一个简短的段落来结束全文，这个段落就是常说的结论段。
所以说，三段式的结构并不复杂，基本上按照总-分-总的格式来安排就不会有问题。
但是要想保这三个部分确实能起到应有的作用，帮助阅卷教师清楚地判断这三个部分的存在，我们必须在每个部分放置一定的关键信息。
这是写作实战中获得高分关键保证。
第一层为引言段，主要表述文章的thesis statement。
第二层为主要分论点，简称要点；第三层为支持各分论点的证据。
第二层和第三层合起来构成正文段。
第四层提出全文的结论。
由于论据支持分论点，而分论点进而再支持中心思想，因此按照这种结构写出来的文章会给人以论述严谨、层次清晰的感觉，具有较强的说服力。
当然我们也要明白，并不是每一个要点都需要三个论据，这里列举三个只是为了图表的整齐。
由于文章各部分的功能不同，写法自然也不尽相同。
传统观点认为，三段论的文章应该符合开头要简洁，正文要充实，结尾要有力。
2020专八作文讲义
2020年专八作文讲解第一部分：专八做好四件事1）听力2）单词-逐句译-段落大意3）做题-回答问题4）背作文翻译-改错无单词、只有语法的“解析”学习将失去意义语法 (grammar)单词(vocabulary)语词(syntactic structure)第二部分：复习步骤1）题材：无题材无思路2）阅读：无阅读无首尾段3）背中间段：无内容则无高分写作课怎样上：1）写作题材和思路2）学会归纳整理文章大意3）第一段和最后一段4）重点为第二段（范文、常用词句）第三部分：题材决定背诵思路一、宏观社会类型1）环保题材2）诚信3）文化传承二、个人生活类型4）教育择业5）人生哲理6）科技7）时尚8）健康9）爱心第四部分：写作流程概述步骤 1：阅读文章，归纳主题，判断类型步骤 2：套写第一段、呼应最后一段步骤 3：根据题材，提供第二段的例证首尾要读转折要读注意肯否定观点不走题，框架可以简化步骤 1：归纳文章大意=判断题材步骤2：套写第一段、呼应第二段步骤3：第二段的例证反“模板”？背模板！重点在于第二段的例证有第一段，就有最后一段：I’d like to emphasize my point of view in the first paragraph. 重述观点. Having read this essay, some readers might think that my conclusion is conservative or traditional, but第五部分：第二段怎么想1.头脑风暴：狂想-空想之间是什么？2.以人为本的思路框架：物质金钱责任爱心健康娱乐时尚传统能力素质文化环保第六部分：1.首段末段：简洁、直接、不要走题2.次段：具体第七部分：各种题材的写法（复习）头脑风暴：狂想-空想之间是什么？以人为本的思路框架：物质金钱责任爱心健康娱乐时尚传统能力素质文化环保第八部分：先宏观、再微观●先：环保、文化、诚信●再：教育、人生观、科技●最后：时尚、健康、爱心●宏观：模板套、微观：多写多练题材 1：环境保护步骤 1：主旨、模板、第一段The essays above, from different perspectives, mainly discuss the issue of （shared bicycles）in a modern city. By providing concrete background information, reliable statistics and in-depth analysis, the articles focus on the benefits and disadvantages of this new kind of transportation vehicle, as can be seen in the following.步骤 2：第三段：呼应主题总结 1：找到主题=第一段和第三段•宏观题目不会离开框架：环保、文化、诚信•为什么宏观题目考察较少？•宏观题目你敢不背吗？•放宏观、抓微观步骤3（关键）：第2 段怎么办？•利用两篇文章观点对立•先让步，后展开•There’s no denying the fact that…•This statement does contain an element of truth at the first glimpse. •However, it must be pointed out that步骤 3：第 2 段怎么办？There’s no denying the fact that shared bikes do bring people some convenience and efficiency. This statement has some element of truth, but it must be pointed out that they also bring some problems which never exist before. For one thing, many shared bikes users are in lack of occupational self-discipline, parking the bicycles at random. For another thing, they seldom show public awareness, disregarding the rules on city management. As a result, under a slack supervision system, these activities are bringing negative influence t o the convenience of the citizen’s normal life. In this situation, traffic jams often break out, particularly around the public places during the rush hours. Gradually, it is difficult to maintain a clean environment in the urban regions. And the orderly traffic is vanishing frommany cities which have introduced these bicycles.全文：题材 2：诚信话题成文套写：成文套写：The essays above, from different perspectives, mainly discuss the issue of plagiarism at campus. By providing concrete background information, reliable statistics and in-depth analysis, the articles focus on the reasons for the plagiarizing behaviors, as can be seen in the following.There’s no denying the fact that many students don’t have enough time to followup their academic studies. Under pressure, they usually find it easy to copy ideas or information from other sources. As far as the students can see, this statement might have some element of truth, but it must be pointed out that the lack of self-discipline is a major factor in the issue of plagiarism. For one thing, many college students are not willing to spend much time on learning. For another thing, they seldom show an honest attitude, disregarding the rules on academic studies. Under a slack supervision system, these activities are bringing negative influence to many students' academic performance. In this situation, it is difficult for them to maintain learning level. Gradually, scientific attitude and creative spirit are vanishing from the campus.This trend, I believe, will still exist in many universities in the future. So in the issue of plagiarism, it is of essence that an effective feedback mechanism be set up. And the relevant department can make strict rules to punish those students who steal ideas or information from other sources. In sense, it is not why this issue exists in our society, but what should be done to handle it properly. This idea might be traditional, but at least rational and realistic under scrutiny.总结：到底应该背什么？题材 2：诚信话题：成文和套写This trend, I believe, will still exist in many universities in the future. So in the issue of plagiarism, it is of essence that an effective feedback mechanism be set up. And the relevant department can make strict rules to punish those students who steal ideas or information from other sources. In sense, it is not why this issue exists in our society, but what should be done to handle it properly. 题材3：文化题目的思路参考文章：范文：The essays above, from different perspectives, mainly discuss the issue of multiculturalism and monoculturalism. By providing concrete background information, reliable statistics and in-depth analysis, the articles focus on the co-relationship between the two approaches dealing with cultural identity: diversity or domination,as can be seen in the following.There’s no denying the fact that there used to be a period, in which one cultural pattern might be superior to another, hence the possibility that certain minority groups are in the status of being suppressed or dominated. As far as I can see, this statement might have some element of truth, but it must be pointed out that cultural diversity is the growing trend at the background of globalization. For one thing, each culture has a long history during the development of a country, representingthe sum total of wisdom that belongs to a particular ethnic group. For another thing,in the process of social evolution, this cultural form gradually becomes an elementof ancient civilization and a part of traditional heritage. In this situation, the individual cultural distinction is not only a symbol of the folk values in a given region, but also an image of a country in the international community. The conclusion is that it is difficult to achieve monoculturalism in the world today.To sum up, I’d like to emphasize my point of view. Multiculturalism is the future trend, rather than monoculturalism. This tendency, I believe, will still exist in many parts of this planet. So in the issue of cultural interaction, it is of essence that an effective feedback mechanism be set up in each nation. And the relevant department can make a series of plans to promote cultural interaction, instead of attempting to dominate the culture of another country. This idea might be traditional,but at least rational and realistic under scrutiny.文化题目好词好句题材 4：教育和择业原文（2017年真题）参考范文：The essays above, from different perspectives, mainly discuss the issue of job hopping. By providing concrete background information, reliable statistics and in-depth analysis, the articles focus on advantages and drawbacks of job changing. But in my view, the benefit of job hopping far exceeds the potential disadvantages, as can be seen in the following.There’s no denying the fact that it is somewhat difficult for some company clerks to seek a new position in the market, especially in the current economic slump. So it sounds safe if one chooses to work in a company, rather than risking a well-paid position for an uncertain future. This statement might have some element of truth, but it must be pointed out that those aspiring employees can still benefit greatly from their daring decision. For one thing, they acquire new professional knowledge in a new company, meanwhile greatly improving their practical working skills. For another thing, in the process of job transfer, these clerks gradually develop new thinking pattern, showing more creativity and inspiration. In this situation, their overall quality is tremendously promoted, hence more opportunities in the market place. The conclusion is that job hopping might be a bold option, but it is a beginning to seek career achievement and personal development, particularly for those who have more working skills.To sum up, I’d like to emphasize my point of view. In the current social setting, it is a growing trend that young employees seek new development, instead of sticking to a dead-end job. A decent job might bring people handsome salary, yearly bonus and paid vacation. But it cannot replace a desire for knowledge, abilities and personal achievement. For those people with ambition and aspiration, job hopping is still an option.变形题目1）2018 年考题：Whether to seek perfection2）大纲样题：On-line Education.题材5：网络：（人工智能，网络课程）参考范文：好词好句will give place to silicon chips.总结 3：基础薄弱考生：背熟模板不想模板，要多背不想多背，要多套“模板”“反“模板：别人是顺手拈来你是海量背诵题材6：时尚类型原文：冰桶挑战，真人秀（2016 年考题）参考范文：practice that highlights one’s personalities and self-image. It is a symbol好词好句题材7：健康（较少，一般了解）思路原文：双向观点变成单向观点怎么办？参考范文：好词好句题材8：伦理和爱心（较少，一般了解）原文：范文：好词好句第九部分：从模板到‘反’模板1）想过写句子吗•时间，名词+动词+名词+方法+地点+时间•时间，名词+appear, seem, become, +形容词+地点•There appear/emerge+名词+地点•It is 形容词 for somebody to do something./It is essential that we 动词原形•被动：名词 be 动词过去分词+地点+时间2）不是长难句，而是长短交错3）绝对炫耀级别：修辞格总结 4：想要摆脱千篇一律的模板写作，就要追求一些风格上的东西，如爱心养老题材写得文雅些，带一点散文气；而人生观念题材则可以有一些演讲词的气质；环保等文章可以严谨详实，时尚追星不妨嬉笑怒骂。
专八写作课件 writing (structure)
Steps in Writing a Composition
rganization: Look at the arrangement of the material --Introductory paragraph lead to the main point or not? --Each paragraph has a central idea or not? Paragraphs related to their previous or following one or not? Proper transitions between sections? Paragraphs arranged in climatic order or not? --Concluding paragraph give the reader a clear impression of the paper‟s intention or not?
The government should control the amount of violence in films and on television in order to decrease the violent crimes in society. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this issue?
Content—Thought
News websites: 2) (news & topics)
e.g. When temperatures hit extreme highs (or lows), what measures should be taken
Content—Thought
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专八写作讲义八级写作复习要点：▪写长法（平时自己争取写到500字；将我们讲到的近年真题都要模写一遍，并与我们后面的分析和范文比较得失）▪本核心教程▪扩展阅读任何一本托福雅思写作参考书（考前1个月突击背诵该书中所有例子即可）词汇和句型：▪1）务必将本讲稿中所有范老师本人范文(见附录)以及学生样文、其他参考文章视作一个核心资源库，学习掌握所有动词句型结构。
▪2）熟练掌握开头、结尾的基本方法和各种类型段落的写作要点。
▪3）熟练掌握讲稿最后的谚语警句的附录。
我的4篇长篇范文见附录：囊括了重要前沿句型和长句的风格示范，应熟练背诵后学会写长句的感觉。
然后在此基础上写2+1模式。
整体八级突击战术：▪请大家在复习阅读、翻译过程中注意背诵和吸收好的词汇、例子和句型，这样和写作结合起来的整体战术对你全面突破八级最为有意义。
▪“书上有路勤为径”—奋斗100天常见写作主要问题和错误类型▪单词拼写错误；同义词替换不够，单词过于重复；句型变化不够；连词使用过少导致段内逻辑关系不够清晰；主体论述部分的分论点过于交叉或接近；不知道如何写中间论述段落，不知道如何展开。
▪审题不认真（后面我们将通过分析真题解析如何审读题目）当您写作文时，应注意以下几个方面：▪1．使用了正确的语法结构，比方说，动词时态一致、主谓一致、用词准确（尤其是名词、动词、形容词）、冠词错误和介词错误。
2．句式有变化: 定语从句，状语从句，强调句，被动句等优先考虑。
尤其“四大句型”。
3．使用了一定的词汇量。
4．拼写没有错误。
5．在每段的主题句中都表明了这个段落的中心思想，所有扩展句都紧扣主题。
6．使用了过渡性词语，因而句子之间和段落之间都有逻辑性和条理性。
7．每一段话都得到充分的展开。
8．提供了足够的细节、例子或推理性论据。
9．明确的观点。
10 . 注意书法；尽可能不要分字；写大概10至12个字一行，这样可限制自己字体不会太大，字与字之间的空位也不会太大，而且数字时也比较方便；尽量选择粗线条的原子笔和蓝色墨水。
心理学来说，较粗的笔迹令人有较深的印象，但不可太粗，而蓝色令人看得舒服和轻松；11.审题时候认真思考，不要立即进入写作，找出自己的文章思路非常关键；12.标点符号绝不能用错，少用感叹号（！）和问号（？），注意中英文逗号的区分用法。
中国学生应学会使用两种标点（破折号+冒号），尤其对主题句有用。
书面语作文错误举例：▪a) Lots of people think that the railways are getting worse.▪ A great number of\many becoming▪b) You can’t always trust the numbers in that report. cannot▪c) The second thing is that most kids in that district will become criminals.▪Issue\aspect\point children\young people▪d) I think that there’s a big risk of more strikes, disorder etc.▪关于使用I large\major\significant ×▪e) Regrettably, the inflation in Russia led to increased poverty, illness and so on.▪death (usually 3 examples)▪f) What were the main causes of the American Revolution?▪Don’t use questions in academic writing.[学生例文反例修改]Why People Attend College▪College is a place where people can get knowledge both in study and life. In my opinion, the main reason why people attend college is that students’abilities can be perfected in the college.〖修改稿〗Get: obtain, gain, attain, achieve, accomplish, acquire, secure, grasp, receive, realize, earn, reap▪From the first days\ earliest days of its emergence, college is a universally acknowledged world where people can gain much knowledge for academy, career and life philosophy.Generally, the main reasons why people attend college include the development of individual study\ personal independent lifestyle, the cultivation of knowledge and the successful adaptation to community life.原稿分论点1▪Firstly, the students educated in college will get more in self-taught abilities. When in the primary school they were used to following the teachers’orders, such as, what should be recorded during the class, what should be recited after class and what exercises should be done except the homeworks. All of this in the college, however, should be arranged by themselves. How to learn and how to learn well all depend upon themselves’plan.修改稿▪Firstly, students educated in college will acquire more in self-taught abilities. When in the senior high school they used to follow \are used to following the teachers’orders, such as what should be recorded during the class, what should be recited after class and what exercises should be done except their homework\assignments. （未完继续）▪All of these in college, however\though, have to be arranged by themselves. What to learn and how to learn well all depend upon their own academic plans and schedules. 可以进一步扩充为independent lifestyle以区别下一段学习，首段应改为独立生活方式。
原稿分论点2▪Secondly, the students can learn more knowledge which they can’t get from books. There are a lot of famous professors and scholars in the college, who have a large amount of knowledge in their own fields. Sometimes there are some speeches to show their ideas to others, and the students will have so lucky chances to enrich their brains and hearts.Furthermore, by this way, students will become more intelligent, which is helpful in their future jobs.修改稿▪Secondly, college students can gain more access to education in knowledge of all branches, which they are able to find\ receive from books. College is regarded as a sacred intellectual institution full of\ where students may come across on campus famous\ renowned professors and scholars hither and thither, who possess\ accumulate\ master\ boast a large amount of knowledge in their respective research areas and fields. （待续）▪Many informative and instructive speeches and forums, more often than not, are offered\ held\ made to those youngsters, who have so lucky chances to enrich \refine\ expand their souls and hearts\ souls and brains\\ broaden their horizons, open their minds and sharpen their thoughts. Hence, by this way, students will become more open-minded, which will be helpful\ beneficial\ wholesome\ conducive to their future vocation\ career.原稿分论点3▪Thirdly, the students can learn how to live in groups. Studying in college makes them have to face a lot of problems together. How to solve the matters and how to understand others is an important subject to learn. Such practice will help them develop abilities to communicate with others and strangers in their future life.修改稿▪Thirdly, students at university may learn better how to live in groups to attain more social experiences\ to foster more interactive power in a community. Intellectual work in schools and colleges is ready to confront students with a wide variety of problems in every possible way. For example, it is an important subject for each and every freshman to learn how to overcome difficulties and troubles and how to harmoniously cope with\ live with \deal with their roommates, classmates and friends. （待续）▪Moreover\ likewise, such practices\ events as parties, clubs, seminars and sports activities\games will help them develop abilities\ capabilities to communicate with people around for all the rest of their life.原稿结论段▪In a word, students can not only get necessary knowledge, but also get more practice of their own abilities, which is helpful for their development. （原稿共计226字）修改稿结论▪In a word, by going to college, not only can students achieve a good majority of necessary knowledge, but also obtain more opportunities to foster\ develop\ cultivate\ bring up their spiritual values and interpersonal communicative skills, thus enhancing their potential enrichment\ betterment\ advancement in character, career and social life.▪（修改稿共计430字；但本文含很多同义词）书面语实用连词和副词短语:▪表次序和时间：first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), first of all, next, finally, eventually,meanwhile, gradually, step by step, in the future, in the past, recently, currently, first and foremost, then, last of all, eventually, lastly, last but not least, for one thing, one the one hand…on the other hand; before, since, as, until, meanwhile, at the moment, whenever, as soon as, just as▪表程度和附加：severely, seriously, heavily, strongly, possibly, perhaps, probably, likely, obviously, apparently, seemingly, unknowingly, maybe, as well, may as well, rarely, hardly, seldom, also, in addition, furthermore, moreover, besides(书面语中最好少用what is more), except for , apart from, as well as, as mentioned above(earlier), including ▪表相似或相反: similarly, in the same way, as well as, again, both, neither, although, be that as it may, but, even though, however, in contrast, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, yet, in spite of , despite, whereas, in other words, it seems that, it appears that, otherwise, while, whereas, whilst▪表总结和结束: to conclude, all in all, in conclusion, to sum up, in a word, in brief, on the whole, in summary, by and large, in general▪表结果、目的和推论：in order to(that), so…that, too…to, so that, so as to, enough to, and so, because of this, as a consequence, consequently, as a result, for this reason, hence, therefore, thereby, so, thus▪表强调或更差:as known to all, as we all know, it is generally\publicly known that…, not only…but (also), it is…that, above all, especially, in particular, indeed, most importantly, the most important is…, surely, equally important is…, more importantly, more centrally, worse, making matters worse, to make it worse, more worryingly▪表举例：for example, for instance, take…as an example, one such example is…, take…as an instance, such as, like…, as Newton put it, as a proverb says, as a saying goes, just as\like, namely, to illustrate; a case in point goes to…▪表表原因或方式：because (of), for, since, as, due to, thanks to, in terms of, in light of(=according to) in the way that…, by means of, via, through, by, with(out), according to, lead to, give rise to, contribute to, attribute a to b, conform to, abide by, concerning, as regards, with regard to, in this regard, the reason why, in other words, owing to, as concerning\s, considering that, thanks to, A means\causes\incurs\entails\precedes B如何写议论文开头段落背景发展+当下状况+全文主题句（前二者可以缺少一个）▪【1\\骑墙派写法，万不得已才用】▪Shopping is part of everyday life. Some get the necessities from shopping, others get something more. It is viewed as a way to release the stress, a way to complete some desire in the mind, or a way to add some flavor to the mechanical way of life. In general, there are two types of shopping: traditional shopping and on-line shopping. Both of them have some merits and shortages respectively.▪【2】It is universally true that all parents in the world love their children．However，as parents’views of life vary they show their love in different ways．Generally speaking, parents can be classified into three types—the monarch type，the servant type，and the friend type—according to their different ways of showing their love．▪【3】It seems that more and more people, nowadays, are regarding test scores as the primary yardstick of a student's performance. No wonder that the youth in schools, inorder to obtain excellent marks, do their utmost to cheat in a wide range of examinations.This issue, however, deserves thorough meditation in that it results in worst effects upon students' learning, teachers' lectures and social development.▪【4】Recently, there is an interesting survey about college students’attitude towards phone calls and text messages, which has absorbed 2,000 students to participate in it. The result is that they like using their mobile phones to reach other people quickly; meanwhile, the least goodness of their phones is that others can reach them immediately. With the meticulous comparison and contrast, people may find two best reasons accounting for bad effects of using cell phones although it is quite convenient to spread information via cell phones.▪【5】In the past, in general, people have never hesitated to choose the preference to the study with teachers’instruction and direction, which usually predominates in the whole academic life of the older generations now being parents and teachers themselves.Nevertheless, the world has changed into the hard choice between self-study and teacher’s instruction for the contemporary learners, young or old. With a meticulous comparison and contrast, people may find three best reasons accounting for the significance of self-taught programs despite the indispensable traditional means of academy through the help of instructors.▪【6】With the quickening pace of modern life and the fierce competition of society, the necessity for an individual to be educated becomes more and more significant in his or her life. In the past, people have never hesitated to choose the preference to study in school with teachers’instruction and direction, which predominates in the whole academic life of the older generation.However, many people hold that it is better for children to receive education at home under parents’different styles of guidance. With a meticulous comparison and contrast, people may find three main reasons for choosing a study in school: the opulent facilities on education, teachers’professional instruments, and social communication within the sphere of school.▪【7】Travel has indispensably been becoming a common part of social consumption for human life. To relax from overloaded daily work and to learn more about historical backgrounds, most people may choose to visit sites of primitive cultures during their holidays. As number of travelers has climbed dramatically in recent years, tickets of many hot travel spots are becoming unreasonably higher and higher. In general, despite some obvious merits in economic consideration, the main reasons why famous sites of historical interests should not charge higher fees during peak travel seasons include the favorable development of tourism industry and the educational functions of Chinese historical culture.▪【8】As things stand, today, with the rapid development of industrialization and globalization throughout the world, communication and cooperation, culturally or economically, between nations are getting deeper and closer. As we all know, china being an essential part in the international community has become more diversified in many fields. In this regard, a wave of heated conjecture has recently arisen with the proposal of turning a traditional area in Guiyang into a “central business district”. Different people hold different viewpoints on this issue.With a meticulous comparison and contrast, people may find three persuasive reasons accounting for the necessity of bold innovationin reforming a region despite the fundamental role of traditional culture, namely, meeting the demands of local people, realizing economic benefits for the local district, and enhancing international communication.▪【9】As one looks about, it becomes very easy to conclude that good manners seem to bea thing of the past. More and more people seem to bediscourteous\rude\impolite\ungracious\ill-mannered to one another, more indicative of a “survival of the fittest”attitude than of living in a civilized society. Although much of what was considered good manners at the turn of the last century may no longer be appropriate, common courtesy and acceptable behavior are still necessary to make life pleasant, especially as our cities become more and more crowded. Although common courtesy is the underlying framework, the decline of good manners are manifested in two distinct areas, business and social relationships.▪【10】As a saying goes: “Where there is a will, there’s a way.”Ranging from an average man to a great name, ambition plays a crucial role in their life. Only by having ambition can one clearly decide what is significant or what is trivial. Consequently, ambition is closely related to one’s destiny. In actual life, however, the universe must exert powerful influence on personal decisions and choices.▪In this sense, I agree with Joseph Epstein’s emphasis that individual ambition holds sway for one’s success. On the other hand, it might be better for any ambitious individual to learn how to cope with social reality.如何写议论文主体论证段落▪核心段落写作模式（5-8句）▪例证法▪反证推理法▪层进推理法▪（平行法）例证法主题句—主题句解释句—举例句—举例说明句——主题强调句或引申句▪1·Life is too short to be little （人生何其短，岂容琐碎缠）. Often people allow themselves to be upset by small things which deserve tolerance and ignorance.Perhaps some man they helped has proved ungrateful; some woman they believed to be a friend has spoken ill of them; some reward they thought they deserved has been denied them. Hence with many complaints they lose many irreplaceable hours brooding over grievances(委屈) that may be forgotten by everybody in a year’s time. The best attitude for them may be to devote their short life to worthwhile actions and feelings, to great thoughts, real affections and enduring undertakings（=cause, endeavor, “事业”）. ▪2·Gifts do not have to be objects. Abstract or imaginative expressions or actions showing love or concern can bring smiles as wide as those aroused by the giving of expensive.Many a child (=many children) would prefer to have an afternoon at the cinema and an evening in KFC than another of his expensive gifts, some with the price-tag still on them；many parents would rather happily settle for a full day with their children at home or “Happy birthday”greeting on their answering machine. Perhaps in this sense it is really true that time is money for time spent with those whom we donot often see is indeed precious．Sacrificing time form one's busy schedule to give to another is often more meaningful than a pricy gift from an upscale(高层次的) department store．反证法主题句——主题句解释——反例句或相反情况的举例——反例说明句——主题强调句或引申句[If not…then….]反证法与例证法相似，但反证法主要是从反面来说，而例证法则从正面进行说明。