Phonology(精选)
phonology名词解释
phonology名词解释音系学(Phonology)：1、定义：音系学是一门研究音韵特征及构成的学科，涉及说话者、聆听者、语言和它们之间相互关系的研究，它被描述为语言的声音学分支。
它旨在确定什么样的音素对字段、音节和句子语音有影响，以及声音是怎样变化的，从而影响语义和其他考虑因素。
2、概述：音系学是研究语音学的分支，它研究音素的结构和音的变化。
它的关注点是音的分类和构成，以及成音素的音形结构，并且能够确定声音对语言的影响。
根据不同的语言，音系学确定哪些音素是可以区分和平行强调，而不会影响消息的传递，从而推断不同类型的语音，像同化、替换、谐音和异化等现象。
它是语音学史上最古老的学科，发展了诸如音位系统学或描述性音系学等流派。
3、适用范围：音系学不仅涉及像高等语言学的范畴，而且浸染到多种学科范畴，如音乐学、耳聋学、心理学、语言学和语用学等，专业人士（如语言学家、教育家、历史学家、音乐家、会计师、口腔科医生等）都在运用音系学来发现其中的语言特征。
音系学在理解正常语音行为和治疗语音障碍方面都起着关键的作用，因此在临床语言学、发音治疗、耳聋照老和特殊教育等领域都有着广泛的应用。
4、研究内容：音系学主要关注语言的声音及声音的变化，包括：（1）描述性音系学：分析特定语言的声音组件，比如音节、音素、发声音位，以及他们之间的关系。
（2）音位系统学：系统性阐释不同语言之间传说所存在的音位和模式。
（3）音系学变异：研究不同发音者时期和地区的变异，注重压缩、减少或扩展范围的声音。
（4）说话的模式：研究特定时期、地区或语言的传说和发音模式。
（5）语言变化：分析有关单词拼写、语意和形式如何变化以及影响因素等各种研究。
5、研究方法：音系学的研究方法涉及多种学术学科，分析不同得研究领域也拥有不同的方法。
针对描述信息研究最常用的方法是调查法，如样本调查和实验调查。
在概念研究方面，它主要包括测量法和文献研究，能够帮助确定特定语言的发音特征和音素、国家以及主题的影响。
语言学知识_音系学
音系学一．音系学（Phonology）的定义：音系学主要有以下两个任务：其一，发现某一特定语言中出现的所有能够区别意义的语音；其二，找出语音是如何组织起来表达意义的。
二．音素（Phone）、音位（Phoneme）和音位变体（Allophone）：音素（Phone）：一个语音单元或音段。
音位（Phoneme）：一个具有区别性价值的单位，是一组语音特征的抽象集合体。
音位变体（Allophone）：同一个音位在不同语音环境下的实现的方式。
三．音位的分布（Distribution of Phonemes）：音位对立（phonemic contrast）以及互补分布（complementary Distribution）：相似的音素之间相联系的方式主要有两种：如果它们是同一个音位的音位变体，不区别意义，就处于互补分布状态；如果它们不是同一个音位的音位变体，且能够区分意义，就构成了音位对立。
自由变异（free variation）：如果两个音素出现在一个相同的语音环境中，并不区别意义，换而言之，用一个音素替换另一个音素而不产生一个新词，仅仅产生同一个词的不同读音，那么这两个音素就处于自由变异。
最小对立体（minimal pairs）：如果两个单词，除了出现在同一个位置上的一个音以外，其余的都相同，则这两个词就构成了一个最小对立体。
若最小对立体按照相同的条件进一步的扩展，扩展到多对，就构成了一个最小对立集（minimal set）。
例如：hook和book，book和look，look和cook就构成了三对对立体，而这六个词则构成了一个最小对立集。
四．音系学的一些规则（Some Rules of Phonology）：在音系学中，孤立的音素是没有意义的。
因此为了表达意义，音素必须组合在一起，但是也需要符合一定的组合原则。
1）序列原则（Sequential rules）：即语音组成词在排列顺序上要受到一定的制约。
(完整word版)Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)
Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学1.The phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介Linguists are not interested in all sounds ；they are concerned with only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs in so far as they have a role to play in linguistic communication .These sounds are limited in number .This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language ;and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.语言学家也并不是对所有的声音感兴趣，他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音.这些声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限,但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的声音媒介，凡是在这个范围的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
2.Phonetics 语音学2.1What is phonetics？什么是语音学？it is concerned with all the sound that occur in the world’s languages.它的主要研究对象是世界上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。
These three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics， and acoustic phonetics respectively。
Phonology 音位学
Phonology is the study of sound patterns of language (i.e. how sounds are arranged to form meaningful units) and thefunction of each sound.It reveals what are the possible combinations of sounds in a language and explains why certain words take the formthey do.Phone 音子: the smallest perceptible discreet segment of sound in a stream of speechi) phonetic unitii) not distinctive of meaning iii) physical as heard or produced iv) marked with [ ]Phoneme 音位：are abstract mental units that represent soundsi) phonological unitii) distinctive of meaning iii) abstract, not physical iv) marked withMinimal pairs 最小对比对: The sounds that cause changes in the changing of a word arecalled the “minimal pairs”Allophone s 音位变体：phonetic forms that don ’t contrast are called allophones, they are the various pronunciations ofa phoneme or phonic variants/realizations of a phoneme. Phonemic Transcription : / / =Broad TranscriptionPhonetic Transcription :[ ]=Narrow TranscriptionComplementary distribution 互补分布: when two phones are mutually exclusive(i.e. appear in differentenvironments), they are in complementary distribution( which means they are allophones of the same phoneme)..peak [ph]----speak [p]two different phones . [ph ] , [ p] are variants of the phoneme /p/.allophones of the same phoneme. in complementary distribution.This phenomenon is called Allophony(音位变体现象) or Allophonic Variation （同音位变体）.Free variation 自由变体：If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound foranother does not cause a change of meaning, they are said to be in free variationThe allophones can be in complementary distribution （互补分布） if they occur in different contexts.peak ---- speakaspirated [ph]---- unaspirated [p]The allophones can be in free variation （自由变体）if they occur in the same context.cup [kh ʌph] ---- cup[kh ʌp¬]Phonological ProcessesA target or affected segment undergoes a structural change in certain environment s or context s.Phonological rules are general rules that indicate this change.•Assimilation (同化) : can [kãn], tan [tãn]•Epenthesis (增音): boxes [bכksәz]Assimilation:Phonological Term Phonetic Term ExamplesAssimilation:Coarticulation:regressive assimilation逆同化anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音can [kæn]tenth [tenθ]progressive assimilation顺同化perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音map [mæp][+nasal] / ______[+nasal][+dental] /______[+dental][+velar] /______[+velar][-voiced] Epenthesis：•The /s/ appears after voiceless sounds.•The /z/ appears after voiced sounds. (All vowels are voiced.)•The /әz/ appears after sibi lants (咝音)•Epenthesis rule•z s / [-voice, C] _____ (Devoicing)•Ø ә / sibilant _____ z (Epenthesis)(Ø indicates an empty position.)Distinctive Features•Speech sounds are divided up into classes according to a number of properties.•The property that can distinguish one phoneme from another is a distinctive featureSuprasegmental features （超音位特征）are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal suprasegmental features are syllables, stress, tone, and intonation.Syllabic structure: two parts, the rhyme(or rime)(韵基) and the onset(节首). As the vowel within the rhyme is the nucleus(节核), the consonant(s) after it will be termed coda(节尾).Sonority scale响阶：。
语言学Phonology
[l] in [pleis]
pronounced.
Allophones are any of the different variants of a phoneme, which share more phonetic features in common and which are phonetically conditioned each.
sounds are put together (sound patterns) and used to convey meaning Phoneme
2.1 Some important definitions:
2.1.1 Phone（音子）; 2.1.2 Phoneme（音位）& Allophones（音位变体）;
2.2 Ways to identify phonemes:
2.2.1 Minimal pair（最小对立对）; 2.2.2 Complementary distribution（互补分布）; 2.2.3 Phonetic similarity（语音相似性）; 2.2.4 Free variation（自由变体）.
最小音差对是指除在相同位置上的发音 2.2.1 Minimal Pair 不同以外，其余部分发音都相同的两个词。
Examples:
Definition:
[pit] vs. [bit] [bet] vs. [bæ t] [mo] vs. [mõ]
A minimal pair refers to two different words which are identical in every way in pronunciation except one sound that takes place at the same position.
英语语言学概论第二章phonology(共14张PPT)
2.3.1 Coarticulation (协同发音)
Map PK Lamb
[mæp]
[læm]
A nasal + a vowel
Soft palate: from the lowered position to the raised position
Proceeding influenced following (perseverative)
Broad and narrow transcriptions
Velarization rule (软腭化): A vowel + a nasal
the
string,
the
two
sound
combinations
are
phonemic contrast, complementary distribution
when simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.
Broad and narrow transcriptions
[pi:k]
Peak
[pʰi:k]
Broad
Narrow
1. Broad transcription (宽式音标): The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols only. [ _ ]
said to form a minimal pair.
Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill
big/peg; peak/leap
Minimal pairs
Four requirements for identifying minimal pairs:
unit 2 Phonology
• What is a consonant?
• --Consonant: The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.
glides.
• In terms of place of articulation, the English
consonants are classified as:
•
Bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar,
palatal, velar, glottal.
• The two classifications can be combined to describe a consonants:
central/ back vowels
•
the openness of the mouth ------ close/
semi-close/ semi-open/ open vowels
•
the shape of lips
rounded/ unrounded vowels
--of vowels
• What is a vowel?
• --Vowel: The sounds in the production of which no vocal organs come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.
phonology英语语言学
• I’ll drive to the market to buy something to eat.
verb noun verb verb
Content words
carry the most meaning of a sentence
Function words
join the content words together
Methods
Abbreviate English words
In japanese "Apo"≠"Apple(苹果)" "Apo"="appointment(约会)
Create words
"Biru" means "Building(大厦)" "Biiru" means "Beer(啤酒)"
Totally opposite meaning
Four aspects
1.Phone 音素 2.Syllable 音节 3.Tones and intonation 声调与语调
4.Rhythm and stress 节奏与重音
Phone
涟漪 涟漪 涟漪 涟漪 涟漪
The truth is that no phone is the same in Chinese and English pronunciation.
Syllable
1.English: almost polysyllables(多音节单词) Chinese: only monosyllable(单音节单词) consonant + vowel : like 赖课 2.linking get up qi chuang ≠ qic huang & q ichuang