微观经济习题第九章
微观经济学英文版9-14章自测题及答案
微观经济学英⽂版9-14章⾃测题及答案第九章⾃测题：1. If the world price of a product is higher than a country’s domestic price we know that countrya. should import that product.b. should no longer produce that product.c. has a comparative advantage in that product.d. could benefit by imposing a tariff on that product.2. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of trade?a. an increased variety of goodsb. lower costs through economies of scalec. increased competitiond. an ability to control domestic and world prices3. When a country allows trade and becomes an exporter of a good, domestic producersa. gain and domestic consumers lose.b. lose and domestic consumers gain.c. and domestic consumers both gain.d. and domestic consumers both lose.4. The world price of yo-yo’s is $4.00 each. The pre-trade price of yo-yo’s in Taiwan is $3.50 each. If Taiwan allows trade in yo-yo’s we know that Taiwan willa. import yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $4.00 each.b. import yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $3.50 each.c. export yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $4.00 each.d. export yo-yo’s and the price in Taiwan will be $3.50 each.5. When a country moves from a free trade position and imposes a tariff on imports, this causesa. a decrease in total surplus in the market.b. a decrease in producer surplus in the market.c. an increase in consumer surplus in the market.d. a decrease in revenue to the government.6. A tariff and an import quota will botha. increase the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.b. increase the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.c. reduce the quantity of imports and raise domestic price.d. reduce the quantity of imports and lower domestic price.7. The major difference between tariffs and import quotas is thata. tariffs create deadweight losses, but import quotas do not.b. tariffs help domestic consumers, and import quotas help domestic producers.c. tariffs raise revenue for the government, but import quotas create a surplus for import license holders.d. All of the above are correct.8. According to the graph, consumer surplusin this market before trade would bea. A.b. B + C.c. A + B + D.d. C.9. According to the graph, consumer surplusin this market after trade would bea. A.b. C + B.c. A + B + D.d. B + C + D.10. According to the graph, the change in total surplus in this market because of trade isa. Ab.Bc. Cd. D参考答案：1.c2.d3.a4.c5.a6.c7.c8.a9.c 10.d第⼗章⾃测题：1. An externality is the impact ofa. society’s decisions on the well-being of society.b. a person’s actions on that person’s well-being.c. one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.d. society’s decisions on the well-being of one person in the society2. If education produces positive externalities we would expecta. government to tax education.b. government to subsidize education.c. people to realize the benefits and therefore cause demand for education to increase.d. colleges to relax admission requirements.3. When a negative externality exists in a market the cost to producersa. is greater than the cost to society.b. will be the same as the cost to society.c. will be less than the cost to society.d. and society will be different regardless of whether an externality is present.4. Internalizing an externality refers to makinga. buyers and sellers take into account the external effects of their actions.b. certain that all market transaction benefits go to only buyers and sellers.c. certain government does not disrupt the internal workings of the market.d. buyers pay the full price for the products they purchase.5. Technology spillover is one type ofa. negative externality.b. positive externality.c. subsidy.d. producer surplus.6. According to the Coase theorem, private markets will solve externality problems and allocate resources efficiently as long asa. private parties can bargain without cost.b. government assigns property rights to the harmed party.c. the externalities that are present are positive and not negative.d. businesses determine an appropriate level of production.7. Pigovian taxes are typically advocated to correct for the effects ofa. positive externalities.b. negative externalities.c. regulatory burden.d. All of the above are correct.8. If the government were to limit the release of air-pollution produced by a steel mill to 10,000 units, this policy would be considered aa. regulation.b. Pigovian tax.c. subsidy.d. market-based policy.9. When one firm sells its pollution permit to another firm, which of the following does NOT occur?a. Both firms benefit.b. The total amount of pollution remains the same.c. Social welfare is enhanced.d. Over time, pollution will be eliminated.10. Which of the following policies is government most inclined to use when faced with a positive externality?a. taxationb. permitsc. subsidiesd. usage fees参考答案：1.c2.b3.c4.a5.b6.a7.b8.a9.d 10.c第⼗⼀章⾃测题1. Goods that are excludable include botha. natural monopolies and public goods.b. public goods and common resources.c. common resources and private goods.d. private goods and natural monopolies.2. Which of the following would be considered a private good?a. national defenseb. a public beachc. local cable television serviced. a bottle of natural mineral water3. The government provides public goods becausea. private markets are incapable of producing public goods.b. free-riders make it difficult for private markets to supply the socially optimal quantity.c. markets are always better off with some government oversight.d. external benefits will occur to private producers.4. The difference between technological knowledge and general knowledge is thata. general knowledge creation is usually more profitable for the creator.b. technological knowledge is excludable and general knowledge is not.c. general knowledge is excludable and technological knowledge is not.d. general knowledge is rival and technological knowledge is not.5. A lighthouse is typically considered a good example of a public good becausea. the owner of the lighthouse is able to exclude beneficiaries from enjoying the lighthouse.b. there is rarely another lighthouse nearby to provide competition.c. a nearby port authority cannot avoid paying fees to the lighthouse owner.d. all passing ships are able to enjoy the benefits of the lighthouse without paying.6. The Tragedy of the Commons results when a good isa. rival and not excludable.b. excludable and not rival.c. both rival and excludable.d. neither rival nor excludable.7. If the use of a common resource is not regulated,a. it cannot be used by anyone.b. the economy will end up with too much of a good thing.c. it becomes a private good.d. it will be overused.8. Government may be able to solve the problem of overuse of a common resource by doing each of the following EXCEPTa. regulating the use or consumption of the common resource.b. taxing the use or consumption of the common resource.c. selling the common resource to a private entity.d. allowing individuals to voluntarily reduce their use of the resource.9. Why do elephants face the threat of extinction while cows do not?a. Cattle are a valuable source of income for many people and elephants have no market value.b. There is a high demand for products that come only from the cow.c. There are still lots of cattle that roam free, while most elephants are in zoos.d. Cattle are owned by ranchers, while elephants are owned by no one.10. Excessive fishing occurs becausea. each individual fisherman has little incentive to maintain the species for the next year.b. fishermen rely on government managers to worry about fish populations.c. fishermen are concerned about the population dynamics of fish biomass, not current harvest rates.d. fishermen have other marketable skills and do not fear exploitation of fish reserves.参考答案：1.d2.d3.b4.b5.d6.a7.d8.d9.d 10.a第⼗⼆章⾃测题1. Which of the following is an implicit cost?(i) the owner of a firm forgoing an opportunity to earn a large salary working for a Wall Street brokerage firm(ii) interest paid on th e firm’s debt(iii) rent paid by the firm to lease office spacea. (ii) and (iii)b. (i) and (iii)c. (i) onlyd. All of the above are correct.2. John owns a shoe-shine business. His accountant most likely includes which of the following costs on his financial statements?a. wages John could earn washing windowsb. dividends John’s money was earning in the stock market before John sold his stock and bought a shoe-shine boothc. the cost of shoe polishd. All of the above are correct.3. Economic profita. will never exceed accounting profit.b. is most often equal to accounting profit.c. is always at least as large as accounting profit.d. is a less complete measure of profitability than accounting profit.4. Zach took $500,000 out of the bank and used it to start his new cookie business. The bankaccount pays 4 percent interest per year. During the first year of his business, Zach sold 12,000 boxes of cookies for $3 per box. Also, during the first year, the cookie business incurred costs that required outl ays of money amounting to$14,000.Zach’s economic profit for the year wasa. $–478,000.b. $–56,000.c. $2,000.d. $22,000.5. The marginal product of labor is equal to thea. incremental cost associated with a one unit increase in labor.b. incremental profit associated with a one unit increase in labor.c. increase in labor necessary to generate a one unit increase in output.d. increase in output obtained from a one unit increase in labor.6. Suppose Jan is starting up a small lemonade stand business. Va riable costs for Jan’s lemonade stand would include the cost ofa. building the lemonade stand.b. hiring an artist to design a logo for her sign.c. lemonade mix.d. All of the above are correct.7. Variable cost divided by quantity produced isa. average total cost.b. marginal cost.c. profit.d. None of the above are correct.8. The average fixed cost curvea. always declines with increased levels of output.b. always rises with increased levels of output.c. declines as long as it is above marginal cost.d. declines as long as it is below marginal cost.9. The efficient scale of the firm is the quantity of output thata. maximizes marginal product.b. maximizes profit.c. minimizes average total cost.d. minimizes average variable cost.10. Average total cost is increasing whenevera. total cost is increasing.b. marginal cost is increasing.c. marginal cost is less than average total cost.d. marginal cost is greater than average total cost.11. Which of the following expressions is correct?a. marginal cost = (change in quantity of output)/(change in total cost).b. average total cost = total cost/quantity of output.c. total cost = variable cost + marginal cost.d. All of the above are correct.12. Which of the following must always be true as the quantity of output increases?a. Marginal cost must rise.b. Average total cost must rise.c. Average variable cost must rise.d. Average fixed cost must fall.13. In the long run,a. inputs that were fixed in the short run remain fixed.b. inputs that were fixed in the short run become variable.c. inputs that were variable in the short run become fixed.d. variable inputs are rarely used.14. The length of the short runa. is different for different types of firms.b. can never exceed 3 years.c. can never exceed 1 year.d. is always less than 6 months.15. Economies of scale occur whena. long-run average total costs rise as output increases.b. long-run average total costs fall as output increases.c. average fixed costs are falling.d. average fixed costs are constant.16. Long-run average total cost curves are often U-shapeda. for the same reasons that average total cost curves are often U-shaped.b. because of constant returns to scale.c. because of increasing coordination problems at low levels of production and increasing specialization of workers at high levels of production.d. because of increasing specialization of workers at low levels of production and increasing coordination problems at high levels of production.参考答案：1.c2.c3.a4.c5.d6.c7.d8.a9.c 10.d 11.b 12.d 13.b 14.a 15.b 16.d第⼗三章⾃测题：1. For a firm in a perfectly competitive market, the price of the good is alwaysa. equal to marginal revenue.b. equal to total revenue.c. greater than average revenue.d. All of the above are correct.2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a perfectly competitive market?a. Firms are price takers.b. Firms have difficulty entering the market.c. There are many sellers in the market.d. Goods offered for sale are largely the same.3. When a competitive firm triples the amount of output it sells,a. its total revenue triples.b. its average revenue triples.c. its marginal revenue triples.d. All of the above are correct.4. When a profit-maximizing firm in a competitive market has zero economic profit, accounting profita. is negative (accounting losses).b. is positive.c. is also zero.d. could be positive, negative or zero.5. For a competitive firm,a. Total revenue = Average revenue.b. Total revenue = Marginal revenue.c. Total cost = Marginal revenue.d. Average revenue = Marginal revenue.6. If marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue, the firma. is most likely to be at a profit-maximizing level of output.b. should increase the level of production to maximize its profit.c. must be experiencing losses.d. may still be earning a profit.7. When price is greater than marginal cost for a firm in a competitive market,a. marginal cost must be falling.b. the firm must be minimizing its losses.c. there are opportunities to increase profit by increasing production.d. the firm should decrease output to maximize profit.8. When fixed costs are ignored because they are irrelevant to a business’s production decision, they are calleda. explicit costs.b. implicit costs.c. sunk costs.d. opportunity costs.9. When a firm makes a short-run decision not to produce anything during a specified period of time because of current market conditions, the firm is said toa. shut down.b. exit.c. withdraw.d. leave the industry.10. Profit-maximizing firms enter a competitive market when, for existing firms in that market,a. total revenue exceeds fixed costs.b. total revenue exceeds total variable costs.c. average total cost exceeds average revenue.d. price exceeds average total cost.11. A firm’s short-run supply curve is part of which of the following curves?a. marginal revenueb. average variable costc. average total costd. marginal cost12. Suppose you bought a ticket to a football game for $30, and that you place a $35 value on seeing the game. If you lose the ticket, then what is the maximum price you should pay for another ticket?a. $30b. $35c. $60d. $6513. When new firms have an incentive to enter a competitive market, their entry willa. increase the price of the product.b. drive down profits of existing firms in the market.c. shift the market supply curve to the left.d. All of the above are correct.14. In a perfectly competitive market, the process of entry and exit will end when, for firms in the market,a. price is equal to average variable cost.b. marginal revenue is equal to average variable cost.c. economic profits are zero.d. All of the above are correct.15. In a competitive market that is characterized by free entry and exit,a. all firms will operate at efficient scale in the short run.b. all firms will operate at efficient scale in the long run.c. the price of the product will differ across firms.d. the number of sellers in the market will steadily decrease over time.16. The assumption of a fixed number of firms is appropriate for analysis ofa. the short run, but not the long run.b. the long run, but not the short run.c. both the short run and the long run.d. neither the short run nor the long run.参考答案：1.a2.b3.a4.b5.d6.d7.c8.c9.a 10.d 11.d 12.b 13.b 14.c 15.b 16.a第⼗四章⾃测题：1. Which of the following statements is correct?a. A competitive firm is a price maker and a monopoly is a price taker.b. A competitive firm is a price taker and a monopoly is a price maker.c. Both competitive firms and monopolies are price takers.d. Both competitive firms and monopolies are price makers.2. Which of the following is an example of a barrier to entry?(i) A key resource is owned by a single firm.(ii) The costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers. (iii) The government has given the existing monopoly the exclusive right to produce the good.a. (i) and (ii)b. (ii) and (iii)c. (i) onlyd. All of the above are correct.3. The defining characteristic of a natural monopoly isa. constant marginal cost over the relevant range of output.b. economies of scale over the relevant range of output.c. constant returns to scale over the relevant range of output.d. diseconomies of scale over the relevant range of output.4. Patent and copyright laws are major sources ofa. natural monopolies.b. government-created monopolies.c. resource monopolies.d. None of the above are correct.5. The De Beers diamond monopoly is a classic example of a monopoly thata. is government-created.b. arises from the ownership of a key resource.c. results in very little advertising of the product that the monopolist produces.d. was broken up by the government a long time ago.6. In order to sell more of its product, a monopolist musta. sell to the government.b. sell in international markets.c. lower its price.d. use its market power to force up the price of complementary products.7. For a profit-maximizing monopolist,a. P＞MR = MC.b. P = MR = MC.c. P ＞MR ＞MC.d. MR ＜MC ＜P.8. For a monopoly, the supply curve is a portion of itsa. marginal revenue curve.b. marginal cost curve.c. average total cost curve.d. none of the above; a monopoly does not have a supply curve.9. What is the monopolist’s profit under the following conditions? The profit-maximizing price charged for goods produced is $16. The intersection of the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves occurs where output is 10 units and marginal cost is $8. Average total cost for 10 units of output is $6.a. $20b. $80c. $100d. $16010. Antitrust laws allow the government toa. prevent mergers.b. break up companies.c. promote competition.d. All of the above are correct.参考答案：1.b2.d3.b4.b5.b6.c7.a8.d9.c 10.d。
微观经济学习题第8-9章
第八章8.1名词解释税收楔子无谓损失拉弗曲线8.2判断正误T 1．一般来说，税收提高了买者支付的价格，降低了卖者得到的价格，并减少了销售量。
T 2．如果对一种物品征税，并减少了销售量，税收就必定有无谓损失。
F 3．无谓损失是由税收引起的消费者剩余减少。
F 4．对一种物品征税时，政府得到的收入正好等于税收引起的消费者和生产者剩余的损失。
F 5．如果约翰对他理发的评价为20美元，玛丽提供理发的成本是10美元，任何一种大于10美元的理发税都会消除贸易的好处，并引起总剩余20美元的损失。
T 6．如果对供给完全无弹性的市场上的一种物品征税，就没有无谓损失。
F 7．香烟税引起的无谓损失可能大于豪华游艇税。
F 8．如果供给和需求都缺乏弹性，税收引起的无谓损失就大。
T 9．税收引起无谓损失是因为它消除了一些潜在的贸易好处。
F 10．较大的税收总引起更多的税收收入。
T 11．较大的税收总引起较大的无谓损失。
T 12．如果所得税率相当高．降低税率可以增加税收收入。
F 13．向买者收税引起的无谓损失小于向卖者收税。
T 14．如果税收增加两倍，税收的无谓损失大于两倍。
8.3单项选择1、如果不对这个市场上的产品收税，消费者剩余的面积是：a. A+B+Cb. B+C+Bc. A+B+Ed. C+D+Fe. A2、如果不对这个市场上的产品收税，生产者剩余的面积是：a. A+B+C+Db. C+D+Fc. Dd. C+Fe. A+B+E3、如果对这个产品市场上的产品收税，消费者剩余的面积是：a. Ab. A+Bc. A+B+Ed. A+B+C+De. D4、如果对这个市场上的产品收税，生产者剩余的面积是：a. Ab. A+B+Ec. C+D+Fd. De. A+B+C+D5、如果对这个市场上的产品收税，买者支付的税收收入的面积是：a. Ab. Bc. Cd. B+Ce. B+C+E+F6、如果对这个市场上的产品收税，卖者支付的税收收入的面积是：a. Ab. Bc. Cd. C+Fe. B+C+E+F7、如果不对这个市场上的产品征税，总剩余的面积是：a. A+B+C+Db. A +B+C+D+E+Fc. B+C+E+Fd. E+Fe. A+D+E+F8、如果对这个市场上的产品收税，总剩余的面积是：a. A+B+C+Db. A+B+C+D+E+Fc. B+C+E+Fd. E+Fe. A+D9、如果对这个市场上的产品收税，无谓损失的面积是：a. B+Cb. B+C+E+Fc. A+B+C+Dd. E+Fe. A+D10、关于图中的税收负担，以下哪一种说法是正确的？a.买者支付了大部分税收，因为需求比供给缺乏弹性；b.买者支付了大部分税收，因为需求比供给富有弹性；c.卖者支付了大部分税收，因为供给比需求富有弹性；d.卖者支付了大部分税收，因为供给比需求缺乏弹性。
微观第九章习题及答案
微观第九章习题及答案一、名词解释要素供给原则租金准租金经济租金资本的服务价格基尼系数洛伦兹曲线欧拉定理二、选择题1、边际生产力理论认为（）A总产值等于所有要素的报酬之和B要素报酬取决于所生产的边际产量C如果所有市场都有的完全竞争的，那么，资源配置就是有效率的D 上述结论都准确2、既想要提高工资，又想避免失业的增加，这样的希望在（D）时，比较容易实现。
A劳动的需求富有弹性；B劳动的供给富有弹性；C劳动产品的需求富有弹性；D劳动产品的需求缺乏弹性。
PS：同步辅导P187选择题第4题3、准租金与厂商的总利润相比（）A.相等；B.前者大；C.后者大；D.均有可能。
4、假设某京剧演员的年薪为10万元，但若他从事其他职业，最多只能收入3万元，则该京剧演员所获得的经济租金是（）A.10万元；B.3万元；C.7万元；D.均有可能。
5、工资率上升所导致的替代效应是指（）。
A、工作同样长的时间可以得到更多的收入；B、工作较短的时间也可以得到同样的收入；C、工人愿意用更长的工作时间来替代闲暇；D、工人愿意用更长的闲暇时间来替代工作。
6、某工人在工资率为100元/天时，每月挣2000元，工资率为110元/天时，每月挣2800元，由此可以判断（）A、收入效应起着主要作用；B、替代效应起着主要作用；C、收入效应和替代效应都没有发生作用；D、无法判断两种效应作用的大小。
7、当科技迅速发展，人们越来越倾向于采用资本密集型生产方式，则会导致（）A.劳动的供给曲线向左移动；B.劳动的供给曲线向右移动；C.劳动的需求曲线向左移动；D.劳动的需求曲线向右移动。
8、下列关于经济租与准租金的论述正确的是（A）A．经济租无论短期还是长期都存在，而准租金只在短期才存在B．经济租是对某些特定要素而言，而准租金存在于所有要素C．经济租是指对供给暂时固定的生产要素的支付D．经济租与租金没什么区别9、如果收入分配是平均分配的，则洛伦兹曲线将会（）A.与纵轴重合；B.与横轴重合；C.与45度线重合；D.无法判断其位置。
高鸿业微观经济学第五版第九章_习题答案_9
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微观经济习题集第九章
第九章 生产要素价格决定的供给方面一、单项选择题1.假设某歌唱演员的年薪为10万元，但假若她从事其他职业，最多只能得到3万元，那么该歌唱演员所获的经济租金为( )。
①10万元 ② 7万元 ③3万元 ④不可确知。
2.正常利润是( )。
①经济利润的一部分 ②经济成本的一部分③隐含成本的一部分 ④B和C都对。
3.洛仑兹曲线是检验( )的方法。
①利润最大化 ②厂商垄断程度③工资率的高低 ④社会收入分配的平等程度。
4.准租金与厂商的总利润相比( )。
①相等 ②前者大 ③后者大 ④均有可能5.某工人在工资率为每小时2美元的时候每周挣80美元，每小时3美元的时候每周挣105美元，由此可以断定( )。
①收入效应起着主要作用②替代效应起着主要作用；③收入效应和替代效应都没有发生作用④无法确定6.工资率提高的收入效应是指( )。
①以劳动来替代闲暇②以闲暇来替代劳动③闲暇时间减少④劳动供给增加7.人们工资的上升会引起的替代效应是指（）①用较短的时间得到同样多的收入②用较长的时间得到同样多的收入③要求用收入替代闲暇④上述说法都有道理8.既要提高工资又要避免失业增加的希望在下面哪一情况下比较容易实现（）①劳动的需求富有弹性②劳动的供给富有弹性③劳动产品的需求富有弹性④劳动产品的需求缺乏弹性9.经济租金是指（）①因垄断而产生的收益②因竞争而生的收益③仅指土地的租金④以上都错10.准经济租金的是指（）①一时垄断所造成的收益②中等土地的租金③政府征收的土地税④以上都有错11．土地的供给曲线是一条（ ）①向右上方倾斜的曲线②向右下方倾斜的曲线③平行于价格轴的直线④垂直于价格轴的直线；12．如果人们对闲暇的需求增加，那么（ ）①工资率下降，劳动的供给量会增加②工资率下降，劳动的供给量会减少③工资率上升，劳动的供给量会增加④工资率上升，劳动的供给量会减少13．生产要素所有者所得到的收入有劳动的工资（ ）①资本的红利和货币的利息②资本的利息和土地的地租③资本的利息和土地的准租金④货币的利息和土地的经济租金14.影响居民的现期收入和预期未来收入之间大小关系的主要因素是（ ）①利率的大小②储蓄的多少③居民的富裕或贫困④居民所处的生命周期阶段15．在短期内，厂商所面临的资本供给曲线是（ ）①向右上方倾斜 ②向右下方倾斜③完全无弹性 ④完全有弹性16．如果（ ），居民将增加他们的储蓄量。
萨缪尔森《微观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第9章 不完全竞争和垄断)
萨缪尔森《微观经济学》（第19版）第9章不完全竞争和垄断课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1．完全竞争与不完全竞争（perfect vs．imperfect competition）答：（1）完全竞争又称为纯粹竞争，是指不存在任何阻碍和干扰因素的市场情况，亦即没有任何垄断因素的市场结构。
完全竞争的条件是：①对单个厂商而言，价格既定。
市场上有大量互相独立的买者和卖者，他们是既定价格的接受者而不是决定者；②产品同质。
所有卖者向市场提供的产品都是同质的、无差异的产品，对买者来说没有任何差别；③要素自由流动。
所有要素都可以自由流动，进入或退出市场；④信息充分。
卖者和买者都可以获得完备的信息，双方不存在相互的欺骗。
除此之外，还有完全竞争者都具有理性的假设。
事实上，这种理想的完全竞争市场很难在现实中存在。
但是，完全竞争市场的资源利用最优、经济效率最高，可以作为经济政策的理想目标，所以，经济学家总是把完全竞争市场的分析当作市场理论的主要内容，并把它作为一个理想情况，以便和现实比较。
（2）不完全竞争是相对于理想化的完全竞争而言的一类市场结构，市场中的企业或个人不像在完全竞争市场中都是价格接受者，而是对产品市场价格有一定程度的控制力。
如果一个企业能够明显地影响其产品的市场价格，那么，该企业就属于“不完全竞争者”；当个别出售者具有一定程度控制某一行业的产品价格的能力时，该行业就处于不完全竞争之中。
（注：一定程度控制力并不意味他们具有全部的价格决定权，决定价格的自由度在不同行业中存在差异，不完全竞争的存在并不排除市场上的激烈竞争，因为厂商之间常会相互竞争以增加自己的市场力量。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第9章 应用：国际贸易)
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版）第9章应用：国际贸易课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1．世界价格（world price）答：世界价格也称世界市场价格，指一种物品在世界市场上交易的价格。
世界价格是由商品的国际价值决定的。
国际价值是世界市场商品交换的惟一依据，各国商品的国别价值都必须还原为国际价值，以便在国际市场上交换。
而各国商品的国别价值在多大程度上表现为国际价值，是与各国的经济技术水平、劳动强度和劳动生产率密切相关的。
一般来说，一国的经济技术水平和劳动生产率越高，其商品价值就越低于国际商品价值，若按照国际商品价值出售，就能获得较好的经济效益；相反则会在竞争中处于不利的地位。
2．关税（tariff）答：关税是指对在国外生产而在国内销售的物品征收的税。
与其他税收相比，关税有两个主要特点：第一，关税的征收对象是进出境的货物和物品；第二，关税具有涉外性，是对外贸易政策的重要手段。
征收关税的作用主要有两个方面：一是增加本国财政收入；二是保护本国的产业和国内市场。
其中以前者为目的而征收的关税称为财政关税，以后者为目的而征收的关税称为保护关税。
与任何一种物品销售税一样，关税会扭曲激励，使得稀缺资源的配置背离最优水平，使市场接近于没有贸易时的均衡，因此，减少了贸易的好处。
关税虽然使国内生产者的状况变好，而且政府增加了收入，但造成消费者的损失大于获得的这些好处。
关税造成的无谓损失具体表现为：第一，关税使国内生产者能收取的价格高于世界价格，结果，鼓励他们增加低效率地生产。
西方经济学第9章（微观第9章）一、问答题试述消费者的要素供给原则...
西方经济学第9章(微观第9章)一、问答题1.试述消费者的要素供给原则。
答：（1）要素供给者（消费者）遵循的是效用最大原则，即作为“要素供给的资源的边际效用要与作为”保留自用“的资源的边际效用相等。
（2）要素供给的边际效用是间接的等于要素供给的边际收入与收入的边际效用的乘积。
（3）自用资源的边际效用是直接边际效用增量与自用资源增量之比的极限值，即增加一单位自用资源带来的效用增量。
2.如何从要素供给原则推导要素供给曲线？答（1）根据要素供给原则dU/dL\dL/dY=W,给定一个要素价格W，可以得到一个最优的自用资源数量L。
（2）在资源总量为既定的条件下，给定一个最优的自用资源数量L,又可以得到一个最优的要素供给量L。
（3）要素价格W与要素供给量L的关系即代表了要素的供给曲线。
3.劳动供给曲线为什么向后弯曲？答：（1）劳动供给曲线表明的是劳动供给量与价格之间的关系，而劳动供给可看成成本是闲暇需求的反面；劳动的价格即工资是闲暇的价格。
于是，劳动供给量随工资的变化的关系即劳动供给曲线可以用闲暇需求量随闲暇价格变化的关系即闲暇需求的曲线来说明：解释劳动供给曲线向后弯曲（劳动供给量随工资上升而下降）等于解释闲暇需求曲线向前上斜（闲暇需求量随闲暇价格上升而上升）。
（2）闲暇价格变化造成闲暇需求量变化有两个原因，即替代效应和收入效应。
由于替代效应，闲暇需求量与闲暇价格变化方向相反。
由于收入效应，闲暇需求量与闲暇价格变化方向相同。
（3）当工资即闲暇价格较低时，闲暇价格变化的收入效应较小，而当工资即闲暇价格越高时，闲暇价格变化的收入效应就越大，甚至可能超过替代效应。
如果收入效应超过了替代效应，则闲暇需求量随闲暇价格上升而上升，即劳动供给量随工资上升而下降，这就使得劳动供给曲线向后弯曲。
4.土地的供给曲线为什么垂直？答：土地供给曲线垂直并非因为自然赋予的土地数量为（或假定为）固定不变。
而是因为假定土地只有一种用途即生产性用途，而没有自用用途。
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第九章
A、地租
B、租金
C、准租金
D、经济租
A、土地的供给、需求共同增加
B、土地供给不断减少，而需求不变
C
、土地的需求日益增加，而供给不变 D
、以上全不对
A、平行于横轴的直线
B、垂直于横轴的直线
C、供给弹性
=0
D
、向右下方倾斜的线
A、总利润大于准租金
B、总利润等于准租金
C 、总利润小于准租金
D 、上述情况均可发生
A 、基尼系数就越大，收入就越不平等
B 、基尼系数就越大，收入就越平等
C 、基尼系数就越小，收入就越不平等
D 、基尼系数就越小，收入就越平等
正确
不正确
正确
不正确
正确
不正确
正确
不正确
正确
不正确
正确
不正确
正确
不正确。