宏观经济学课件(英文版)5只是分享
布兰查德宏观经济学第七版第7版英文版chapter (5)
Macroeconomics, 7e (Blanchard)Chapter 5: Goods and Financial Markets. The IS-LM Model5.1 The Goods Market and the IS Relation1) The IS curve representsA) the single level of output where the goods market is in equilibrium.B) the single level of output where financial markets are in equilibrium.C) the combinations of output and the interest rate where the money market is in equilibrium.D) the combinations of output and the interest rate where the goods market is in equilibrium.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 12) The IS curve will shift to the right when which of the following occurs?A) an increase in the money supplyB) an increase in government spendingC) a reduction in the interest rateD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 23) Which of the following occurs as the economy moves leftward along a given IS curve?A) An increase in the interest rate causes investment spending to decrease.B) An increase in the interest rate causes money demand to increase.C) An increase in the interest rate causes a reduction in the money supply.D) A reduction in government spending causes a reduction in demand for goods.E) An increase in taxes causes a reduction in demand for goods.Answer: ADiff: 24) During 2008 in the United States, consumer confidence fell significantly. Which of the following will occur as a result of this reduction in consumer confidence?A) The LM curve will shift up.B) The LM curve will shift down.C) The IS curve will shift rightward.D) The IS curve will shift leftward.E) The IS curve will shift rightward, and the LM curve will shift up.Answer: DDiff: 25) Suppose policy makers decide to reduce taxes. This fiscal policy action will cause which of the following to occur?A) The LM curve shifts and the economy moves along the IS curve.B) The IS curve shifts and the economy moves along the LM curve.C) Both the IS and LM curves shift.D) Neither the IS nor the LM curve shifts.E) Output will change causing a change in money demand and a shift of the LM curve. Answer: BDiff: 26) Suppose fiscal policy makers implement a policy to reduce the size of a budget deficit. Based on the IS-LM model, we know with certainty that the following will occur as a result of this fiscal policy action.A) Investment spending will decrease.B) Investment spending will increase.C) There will be no change in investment spending.D) Investment spending may increase, decrease, or not change.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 37) For this question, assume that investment spending depends only on the interest rate and no longer depends on output. Given this information, a reduction in government spendingA) will cause investment to decrease.B) will cause investment to increase.C) may cause investment to increase or to decrease.D) will have no effect on output.E) will cause a reduction in output and have no effect on the interest rate.Answer: BDiff: 38) Suppose investment spending is not very sensitive to the interest rate. Given this information, we know thatA) the IS curve should be relatively flat.B) the IS curve should be relatively steep.C) the LM curve should be relatively flat.D) the LM curve should be relatively steep.E) neither the IS nor the LM curve will be affected.Answer: BDiff: 29) Explain the determinants of investment. Include in your answer an explanation of how a change in each determinant affects investment.Answer: Investment depends on the level of sales/output and on the interest rate. As output changes, the demand for goods will change and firms will change investment so that their capacity changes with the level of economic activity (and demand). I also depends on the interest rate. As the interest rate rises, the cost of borrowing rises. Firms will cut back on investment as borrowing costs rise.Diff: 210) What is the IS relation? Explain why IS curve is downward sloping.Answer: The IS relation shows the combinations of the interest rate and the level of output that are consistent with equilibrium in the goods market. An increase in the interest rate leads to a decline in output. Consequently, the IS curve is downward sloping.Diff: 211) Graphically derive the IS curve from the goods market equilibrium.Answer: Suppose the initial equilibrium in the goods market is at point A with interest rate i. Suppose now that the interest rate increases from its initial value i to a higher value i'. The increase in the interest rate decreases investment. The decrease in investment leads to a decrease in output. Now the new equilibrium point is at A', with a higher value of i and lower value of Y. After we plot the combinations of i and Y when the goods market is in equilibrium, we can connect these two points (A and A') to get a downward sloping IS curve.Diff: 25.2 Financial Markets and the LM Relation1) For each interest rate, the LM curve illustrates the level of output whereA) the goods market is in equilibrium.B) inventory investment equals zero.C) money supply equals money demand.D) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 22) The LM curve shifts down (or, equivalently, to the right) when which of the following occurs?A) an increase in taxesB) an increase in outputC) an open market sale of bonds by the central bankD) an increase in consumer confidenceE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 23) Which of the following statements is consistent with a given (i.e., fixed) LM curve?A) A reduction in the interest rate causes investment spending to increase.B) A reduction in the interest rate causes money demand to decrease.C) A reduction in the interest rate causes an increase in the money supply.D) An increase in output causes an increase in demand for goods.E) An increase in output causes an increase in money demand.Answer: EDiff: 24) In late 2007 and early 2008, the U.S. Federal Reserve pursued expansionary monetary policy. Which of the following will occur as a result of this monetary policy action?A) The LM curve shifts down.B) The LM curve shifts up.C) The IS curve shifts rightward as the interest rate falls.D) The IS curve shifts leftward as the interest rate increases.E) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 25) Suppose the demand for money is not very sensitive to the interest rate. Given this information, we know thatA) the IS curve should be relatively flat.B) the IS curve should be relatively steep.C) the LM curve should be relatively flat.D) the LM curve should be relatively steep.E) neither the IS nor the LM curve will be affected.Answer: DDiff: 36) Which of the following is the definition for the real supply of money?A) The stock of money measured in terms of goods, not dollars.B) The stock of high powered money only.C) The real value of currency in circulation only.D) The actual quantity of money, rather than the officially reported quantity.E) The ratio of the real GDP to the nominal money supply.Answer: ADiff: 17) First, define the LM curve. Second, explain why it has its particular shape.Answer: The LM curve illustrates the combinations of the interest rate and level of output that maintain financial market equilibrium. The curve is upward sloping because as income increases, money demand will rise. This increase in money demand will cause an excess demand for money and an excess supply of bonds. Bond prices will fall and the interest rate will increase until equilibrium is restored.Diff: 25.3 Putting the IS and the LM Relations Together1) Suppose the economy is currently operating on both the LM curve and the IS curve. Which of the following is true for this economy?A) Production equals demand.B) The quantity supplied of bonds equals the quantity demanded of bonds.C) The money supply equals money demand.D) Financial markets are in equilibrium.E) all of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 12) Suppose the economy is operating on the LM curve but not on the IS curve. Given this information, we know thatA) the goods market is in equilibrium and the money market is not in equilibrium.B) the money market and bond markets are in equilibrium and the goods market is not in equilibrium.C) the money market and goods market are in equilibrium and the bond market is not in equilibrium.D) the money, bond and goods markets are all in equilibrium.E) neither the money, bond, nor goods markets are in equilibrium.Answer: BDiff: 23) Suppose the current level of output and the interest rate are such that the economy is operating on neither the IS nor LM curve. Which of the following is true for this economy?A) Production does not equal demand.B) The money supply does not equal money demand.C) The quantity supplied of bonds does not equal the quantity demanded of bonds.D) Financial markets are not in equilibrium.E) all of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 24) An increase in the money supply will cause an increase in which of the following variables?A) outputB) investmentC) consumptionD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 25) Suppose there is an increase in consumer confidence. Which of the following represents the complete list of variables that must increase in response to this increase in consumer confidence?A) consumptionB) consumption and investmentC) consumption, investment and outputD) consumption and outputE) consumption, output and the interest rateAnswer: EDiff: 26) Suppose there is a fiscal contraction. Which of the following is a complete list of the variables that must decrease?A) consumptionB) consumption and investmentC) consumption and outputD) consumption, output and the interest rateE) consumption, output and investmentAnswer: CDiff: 27) We know with certainty that a tax increase must cause which of the following?A) an increase in investmentB) a reduction in investmentC) no change in investmentD) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 28) A fiscal contraction will tend to cause which of the following to occur?A) a reduction in the interest rate and a reduction in investmentB) a reduction in the interest rate and an upward shift in the LM curveC) a reduction in the interest rate and an ambiguous effect on investmentD) no change in output if the Fed simultaneously pursues contractionary monetary policy Answer: CDiff: 29) An increase in the money supply must cause which of the following?A) a leftward shift in the IS curveB) a reduction in the interest rate and ambiguous effects on investmentC) an increase in investment and a rightward shift in the IS curveD) no change in the interest rate if investment is independent of the interest rateE) no change in output if investment is independent of the interest rateAnswer: EDiff: 110) An increase in consumer confidence will tend to cause which of the following to occur?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: ADiff: 111) Assume that investment does not depend on the interest rate. A reduction in government spending will cause which of the following for this economy?A) no change in the interest rateB) no change in outputC) no change in investmentD) an increase in investmentE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 312) Assume that investment does not depend on the interest rate. A reduction in the money supply will cause which of the following for this economy?A) no change in the interest rateB) no change in outputC) a reduction in investmentD) an increase in investmentAnswer: BDiff: 313) For this question, assume that investment spending depends only on output and no longer depends on the interest rate. Given this information, an increase in the money supplyA) will cause investment to decrease.B) will cause investment to increase.C) will cause a reduction in the interest rate.D) will have no effect on output or the interest rate.E) will cause an increase in output and have no effect on the interest rate.Answer: CDiff: 314) A reduction in consumer confidence will likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: BDiff: 215) An increase in the reserve deposit ratio, θ, will most likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: CDiff: 216) A Fed purchase of securities will most likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: DDiff: 217) A reduction in the aggregate price level, P, will most likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: DDiff: 218) An increase in the aggregate price level, P, will most likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: CDiff: 219) The IS curve will not shift when which of the following occurs?A) a reduction in government spendingB) a reduction in the interest rateC) a reduction in consumer confidenceD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 120) Which of the following best defines the IS curve?A) the combinations of i and Y that maintain equilibrium in the goods marketB) illustrates the effects of changes in i on investmentC) illustrates the effects of changes in i on desired money holdings by individualsD) the combinations of i and Y that maintain equilibrium in financial marketsAnswer: ADiff: 121) Which of the following best defines the LM curve?A) the combinations of i and Y that maintain equilibrium in the goods marketB) illustrates the effects of changes in i on investmentC) illustrates the effects of changes in i on desired money holdings by individualsD) the combinations of i and Y that maintain equilibrium in financial marketsAnswer: DDiff: 122) Based on our understanding of the IS-LM model that takes into account dynamics, we know that a reduction in the money supply will causeA) an immediate drop in Y and immediate increase in i.B) an immediate increase in i and no initial change in Y.C) a gradual increase in i and gradual reduction in Y.D) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 223) Based on our understanding of the IS-LM model that takes into account dynamics, we know that a reduction in government spending will causeA) an immediate drop in Y and immediate increase in i.B) an immediate reduction in i and no initial change in Y.C) a gradual reduction in i and gradual reduction in Y.D) a gradual reduction in i and an immediate reduction in Y.Answer: CDiff: 224) Based on our understanding of the IS-LM model that takes into account dynamics, we know that an increase in the money supply will causeA) an immediate increase in i and no initial change in Y.B) an immediate decrease in i and no initial change in Y.C) a gradual decrease in i and gradual increase in Y.D) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 225) Based on our understanding of the IS-LM model that takes into account dynamics, we know that an increase in government spending will causeA) a gradual increase in i and gradual increase in Y.B) an immediate increase in Y and immediate drop in i.C) an immediate increase in i and no initial change in Y.D) a gradual increase in i and an immediate increase in Y.Answer: ADiff: 226) An increase in government spending will likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: ADiff: 227) A reduction in the reserve depos it ratio, θ, will most likely have which of the following effects?A) a rightward shift in the IS curveB) a leftward shift in the IS curveC) an upward shift in the LM curveD) a downward shift in the LM curveAnswer: DDiff: 228) If government spending and taxes increase by the same amount,A) the IS curve does not shiftB) the IS curve shift leftwardC) the IS curve shifts rightwardD) the LM curve shifts downwardAnswer: CDiff: 229) If government spending and taxes decrease by the same amount,A) the IS curve does not shift.B) the IS curve shift leftward.C) the IS curve shifts rightward.D) the LM curve shifts downward.Answer: BDiff: 230) Which of the following triggered the U.S. recession of 2001?A) decline in investment demandB) decline in consumption demandC) increase in budget deficitD) increase in trade deficitAnswer: ADiff: 231) The IS curve will shift to the left when which of the following occurs?A) a reduction in the money supplyB) a reduction in government spendingC) an increase in the interest rateD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 232) Which of the following occurs as the economy moves rightward along a given IS curve?A) A reduction in the interest rate causes investment spending to decrease.B) A reduction in the interest rate causes money demand to increase.C) A reduction in the interest rate causes a reduction in the money supply.D) An increase in government spending causes a reduction in demand for goods.E) A reduction in taxes causes a reduction in demand for goods.Answer: ADiff: 233) When the central bank pursues contractionary monetary policy, we that this policy will result in an increase in the interest rate, a reduction in investment, a reduction in demand, and a lower level of equilibrium output. Explain what happens to the position of the IS curve as the central bank pursues contractionary monetary policy.Answer: Changes in the interest rate do cause changes in investment, demand, and output. However, they do not cause shifts of the IS curve. Changes in the interest rate cause movements along the IS curve.Diff: 234) A fiscal expansion (e.g. a tax cut) will result in an increase in income, an increase in money demand, and an increase in the equilibrium interest rate in financial markets. Explain what happens to the position of the LM curve as policy makers pursue expansionary fiscal policy. Answer: The fiscal expansion will cause an increase in output. However, changes in Y only cause movements along the LM curve. The effects of changes in Y on the interest rate are embedded in the shape of the LM curve.Diff: 2IS curve.Answer: A Fed sale of bonds will cause a reduction in H and a reduction in the money supply. This will cause an excess demand for money and the interest rate must increase to restore money market equilibrium. The LM curve will shift up as a result of this to reflect the now higher interest rate. The IS curve does not shift as a result of this. We would simply observe a movement along the IS curve.Diff: 236) Explain in detail what effect a reduction in government spending will have on: (1) the LM curve; and (2) the IS curve.Answer: A reduction in taxes will cause an increase in disposable income and an increase in consumption. The rise in C will cause an increase in demand and the equilibrium level of output in the goods market will be higher. This is reflected in a rightward shift in the IS curve. Goods market events such as this will not cause a shift in the LM curve (only a movement along it). Diff: 237) Based on your understanding of the IS-LM model, graphically illustrate and explain what effect a reduction in consumer confidence will have on output, the interest rate, and investment. Answer: A reduction in consumer confidence will cause a reduction in consumption and, therefore, a reduction in demand and a leftward shift in the IS curve. As Y decreases, money demand will decrease causing the interest rate to fall. The effects on I are ambiguous. The lower Y will cause I to fall while the lower interest rate will cause I to increase.Diff: 238) Based on your understanding of the IS-LM model, graphically illustrate and explain what effect a monetary expansion will have on output, the interest rate, and investment.Answer: An increase in M will cause the LM curve to shift down and the interest rate to fall. As the interest rate falls, firms will increase investment causing an increase in demand and subsequent increase in output. So, the interest rate will fall and Y will rise. I will be higher due to the rise in Y and drop in the interest rate.Diff: 239) Increases in the budget deficit are believed to cause reductions in investment. Based on your understanding of the IS-LM model, will a fiscal policy action that causes a reduction in the budget deficit cause an increase in investment? Explain.Answer: A policy that causes a reduction in the budget deficit will have an ambiguous effect on investment. Output will fall which will tend to depress I. However, the interest rate will also fall which will tend to increase I. I could increase, decrease, or remain unchanged.Diff: 2the IS curve.Answer: A Fed purchase of bonds will cause an increase in H and an increase in the money supply. This will cause an excess supply of money and the interest rate must decline to restore money market equilibrium. The LM curve will shift down as a result of this to reflect the now lower interest rate. The IS curve does not shift as a result of this. We would simply observe a movement along the IS curve.Diff: 241) Explain in detail what effect an increase in government spending will have on: (1) the LM curve; and (2) the IS curve.Answer: An increase in government spending will cause an increase in demand and the equilibrium level of output in the goods market will be higher. This is reflected in a rightward shift in the IS curve. Goods market events such as this will not cause a shift in the LM curve (only a movement along it).Diff: 25.4 Using a Policy Mix1) Suppose there is a simultaneous fiscal expansion and monetary expansion. We know with certainty thatA) output will increase.B) output will decrease.C) the interest rate will increase.D) the interest rate will decrease.E) both output and the interest rate will increase.Answer: ADiff: 22) Suppose there is a simultaneous fiscal expansion and monetary contraction. We know with certainty thatA) output will increase.B) output will decrease.C) the interest rate will increase.D) the interest rate will decrease.E) both output and the interest rate will increase.Answer: CDiff: 23) For this question, assume that investment spending depends only on output and no longer depends on the interest rate. Given this information, an increase in government spendingA) will cause investment to decrease.B) will cause investment to increase.C) may cause investment to increase or to decrease.D) will have no effect on output.E) will cause an increase in output and have no effect on the interest rate.Answer: BDiff: 34) A reasonable dynamic assumption for the IS-LM model is thatA) the economy is always on both the IS and LM curves.B) the economy is always on the IS curve, but moves only slowly to the LM curve.C) the economy is always on the LM curve, but moves only slowly to the IS curve.D) the money market is quick to adjust, but the bond market adjusts more slowly.E) adjustment to the new IS-LM equilibrium is instantaneous after an LM shift, but not after an IS shift.Answer: CDiff: 25) Under the reasonable dynamic assumptions discussed in the text, a monetary contraction should result inA) an immediate rise in the interest rate, and no further interest rate changes.B) an immediate rise in the interest rate, and then a fall in the interest rate over time.C) an immediate rise in the interest rate, and then a further rise over time.D) a very gradual but steady rise in the interest rate to its new equilibrium level.E) no change in the interest rate initially, and then a sudden rise to its new equilibrium value. Answer: BDiff: 26) For this question, assume that investment spending depends only on the interest rate and no longer depends on output. Given this information, a reduction in the money supplyA) will cause investment to decrease.B) will cause investment to increase.C) may cause investment to increase or to decrease.D) will have no effect on output.E) will cause a reduction in output and have no effect on the interest rate.Answer: ADiff: 37) Suppose there is a Fed purchase of bonds and simultaneous tax cut. We know with certainty that this combination of policies must causeA) an increase in the interest rate (i).B) a reduction in i.C) an increase in output (Y).D) a reduction in Y.Answer: CDiff: 28) Suppose there is a simultaneous Fed sale of bonds and increase in consumer confidence. We know with certainty that these two simultaneous events will causeA) an increase in the interest rate (i).B) a reduction in i.C) an increase in output (Y).D) a reduction in Y.Answer: ADiff: 29) Suppose there is a simultaneous central bank purchase of bonds and increase in taxes. We know with certainty that this combination of policies must causeA) an increase in the interest rate (i).B) a reduction in i.C) an increase in output (Y).D) a reduction in Y.Answer: BDiff: 210) Suppose there is a simultaneous central bank sale of bonds and tax increase. We know with certainty that this combination of policies must causeA) an increase in the interest rate (i).B) a reduction in i.C) an increase in output (Y).D) a reduction in Y.Answer: DDiff: 211) First, briefly explain what is meant by the policy mix. Second, explain what effect different policy mixes might have on the level of output, investment, and the interest rate.Answer: The policy mix refers to the possible combinations of monetary (exp. or contr.) and fiscal (exp. or contr.) that can be simultaneously implemented. There are a number of different answers that could be given to the latter part of the question. The effects on output, the interest rate, and investment will depend on the type of mix.Diff: 212) Use the IS-LM model to answer this question. Suppose there is a simultaneous increase in government spending and reduction in the money supply. Explain what effect this particular policy mix will have on output and the interest rate. Based on your analysis, do we know with certainty what effect this policy mix will have on investment? Explain.Answer: In this case, the LM curve shifts up and the IS curve shifts to the right. The interest rate will clearly be higher. The effects on output depend on the relative magnitude of the two policies. The effects on I are also ambiguous. If output falls, I will be lower. However, it is possible that output will rise here which creates the ambiguity.Diff: 213) Use the IS-LM model to answer this question. Suppose there is a simultaneous increase in taxes and reduction in the money supply. Explain what effect this particular policy mix will have on output and the interest rate. Based on your analysis, do we know with certainty what effect this policy mix will have on investment? Explain.Answer: In this case, the LM curve shifts up and the IS curve shifts to the left. In this case, output will clearly fall. What happens to the interest rate depends on the relative magnitude of the two policies. The effects on I are again ambiguous.Diff: 214) Use the IS-LM model to answer this question. Suppose there is a simultaneous increase in government spending and increase in the money supply. Explain what effect this particular policy mix will have on output and the interest rate. Based on your analysis, do we know with certainty what effect this policy mix will have on investment? Explain.Answer: In this case, the LM curve shifts down and the IS curve shifts to the right. The output will clearly be higher. The effects on interest rate depend on the relative magnitude of the two policies. The effects on I are also ambiguous. If interest rate falls, I will be higher. However, it is possible that interest rate will rise here which creates the ambiguity.Diff: 25.5 How does the IS-LM Model Fit the Facts?1) Empirically it takes nearly ________ years for monetary policy to have its full effect on output.A) 2B) 1C) 3D) 4Answer: ADiff: 1。
宏观经济学原理 第五版 英文原版课件macro-ch08-presentation
QE
Q
6
The Effects of a Tax
With the tax, CS = A PS = F Tax revenue =B+D Total surplus =A+B +D+F The tax reduces total surplus by C+E
APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION
These effects are the same whether the tax is
imposed on buyers or sellers, so we do not make this distinction in this chapter.
APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION
P
S
Size of tax
D
Q
15
APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION
DWL and the Elasticity of Demand
P S
When demand is inelastic,
Size of tax
it’s harder for consumers to leave the market when the tax raises PB.
Would the DWL of a tax be larger if the tax were on:
A. Breakfast cereal or sunscreen? B. Hotel rooms in the short run or
hotel rooms in the long run?
C. Groceries or meals at fancy restaurants?
宏观经济学英文课件 (2)
Capital Input
• The Demand for Capital Services
– Firms maximize real profit
• π/P= A·F[(κK)d, Ld)] −(w/P) · Ld− (R/P)·(κK)d
Capital Input
Capital Input
– Net real income from supplying capital services = K·[(R/P)·κ − δ(κ)]
Capital Input
• The Supply of Capital Services
– Rate of return from owning capital = ( R/P)·κ − δ(κ)
Capital Input
• Market Clearing and Capital Utilization
– i = (R/ P) · κ − δ(κ) – Rate of return on bonds
= rate of return on ownership of capital
– Increase in the technology level, A, raises the rate of return from owning capital, the interest rate, i, increases. The interest rate is still procyclical in the model.
Capital Utilization and Unemployment
Capital Input
• Capital utilization rate
– The fraction of the capital stock used in production. – κ (the Greek letter kappa) represent the utilization rate for the capital stock, K. – Y= A· F(κ K, L)
宏观经济学ppt课件完整版
货币政策与财政政策协调配合
政策目标一致性
货币政策和财政政策应共同致力 于实现经济增长、物价稳定、充 分就业和国际收支平衡等宏观经
济目标。
政策工具互补性
货币政策和财政政策具有不同的调 节机制和工具，可以相互补充，形 成政策合力。
政策实施协调性
在制定和实施货币政策和财政政策 时，应加强沟通和协调，避免政策 冲突和相互抵消。
高水平对外开放
在双循环新发展格局下，中国经济将更加注重高水平对外开放，积极参 与全球经济治理和公共产品供给，推动构建人类命运共同体。
绿色低碳发展路径选择
1 2
能源结构调整 推动能源消费革命和供给革命，加快构建清洁低 碳、安全高效的能源体系，降低碳排放强度。
产业绿色转型 加快传统产业绿色化改造和新兴绿色产业发展， 推动产业结构优化升级，构建绿色产业体系。
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失业、通货膨胀与经济周期
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
失业率计算及类型划分
失业率计算
失业率 = 失业人数 / 劳动力总数 × 100%。其中，失业人数指在一定年龄范围内，有劳动能力、愿意工 作但目前没有工作的人数；劳动力总数指在一定年龄范围内，有劳动能力的人数。
收入法
也称分配法，是从生产过程创造收入 的角度，根据生产要素在生产过程中 应得的收入份额以及因从事生产活动 向政府支付的份额的角度来反映最终 成果的一种计算方法。
经济增长率计算及分析
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02
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经济增长率的计算
通常采用GDP或人均GDP 的年均增长速度来衡量。
经济增长的源泉
包括资本积生态文明建设和环境保护工作，完善生态文 明制度体系，推动经济社会全面绿色转型。
宏观经济学英文PPT课件
Gross Domestic Product
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
How is GDP related to a nation’s total income and spending?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures total income of everyone in the economy. GDP also measures total expenditure on the economy’s output of g&s.
For the economy as a whole, income equals expenditure, because
Macroeconomics: The study of the economy as a whole.
We begin our study of macroeconomics with the country’s total income and expenditure.
Income and Expenditure
Intermediate goods: used as components or ingredients in the production of other goods
GDP only includes final goods – they already embody the value of the intermediate goods used in their production.
宏观经济学课件(英文版)5
13
Long-Run Economic Growth
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Long-Run Economic Growth
We allow for technological progress in the sense of continuing growth of the technology level, A.
A grows in an exogenous manner.
However, after a country reaches a mid-range of democracy (characteristic in recent
years of Indonesia, Turkey, and several places in Latin America), further democratization seems to reduce growth.
If we double not only machines and buildings but also human and infrastructure capital, real GDP may roughly double.
If raw labor is not a critical input to production, capital’s marginal and average products may not decline as capital accumulates.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
宏观经济学全集PPT课件
02
国民收入核算与决定
国民收入核算体系与方法
01
02
03
GDP核算体系
以国内生产总值（GDP） 为核心的核算体系，包括 生产法、收入法和支出法 三种核算方法。
GNP核算体系
以国民生产总值（GNP） 为核心的核算体系，注重 国民经济总体规模和结构。
国民经济核算账户
通过一系列账户体系全面 反映国民经济运行状况， 包括生产账户、收入分配 账户、消费账户等。
开放经济条件下财政政策效应分析
财政政策效应
指财政政策实施过程中对经济社会所产生的影响和效果。在开放经济条件下，财政政策效 应会受到多种因素的影响，如国际资本流动、汇率变动、国际贸易等。
财政政策与国际贸易
财政政策可以通过调整关税、出口退税等措施来影响国际贸易，进而对国内经济产生影响 。例如，提高关税可以保护国内产业，但同时也可能导致贸易伙伴采取报复措施，影响国 际贸易环境。
• 总供给曲线：表示在其他条件不变的情况下，价格水平与总供给量之间的关系 。总供给曲线通常向右上方倾斜，表明随着价格水平的提高，总供给量也会增 加。
• 总需求曲线：表示在其他条件不变的情况下，价格水平与总需求量之间的关系 。总需求曲线通常向右下方倾斜，表明随着价格水平的提高，总需求量会减少 。
• 模型分析：当总供给曲线与总需求曲线相交时，经济达到均衡状态。此时的价 格水平和产出水平分别为均衡价格和均衡产出。当经济受到外部冲击时，如财 政政策变动、国际经济环境变化等，总供给曲线或总需求曲线会发生移动，导 致均衡价格和均衡产出发生变化。通过对总供给-总需求模型的分析，可以预 测和解释这些变化对宏观经济的影响。
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Recent Research on the Determinants of Economic Growth
6
Recent Research on the Determinants of Economic Growth
Hold constant a list of variables that influence k*.
2
Conditional Convergence in Practice
A broader view of the technology level, A.
Productivity depends on the degree of market efficiency.
Greater international openness tends to raise productivity.
4
Recent Research on the Determinants of Economic Growth
First, if we hold fixed k* (by holding fixed the variables that influence k*), the growth rate of capital per worker, Δk/k, should exhibit convergence.
3
Recent Research on the Determinants of Economic Growth
Δk/k = φ[k(0), k*].
(-) (+)
The idea is to measure an array of variables, each of which influences a country’s steadystate capital per worker, k*.
宏观经济学课件(英文版)5
Conditional Convergence in Practice
Three variables that influenced k*: Saving rate, s. Technology level, A. Population growth rate, n.
Growth rate of real GDP per person rises in response to
a higher saving rate, lower fertility, better maintenance of the rule of law, smaller government consumption, greater international openness, improvement in the terms of trade, greater quantity and quality of education, better health, and lower inflation.
• the extent of international openness, measured by the volume of exports and imports;
• changes in the terms of trade, which is the ratio of prices of exported goods to prices of imported goods;
• measures of investment in education and health;
• the average rate of inflation, which is an indicator of macroeconomic policy.
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Recent Research on the Determinants of Economic Growth
9
Recent Research on the Determinants of Economic Growth
Democracy has a less clear effect—if a country starts from a totalitarian system, increases in democracy seem to favor economic growth.
rule of law and democracy; • the size of government, as gauged by the
share of government consumption expenditures in GDP;
7
Recent Research on the Determinants of Economic Growth
• a measure of the saving rate; • the fertility rate for the typical woman (which
influences population growth); • subjective measures of maintenance of the
Productivity tends to rise if governments do better at maintaining private property rights, if the judicial system runs more smoothly, and if official corruption declines.
That is, for given k*, a lower k(0) should match up with a higher Δk/k.
Second, any variable that raises or lowers k* should correspondingly raise or lower Δk/k for given k(0).