科技英语写作教程
中英文科技论文写作教程
中英文科技论文写作教程标题一、英文文章标题（Title）的结构：1.完整句子作为题目，这是一种常见的结构，尤其在报刊中常用：Fuzhou Strives for Better Exports（由于是题目，在句尾不能用句号）2.名词+动词不定式结构：这种结构表示将来，因在题目中一般不用will或shallThe Chinese Communist Party to Hold Its 18th Congress3.名词或名词短语+过去分词。
这种结构常用于报道已做过的事情.Capital International Airport Enlarged.北京国际机场扩建4.现代分词短语结构。
Visiting a Friend on a Snowy Night5.介绍短语结构In Memory of ….6.名词或名词短语+介词短语结构Home for the Sailors7.以动词原形开始的短语结构，这种结构常用于带有号召性的题目中。
Server the People8.名词或名词短语结构，例如A small Green City二、注意题目字母的大小写问题1. 题目中除介词、冠词、和连接词的字母全部小写外，其它的词的第一个字母要大写（介词和冠词在题目开头时第一个字母也要大写）My Family and Myself2.题目中全部字母大写，这种形式大多用于书籍封面上的题目，例如：上海简介A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SHANGHAI3.题目第一个词的第一个字母大写外，其它字母一律小写，但遇到专门名词时，该词的第一个字母仍须大写，现在报纸上的题目大都采用这种形式，主要是便于排版。
中国体操选手夺得七枚金牌Chinese gymnasts sweep away seven gold medals三．在英语文章题目中，冠词常可省略，例如美国总统在西方U.S. President in West四、英文文题的一般性原则*文题应准确而清晰反映文章的内容和重点。
科技英语写作教程习题答案
Abbreviations
Science and Technology English of uses Abbreviations to save space and time These abrasions are commonly well treated and widely recognized in the field
It is important to vary presence patterns in Scientific English to make writing more engaging and ready Using a mix of simple and complex senses helps to create a dynamic flow of ideas
02
VS
Experimental report writing is a critical skill in science and technology fields It requires the ability to clearly and reasonably document experiments, methods, results, and conclusions
Latin and Greek roots
Many words in Science and Technology English are derived from Latin and Greek roots These roots are often found to be precise meanings and are an integral part of the language
科技英语写作(上)
使用正式用语（formal words）、大词（big words），以突出科技英语正式、庄重、清晰、准确 的语体特点。 Example: A thorough exposition is accorded to phase and frequency modulation in the book.
说
同样的 接触 力图
say
similar touch try
remark
identical contact endeavor
利用
足够的 最终
use
enough in the end
employ; utilize
sufficient eventually
在其中
in which
wherein
用正式动词代替短语动词，力求精炼，避免 冗繁。
2）保证句子的语法结构正确后，就要进一步熟悉常 用的固定句型。 例如：
“这个解经验证无误” – The solution checks. “证毕” – This completes the proof. / Q.E.D. / QED (Latin) “这等于是说” – This amounts to saying... / This is equivalent to saying...
lab auto
mike ad
laboratory automobile
microphone advertisement
注意科技英语中的名词化现象（Nominalization）
所谓名词化倾向主要指广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽 象名词或起名词功用的动名词。科技文章的语言特点 之一是言简意明，简化语言结构的有效途径之一便是 名词化。 例：applications in data and information processing 计算机在数据和信息处理中的应用 the automation of information management and office automation 信息管理和办公室管理的自 动化 voice recognition equipment 声音识别设备 这种动词的名词化手段能有效地简化叙事的层次和结 构，减少使用句子和使用从句的频率，使行文更直接， 紧凑简洁。
科技英语写作与英文科研论文
第一部分科技论文英文写作技巧第一节词汇1 概述1.1 生物医学英文论著写作要点用中文和英文写作论著的基本原则是一致的。
英文写作对于非英语国家的人来说，存在语言障碍。
因此，写作英文论著，既要熟知生物医学论著写作的共同要点，又要学会准确使用英文。
对于初学者，在阅读英文文献时要注意英文表达方式，逐渐积累形成语感。
应该用英文“写作”，切忌先写出中文后．再逐词逐句翻译成英文。
在开始写作时，寻找与本研究内容相近的英美作者的论著作为写作参考，从模仿入手。
用英文表达的研究成果，必须在以下方面注意英文表达的特点和习惯，摆脱中文写作习惯方式带来的干扰。
1.2 单词（word）单词是英文中最基本的单元。
选择单词的原则是准确（precise）、简单（simple）、必要（necessary）和熟悉（familiar），还要符合医学的规范和习惯。
1.3句子（sentence）句子是单词的排列组合。
除了注意英文一般语法规则外，必须符合简明、直接了当的原则。
在1个句子中说明l项事物，将句子的主题用主语表示，动作以动词表示，并选择恰当的句型。
1.4 段落（paragraph）段落是若干个句子的排列组合，用以表述1个主题（或信息）。
应当合理组织句子，保持段落内容的连续性、流畅性和逻辑性，注意句子之间的连接方式，使段落合乎逻辑地表达1个主题。
1.5 节（section）按论著格式，若干段落组成节（section），如摘要、引言、材料和方法、结果讨论等。
每一节都要按照相应的要求组织，并围绕论著主题明确表述设想、实施、结果、得到的论点等各个环节，应注意各节之间的关系和连接。
1.6 全文（paper）论著全文除了上述的各节内容外，还有题目、作者姓名、单位、地址、参考文献、致谢等内容。
写完全文后，应当检查各部分内容是否明确、重点地反映了论著的主要论点，检查有无遗漏、错误，并仔细作文字调整和润色。
有条件时，可请英文水平较高的专业人员或外国专家对论著进行审阅和修改。
秦荻辉科技英语写作教程练习答案全部版
V、练习参考答案练习1II、1、an（人们对这课题的兴趣越来越浓。
)2、a （功率额定值是电阻器不会引起温度太大的上升而能安全地耗散的最大功率。
）3、an（其主要的缺点是增加了噪声。
）4、The; a（该设备的成功设计需要详细地了解性能指标。
）5、the; a; a（在氢原子的布尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子以半径为R 的圆周运转。
）6、the（频率的单位是赫兹。
）7、a; a; an; the（如果在电路的两端加上电压的话，就会有电流在电路中流动。
）8、/; /（图5－1画出了Oersted的实验。
）9、an（这里我们应该使用一个18伏的电池。
）10、A; a; a（机器是能够传递力来完成某一确定目的的一种设备。
）11、The; /（水压机将在第14章加以考虑。
）12、The; the; the（研究处于运动中的流体，是力学中较为困难的分支之一，因为可能出现的现象是多种多样的。
）13、the; the [/]（我们容易确定参数μ的值。
）14、/; the（根据式（2－1），我们得到以下的关系式。
）15、an（在这里必须使用一根S形管子。
）16、the; /（作者工作在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学。
）17、an（这是一只R位的变换器。
）18、An（这里必须使用一个“异”或门电路。
XOR = Exclusive OR）III、1.2.We turn now to a discussion of local area networks.3.optical spectrometer.4.5.The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.6.106 m.7.8.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.9.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).10.11.Too large an input signal can cause nonlinear distortion.ing of slope, we can derive equation which13.expression f(x＋h)－f(x) is frequently used in study ofcalculus.14.linear equation in one unknown.puter, the tendency is to operate at as clock rate aspossible.16.Tin does not have as high a melting point as lead (does).17.18.Electricity can be easily changed into other forms of energy.19.In 1831, Joseph Henry in United States discoveredphenomenon of electromagnetic induction.20.A computer consists of several parts [units].IV、Chemistry is based upon concepts that require the measurement of such quantities as length, volume, mass, and temperature. These measurements are quantitative; that is, they have numbers associated with them. In this section, we will consider some of the simple instruments used in quantitative measurements. We will also look at the units used to express these measured quantities.V、1.2.Performance analysis of M-ary spread spectrum receiver usingbiorthogonal cyclic codes3.Finally, broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by thismethod.4.sharing system5.With state-transition diagram, security probability ofsystem is obtained.6.7.练习2II、1. Ordinary transformers are not ideal, and therefore power losses occur in them.2. This material attracts iron objects and can even magnetize them.3. This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.4. Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.5. This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.6. Matter is anything like air, water or wood.μF, andripple is 20 percent.charge sets up a magnetic field, and this field exerts a force on another charge moving through it.9. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with what is called the electronic brain.10. Students may learn that mathematics is the language for scientific ideas, that science is a source of mathematical ideas, and that mathematics can furnish brilliant answers to important scientific problems.III、1. The current in the circuit is one half the short-circuit current of the source.2. The internal resistance of this kind of storage battery is only a few thousandths of an ohm.3. Its error is six parts in 1012.4. This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).5. The mass of the moon is 1/80 that of the earth.6. The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.7. The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.8. Now its internal pressure is one third what it was.IV、The concept of temperature is familiar to all of us. This is because our bodies are so sensitive to temperature differences. When we pick up a piece of ice, we feel cold because its temperature is lower than that of our hand. After drinking a cup of coffee, we may refer to it as “hot,”“lukewarm,”or “atrocious.”In the first two cases, at least, we are describing the extent to which its temperature exceeds ours.V、3. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are usedcan be neglected.CBO7. The interior point is a minimum rather than a maximum, given that the练习3II、1. This type of computer has many advantages over that type.2. We must solve this equation for the loop current.3. Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.4. This section introduces [presents] the concept of force.5. This parameter varies [changes] with temperature.6. The current and voltage in this circuit differ in phase by 90o. [The phases of the current and voltage in this circuit differ by 90o.]7. Sound waves travel in all directions.8. By analyzing [By the analysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understand its performance.9. This is a sufficient and necessary condition for solving [the solution of] the equation.10. We will find out its average velocity over this distance.11. We measure force in newtons.12. This paper introduces a new method for measuring this parameter.III、1. For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [this equation has no solution].2. Upon [On] substituting [substitution of] these values into [to] the equation, it was found that v is equal to the velocity of light.3. In their study of electricity, physicists defined the parameter.4. This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10.5. In our discussion of this subject, we shall restrict our attention to its basic principles.6. We describe the interactions among charges with the help of the concept of electric field.7. This is due in part to the earth’s rotation.8. Upon [On] application of proper external force, the body will start to move.9. This computer is very small in size.10. These waves travel only in one direction.IV、The common dry cell used in flashlights is constructed as shown in Fig. 2-28. The positive electrode is a carbon rod and the negative one is a zinc can. The cell is called “dry”because its electrolyte is a moist paste. If it were actually dry, ions in the electrolyte could not move about and no current could be produced. In the operation of the cell, zinc atoms become zinc ions by losing electrons.V、th of October.’8. They will Beijing tomobile communication.练习4II、1. The answer (key) to this problem looks (appears) correct.2. This coefficient remains to be determined.3. The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters.4. Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart.5. This paper contains (has) nothing new. [There is nothing new in this paper.]6. The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table.7. This rule can be used for [ … can apply to] all integers, both positive and negative.8. A neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. […has a slightly mass than a proton.]9. Electrons are the smallest particles present in ordinary matter.10. All the textbooks available discuss this problem.11. Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications.12. The input goes negative and [while] the output stays constant.13. These rays seem to come from the image.14. Impedance in an ac-circuit plays the same role that resistance does in a dc-circuit.15. Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i.16. The equations here are of great importance.17. We shall use a cable 10 meters long.18. The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.19. These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away.20. Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.21. That statement sounds quite reasonable.22. Electrons can pass relatively unimpeded through metals.23. The body collides with other bodies nearby.24. These charges can interact with other charges present.25. Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the commonbelief.26. There is no root larger than 1 [unity].27. This coefficient is typically 0.35.28. The charge is moving parallel to the electric field.III、The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to its volume. Densities of liquids and solids are most often expressed in grams per cubic centimeter. Their densities can be found by measuring, independently, the mass and volume of a sample. For [With] solids, density is a bit more difficult to determine. A common approach is shown in Fig. 1.4. The mass of the sample is first measured (by) using [with] a balance. Its volume is found indirectly by determining the volume of liquid displaced by the solid.IV、… in a minute or two].2. In this case, the input does not fall; nor [neither] does the output. […; the output does not fall, either.]3. The resistance of a conductor on thewhich the conductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.[… than any one else.]练习5II、ways.ground.6. Since transformers are large, heavy, andfrom the circuit will result in considerable savings.as a control component.k has the same unit as work (does).complicate the proceedings.of great importance.can be deduced.III、these components.8. AC can be changed [turned, converted, transformed, translated] into [to]12. Computers are capable of processing information,substances such as diamond.chromatography has found wide applications.18. To solve this problem, we must take everything [all factors] into account,the multimeter is widely used in electrical engineering.20. These materials are pressure sensitive.IV、t2 and t3 the diode appears to be on.R o.6. This section describes the advantages of AC over DC.7. We must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductors into account.8. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small.9. This curve shows the dependence of distance on [upon] speed.10. The use of the atomic energy as the source of power is very important.11. The separation of impurities from the ore is very difficult.12. We are all familiar with the definition of current as the flow of charge. V、Energy may be thought of as the ability to do work. When we say that something has energy, we mean that it is capable of exerting a force on something else and doing work on it. On the other hand, when we do work on something, we have added to it an amount of energy equal to the work done. The units of energy are the same as those of work. We shall consider in this chapter two broad categories of mechanical energy, kinetic energy and potential energy.VI、not.6. The advantages of this also been discussed.练习6II、1. This image, it will be noticed, is a real image.2. This device, it is said, was commercially available three years ago. [≈This device is said to have been commercially available.]3. This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon.4. These systems will be presented in what the author hopes is a concise manner.5. 210is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.6. A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here.7. Velocity is, we have noted before, a vector.III、any resistance.]radars.robot.IV、1. In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced.2. As early as the 1940s, it was found that semiconductors are very useful.3. This result can also be arrived at in another way.4. At that time no use was made of this phenomenon. (…, this Phenomenon was made no use of.)5. This point will be dealt with in the next section.V、5. The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage. (…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)6. The farther the body is thrown, the greater force will be required.7. Calculate how many more seconds are required for the wheel to come to rest [stop].[…, this one is the cheapest].9. Sound travels in hydrogen much faster than in air.11. The current as small as 0.1 A is too small to produce enough heat.VI、Many different methods can be used to resolve compounds into their elements. Sometimes, but not often, heat alone is sufficient. Joseph Priestley, an English chemist, discovered oxygen 200 years ago. A more common method of resolving compounds into elements is called electrolysis. This involves passing an electric current through a compound, usually in the liquid state. Through the process of electrolysis, it is possible to separate water into the two elements hydrogen and oxygen.VII、is 或：We can determine the weight of the body easily.[have; get] the following relation. [ Substituting (Substitution of) Eq. (1-7) in Eq. (1-8) yields [produces; gives; results in; leads to] the following relation.]10. The results values. […are in agreement with the experimental values.]练习7II、1. All we need to do is (to) measure the pressure on the body. [或：All that is necessary is to measure …; It is only necessary for us to measure …; We need only to measure ….]2. It is quite possible for them to solve this equation.3. It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer.4. If it is desired to find out this force, we may use the parallelogram method.5. It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression hold.6. The program to be executed is stored in this unit.7. This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.8. In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from.9. Atoms are too small for us to see with our naked eyes.10. Let it be required to find out this component.11. Let t0 equal [be equal to] zero.12. The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.13. We find this problem easy to solve.14. It is necessary to solve this equation for x.15. For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.16. We find this concept very difficult to understand.17. This method makes it much easier to detect targets.18. Time-shared systems are expensive to build.19. This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information.20. We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge.21. This is a pen to draw pictures with.22. For the transistor to conduct, its base must be about 1.8 volts.23. Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed.24. An antenna is a device to transmit and receive radio waves.25. The lack of such protection has made it easy for malicious programs to destroy data on systems.26. These problems deserve to be further studied.27. We consider it necessary to make measurements with accuracy.28. R is the resistance to be measured.29. Each member has a switch with which to indicate a YES or NO vote.30. Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral.31.This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.32. This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on.33. Now we consider what path of integration to take.34. In this case, the time necessary for the current to reach its maximum value is changed.35. The purpose to write this book is to give the reader a brief introduction to electronic computers.III、The period with which a body undergoes simple harmonic motion is the time required for it to make one complete oscillation. In the case of a spring [For a spring], the period is the time the spring spends in going from its maximum extension, through its maximum compression and back to its maximum extension once more. For all types of simple harmonic motion, the period T is given [expressed; denoted; represented] byS/,T = 2πawhere the acceleration a is that experienced by the body when it is at its specified position.IV、has been emphasized.2. Our method is different from those described [presented] in the papers available on [discussing] the same problem.…, it is necessary to have a sound knowledge of computer science.]4. Not only temperature and light affect the conductivity, but theSmith for his great help.练习8II、1. The compressed air has the ability to do work.2. The presently existing integration methods do not apply [hold] here.3. The amplifier amplifies the received signals.4. Moving molecules have kinetic energy.5. Fig. 1 – 3 shows the photo of a freely falling body.6. Speed equals distance divided by time.7. V oltage equals current multiplied by resistance.8. The resistance of air increases with the increased [increasing] speed.9. A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coils wound on [round] an iron core.10. It is necessary to find out the current flowing through this component.11. This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader.12. Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy.13. In this case, electrons have more energy, (thus) increasing the brightness of the light spot.14. Given [Knowing] time and speed, we can find out distance.15. Having studied this chapter, the student will understand the principle of a computer.16. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.17. Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites.18. Called “the mother of all networks,”the Internet is a widely used international network.19. The angle in radians, being defined as the ratio of a length to a length, isa pure number.20. This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.III、1.With the switch closed, the balance point is found by trial and error.2.With both speakers on, what is the intensity at C?3.The Internet Protocol was not designed with security in mind.4.Let us construct [draw] a circle with the origin as the center and of radius R.5.The equation to the circle of radius r with the center at the origin is x2 + y2= r2.6.This parameter should be measured with E grounded.7.Its Fourier transform can be obtained from Eq. (2 – 4), with the lower limit replaced by zero.8. With no resistance in the circuit, the current will increase indefinitely.9. With no input present, the output will be zero.10. With this in view, we have written this book.IV、1.Let us consider designing a voting machine.2.Blood is capable of being broken down into various components.3.Multiplying a and b together to give e may be written as a×b = e.4.We refer to these components as being passive.5. A cell reproduces by dividing in two.6.This involves taking the Fourier transform.7.The light beam will be deflected upon entering the medium.8.On rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following set of equations.9.In using this equation, it does not matter which plane is considered as1.pressing a gas quickly raises its temperature.11.This machine needs repairing.12.This book is worth reading.V、Let us begin our study of electricity by examining the results of a few basic experiments. The first experiment consists of stroking a rubber rod with some fur, and then in turn touching two small pith balls suspended from strings with the rod. The pith balls then swing apart, indicating that a repulsive force now acts between them. Next, we stroke a glass rod with a silk cloth and touch two different suspended pith balls in turn with it. Once more the pith balls swing apart, indicating a repulsive force. Now we bring near each other one of the pith balls touched with the rubber rod and one touched with the glass rod; they swing toward each other this time, indicating an attractive force.VI、1.The results obtained indicate that these two methods are consistent in essence, with the exception that they have their own specific application conditions.2. A new algorithm has been designed which will be able to maintain the survival of useful copies, thus greatly reducing the number of packet copies in a network.3. Given [Knowing] resistance and current, one [we] can determine voltage.4. The price of this instrument is high.5. This device occupies too much space/room.6. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.7. This scientist said, “Electrons move round the nucleus.”8. The current starts flowing at the very moment we close the circuit.9. There are a few exceptions to this rule.10. They have been designing a new type of computer these six months.练习9II、1. The problem was not to be solved until a completely new method wasintroduced.2. The values of most things must be converted from decimal to binary before computations can begin.3. A body at rest will never move until force compels it.4. Nearly 100 years passed before the existence [presence] of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment [experimentally].5. Diode D conducts the moment [the instant; directly; immediately] the input voltage becomes more negative than V.6. The first time they designed an electronic computer, scientists encountered many difficulties.7. The year this device was invented, World War II broke out.8. Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.9. The voltage is always there while the generator is operating.10. As current flows, part of its energy will be lost.11. These two resistors should be selected [chosen] so that the transistor can operate normally.12. The body is in such a state that it can do work.III、1. The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits.2. The fact that everything around us is matter is known to all.3. The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.4. There is no doubt that the magnetic field is produced by some sort of circulating current.5. An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.6. There is evidence that the mass of a body is the function of the body.7. The question now arises whether this result applies to all cases.8. In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.9. There is a growing awareness that these techniques are very useful.10. One of [Among] the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves.11. The advent of electronics is reckoned from the discovery that the current in the vacuum diode can be controlled by introducing a third electrode.the fact that there are many free electrons in conductors.13. There is no evidence that energy can be created or destroyed.14. This series of experiment leads to the result that with a constant applied [external] force, the acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass.15. Besides [In addition to] the fact that the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account. IV、Nearly all substances fall into two major [broad; general; main] categories: conductors and insulators. Metals, many liquids, and plasmas are conductors, while nonmetallic solids, certain liquids, and gases are insulators. Just as the rate of flow of water depends upon the difference of height between them, the rate of flow of electric current between two points depends upon the difference of potential between them. The statement that voltage is proportional to current multiplied by [times] resistance is called Ohm’s law, since it was first verified experimentally by the German physicist Georg Ohm.V、pared with the theory presented in the literature published abroad in recent years that the polar axis should be in parallel with the earth’s axis, the method given in this paper will lead to (a) higher accuracy.2.These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systems to intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signals.3. By the family of curves is meant a specified set of curves which satisfy given conditions.4. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devices possible.5. In this case it is necessary to use as much energy of signals as possible.6. The variation of the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of its dimensions.7. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.8. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.练习10II、1. Now it remains to be determined when the series converges.2. It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists.3. How large this error is depends upon several [a few] factors.4. It is a matter of indifference which point of view is adopted.5. It should be emphasized that these definitions may be used for angles of any magnitude.6. It is assumed that the student has a basic understanding of mechanical drawing.7. It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced.8. It happens that the overall phase shift is zero.9. It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.10. It makes no difference which unknown is selected [chosen].11. Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place.12. Which equation we should use depends on what data we are given [know] in the problem.13. It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.14. It has been found that the direction of an electric current is opposite to that of the flow of electrons.III、1. It is necessary to determine under what conditions this equation holds [applies; is valid; is true].2. This device is just what we need.3. Now we summarize what we have proved so far [up to now].4. What a generator does is to change mechanical energy into electrical energy.5. What this chapter describes [What is described in this chapter] is of great importance.6. This magnetic force is what makes the electric motor run.7. Matter is what can occupy space.8. This is what happens in a transistor.9. What we have discovered in this experiment is the entirely new realm of electrical phenomenon.10. This direction is opposite to what has been assumed.11. What is spoken of as absolute zero is the temperature 273o C below zero.12. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a globalvillage, or what one writer calls the electronic city.13. Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force.14. These numbers constitute what is known as the real number system.15. After a chemical change, a substance is changed to something different from what it was.16. In what follows, we acquaint ourselves with some basic concepts.IV、It is said that Galileo found, after a number of experiments, that all bodies near the earth fall toward the earth with the same acceleration. This acceleration is what we call the acceleration of gravity. Galileo’s work was especially significant because, for the first time, experimental results were accepted despite the fact that they contradicted well-known established ideas, in this case the notion that heavy things “should” fall faster than light ones. What deserves to be commented on Galileo’s work is that his conclusion that all things fall with the same constant acceleration is only an idealization of reality.V、1. An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …].2. This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a sample network.3. On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]4. This can satisfy the system’s input and output rates with as low a systolic frequency as possible.5. This paper discusses the design guideline for and the structure of the system, with a deep inquiry into model testing.6. Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.7. The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.8. The Qin Yong-brand whole milk powder is made from high-quality fresh milk, white sugar and trace elements needed by the human body by scientific methods and Denmark’s advanced technology.The Qin Yong-brand whole milk powder contains calcium, protein and varied vitamins, and it can be mixed with lukewarm sanitary drinking water into [或：… can be blended with lukewarm sanitary drinking water to produce]。
英语科技论文写作方法与教程(南开大学)-4
• Impact factors have a large but
• Some governments and research
institutes refuse but give the publisher an irrevocable license to publish, and retain the other rights themselves.
• In any case, author usually has right to
Where to publish?
•
Acceptance rate and time to publication can be very different:
•
How many publications/year or “on acceptance”? How many papers does the Editor have in hand? - Can priorities be assigned and using what criteria?
Impact factors
Impact factors
Impact factors
Impact factors
Other measures of impact
• Immediacy index: • Number of citations of articles in a
journal per year divided by the number of art to publish a paper?
英语科技论文写作方法与教程(南开大学)-7
Writing for non-native English speakers
• If a paper is considered suitably
interesting to be sent for peer review:
• Editors and referees will provide
plenty of help and advice.
?thinkclearlyaboutyouraudienceclearthinking?toknowtheroadaheadaskthosecomingback?要知道前方的路问问那些曾经走过的人?scientificwritinggetseasierwithmoreexperience
Scientific writing and presentation
your research problem.
• Think clearly about the implications. • Think clearly about your audience.
• “To know the road ahead, ask
those coming back”
经走过的人”
Writing for non-native English speakers
• Scientific writing in English is easier
than it looks.
• The structure and language of scientific
writing are conventional.
Acknowledgements References Supplementary information
英语科技论文写作Unit 4
– Use your own words wherever possible. – Avoid including opinions, examples, details and explanations. Do not use such phrases as “as noted in …”, “as shown by …” or “for example, …”. – Eliminate references to tables, figures, or sources found in the references list of the original paper. – Write concise, straightforward English; count every word. – Your abstract must be completely independent of the paper.
– It is an effective practice in preparing your abstract. This is especially important for a descriptive (or
indicative) abstract.
“5 Steps” for Abstract Writing
Likely Mistakes/Common Errors
• Mixed Writing Style
– In this paper, we have given a reason that is why the competitive ability of the national firms is weak. Because the non-national firms can get very cheap labor, under the same technical and economical conditions and the same cost, a non-national firm can produce more output than a national firm does, so it can get much more profit. In this way, the competitive ability of the non-national firm is stronger than the national firms.
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顺当多了。譬如在数学书籍中，我们说“这个
解验证无误”，英语常用“The
solution
checks．”来表示；“证毕”常用"This
completes the proof．”来表示或使用拉丁语
Q．E．D．(或QED)；“这等于是说…”常用
“This amounts to saying…”或“This is
equivalent to saying．”来表示。
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4
又如在电子线路书籍中若说“如果在基极上所
加的激励电压太大，晶体管就会处于饱和状态
”可用“If the base is driven hard，the
transistor will saturate．”来表示；“所得结
果与计算值相吻合”可用“The
科技英语写作教程
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第三节 科技论文及其摘要的写作注意事项
一、所写的英语句子语法上一定要正确，进 而努力做到地道、准确
二、广泛使用被动句 三、科技论文及文摘中使用的时态 四、词汇问题 五、句子特征
六、科技论文和文摘中不使用口语体的缩略 形式
七、与主题无关的内容不要写在文摘中
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一、所写的英语句子语法上一定要正确，进而 努力做到地道、准确
第三人称的代词。但在现代英文文摘中也有用第 一人称复数形式代词“we”的。
不过，到目前为止几乎没人使用第一人称单数 “I(我)”的(我们发现有初写英文文摘的同学可能 由于受汉语的影响往往在文摘中使用了“I”)。从 多数情况看，英美人通常用"the authors"或 "the author"来表示相应的“我们”或“我”的概念 。
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需要注意，尽管前面介绍过副词作状语时 在句中的位置是灵活的，但在被动句中修饰 主动词的副词大多应放在过去分词之前而不 放在句首，如：
The circuit is then completed．
Wires are usually made of copper．
The current in this resistor is first determined．
我们通常见到的英文文摘的第一句话“本文提 出了(介绍了，证明了)……”，英美人常用被 动句，例如：
A new procedure for checking the
stability of 2—D digital filters is proposed
．
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若在文摘中使用主动语态，则主语多用名词或
该使用被动句了，否则很容易写出没有主语的“中文
式英语”来。当然科技英语中也有表示“人们、大家”
的词，那就是"one”(注意并不是有些读者常喜欢用
的"people"一词，这个词在正式的科技文中是很少
用的)，它在语法上表示单数第三人称，总体上来说
，这个词也并不是十分常用的。
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计算机已广泛地用于我们的国防。
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另外，由于论文的文摘是概述论文的内容，所 以“在本文中(in this paper)”这一概念在英文文 摘中一般是不必写出来的，写上了就显得多此一 举(不过我们也发现有些外国人也常用这一短语 的)。但是如果文摘一开头是说明或介绍情况， 然后陈述本文提出了某种解决方案、设计方法等 ，这时就得加上“in this paper”这一短语，它起 了一个转折语的作用，这样就显得上下概求，
因为至少使外国人能了解你想要表达的意思
。可有一部分同学由于语法概念不怎么强、
句型不怎么熟练，所以在撰写英语句子时往
往根据脑子里汉语的概念而堆上一些英语单
词，从而写出了不少“中文式的英语”。我们
经常发现没有主语的句子，在及物动词后缺
少宾语，在介词后表示一个动作没有用动名
results
obtained are in good agreement with the
calculated values．”来表示；“这一点需要进
一步考虑”可用"This point deserves some
further consideration．”来表示，等等。
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二、广泛使用被动句
Computers have been widely used in our national defence．(这个句子也可译成主动态的一 个表达被动含义的固定句型：Computers have found wide use in our national defence．) 最后举例说明了这种方法的应用。
Finally，the application of this method is illustrated with an example． 众所周知，分子是由原子组成的。
It is well known that(或：As is well known， )molecules consist of atoms.
词而用了过去分词，主语与谓语的数不一致
，使用分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主
语不一致，可数名词单数前没有冠词或不知
道使用an，等等。 整理ppt
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在把句子的语法结构搞正确后，就要进一步
熟悉常用的固定句型。每个专业有各自的一些
固定说法。在阅读本专业的英语书刊时要经常
留意并摘记下来。句型积累多，写起英语来就
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本文提出了一种新的计算机辅助设计方法。
A new computer-aided design method is presented (in the paper)．(当然从语法上来 说，这个句子也可译成主动句：This paper
presents a new computer-aided design method．)从英美人写的科技文摘来看，以 译成被动句的情况为多见。
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三、科技论文及文摘中使用的时态
由于科技文侧重于叙述科技内容，很少涉 及动作发生的时间，所以科技写作中时态运 用很有限，常用的只有几种，其中最大量使 用的时态是一般现在时，其次是一般将来时 和现在完成时，再次是一般过去时和现在进 行时，其它时态相对来说用得不多(当然， 为了表示虚拟语气，还要借用到过去完成时 、过去将来时和过去将来完成时)。而在文 摘中则主要使用一般现在时，其次是现在完 成时，偶尔使用一般过去时和一般将来时。
在科技论文中由于主要着重讲述客观现象和科技真
理，所以与日常英语和文学著作相比，被动句使用
得广泛得多(外国人统计过，被动句在科技英语中约
占三分之一，比文艺类的文章多十余倍)，而在英文
文摘中更是如此。我们汉语中则被动句用得较少，
且可使用没有行为主体的无人称句(或者使用主语为
“人们”、“大家”等意义的词)，这时用英语表达时就