跨文化交际-黑龙江大学-崔常亮老师-(no text B)chapter 2 Communication and International Communication
跨文化交际-黑龙江大学-崔常亮老师-chapter 8 (2)
Biomedical Approach
• People are thought to be controlled by biochemical forces
Family and Gender Roles in the Health Care Context
The health care system in the United States typically focuses solely on the individual patient. In Latin America, competent treatment for patiens may require the involvement and agreement of other family members.
The Educational Context
The Health Care Context
Culture's Influence
Management
Business Etiquette Norms
Culture's Influence
Culture's Influence
Role Behaviors of Students and Teachers Classroom Participation Turn Taking
CONCLUSIONS:
• There is a big difference between teaching and learning. • The teacher needs to understand how the learner learns and what the learner learns. • Language learning requires raising cultural awareness. • Learning a target language requires a positive attitude towards the target culture.
黑龙江大学跨文化课后checklist
⿊龙江⼤学跨⽂化课后checklistCHECKLISTChapter 1Fill in BlanksCulture : is the deposit of knowledge, experience, belief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, not ions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in t he course of generations through individual and group striving.Subculture:refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Subgroup: usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as acc umulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do.Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.2 判断对错TRUE:1 The ice burger model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly.2 People may sometimes get confused about his or her culture identity.3 A person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time.Wrong:1 Culture is innate as soon as a person is born.2 Scholars prefer the term subcultuer to co-culture in describing a culture which exists within a dominate culture. Chapter 21 Fill in BlanksSender refers to the person who transmits a message.Channel (sometimes called the medium) is the method used to deliver a message.receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.International communication is communication between people whose culture perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.2 判断对错TRUE:1 Communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected.2 The process of communication has nine components: sender encoding message channel noise receiver decoding feedback and context.Wrong:1 Intracultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.2 The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. This activity is called decoding.Chapter 41 Fill in BlanksEthnocentrism:refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture Prejudice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientationRacism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individua ls based on their raceStereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership2 判断对错TRUE:1 Ethnocentrism stereotypes prejudice and racism are learned.2 Although stereotypes are considered as being negative judgments,they can also be positive.3 When communicating with people other cultures,an individual sometimes is likely to treat them as“his people”and to assume there is only one way of doing things: that is “his way”Wrong:1 Assumption of superiority may lead to assuming similarity instead of difference.2 Economy is not the reason for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism.Chapter 51 Fill in BlanksVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communica te with each other by using language.Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people.Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impol ite2 判断对错TRUE:1 The elaborate,exacting,or succinct communication style deals with the quantity and/or volume of talk that is preferred across cultural groups.2 Dialect refers to geographic variation, while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social group.3 An elaborate style of communication can be seen in Arab cultures.Wrong:1 The exacting style of communication can be found in Japan,China,and some Native American cultures2 The self-effacement verbal styles emphasizes the importance of boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities. Chapter 61 Fill in Blanksnonverbal communication: It refers to the messages sent without using words.Oculesics: It is the study of communications sent by the eyes.Proxemics: is the way we use fixed space and personal space.Kinesics includes gestures, body movement and facial expressionsChronemics: It is the study of how people perceive and use time.2 判断对错TRUE:1 Saudi Arabs belong to touch cultures.2 The appropriateness of eye contact varies with different cultures.Wrong:1 Speaking is the only mode of effective communication.2 The Thais like to touch babies or small children,especially they like others to pat their children’s head.3 Paralanguage may imply the connotation of the actual words.Chapter 71 Fill in Blanks1 Members in the culture of high Uncertainty avoidance have a lower tolerance for uncertain and ambiguity.2 Individuals from high power distance accept power as part of society.As a result,superiors consider their subordinates to be different from themselves and vice versa.3 People from high masculine cultures tend to see same-sex relationships as more intimate than opposite-sex relationships.4 In collective societies such as those in Pakistan,Colombia,Venezuela,China and Peru people are born into extended families that support and protect them in exchange for their loyalty.2 判断对错TRUE:1 In industrialized societies like the United States,the mastery-over-nature view tends to predominate.2 A doing orientation involved in focus on those types of activities which have outcomes that can be measured by someone else.3 In Beijing cultures,social status and position are more important than what a person does.Wrong:1 The harmony-with-nature orientation draws clear distinctions among human life,nature,and the supernature2 Both Americans and British shoe respect for tradition.Chapter 81 Fill in Blanks1 In Japan ,business is not conducted in obon (in mid-August),because many people travel to the graves of their ancestors.2 In India ，“the traditional greeting is the namaste formed by pressing the palms together,fingers up,below the chin.A slight bow may be added to show respect.”3 In Israel,the Jewish holy night, the sabbath begins at sunset on Friday and ends at sunset onSaturday.Therefore, the business week runs from Saturday through Thursday.Conducting business on the holy day would be highly inappropriate.4 In Saudi Arabia. No business is conduced during the three-day festival of breaking fast at the end of the month of Ramadan.2 判断对错TRUE:1 In Finland, firm handshakes are the normal greeting for men and women.2 Americans might regard gift giving as a form of bribery.3 Mexican negotiators emphasize relational concerns prior to the real negotiation.Wrong:1 In Saudi Arabia,the greeting tend to be informal.Both men and women shake hands on meeting and leaving.2 In Japan,one should open the gift in front of the giver.Chapter 91 Fill in BlanksHoneymoon is the first stage of the interculture adaptation when everything is new and exciting. Segregation occurs because the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the interc ultural contact with the immigrants Integration: is desire a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity wit h their native culture Assimilation is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losin g their culture in the process.Marginalization occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.2 判断对错TRUE:1 Successful management of culture shock depends on an awareness of its symptoms and the degree of its severity.2 Financial matters can results in culture shock.Wrong:1 Similarity of culture does not affect acculturation.2 The second stage of interculture adaptation is called honeymoon stage or initial euphoria stage.3 All the activities of learning one’s culture are called acculturation.4 Insomnia can be one example of the physical symptoms of culture shock,。
2005-2006学年秋季学期跨文化交际导论期末试题(A卷)
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or native language.
elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.
8. In an ______ culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of the group. 订
3. Human perception is usually thought of as a three-step process of ________, organization, and
restaurant while she was inside. Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New
l. Ramadan m. Intercultural communication n. Individualist
o. Pidgin
p. Chicano
q. Ethnocentrism
r. Adaptation potential s. Back translation
t. Nonverbal communication
院系 年级 专业 姓名 学号 考试课程
黑龙江大学 2005-2006 学年秋季学期跨文化交际导论期末试题
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2005-2006 学年秋季学期跨文化交际导论期末试题（A 卷）
10. A _____ resembles a culture in that it usually encompasses a relatively large number of people
跨文化交际课123[1]
![跨文化交际课123[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/0e506a1c59eef8c75fbfb331.png)
文化的内容“是文学、美术、音乐、哲学、科学这一类 的事。” －－陈独秀
“文化是生活的样法。” “文化，就是吾人生活所依靠的一切。” －－梁漱溟
“人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富 的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学 等。” －－《现代汉语词典》
Make a list of images from your home culture and try to explain what they express about who the people of your culture are and what their relationship is to people from other cultures.
- New economic arena (multinational corporations) - Ever-increasing world population (finite natural
resources, pollution, international conflicts)
Warming up
ADAPTIVE
CULTURE IS…
Subject to change
symbolic
INTEGRATED
unconscious
1) Culture is learned consciously or unconsciously: (enculturation)
**through Proverbs, Folktales, Myths, and legends
Let’s follow Abraham Maslow!
跨文化交际-黑龙江大学-崔常亮老师-chapter 9-CD
your perceptual context
3 g. Anticipate failure events
Home work and After-class activities
1. Surf on the Internet to collect the information about culture shock. 2. Summarize the strategies on how to avoid culture shock and engage in intercultural adaptation.
Now, let’s summarize the key points
of this chapter
!
Missing China!
1. John has been living in China for 4.5 years. 2. He returned to Vancouver for 3 times. 3. It gets harder to adjust each time. 4. He couldn’t wait to return to China.
3 c. Learn basic verbal and nonverbal language
skills
3 d. Develop intercultural relationships
3 e. Maintain an intimate social network
3 f. Assume the principle of difference/Remember
2. Stages of Intercultural Adaptation
U-curve Pattern
跨文化交际-黑龙江大学-崔常亮老师-chapter 8 (1)
★ Contexts specify the appropriate rules
★ Management
“Management” can be viewed differently from culture to culture. 1. Management In China 2. Management in the United States 3. Management in Germany 4. Management in Japan 5. Management in France 6. Management in Mexico and Latin America
See and think…
What is inappropriate?
Chapter 8
Cultural influences on Contexts
Section One
Idioms
Live together like brothers and do business like strangers. —Arab Proverb
Culture’s Influence on the Business Context
Business negotiation is intertwined紧密相连 with cultural exchange. This really is due to globalization, which is a result of growth in U.S. and foreign multinational industries since the 1960s.
跨文化翻译中的文化缺省现象与文化补偿策略
2007年2月黑龙江教育学院学报Feb.2007第26卷第2期Journal of Heilongjiang C ollege of Education V ol.26N o.2跨文化翻译中的文化缺省现象与文化补偿策略李家春,崔常亮(黑龙江大学外语部,哈尔滨150080)摘 要:跨文化视阈下,由于汉英两种文化历史传统和现实发展的差异,英语文本的可译性受到较大限制。
原文中的文化缺省问题,干扰了跨文化信息传递,是翻译需要解决的重要问题。
译者需要审慎地对待原文的文化信息,采取适当的策略对文化缺省信息进行文化补偿,从而再现原文的艺术效果和美学价值,促进跨文化交流和异质文化的建构。
关键词:跨文化翻译;文化缺省;文化补偿 中图分类号:H059 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1001-7836(2007)02-0117-03 收稿日期:2006-11-04作者简介:李家春(1980-),女,黑龙江哈尔滨人,助教,从事翻译和跨文化交际研究;崔常亮(1979-),男,黑龙江哈尔滨人,助教,从事法律英语和翻译研究。
1 跨文化翻译和文化缺省现象翻译的目的是进行跨文化间的信息传递,既是一种跨文化交际活动,又是一种建构异质文化的过程。
跨文化翻译过程中,译者在理解与诠释异族文化特有的语言和文化现象时经常按照自己的文化习惯进行认知推理,难以正确把握原文作者的交际意图和文中的文化缺省现象,无法达到社会语用功效。
文化缺省是指作者在与其意向读者交流时对双方共有的相关文化背景知识的省略,是翻译需要解决的重要问题。
作者通常会在文中省略与原语读者共有的文化信息,缺省信息可以被特定的文化语境激活于读者的脑海中,使读者得到连贯的语义理解。
而译文读者遇到此类缺省时就会出现意义真空,难以调动语言之外的各种因素来参与话语理解并形成连贯的语义。
原语作者与读者之间的默契便在译者与译文读者之间失落,因此译者要具备双语和双文化能力,适当进行文化补偿,准确传达深层文化内涵。
跨文化交际-黑龙江大学-崔常亮老师-chapter 4-1
ACTIVITY: CASE ANALYSIS
Case analysis:
• This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. • When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. • In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens.
• A Danish woman in New York parks her baby stroller outside Starbucks and goes inside to have a coffee. • The police is called and they take the baby into custody and file criminal charges against the mother. • How do you interpret the situation?
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“Oh, I didn’t do that,” said the physiotherapist. “It was that doctor over there,” and he pointed to the Chinese woman.
(3) Psychological Noise forces with the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc.
(4) Semantic Noise caused by using different languages; the use of jargon; different understanding of the message delivered; etc.
Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication.
Culture inherently contain communication systems.
The relationship between culture and communication is compared to the relationship between a map and a journey. How do you understand and interpret this simile?
➢Western Perspective of commuChnapitecr 3aCtioommnunication
➢(西方人的观点）
In western cultures, communication is studied as the
means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve one’s personal goal.
The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.
Noise （干扰）
Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange
of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise,
Source
Encoding
Channel Decoding Message
Receiver
Noise
context
What are the components of communication?
context
sender
encoding
noise
Components of
Communication
psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.
(1)External Noise
Sounds that distract communicators: voices in the next room; annoying ring of someone’s cell phone in a meeting; etc. Other types of external noise that don’t involve sound: an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar (2) Physiological Noise illnesses and disabilities
Encoding （编码）
Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.
Channel /Medium （渠道）
Chapter 3 Communication
2. Components of communication
Sender/Source （信息源）
A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.
Message （信息）
A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.
CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION
The relationship between communication and culture:
Communication and culture are two synonymous terms and they are inseparable.
Chapter Outline
Communication
and
Intercultural
Communication
Communication
Characteristics of Communication
Culture and Communication
Intercultural Communication
An idiom
Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart.
Confucius
Learning objectives:
Chapter 3 Communication
Communication Defined
Components of Communication
Dynamic Systemic Symbolic Irreversible
Intercultural Communication
Defined
Forms of Intercultural Communication
Text B
Characteristics of Communication
DYNAMIC
CONTEXTUAL
IRREVERSIBLE
SYSTEMATIC
COMMUNICATION ISELF-REFLECTIVE
ACTIVITY:
GESTURES / FACIAL EXPRESSIONS ARE DETERMINED BY CULTURE
message
chanel
receiver
feedback
decoding
Chapter 3 Communication
Class activity
Picture Analysis What are the components of communication reflected in the following picture?
“How could she have done it since she’s on the other side of the room?” the patient pointed out.
“Ah, she has three hands.” the physiotherapist replied.
noise
speech
3. psychological C. a serious cold noise
4. semantic noise
D. a person speaking over the phone loudly
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Feedback
Response
Please match Column A with Column B.
Column A
Column B
1. external noise
A. speaking grammar that the decoder can not understand
2. physiological B. nervousness about a public
Answer: Cultures are both the maps of a place (the rules and conventions) and the journeys that take place there (actual practices).
Transactional
Self-reflective
Contextual
Part I
Background &
Lead-in (10 mins)
Lead-in Case: She Has Three Hands
I. Read the case and retell the story. 1. a Chinese doctor, a patient and a