专业英语名词解释
会计专业英语名词解释
会计专业英语名词解释Chapter 11. Accounting: Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, recording, andcommunicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information.2. Accrual basis accounting: Accrual basis accounting refers to an accounting methodthat records financial events based on economic activity rather than financial activity.Under accrual accounting, revenue is recorded when it is earned and realized, regardless of when actual payment is received. Similarly, expenses are matched with revenue regardless of when they are actually paid.3. Balance sheet: Balance sheet is the financial statement showing the financial positionof an entity by summarizing its assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity at one sp ecific date.4. Business entity: Business entity refers to an economic unit that controls resources,incurs obligations, and engages in business activities.5. CAS: Chinese Accounting Standards refer to the accounting concepts, measurementtechniques, and standards of presentation used in financial statements made by the PRC Financial Apartment.6. Cash basis accounting: Cash basis accounting is a method of bookkeeping thatrecords financial events based on cash flows and cash position. Revenue is recognized when cash is received and expense is recognized when cash is paid out.7. Conservatism: Conservatism states that when alternative accounting valuations areequally possible, the accountant should select the one that is least likely to overstate assets and income in the current period.8. Consistency: Consistency means that a company uses the same accountingprinciples and methods from year to year.9. Continuity: Continuity refers to an accounting assumption, also known as thegoing-concern assumption, that the company will continue to operate in the near future, unless substantial evidence to the contrary exists.10. Corporation: Corporation is a business organized as a separate legal entity understate corporation law and having ownership divided into transferable shares of stock.11. Cost principle: Cost principle is a widely used principle of accounting for assets at theiroriginal cost to the current owner.12. Financial accounting: Financial accounting refers to the development and use ofaccounting information describing the financial position of an entity and the results of its operations.13. Financial position: Financial position refers to the financial resources and obligationsof an organization, as described in a balance sheet.14. Financial reporting: Financial reporting refers to the process of periodically providing“general-purpose”financial information (such as financial statements) to persons outside the business organization.15. Financial statements: Financial statements refer to the four related accounting reportsthe summarize the current financial position of an entity and the results of its operations for the preceding year ( or other time period).16. Full disclosure principle: Full disclosure principle requires that circumstances andevents that make a difference to financial statement users be disclosed.17. Going-concern assumption: Go-concern assumption is an assumption by accountantsthat a business will operate indefinitely unless specific evidence to the contrary, such as impending bankruptcy, exists.18. Historical cost: The historical cost of an asset is the exchange price in the transactionin which the asset was acquired.19. Matching principle: Matching principle is an accounting principle that dictates thatexpenses be matched with revenue in the period in which efforts are made to generate revenue.20. Materiality: Materiality refers to the magnitude of an omission or misstatement ofaccounting information that, considering the circumstances, makes it likely that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been influenced by the omission or misstatement.21. Market value: Market value is the estimated amount for which a property shouldexchange on the date of valuation between a willing buyer and a willing seller in an arm’s-length transaction after proper marketing wherein the parties had each acted knowledgeably, prudently, and without compulsion,22. Net realizable value: The net realizable value of an asset is the amount of cash (or theequivalent) that could be obtained on the date of the balance sheet by selling the asset in its present condition, in an orderly liquidation.23. Income statement: Income statement is a financial statement indicating theprofitability of a business over a preceding time period.24. Partnership: Partnership is a business owned by two or more persons associated aspartners.25. Present value: The present value of an asset is the net amount of discounted futurecash inflows less the discounted future cash outflows relating to the asset.26. Proprietorship: Partnership is a business owned by one person.27. Relevance: Accounting information is relevant if it can make a difference in a decisionby helping users predict the outcomes of past, present, and future events or confirm or correct prior expectations. To be relevant, accounting information should have either predictive or feedback value, or both. In addition, it should be timely,28. Reliability: Reliable information is reasonably free from error and bias, and faithfullyrepresents what it is intended to represent. That is, to be reliable, information should be verifiable, neutral, and possess representational faithfulness,29. Revenue recognition principle: An accounting principle that dictates that revenue berecognized in the accounting period in which it is earned.30. Statement of cash flow: A financial statement summarizing the cash receipts and cashpayments of the business over the same time period covered by the income statement.31. Statement of owner’s equity: A financial statement explaining certain changes in theamount of the owner’s equity (investment) in the business.1. Asset: Assets mean the entire property of a person, association, corporation, or estateapplicable or subject to the payment of debts.2. Operating cycle: The operating cycle is the time span from when cash is used toacquire goods and service and until cash is received from the sale of goods and service.3. Cash: cash refers to an exchange medium launched into circulation which is availablefor any ordinary use and can be used to purchase goods or services or repay debts.4. Cash equivalents: Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments or otherassets that readily convertible to cash and sufficiently close to their due date.5. Internal control: Internal control means all policies and procedures used to protectassets, ensure reliable accounting, promote efficient operations, and urge adherence to company policies.Chapter 31. Receivables: Receivables refer to the monetary claims against business, individualsand other debtors.2. Accounts receivable: Accounts receivables are amounts due from customers for creditsales. This section begins by describing how accounts receivables occur. It includes receivables that occur when customers use credit cards issued by third parties and when a company gives credit directly to customers.3. Installment accounts receivables: Installment accounts receivables are amounts overan extended time period.4. Commercial discounts: Commercial discounts refer to a certain sum of moneydeducted from listed prices.5. Cash discounts: Cash discounts refer to a deduction from gross invoice price, whichare an inducement offered to the buyer to encourage the payments of goods within a specific period of time.6. The percentage-of-sale method: The percentage-of-sale method estimates somepercentage of credit sales would turn out to be uncollectible, in which the percentage of bad debts to credit sales should be properly estimated with the past experience. 7. The percentage-of-receivable method: The percentage-of-receivable methodestimates the uncollectible with a percentage of the ending balance of accounts receivables rather than credit sales.8. The aging method: The aging method analyzes the age structure of the accountbalance. In this method, an aging schedule is prepared, classifying the length of time that has passes since the sale that gave rise to them.9. The allowance method: The allowance method is the most usual way that companiesuse to record uncollectible accounts. In calculating uncollectible accounts, an account allowances for uncollectible receivable is set up.10. Promissory note: A promissory note is a written promise to pay a certain sum ofmoney on demand or at a fixed and determinable future time, generally over 30 or 60 days.1. Inventory: Inventory is the total amount if goods and/or materials contained in a storeor factory at any given.2. Product costs: Product costs are those costs that “attach”to the inventory. Suchcharges include freight charges on goods purchased, other direct costs of acquisition, and labor and other production costs incurred in processing the goods up to the time of sale.3. The perpetual inventory system: The perpetual inventory system requires thatseparate inventory ledger be maintained for each goods.4. The periodic inventory system: The periodic inventory system requires a companydetermines the quantity of inventory on hand only periodically, under which the cost of ending inventory is subtracted from the cost of goods available for sale, then the cost of goods sold are determined.5. The specific identification method: The specific identification method can be usedwhen units in the ending inventory can be identified as coming from specific purchases.6. The weighted average cost method: The weighted average cost method assumes thatthe goods available for sale have the same cost per unit. Under this method, the cost of goods available for sale is allocated on the basis of the weighted-average unit c0st.7. The first-in, first-out (FIFO) method: The first-in, first-out (FIFO) method is base on theassumption that the costs of the first items acquired should be assigned to the first item sold.Chapter 51. Accelerated depreciation: Accelerated depreciation is a method of depreciation thatcall for recognition of relatively large amounts if depreciation in the early years of an asset’s useful life and relatively small amounts in the later years.2. Depreciable value: Depreciable value is the amount of the acquisition cost to beallocated as depreciation over the total useful life of an asset. It is the difference between the total acquisition cost and the estimated residual value.3. Depreciation: Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the cost of an asset toexpress over the years of its estimated useful life.4. Fair market value: Fair market value is the value of an asset based on the price forwhich a company could sell the asset to an independent third party.5. Impairment: Impairment is a change in economic conditions which reduces theeconomic usefulness of an asset.6. Residual value: Residual value is the amount a company expects to receive fromdisposal of an asset at the end of its useful life.7. Useful life: Useful life refers to the shorter of the physical life or the economic life of anasset.1. Amortization: The systematic write-off to expense of the cost of an intangible assetover the period of its economic usefulness.2. Copyright: A grant by the state government covering the right to publish, sell, orotherwise control literary or artistic products for the life of the author plus 50 years. 3. Franchises: Agreements entered into by two parties in which, for a fee, one party (thefranchisor) gives the other party (the franchisee) rights to perform certain functions or sell certain products or services.4. Goodwill: The present value of expected future earnings of a business in excess of theearnings normally realized in the industry.5. Identifiable intangible asset: Intangibles that can be purchased or sold separately fromthe other assets of the company.6. Intangible assets: Those assets which are used in the operation of a business butwhich have no physical substance and are not current.7. Leases (or leaseholds): Intangible assets because a right to use the property is heldby the lessee.8. Patent: An exclusive right granted by the state government giving the owner control ofthe manufacturing, sale, or other use of an invention for a period of years from the date of filling.9. Research and development costs: Expenditures that may lead to patent, copy rights,new processes and new products.10. Trademarks: Distinctive identifications of a manufactured product or of a service,taking the form of a name, a sign, a slogan, a logo, or an emblem.Chapter 71. Available-for-sale securities: Securities that may be sold in the future.2. Consolidated financial statements: Financial statements that present the assets andliabilities controlled by the parent company and the aggregate profitability of the affiliated companies.3. Cost method: An accounting method in which the investment in common stock isrecorded at cost and revenue is recognized only when cash dividends are received.4. Debt investments: Investments in government and corporation bonds.5. Equity method: An accounting method in which the investment in common stock isinitially recorded at cost and the investment account is then adjusted annually to show the investor’s equity in the investee.6. Fair value: Amount for which a security could be sold in a normal market.7. Held-to-maturity securities: Debt securities that investor has the intent and ability tohold to maturity.8. Investment portfolio: A group of stocks in different corporations held for investmentpurposes.9. Long-term investments: Investments that are not readily marketable and thatmanagement does not intend to convert into cash within the next year or operating cycle, whichever is longer.10. Parent company: A company that owns more than 50% of the common stock ofanother entity.11. Short-term investments: Investments that are readily marketable and intend to convertinto cash within the next year or operating cycle, whichever is longer.12. Stock investments: Investments in the capital stock of corporations.13. Subsidiary (affiliated) company: A company in which more than 50% of its stock isowned by another company.14. Trading securities: Securities bought and held primarily for sale in the near term togenerate income on short-term price differences.Chapter 81. Amortization table: A schedule that indicates how installment payments are allocatedbetween interest expense and repayments of principal.2. Capital lease: A lease contract which, in essence, finances the eventual purchase bythe lessee of leased property. The lessor accounts for a capital lease as a sale of property; the lessee records an asset and a liability equal to the present value of the future lease payments. A capital lease is also called a financing lease.3. Commercial paper: Very short-term notes payable issued by financially strongcorporations. They are highly liquid from the investor’s point of view.4. Commitments: Contracts for the future transactions.5. Contra-liability account: A ledger account which is deducted from or offset against arelated liability account in the balance sheet; for example, Discount on Notes Payable.6. Convertible bond: One which may be changed at the option of the bondholder for aspecific number of shares of common stock.7. Deferred income taxes: Income taxes upon income which already has been reportedfor financial reporting purposes, but which will not be reported in income tax returns until future periods.8. Discount on notes payable: A contra-liability account representing any interestcharges applicable to future periods included in the face amount of a note payable.Over the life of the note, the balance of the Discount on Notes Payable account is amortized into Interest Expense.9. Deducted bond: Debenture bonds refer to an unsecured bond.10. Estimated liabilities: Liabilities which appear in financial statements at estimatedamounts.11. Long-term liabilities: Obligations that are not due for at least a year.12. Loss contingency: A possible loss, or expense, stemming from past events, that willbe resolved as to existence and amount by some future event.13. Mortgage bonds: Bonds secured by the pledge of specific assets.14. Operating lease: A lease contract which is in essence a rental agreement. The lesseehas the use of the leased property, but the lessor retains the usual risks and rewards of ownership. The periodic lease payments are accounted for as rent expense by the lessee and as rental revenue by the lessor.Chapter 91. Income: Income is defined as increases in economic benefits during the reportingperiod in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants. Income encompasses both revenue and gains.2. Revenue: Revenue is income that arises in the course of ordinary activities of anentity and is referred to by a variety of different names including sales, fees, interest, dividends and royalties.3. Gains: Gains represent other items that meet the definition of income and may, or maynot arise in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity.4. Accrued revenue: Accrued revenue is the revenue that has been earned but not yetcollected.5. Trade discounts: Trade discounts depend on the volume of the business or size oforder from the customer.6. Cash discounts: Cash discounts are offered to customers by some companies toencourage prompt payment of bills.7. Expenses: Expenses are outflows or using up of assets as part of operations of abusiness to generate sales.8. Employee expenses: Employee expenses are the entitlements which employeesaccumulate as a result of rendering their services to an employer.9. Depreciation (amortization): Depreciation is a periodic expense of operations and isassociated with the consumption or loss of service potential of non-current assets. 10. Bad (doubtful) debts expense: Bad debts expense is, in effect, a reduction of the“receivables” asset.11. Income taxes expense: Income taxes expense is the expense recognized in theaccounting records on an accrual basis that applies to income from continuing operations.12. Profit: Profit is the ultimate result of various operating activities of the enterprise in areporting period.13. Accounting policies: Accounting policies are the specific principles, bases,conventions, rules and practices adopted by an entity in preparing and presenting financial statements.14. Applicable profit: Applicable profit is assets that can be distributed to all kinds ofbeneficiaries.Chapter 101. Owner’s equity: Owner’s equity refers to the sources invested by owners or formed inthe course of the production and operation or other sourced shared by owners.2. Par value: The par value is an arbitrary dollar amount assigned to each share.3. Treasury stock: Treasury stock may be defined as shares of a corporation’s owncapital stock that have been issued and later reacquired by the issuing company but that have not been canceled or permanently retired.4. Capital reserve: Capital reserve refers to the capital which isn’t viewed as the paid-incapital or capital stock.5. Undistributed profit: Undistributed profit is the profit that is not distributed toshareholders but retained to the later years.Journal entries1. A company had the following transactions during January: Using the net method ofrecording purchases, prepare the journal entries to record these January transactions.Jan.2 Purchased merchandise, invoice price of $20 000, with terms 2/10, n/30.4 Received a credit memorandum for $4 000, the invoice price on merchandisereturned from the purchase of January 2.12 Purchased merchandise, invoice price of $15 000, with terms 3/15, n/30.26 Paid for the merchandise purchased on January 12.30 paid for the merchandise purchased on January 2.Answer:Jan.2 Merchandise …………………………………………………….19 600Accounts payable………………………………………………………19 6004 Accounts payable…………………………………………………3 920Merchandise………………………………………………………………3 92012 Merchandise……………………………………………………..14 550Accounts payable………………………………………………………14 55026 Accounts payable………………………………………………..14 550Cash……………………………………………………………………..14 55030 Accounts payable………………………………………………..15 680Expense (400)Cash………………………………………………………………………16 0802. The following series of transactions occurred during 2010 and 2011, when LinwoodCo. sold merchandise to John Moore. Linwood’s annual accounting period ends on December 31.10/01/2010 Sold $12 000 of merchandise to John Moore, terms 2/10, n/3011/15/2010 Moore reports that he cannot pay the account until the early next year. He agrees to exchange the account for a 120-day, 12% note receivable.12/31/2010 Prepared the adjusting journal entry to record accrued interest on the note.03/15/2011 Linwood receives a check from Moore for the maturity value (with interest) of the note.03/22/2011 Linwood receives notification that Moore’s check is being returned for nonsufficient funds (NSF).12/31/2011 Linwood writes off Moore’s account as uncollectible.Prepared Linwood Co.‘s journal entries to record the above transactions.The company uses the allowance method to account for its bad debt expenses.Answer:Oct.1, 2010 Accounts receivable—Moore……………………………..12 000Sales……………………………………………………………..12 000 Nov.15, 2010 Notes receivable……………………………………………12 000Accounts receivable—Moore........................................12 000 Dec.31,2010 Interest receivable (184)Interest revenue (184)($12 000 x 0.12 x 46/360 = $184)Mar.15, 2011 Cash…………………………………………………………..12 480Notes receivable………………………………………………...12 000Interest receivable (184)Interest earned (296)($12 000 x 0.12 x 74/360 = $296)Mar.22, 2011 Accounts receivable—Moore……………………………….12 480Cash…………………………………………………………….12 480 Dec.31, 2011 Allowance for doubtful accounts……………………………12 480Accounts receivable—Moore…………………………………12 4803. (a) A company purchased a patent on January 1, 2006, for $2 500 000. The patent’slegal life is 20 years but the company estimates that the patent’s useful life will only be5 years from the date of acquisition. On June 30, 2006, the company paid legal costsof $162 000 in successfully defending the patent in an infringement suit. Prepare the journal entry to amortize the patent at year end on December 31, 2006.(b) Suxia Company purchased a franchise from Yanyan Food Company for $400 000on January 1, 2006. The franchise is for an indefinite time period and gives Suxia Company the exclusive rights to sell Yanyan Wings in a particular territory. Prepare the journal entry to record the acquisition of the franchise and any necessary adjusting entry at year end on December 31, 2006.(c) Chenghe Company incurred research and development costs of $500 000 in 2006in developing a new product. Prepare the necessary journal entries during 2006 to record these events and any adjustments at year end on December 31, 2006.Answer:JOURNAL ENTRIES(a) December 31, 20×6Amortization Expense …………………………………………..518 000Patent………………………………………………………………… 518 000 (To record patent amortization.)$2 500 000 ÷ 5 years ……………………..$500 000$162 000 ÷ 54 months = …………………….$3 000$3 000×6……………………………………. $18 000$518 000(b) January 1, 20×6Franchise ………………………………………………………..400 000Cash………………………………………………………………. 400 000(To record acquisition of T astee Food franchise.)December 31, 20×6No amortization of the franchise is required since its life is indefinite.(c) 20×6Research and Development Expense……………………….. 500 000Cash………………………………………………………………. 500 000 (To record research and development expense for the Current year.)December 31—no entry.4. Suxia Company had the following transactions pertaining to short-term investments inequity securities.Jan.1 Purchased 900 shares of Chenghe Company stock for $9 450 cash plus brokerage fees of $ 270June.1 Received cash dividends of $0.50 per share on Chenghe Company stock.Sept.15 Sold 400 shares of Chenghe Company stock for $ 4 300 less brokerage fees of $100Dec.1 Received cash dividends of $0.50 per share on Chenghe Company stock.(a) Journalize the transactions.(b) Indicate the income statement effects of the transactions.Answer:(a) Jan. 1 Stock Investments……………………………………….. 9 720Cash..................................................................... 9 720 June 1 Cash (900 × $0.50) .. (450)Dividend Revenue (450)Sept. 15 Cash ($4 300 – $100)…………………………………. 4 200Loss on Sale of Stock Investments (120)Stock Investments (400 × ($9 720 ÷ 900)) ......................4 320 Dec. 1 Cash (500 × $0.50). (250)Dividend Revenue (250)(b) Dividend Revenue is reported under Other Revenues and Gains on theincome statement. Loss on Sale of Stock Investments is reported under Other Expenses and Losses on the income statement.5. Presented below are the three independent situations:(a) Henry Corporation purchased $ 400 000 of its bonds on June 30, 2005 at 102 andimmediately retired them. The carrying value of the bonds on the retirement date was $ 367 200. The bonds pay semiannual interest and the interest payment due on June 30, 2005 has been made and recorded.(b) Rose, Inc., purchased $600 000 of its bonds at 96 on June 30, 2005 andimmediately retired them. The carrying value of the bonds on the retirement date was $ 590 000. The bonds pay semiannual interest and the interest payment due on June 30, 2005 has been made and recorded.(c) Sealy Company has $200 000, 10%, 12-year convertible bonds outstanding.These bonds were sold at face value and pay semiannual interest on June 30 and December 31 of each year. The bonds are convertible into 80 shares of Sealy $ 5 par value common stock for each $ 1 000 par value bond. On December 31, 2005 after the bond interest has been paid, $ 50 000 par value of bonds were converted.The market value of Sealy’s common stock was $ 48 per share on December 31, 2005.Instruction: For each of the independent situations, prepare the journal entry to record the retirement or conversion of the bonds.Answer:(a) June 30 Bonds Payable……………………………………………. 400 000Loss on Bond Redemption……………………………….. 40 800Discount on Bonds Payable ………………………………………...32 800Cash …………………………………………………………………408 000($400 000 – $367 200 = $32 800)($400 000 × 102% = $408 000)(b) June 30 Bonds Payable……………………………………………. 600 000Discount on Bonds Payable………………………………………... 10 000Gain on Bond Redemption ………………………………………….14 000Cash………………………………………………………………… 576 000($600 000 – $590 000 =$10 000)($600 000 × 96% =$576 000)(c) Dec. 31 Bonds Payable………………………………………………. 50 000Common Stock…………………………………………………….. 20 000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par …………………………………..30 000($5 × 80 × 50 =$20 000)6. Maia’s Bike Shop uses the perpetual inventory system and had the followingtransactions during the month of May:May 3 Sold merchandise to a customer on credit for $ 600, terms 2/10, n/30. The cost of the merchandise sold was $ 350.May 4 Sold merchandise to a customer for cash of $ 425. The cost of themerchandise was $ 250.May 6 Sold merchandise to a customer on credit for $ 1 300, terms 2/10, n/30. The cost of the merchandise sold was $ 750.May 8 The customer from May 3 returned merchandise with a selling price of $ 100.The cost of the merchandise returned was $ 55.May 15 The customer from May 6 paid the full amount due, less any appropriate discounts earned.May 31 The customer from May 3 paid the full amount due, less any appropriate discounts earned.Prepare the required journal entries that Maia’s Bike Shop must make to record these transactions.。
英语语言学名词解释
1.Synchronic The study of language at some point in timeDiachronic The study of language as it changes through time2 .Langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speakerParole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguisticsplementary distribution（互补分布）is the relationship between two different elements, where one element is found in a particular environment and the other element is found in the opposite environment. It often indicates that two superficially different elements are in fact the same linguistic unit at a deeper level.4.Locutionary act means that when we speak, we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds with a certain meaning. Illocutionary act is using a sentence to perform a function. Perlocutionary act is the results or effects that are produced by meanings of saying something.5.Semantic broadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to a relatively general one.6.A lingua franca(通用语) is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues7. Grammatical marker in linguistics, a marker is a free or bound morpheme that indicates the grammatical function of the marked word, phrase, or sentence.9.Displacement（移位性）means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.1.Prescriptive:lay down rules for correct usage.Descriptive:describe the language actually used by the speaker,being right or wrong.2.Diacritics:the study of a language through the course of its history.3.Bound root: is a root which cannot occur as a separate word apart from any other morpheme.4.Grammatical relations: is a role of a noun phrase or complement clause that determinessyntactic behaviors5.Selectional restriction: A limitation on what words can go with a particular word.6.Speech act theory: A theory of language based on J. L. Austin's How to Do Things with Words(second edition, 1975), the major premise of which is that language is as much, if notmore, a mode of action as it is a means of conveying information.7.Gradable antonymy: A term that denotes one end of a scale while the other term denotes theother end, such as long and short.8.Standard language: is a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse.9.Esperant o: is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language10.Equivalence: The relationship between two propositions that are either both true or both false 1.Argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with nominal element in a sentence general linguistics the study of language as a whole3.Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4Syntactic category refer to the language law field5. Derivational affix added to an existing form to create a word6.context Generally speaking is consist of language as a whole7converse antonymy The type of antonymy is typically seen is reciprocal social roles ,kinship relations, temporal and spatial relation,such as teacher-student8 bilingual people develop some ability in a second language9 co-hyponyms: Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms.10 the application of linguistics theories and principles to language teaching.especially the teaching of foreign and second language1.Narrow transcription the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a narrow transcription.2.Negative transfer is all called interference, it means that the learners’ mother tongue obstacles their second language’s acquisition, it mainly manifest the differences between the objective language and the native language.3Inflectional affix very often add a minute or delicate grammatical function only to the stem, Inflectional affix do not change the word class of the word they attach to.4 sequential rules（序列规则）the rules governing the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.5.polysemy A single word having several or many meanings6.Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.plementary antonymy :members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely.such as male, female, present andAbsent.8.diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of history.9.Superordinate the upper term in hyponymy is the class name. A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.under flower, for example, there are peony,jasmine, violet, carnation. Hyponyms the lower terms in hyponymy. These members of the same class are co-hyponyms. 10.Hyponymy a relation between two words in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another word.11..endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or moire of its constituents, i.e, a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable center or head.12.The critical period hypothesis there is a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.nguage transfer learner’s use of prior linguistic information (chiefly his mother tongue )or some physically carryover of native language surface to a second language context.14.Creole when a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language,it is said to be a creole 15.Dialect it is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regional, social, gender, and age variations.16.Connotation what is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.17.Entailment this is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the context.18.Descriptive study if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive. prescriptive study if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be descriptive.19.Grimm’s law Grimm's law named for Jacob Grimm, is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European(PIE) stops as they developed in Proto-Germanic in the 1st millennium BC. It establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops and fricatives and the stop consonants of certain other centum Indo-European languages.As it is presently formulated.20.Semantic change: every word has a variety of senses connotations which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have very different meanings.21.Cooperative principle:It’s proposed and formulated by P.Grice, a pragmatic hypothesis, is about that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.。
英语专业考研名词解释
Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻）It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. Forinstance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙）It has two connotations.In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.15) Innuendo: (暗讽）It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照）It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usuallyterse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts ina descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词）It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵）It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It isa device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement.。
英语的知识名词解释
英语的知识名词解释在学习英语的过程中，我们会遇到各种各样的专业术语和知识名词。
这些名词既是学习语言的基础，也是了解语言学的关键。
在本文中，我们将对一些英语知识名词进行解释，希望能够帮助读者更好地理解和掌握英语。
1. 语法（Grammar）语法是语言研究和教育的重要组成部分。
它研究句子的结构、词汇的组织和句子的语义，以及句子的正确构造和使用。
掌握语法可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用英语。
2. 词法（Lexis）词法是研究词汇的学科。
它包括研究词的形态和词义。
掌握词法知识能够帮助我们理解和使用单词的不同形式和含义，提高我们的词汇量。
3. 发音（Pronunciation）发音是指人们发出语音的方式。
正确的发音能够让我们更好地进行口语交流。
在学习英语的过程中，我们需要学习和练习正确的发音规则和技巧。
4. 阅读（Reading）阅读是指理解和解释书面材料的过程。
通过阅读，我们可以扩大词汇量，提高语言理解能力，并了解不同类型的文章和写作风格。
5. 写作（Writing）写作是指用书面语言表达思想和观点的过程。
通过写作，我们可以提高自己的表达能力，培养逻辑思维和批判性思维。
6. 听力（Listening）听力是指理解并准确地接收口语信息的能力。
提高听力能力可以帮助我们更好地理解和交流，同时也是学习口语和口语考试的重要基础。
7. 口语（Speaking）口语是指用口头语言进行交流的能力。
通过练习口语，我们可以提高对话和演讲能力，增强和他人的交流能力。
8. 词汇量（Vocabulary）词汇量指的是一个人所掌握的词汇数量。
丰富的词汇量可以使我们更好地表达自己的思想和观点，更容易理解和使用英语。
9. 社交语言（Sociolinguistics）社交语言是研究语言和社会之间关系的学科。
它研究不同社会群体之间的语言差异、语言规范和口语交际规则等。
10. 语用学（Pragmatics）语用学是研究语言使用和交际意义的学科。
专业英语重点名词解释
一．论商品价格的组成部分⒈如果一种劳动比另一种劳动更为艰苦，对于这种更加艰苦的情况自然要加以考虑。
一小时较为艰苦的劳动产品，经常可以换得两小时不大艰苦的劳动产品。
或者，如果某种劳动需要超出一般的熟练程度或技巧和智能，那么，出于对于这种技能的尊重，对于他们的产品自然要给予较高的即超过他劳动时间所应得的价值。
⒉资本一经在某些人手中的积累，其中有些人自然会为了能从劳动产品的售卖或劳动在原材料增加的价值上得到一种利润，便把资本运动到勤劳的劳动人民上，为他们提供原材料与生活资料，让他们工作。
⒊一种可能的设想是，资本的利润只是为某种特殊劳动支付的工资即付给监督和指挥工人劳动的工资的别名。
然而，利润截然不同与工资，他受完全不同的原则支配，与所谓劳动监督与指挥的劳动数量、强度和智力根本不成比例。
⒋必须注意，价格的三个组成部分的实际价值是由各自所能购买或支配的劳动量来衡量的。
劳动不仅衡量商品价格中工人劳动的那一部分的价值即工资，而且衡量商品中的地租和利润那两个部分的价值。
⒌例如，雇佣织匠的资本必然比雇佣纺匠更大，因为它不仅要复还雇佣纺匠的资本及其利润，而且还要支付织匠的工资，而利润必然总与资本保持某种比例。
⒍单独看来，每一种具体商品价格都可以分解成为三部分中的某一部分或全部，同样，总体来看，构成一国劳动全部年产量的所有的商品的价格也必然分成同样的三部分，作为劳动的工资，资本的利润和土地的地租分配给该国的不同居民。
⒎当这三种不同的收入属于不同的对象时，辨别起来很容易，但当属于同一个人时，却常常混淆不清，至少在普通说法中是这样。
⒏在文明社会，由于交换价值纯由劳动构成的商品极少，大部分商品的交换价值主要来自利润和地租，因此该国劳动的年产物所能购买或者支配的劳动量总是远远超过这些年产物在栽种、制造和运送市场时所使用的劳动量。
二、马尔萨斯人口论⑴我想，迄今为止，还没有哪个国家，至少我还没有听说那个国家风俗如此淳朴，生活资料如此充裕，以致早婚可以不受任何限制，下层阶级可以不用为生活用品的不足而担心，上层阶级也不必为生活水平下降而担心。
环境专业-英语名词解释
①Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地。
②System, a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unitor organic whole. 系统”一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物。
③VSS can be an indicator of the organic content of raw wastes and can alsoprovide a measure of the active microbial population in biological processes.挥发性悬浮固体可作为原废物的有机，并为在生物过程活微生物数量提供一个测量方法④TOC : The total amount of carbon in dissolved and suspended organic matter in water.总有机碳：水体中溶解性和悬浮性有机物含碳的总量。
⑤Coagulation / flocculation : the process of adding soluble salts to the water to make thecolloids and small particles in the water become large particles and settle down.混凝/絮凝法：向水中加入溶解性盐类，使水中的胶体和小颗粒，变成大颗粒沉淀下来的过程。
⑥Pollution: Natural or man-made actions that add a substance to the environment andexceed the environmental self-purification ability to cause harm. “污染”，指自然的或人为的向环境中添加某种物质而超过环境的自净能力而产生危害的行为。
专业英语重点名词解释(精)
一.论商品价格的组成部分⒈如果一种劳动比另一种劳动更为艰苦, 对于这种更加艰苦的情况自然要加以考虑。
一小时较为艰苦的劳动产品, 经常可以换得两小时不大艰苦的劳动产品。
或者, 如果某种劳动需要超出一般的熟练程度或技巧和智能, 那么, 出于对于这种技能的尊重, 对于他们的产品自然要给予较高的即超过他劳动时间所应得的价值。
⒉资本一经在某些人手中的积累, 其中有些人自然会为了能从劳动产品的售卖或劳动在原材料增加的价值上得到一种利润, 便把资本运动到勤劳的劳动人民上, 为他们提供原材料与生活资料,让他们工作。
⒊一种可能的设想是, 资本的利润只是为某种特殊劳动支付的工资即付给监督和指挥工人劳动的工资的别名。
然而, 利润截然不同与工资, 他受完全不同的原则支配, 与所谓劳动监督与指挥的劳动数量、强度和智力根本不成比例。
⒋必须注意,价格的三个组成部分的实际价值是由各自所能购买或支配的劳动量来衡量的。
劳动不仅衡量商品价格中工人劳动的那一部分的价值即工资, 而且衡量商品中的地租和利润那两个部分的价值。
⒌例如, 雇佣织匠的资本必然比雇佣纺匠更大, 因为它不仅要复还雇佣纺匠的资本及其利润,而且还要支付织匠的工资,而利润必然总与资本保持某种比例。
⒍单独看来, 每一种具体商品价格都可以分解成为三部分中的某一部分或全部, 同样, 总体来看, 构成一国劳动全部年产量的所有的商品的价格也必然分成同样的三部分, 作为劳动的工资,资本的利润和土地的地租分配给该国的不同居民。
⒎当这三种不同的收入属于不同的对象时, 辨别起来很容易, 但当属于同一个人时, 却常常混淆不清,至少在普通说法中是这样。
⒏在文明社会, 由于交换价值纯由劳动构成的商品极少, 大部分商品的交换价值主要来自利润和地租, 因此该国劳动的年产物所能购买或者支配的劳动量总是远远超过这些年产物在栽种、制造和运送市场时所使用的劳动量。
二、马尔萨斯人口论⑴我想,迄今为止,还没有哪个国家,至少我还没有听说那个国家风俗如此淳朴,生活资料如此充裕,以致早婚可以不受任何限制,下层阶级可以不用为生活用品的不足而担心,上层阶级也不必为生活水平下降而担心。
英语专业考研英美文学名词解释
英语专业考研英美文学名词解释英美文学名词解释1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.2. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.3. Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.4. American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. Americ a’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attemptedto achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.5. American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature.6. American Realism: in American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.7. American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century. A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political independence. Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War. The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its frontier egalitarianism.8. American Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists terrors from the romantic literature of Europe. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americagogopirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.9. Analogy: (a figure of speech) A comparison made between tow things to show the similarities between them. Analogies are often used for illustration or for argument.10. Anapest抑抑扬: It’s made up of two unstressed and one stressed syllables, with the two unstressed ones in front.11. Antagonist: A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative;a rival of the hero or heroine.12. Antithesis: (a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.13. Aphorism: A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life.14. Apostrophe顿呼法: A figure of speech in which an absent or a dead person, an abstract quality, or something nonhuman is addressed directly.15. Argument: A form of discourse in which reason is used to influence or change people’s idea or actions. Writers practice argument most often when writing nonfiction, particularly essays or speeches.16. Aside: In drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience. An aside is meant to be heard by the other characters onstage.17. Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.18. Atmosphere: The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate for the werrors to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.19. Autobiography: A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.20. Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.21. Ballad stanza: A type of four-line stanza. The first and third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The number of unstressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.22. Biography: A detailed account of a person’s life written by another person. 23. Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 24. Caesura诗间休止: A break or pause in a line of poetry.25. Canto: A section or division of a long poem.26. Caricature: The use of exaggeration or distortion to make a figure appear comic or ridiculous. A physical characteristic, an eccentricity, a personality trait, or an act may be exaggerated. 27. Character: In appreciating a short story, characters are an indispensable element. Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.28. Characterizatiogogoo, the means by which a writer reveals that personality.29. Classicism: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.30. Climax: The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a gogotory’s tur ning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.31. Comedy: in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.32. Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but itusually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.33. Conflict: A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end.34. Connotation: All the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse. Connotation is distinct from denotation, which is the literal or “ dictionary” meaning of a word or phrase. 35. Consonance: The repetition of similar consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words. 36. Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.37. Critical Realism: The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.38. Dactyl扬抑抑: It’s made up of one stressed and two unstressed syllables, with the stressed in front.39. Denotation: The literal or “dictionary” meaning of a word.40. Denouement结局: The outcome of a plot. The denouement is that part ofa play, short story, novel, or narrative poem in which conflicts are resolved or unraveled, and mysteries and secrets connected with the plot are explained.41. Description: It is a great part of conversation and of almost all writing. It is a part ofautobiography, storytelling. With description, the writer tries terror, feel, and hear by showing rather than by merely telling. It’s through the use of specific details and concrete language that abstract ideas and half-formed thoughts are make vividly real. We have objective and subjective description.42. Diction: A writer’s choice of words, par ticularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision. 43. Dissonance: A harsh or disagreeable combination of sounds; discord.44. Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.45. Elegy: A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.46. Emblematic image: A verbal picture or figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to it.47. Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known asthe Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The egogo inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. The attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.48. Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.49. Epigram: A short, witty, pointed statement often in the form of a poem.50. Epigraph: A quotation or motto at the beginning of a chapter, book, short story, or poem that makes some point about the work.51. Epilogue收场白: A short addition or conclusion at the end of aliterary work.52. Epiphany主显节: A moment of illumination, usually occurring at or near the end of a work. 53. Epitaph: An inscription on a gravestone or a short poem written in memory of someone who has died.54. Epithet称号: A descriptive name or phrase used to characterize someone or something. 55. Era of Modernism: The years from 1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Modernism, for there seems to have been in both Europe and America a strong awareness of some sort of “break” with the past. The new artists shared a desire to capture the complexity of modern life, to focus on the variety and confusion of the 20th century by reshaping and sometimesdiscarding the ideas and habits of the 19th century. The Era of Modernism was indeed the era of the New.56. Essay: A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view. An essaymay be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the reader about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tone. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style, and serious in tone.57. Exemplum说教故事: A tale, usually inserted into the text of a sermon that illustrates a moral principle.58. Exposition: (1) That part of a narrative or drama in which important background information isrevealed. (2) It is the kind of writing that is intended primarily to present information. Exposition is one of the major forms of discourse. The most familiar form it takes is in essays. Exposition is also that part of aplay in which important background information is revealed to the audience. 59. Fable: A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters, which illustrate a moral. 60. Farce: A type of comedy based on a ridiculoussituation, often with stereotyped characters. The humor in a farce is largely slapstick―that is, it often involves crude physical action. The characters in a farce are often the butts of practical jokes.61. Figurative language: Language that is not intended to be interpretedin a literal sense. By appealing to the imagination, figurative language provides new ways of looking at the world. Figurative language consists ofsuch figures of speech as hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron矛盾修饰法, personification, simile, and synecdoche.62. Figure of speech: A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in a literal sense. The most common kinds of figures ofspeech―simile, metaphor, personification, and metonymy―involve a comparison between unlike things.63. Flashback: A scene in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poemthat interrupts the action to show an event that happened earlier.64. Foil衬托: A character who sets off another character by contrast.65. Foot: It is a rhythmic unit, a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.66. Foreshadowing: The use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggestwhat will happen later. Writers use foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense. Sometimes foreshadowing also prepares the reader for theending of the story.67. Free Verse: Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.68. Hyperbole: A figure of speech using exaggeration, or overstatement,for special effect.69. Iamb抑扬格: It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable.70. Iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb―that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.71. Image: We usually think with words, many of our thoughts come to us as pictures or imagined sensations in our mind. Such imagined pictures or sensations are called images.72. Imagery: Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in the reader’s mind. Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell, and hearing.73. Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourishedfrom 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leadersof this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.74. Incremental repetition: The repetition of a previous line, or linesbut with a slight variation each time that advances the narrative stanza by stanza. This device is commonly used in ballads. 75. In medias res: Atechnique of plunging into the middle of a story and only later using a flashback to tell what has happened previously. In medias res is Latin for“in the middle of things”. 76. Inversion: The technique of reversing, or inverting, the normal word order of a sentence. Writers may use inversion tocreate a certain tone or to emphasize a particular word or idea. A poet may invert a line so that it fits into a particular meter or rhyme scheme.77. Invocation: At the beginning of an epic (or other poem) a call to a muse, god, or spirit for inspiration.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
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fat suppression 重复时间
repetition time 重建间距
reconstruction interval 纵隔窗
mediastinal window
ADC analog-to-digital converter 平板 X 线探测器
flat-panel X-ray detector 屏-片乳腺 X 线摄影
screen film mammography 时间分辨率
temporal resolution
时间剪影图像
temporal subtraction image 视野
echo time 计算机断层扫描
CT computed tomography 剂量指数
does index 静脉尿路造影术
intravenous urography 空间分辨率
spaho 脉冲序列
pulse sequence 模拟转换器
gradient echo 图形存档与传输系统
PACS picture archiving and communication systems 团注激发技术
bolus triggering technique 医学数字成像与传输
DICOM Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine 正电子发射断层显像技术
采集时间
acquisition time 层间距
intersection gap 弛豫增强技术
relaxation enhancement technique 磁共振成像
MRI magnetic resonance imagine 单扇区重建算法
single-segment reconstruction algorithm 多排探测器 CT
multi-detector row CT 多平面重组
MPR multiplanar reformation 翻转角
flip angle 飞焦点技术
fly focal spot technique 高分辨率 CT
HRCT high-resolution CT 冠状动脉血管造影
coronary angiography 回波时间
FOV field of view 数字 X 线射影
Digital Radiography DR 数字减影血管造影]
digital subtraction angiography 双扇区重建算法
dual-segment reconstruction algorithm 双源 CT
dual-source CT 梯度回波