新托福TPO口语参考答案——TPO21
1. Talk about an important news event that happened recently in your country .Describe the event and explain why it was important.Recently, there was a news about a little girl run over by a van and within 7 minutes,18 people walked by without giving a hand. Finally she was saved by a scavenger. The news is very important because it shows that our society is apathetic. People aren’t willing to help others and they fear to help others. This is pathetic. This news sparked an awful lot of discussions on the Internet and increased the public awareness of an issue that we are gradually losing our virtue. Our virtue has been sapped by our apathy. What should we do to save the society and save ourselves?2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Your friends are the most important influence in your life. Use details and examples to explain your opinionI agree with the statement friends are the most important influence in my life. Firstly, I learned how to be sociable fromfriends. When I first entered a company, I was a loner. I didn’t understand the basic social rules. One of my friends, Lillian, gave me a lot of advice about how to behave in front of the boss and what to say in front of colleagues. Secondly, friends are my good-listeners. Many times I felt helpless and painful because of some frustrations, I went to my friends. They would sit in front of me, listening to my complaints or swear words and then comforted me. These are the things that neither my parents or other relatives can give me.3. The woman expresses her opinion about the university’s plan. Briefly summarize the plan. Then sate her opinion about the plan and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.The university is planning to send daily e-mail to all students so that they can get information about campus events and activities every day. The woman thinks it’s a great idea. First of all, the woman thinks the weekly newspaper is not up-to-date. She reads it every Monday, but she’ll forget a concert on Thursday or a film on Wednesday. She also says that the email can serveas an reminder so if any event gets cancelled, people will know and won’t waste time going. Second of all, the woman says everyone checks email once a day and if they include cafeteria menu in the email every day, people definitely will read it.4. Explain how the example from the lecture illustrates the technique of questioning awareness of effect.By asking a student a question that draws attention to the negative effect of the student’s behavior, teachers can lead the student to discontinue the disruptive behavior. This is called questioning awareness effect. The professor once taught kids and he had a rule that students should raise hands and wait to be called name to answer questions. But some kids had trouble following this rule. For example a student named Sarah didn’t raise hand to answer questions, which is frustrating for other kids. One day, when she called out, the professor asked her a question: “Sarah, Do you realized when you called out answers without raising hands, you are not being fair to other students.” The professor didn’t stop to wait for her answer but continued teaching the class. So he drew Sarah’s attention to the negative effect of her behaviorby asking this question. After that, she didn’t call out answer and started to raise her hand like everyone else.5. Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.The woman has been rehearsing for a play. But there is a guy named Bill who can’t remember his lines. The woman is not sure whether he will be ready for the opening night. There are two solutions discussed in the conversation. The first one is to replace him with another actor who can play the part. But the woman worries that removing Bill will hurt his feelings. The second solution is to spend time with Bill, work with him to help him remember lines. But the woman has other parts of the production to take care of. Personally, I recommend the woman to try the second solution first to see if Bill will improve under her help. Maybe Bill’s got some real problems remembering some lines or maybe he is just nervous and forgetful on the stage. So find problems first and then decide whether to replace him or not.6. Using points and examples from the talk, describe two changes that occurred after machines began to be used for manufacturing goods.The first change is that the center of production moved from homes to factories. Take the production of clock as an example, traditionally people had made clocks by hand at home. But when steam-powered machines were invented and used to weave clock, the clock production became more quickly and efficiently. So the making of clocks shifted from home-made business to factory production. Another change is that cities started forming around factories. For example, if a clock factory was built in a small village, the factory would hire a lot of rural workers. So the workers started to congregate in the village. As a result,the village got bigger and bigger and eventually grew to a city.。
托福TPO21口语Task2题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO21口语Task2题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO21独立口语Task2题目： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Your friends are the most important influence in your life. Use details and examples to explain your opinion. 托福TPO21独立口语Task2满分范文： I agree with the statement friends are the most important influence in my life. Firstly, I learned how to be sociable from friends. When I first entered a company, I was a loner. I didn’t understand the basic social rules. One of my friends, Lillian, gave me a lot of advice about how to behave in front of the boss and what to say in front of colleagues. Secondly, friends are my good-listeners. Many times I felt helpless and painful because of some frustrations, I went to my friends. They would sit in front of me, listening to my complaints or swear words and then comforted me. These are the things that neither my parents or other relatives can give me. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO21口语Task2题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
TPO21听力答案的解析
TPO21Section 111.这段对话主要是讲一位新生在学校没有找到orientation的地点。
老师说：you can’t findyour orientation session? 于是答案在A和C当中，但是后来老师又告诉他，usually，they are in the auditorium。
但是男生表示他前几天去过了，那是general orientation。
他说：yes the general ones，I once went to one of those sessions earlier day, but now I need the one for my major, engineering. 这里就可以得出他找不到的是engineering department的orientation。
2.问找不到地点的原因。
对话中，男生说，my schedule said the meeting was in Johnsonhall然而地图上画的这栋楼叫做Morgen Hall。
但是老实说this used to be Jonhson hall，the problem is they changed the name to morgen hall。
老师说他很吃惊学校给了他原来的地名的地图，但是后来男生又说，这张地图是一个月前的mail，也就是寄过来的。
他说了I get the second one recently…最后重点在：I left that one in the dorm room. 也就是说他用的地图上的名字没有更新。
3.问这栋楼为什么更新名字，因为老师又说了:this building is renamed after one of outprofessors. She retired a few months ago. She is really well known in the world of physics. 这说明这位叫做morgen的人是很有名很重要的物理学家，所以以他命名。
TPO21 L1
motion动作，移动Geocentric 地球中心说Heliocentric 太阳中心说Epicycle 本轮Intuitive 直觉的，凭直觉获取的Philosophical 哲学的-——philosopher 哲学家我们一直在讨论一个贯穿历史性的问题，人们很难抛弃已经被认为了很久的是科学真理的思想，甚至尽管那些思想是错误的举个例子吧，在天文学上，太阳系跟宇宙的显著差别直到现代才搞清楚古代希腊人认为我们称为太阳系是整个宇宙并且那个宇宙是以地球为中心的geocentricgeocentric就是以地球为中心，就是说，太阳，行星，星星...都是围绕地球的旋转的，地球是静止的当然，我们现在知道了，包括地球在内的行星都是围绕太阳旋转的并且太阳系只是宇宙中的微小的一部分那为什么古代希腊人认为地球是宇宙的中心捏？【老师提问】well，对他们来说Well, it makes sense to them.其实他们这种想法也不无道理。
【翻译的问题对天空的观察似乎显示太阳，月亮，星星每天都围绕着地球转，而地球它本身只在一个地方 is also supported by their philosophical and religious beliefs about the origin and structure of the universe.这种观点也被他们对宇宙原始结构宇宙的起源和构架的认识的哲学的、宗教的观点所支撑It was presented in the works of well-known Greek philosophers这在公元前四世纪的希腊著名哲学家们的作品中都有体现这种观点被一个很有名的哲学家的作品中提出并且地球中心说在西方直到17世纪，盛行了2000年尤其有趣的是，当天文学家的观察结果跟地球中心说的观点不一致时，古代希腊人并没有考虑替代的理论It was so intuitive, so sensible that the Earth was the center of the universe that astronomers found ways to explain those seemingly inconsistent phenomena within the geocentric view【理解有误天文学家们认为地球是宇宙的中心这种想法是那么的根深蒂固，以至于当他们发现与地心论不符的现象时，也会想办法找理由去解释。
TPO21
TPO21-1-1 原文：Geothermal EnergyEarth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80°to 180°centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180°centigrade are useful for generating electricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to the ground from which they were removed.The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century, if ever.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paragraph 1: Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.1.According to the processes described in paragraph 1, what is the relationship between radioactivity and the steam produced by geothermal heat?Geothermally heated steam is produced when water is exposed to radioactivity deep underground.When water is introduced into holes drilled thousands of feet in the ground, it becomes radioactive and turns to steam.Radioactivity heats Earth's interior rock, which in turn can heat water to the point it becomes steam.When a reservoir of steam in subsurface rock is produced by radioactivity, it is said to be geothermally heated.2.The word "practical" in the passage is closest in meaning tousableplentifuleconomicalfamiliarParagraph 2: By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80°to 180°centigrade. Water circulated through heatreservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toeconomicalfamiliarplentifuluseful4.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about heat reservoirs with a temperature in the range of 80° to 180° centigrade?They are under international control.They are more common than reservoirs that have a higher temperature.Few of them produce enough heat to warm large industrial spaces.They are used to generate electricity.Paragraph 3: Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generating electricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.5.According to paragraph 3, what is the connection between underground faults and naturally occurring steam?Underground faults enable the heat from molten-rock material to escape upward to regions where it can heat surface water enough to produce steam.Underground faults are created by steam that is produced in geothermal reservoirs deep inside Earth.Underground faults create spaces in which natural steam is sometimes trapped. Underground faults allow surface water to reach deep rocks that are hot enough to turn it into steam.6.In paragraph 3, why does the author mention that in the 1990s The Geysers was in its thirddecade of production?To provide the historical context of the geothermal production of electricity in the United StatesTo imply that The Geysers was the first geothermal site to be put into production in CaliforniaTo help explain the signs of decline shown by The GeysersTo explain why 70 new geothermal sites were put into electricity production in the late 1990s7.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about geothermal reservoirs?V olcanic heat is associated only with geothermal reservoirs that have a temperature over 180°centigrade.More countries produce power from geothermal reservoirs than use them for heating buildings.Most geothermal reservoirs are suitable for producing electricity.A higher geothermal reservoir temperature is needed to generate electricity than is needed to heat homes.Paragraph 4: Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.8.According to paragraph 4, extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks is difficult in part becausethe underground rock must be fractured before heat can be removed from itthe water above the rock is under very high pressurethe rock breaks apart when water is pumped into itthe water circulated through the rock must be much cooler than the rock itself9.The word "exploiting" in the passage is closest in meaning tolocatingincreasingmaking use ofestimating the size ofParagraph 5: Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to the ground from which they were removed.10.How is the problem that the surface may sink related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials?Both problems could be solved by returning groundwater that is removed from an underground heat reservoir back to the reservoir after heat is extracted from it.The problem of sinking is more difficult to solve than is the problem of toxic materials. Land at the surface sinks because the rock beneath the surface is weakened when salts and toxic materials are removed from it in the process of extracting geothermal energy.Both problems are caused by the fact that the hot groundwater in a heat reservoir dissolves the rock, which weakens the rock and makes the water toxic with salt.Paragraph 6: The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century, if ever.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Heat flows through solid rock very slowly, so it takes a very long time for geological processes to produce a reservoir of geothermal energy.Geothermal energy is not renewable because heat flows very slowly through solid rock into or out of a heat reservoir.The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not practically speaking, renewable.In most cases, heat travels into a heat reservoir so slowfy that it is a much quicker process to remove the heat from a reservoir than to replace it.12.In paragraph 6, the author implies that in California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the rift valleys of Africa the potential size of the geothermal resource is so large thatit might be economically worth developing these sites even though geothermal energy is not renewablethese sites will be the first geothermal energy sites to be developed with new technology these sites are likely to make a large-scale contribution to the world energy budget in the twenty-first centuryit does not matter whether they have naturally occurring deposits of hot water or steamEarth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics andcontinental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. ■The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. ■The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.■By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. ■Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.In either case, the heated water will usually be under considerable pressure, and so may have a temperature that is well above its sea-level boiling point of 100° centigrade.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Heat reservoirs in the form of hot rock far beneath Earth's surface are a potential source of usable geothermal energy.●Heat reservoirs with ...●A number of countries...●A number of issues ...Answer ChoicesHeat reservoirs with a temperature from 80° to 180° centigrade can be used, as in France and Iceland, to heat buildings.A number of countries now use geothermal reservoirs that contain water or steam above 180°centigrade to generate electricity.Most heat reservoirs with a temperature above 180°centigrade cannot be used for energybecause they are usually too close to recent volcanic activity.The sinking of land above heat reservoirs and other environmental problems arise when water is pumped into a heat reservoir under high pressure.Experiments are under way to determine if geothermally heated waters could be used as a source of certain minerals that have been dissolved out of hot rocks deep within Earth.A number of issues, including how to extract heat from reservoirs that do not have a naturalsupply of water, will significantly limit the use of geothermal energy for the foreseeable future.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 参考答案：1. 32. 13. 34. 25. 46. 37. 48. 19. 310. 111. 312. 113. 214. Heat reservoirs with ...A number of countries...A number of issues ...---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 答案解析：第一题，C，细节题，问radioactivity和steam的关系，所以找双关键词，分别定位至本段第一句和最后一句，第一句说radioactivity提供了地球的内热，最后一句说水变成蒸汽到达地表，水受热才能蒸汽，而这份热量是geothermal energy 提供的，这就是二者的关系，所以答案是C。
托福TPO21口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO21口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO21口语Task6听力文本： Listen to a part of a lecture from a history class. The professor is talking about the Industrial Revolution. (female professor) Back in the18th century, in a time known as the Industrial Revolution, some countries, well, England in particular, started using new technology, like steam-powered machines to produce goods. And the use of these machines brought about some significant changes. Let's go over two main changes that occurred.One change was that the center of production moved from homes to factories. Um, let's take fabric, or cloth, as an example. Historically, for a very long time, people had made cloth by hand in their homes, earning a little money from their home-based cloth production. But then these new steam-powered machines for weaving cloth were invented and placed in factories, and these machines could weave cloth much more quickly and efficiently. So there wasn't any reason to keep making cloth slowly in homes when it could be made faster on factory machines. Thus the majority of cloth productions shifted from home-based businesses to factory production. Another result of the new technology is that cities started forming around factories, like let’s say there was a cloth factor y that was built in a certain small village. Now, of course, the factor y needed workers to operate the machines used in cloth production. So the factory would hire a lot of rural workers who would then move from the country side to the village. So instead of spreading all over the country side, the workers started to congregate in the village with the factory. As a result, the village got bigger and bigger and eventually grew to a city. 托福TPO21口语Task6题目： Using points and examples from the talk, describe two changes that occurred after machines began to be used for manufacturing goods. 托福TPO21口语Task6满分范文： The first change was that the manufacturing center has shifted from home to factory. Before the invention of machine, people made their product, like fabric cloth, by hand at home, which was slow and not very efficient. However, when the machine was introduced, it was faster and it could wave cloth more quickly and efficiently, so factories soon replaced the home-based production businesses and became the center of production. Another result is that cities began to form around factories. When a factory was built in a village, it would need workers to operate the cloth machine. So the farmers who used to live in the countryside then would have to move to the village. And they started to congregate there. As a result，the villagegrew bigger and bigger and finally turned into a city. (136 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO21口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
新托福TPO21阅读原文及译文(二)
新托福TPO21阅读原文(二)：The Origins of AgricultureTPO21-2：The Origins of AgricultureHow did it come about that farming developed independently in a number of world centers (the Southeast Asian mainland, Southwest Asia, Central America, lowland and highland South America, and equatorial Africa) at more or less the same time? Agriculture developed slowly among populations that had an extensive knowledge of plants and animals. Changing from hunting and gathering to agriculture had no immediate advantages. To start with, it forced the population to abandon the nomad's life and become sedentary, to develop methods of storage and, often, systems of irrigation. While hunter-gatherers always had the option of moving elsewhere when the resources were exhausted, this became more difficult with farming. Furthermore, as the archaeological record shows, the state of health of agriculturalists was worse than that of their contemporary hunter-gatherers.Traditionally, it was believed that the transition to agriculture was the result of a worldwide population crisis. It was argued that once hunter-gatherers had occupied the whole world, the population started to grow everywhere and food became scarce; agriculture would have been a solution to this problem. We know, however, that contemporary hunter-gatherer societies control their population in a variety of ways. The idea of a world population crisis is therefore unlikely, although population pressure might have arisen in some areas.Climatic changes at the end of the glacial period 13,000 years ago have been proposed to account for the emergence of farming. The temperature increased dramatically in a short period of time (years rather than centuries), allowing for a growth of the hunting-gathering population due to the abundance of resources. There were, however, fluctuations in the climatic conditions, with the consequences that wet conditions were followed by dry ones, so that the availability of plants and animals oscillated brusquely.It would appear that the instability of the climatic conditions led populations that had originally been nomadic to settle down and develop a sedentary style of life,which led in turn to population growth and to the need to increase the amount of food available. Farming originated in these conditions. Later on, it became very difficult to change because of the significant expansion of these populations. It could be argued, however, that these conditions are not sufficient to explain the origins of agriculture. Earth had experienced previous periods of climatic change, and yet agriculture had not been developed.It is archaeologist Steven Mithen's thesis, brilliantly developed in his book The Prehistory of the Mind (1996), that approximately 40,000 years ago the human mind developed cognitive fluidity, that is, the integration of the specializations of the mind: technical, natural history (geared to understanding the behavior and distribution of natural resources), social intelligence, and the linguistic capacity. Cognitive fluidity explains the appearance of art, religion, and sophisticated speech. Once humans possessed such a mind, they were able to find an imaginative solution to a situation of severe economic crisis such as the farming dilemma described earlier. Mithen proposes the existence of four mental elements to account for the emergence of farming: (1) the ability to develop tools that could be used intensively to harvest and process plant resources; (2) the tendency to use plants and animals as the medium to acquire social prestige and power; (3) the tendency to develop "social relationships" with animals structurally similar to those developed with people—specifically, the ability to think of animals as people (anthropomorphism) and of people as animals (totemism); and (4) the tendency to manipulate plants and animals.The fact that some societies domesticated animals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate, and developed a state should not make us forget that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity; a few entered the modern period as hunting and gathering societies. It is anthropologically important to inquire into the conditions that made some societies adopt agriculture while others remained hunter-gatherers or horticulturalists. However, it should be kept in mind that many societies that knew of agriculture more or less consciously avoided it. Whether Mithen's explanation issatisfactory is open to contention, and some authors have recently emphasized the importance of other factors.TPO21-2译文：农业的起源农业是如何独立的在多个世界中心(东南亚大陆、西南亚、中美洲、南美的高地与低地以及赤道非洲地区)几乎同时发展起来的呢?在那些熟知动植物的人中农业发展得相当缓慢。
TPO21 the ability to relate well to people
21. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? For success in a future job, the ability to relate well to people is more important than studying hard in school. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.I strongly agree that the ability to relate well to people is more important than studying hard in school. Although studying hard in school can not only enrich my knowledge but also lay a solid foundation for success in my future job, the ability to relate well to people is the most important thing in social survival. It can be given by a well-known example that a person who has a great relationship wi th people around is more likely to become the leader of a group.第一段点评：写的很好，整个段落立意明确。
语法使用完全正确！表扬，撒花！There’s n o doubt that a good relationship between persons can speeds up the work efficiency and brings the world harmony. If two people who are selling the same goods to you, they offer the same price, the same brands and the same quality of the goods.Whose goods will you choose? Of course,the person who has the good relationship with you. Thus, the ability to relate well to people plays a key role in the success of the future job. A person cannot survive in one vacuum space. Especially nowadays, science and technique are highly developed; more and more tasks need to be done by common effort.There is—不要缩写；Speed 情态动词后用动词原形，当然了此处还可拿boost替换speed up；这里的need应为实意动词，因为你后面接了个to;此时，须换成needs;或者去掉to；最后一句累赘，且稍有偏题第二段点评：本段论述紧扣题意，但语言出现了一些较为常犯的细节性错误，比如句中动词的语态用错speed up和need；另一较为突出的是语言的累赘和语法小错误，例如：“If two people who are selling the same goods to you, they offer the same price, the same brands and the same quality of the goods. Whose goods will you choose?”最明显的错误是if 引导的条件状语从句，不能单独成立，所以后面的那个问句应该紧跟着if引导从句。
托福TPO21阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO21ÔĶÁPassage2Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO21ÔĶÁPassage2Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡The Origins of Agriculture¡¡¡¡How did it come about that farming developed independently in a number of world centers(the Southeast Asian mainland,Southwest Asia,Central America,lowland and highland South America,and equatorial Africa)at more or less the same time?Agriculture developed slowly among populations that had an extensive knowledge of plants and animals.Changing from hunting and gathering to agriculture had no immediate advantages.To start with,it forced the population to abandon the nomad's life and become sedentary,to develop methods of storage and,often,systems of irrigation.While hunter-gatherers always had the option of moving elsewhere when the resources were exhausted,this became more difficult with farming.Furthermore,as the archaeological record shows,the state of health of agriculturalists was worse than that of their contemporary hunter-gatherers.¡¡¡¡Traditionally,it was believed that the transition to agriculture was the result of a worldwide population crisis.It was argued that once hunter-gatherers had occupied the whole world,the population started to grow everywhere and food became scarce;agriculture would have been a solution to this problem.We know,however,that contemporary hunter-gatherer societies control their population in a variety of ways.The idea of a world population crisis is therefore unlikely,although population pressure might have arisen in some areas.¡¡¡¡Climatic changes at the end of the glacial period 13,000 years ago have been proposed to account for the emergence of farming.The temperature increased dramatically in a short period of time(years rather than centuries),allowing for a growth of the hunting-gathering population due to the abundance of resources.There were,however,fluctuations in the climatic conditions,with the consequences that wet conditions were followed by dry ones,so that the availability of plants and animals oscillated brusquely.¡¡¡¡It would appear that the instability of the climatic conditions led populations that had originally been nomadic to settle down and develop a sedentary style of life,which led in turn to population growth and to the need to increase the amount of food available.Farming originated in these ter on,it became very difficult to change because of the significant expansion of these populations.It could be argued,however,that these conditions are not sufficient to explain the origins of agriculture.Earth had experienced previous periods of climatic change,and yet agriculture had not been developed.¡¡¡¡It is archaeologist Steven Mithen's thesis,brilliantly developed in his book The Prehistory of the Mind(1996),that approximately 40,000 years ago the human mind developed cognitive fluidity,that is,the integration of the specializations of the mind:technical,natural history(geared to understanding the behavior and distribution of natural resources),social intelligence,and the linguistic capacity.Cognitive fluidity explains the appearance of art,religion,and sophisticated speech.Once humans possessed such a mind,they were able to find an imaginative solution to a situation of severe economic crisis such as the farming dilemma described earlier.Mithen proposes the existence of four mental elements to account for the emergence of farming:(1)the ability to develop tools that could be used intensively to harvest and process plant resources;(2)the tendency to use plants and animals as the medium to acquire social prestige and power;(3)the tendency to develop"social relationships"with animals structurally similar to those developed with people¡ªspecifically,the ability to think of animals as people(anthropomorphism)and of people as animals(totemism);and(4)the tendency to manipulate plants and animals.¡¡¡¡The fact that some societies domesticated animals and plants,discovered the use of metal tools,became literate,and developed a state should not make us forget that others developed pastoralism or horticulture(vegetable gardening)but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity;a few entered the modern period as hunting and gathering societies.It is anthropologically important to inquire into the conditions that made some societies adopt agriculture while others remained hunter-gatherers or horticulturalists.However,it should be kept in mind that many societies that knew of agriculture more or less consciously avoided it.Whether Mithen's explanation is satisfactory is open to contention,and some authors have recently emphasized the importance of other factors.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1:How did it come about that farming developed independently in a number of world centers(the Southeast Asian mainland,Southwest Asia,Central America,lowland and highland South America,and equatorial Africa)at more or less the same time?Agriculture developed slowly among populations that had an extensive knowledge of plants and animals.Changing from hunting and gathering to agriculture had no immediate advantages.To start with,it forced the population to abandon the nomad's life and become sedentary,to develop methods of storage and,often,systems of irrigation.While hunter-gatherers always had the option of moving elsewhere when the resources were exhausted,this became more difficult with farming.Furthermore,as the archaeological record shows,the state of health of agriculturalists was worse than that of their contemporary hunter-gatherers.¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO21ÔĶÁPassage2ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1.The word"option"in the passage is closest in meaning to¡¡¡¡O choice。
2014年 新托福听力conversationTPO21-30总结分类
易错题目
22 2，4，（5） 19，（22） 4,5 （19）， （20）， 21，22 19，20，21，22 19，22（偏难） 19，20，21，22
学生和biology professor的对话，关于whale Why does the man go to see the professor? 学生和biology professor的对话，关于jellyfish why does the student go to see the professor? 学生和history of technology professor的对话，有关农业 Why has the student come to see the professor?
内容说明
学生和music history professor的对话 学生和art history professor的对话 学生和public relation professor的对话 学生和music history professor的对话 学生和geography professor的对话
主旨方式
易－中－难 易－中－难
主旨方式 易错题目
（1），（3） （4），5 （3），（5） （2），（3） 4 3 19，20 2，3，（4），5 （2），5 （1），3 1，2 1，2，4，5
内容说明
易 中 难
难度系数
学生无法找到orientation session，之后和教授之间的对话 Why does the man need the professor's help? 学生和图书馆老师的对话 What does the woman go to the information desk? 学生和注册老师关于选课的对话 What is the conversation mainly about? 学生和活动中心老师的对话 Why does the student go to speak with the woman? 学生和校报的faculty advisor之间的对话 Why does the student go to the man's office? 学生和学校活动老师的对话，学校网站编辑没有把他们的 What is the cause of the student's problem? 活动发布到网站上 学生和English professor的对话 学生和书店店员之间的对话 学生和academic advisor的对话，有关于毕业要求 学生和老师关于论文的对话 学生和老师关于论文的对话 学生和print shop店员的对话 Why does the man go to see the professor? Why can the man NOT find is the conversation mainly about? What is the conversation mainly about? Why does the man go to see the professor? Why does the student go to speak to the man?
2019年TPO21托福口语Task3原文及参考答案
2019年TPO21托福口语Task3原文及参考答案TPO21口语Task3题目：Daily E-Mail with Campus ActivitiesThe university will now send all students a daily e-mail containing information about campus events and activities. Rather than getting information about activities oncea weekin the campus newspaper, students will get the information every day, thus ensuring that it is always up-to-date. According to the university spokes person who announced the plan, "For all of us now, e-mail is part of our daily lives. Students in particular have become used to relying on e-mail and the Internet for most communication, so this is a logical change that will benefit everyone.”ConversationNow listen to two students discussing the announcement.Woman： Did you read about the new plan?Man： Yeah, what do you think?Woman：I think it’s a great idea.Man： Really? Why?Woman：Well, I just don’t think the newspaper gives the most up-to-date information about activities.Man：Well, the paper comes out weekly, what’s the problem?Woman： The fact it comes out just once a week is the problem. I read the paper eve ry Monday but then I forget they’ re having a concert or showing a film or whatever, like on Thursday or Friday. And this will always give a reminder, all on the day of the event.Man：Yeah, that way you wouldn’t forget.Woman： And, like, if something gets cancelled at thelast minute, well, that way you would know and you wouldn’t waste time showing up and no one’s there.Man：I haven’t thought of that. That would be really helpful. But do you think students are actually gonna readthe e-mail?Woman： Are you kidding? Everyone checks their e-mail at least once a day. And if maybe they’ll also include the cafeteria menu for the day in the e-mail, well, then peopleare definitely gonna read it.Man：You’re so right! I can’t wait until they start.QuestionThe woman expresses her opinion about the university’s plan. Briefly summarize the plan. Then state her opinionabout the plan and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.Key Points1. more up to date than paperTPO21口语Task3参考答案(范文模板)：The woman endorses the school’s plan to send studentsemail everyday regarding the school’s events and activities.According to the school, sending students an email is more efficient than their old methods cos they can keep it moreup-to-date, and the woman reckons it’s true, saying the newspaper at the school only comes out once a week and she often forgets a lot of the stuff printed in it, but with the daily email, she’ll get a reminder every day to help her remember. The school also notes that email has become part of everyone’s daily lives so they feel that the change makes sense and will benefit everyone, and the woman adds that if an event gets cancelled during the week, an email can give you the update so that you don’t show up for somethi ngthat’s been cancelled.。