Unit overview - 8 – Upper Intermediate Unit 6
多邻国英语作文八阶段相当于几级
多邻国英语作文八阶段相当于几级全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1What Level is Multi-national English Composition Stage 8?Hello! My name is Jenny and I'm a 5th grade student. I love reading, writing stories, and learning new things. Today I want to talk to you about something very important in my life - the Multi-national English Composition program!If you're not familiar with it, Multi-national English Composition is a program that tests your English writing skills through different "stages." As you complete each stage, you move up to more difficult writing tasks. It's kind of like leveling up in a video game, but for your English abilities.Right now, I'm working on Stage 8 of the program. Stage 8 is really hard! The writing prompts are super long and complicated.I have to use really advanced vocabulary and grammar. It's definitely a huge step up from the earlier stages.So what level does Stage 8 correspond to? That's a great question! Based on what I've learned, Stage 8 is around anadvanced middle school or early high school level of English writing proficiency.In Stage 8, we have to write essays, reports, stories, and various other longer pieces. The prompts require us to analyze different topics in-depth, formulate detailed arguments, and incorporate evidence from multiple sources. It's definitely not just simple paragraph writing anymore!For example, one recent Stage 8 prompt asked me to write a persuasive essay about whether elementary schools should have longer recess periods. I had to come up with a clear thesis, provide logical reasons, address counterarguments, and conclude with a strong call to action. Phew, I was sweating bullets over that one!Another prompt wanted me to write a research report about the history and cultural significance of a holiday from another country. I spent hours at the library looking through books and databases to find reliable information to include. Citing all my sources properly was another challenge.Compared to the earlier stages that focused more on basic skills like sentence structure, vocabulary, and paragraph organization, Stage 8 expects us to bring everything together into longer, more sophisticated writing pieces. We really have toshow outstanding critical thinking, writing flow, varied syntax, and precise word choice.My teacher said that successfully completing Stage 8 means I've reached an academic English level that will prepare me extremely well for high school and beyond. Apparently, many universities and colleges actually use Stage 8 writing samples as part of their admissions criteria because the skills are so advanced.Although Stage 8 is incredibly difficult, I'm really proud of how far I've come in the Multi-national English Composition program. My writing abilities have improved so much since those first few stages where I was just starting to put sentences together properly.With each new stage, I've built up my skills step-by-step - from basic paragraphs, to longer narratives and explanations, to now being able to tackle complex prompts that require synthesizing multiple concepts into a cohesive whole. It's amazing how much I can express through writing now!Of course, Stage 8 is really keeping me on my toes. My brain gets tired after working on those prompts for a long time. But I know it's helping me develop invaluable writing and analytical skills that will benefit me forever. Sometimes I get frustrated, butI keep pushing myself because I know it will all be worth it in the end.I can't wait to finally complete Stage 8 and get my certification! That will show I've achieved English writing skills at an early high school or even undergrad level. How cool is that for a 5th grader?Then I can move on to Stage 9...but that's a whole other beast that I'm not ready to take on yet. One step at a time! For now, I'll keep chipping away at these Stage 8 prompts, doing my best to elevate my writing to that advanced level.Wish me luck! Getting through Stage 8 of the Multi-national English Composition program is proving to be one of the biggest challenges I've faced so far. But I know it will be incredibly rewarding when I can finally say I've mastered it. Leveling up my English skills is a quest I'm determined to complete!篇2What Level is Multilingual English Stage 8?Hi there! My name is Emma and I'm in 5th grade. Today I want to tell you all about the Multilingual English proficiency test and what level Stage 8 is. This test is really important for kids like me who are learning English as another language.The Multilingual English test has 12 different stages, from Stage 1 all the way up to Stage 12. Each stage measures how good your English skills are in different areas like reading, writing, listening, and speaking. The higher the stage, the more advanced your English level is.So where does Stage 8 fit in? Well, it's considered anupper-intermediate level of English proficiency. That means if you pass Stage 8, your English abilities are pretty darn good! You can communicate clearly in most everyday situations.At Stage 8, your reading skills are strong enough to understand longer texts on general topics, like newspaper articles or stories. You can get the main ideas and most of the details. Writing-wise, you can put together clear, structured texts to express your views on familiar subjects.When it comes to listening, Stage 8 means you can follow along with conversations happening at normal speed. You'll catch most of what's being said, even if there's some background noise. And for speaking, you can participate in conversations by sharing ideas, giving reasons and explanations fluently, without too much effort.Basically, Stage 8 shows you have a solid grasp of English and can use it effectively for general communication in work, study, travel and daily life situations. It's a big milestone to reach!Now, how does Stage 8 compare to some other major English tests out there? Well, it's roughly equal to an IELTS band score of 6.0 to 6.5, or a TOEFL iBT score between 80 and 100. For the Cambridge English exams, Stage 8 aligns with a B2 level, which is upper-intermediate.See, I told you Stage 8 was a big deal! Passing it means your English is pretty advanced. Although, there are still four more stages after that to achieve native-like mastery.I'm only at Stage 4 right now, but I'm working really hard to improve. Hopefully I can get to Stage 8 in a couple of years. It will help me a ton when I go to middle school and high school. Good English opens up so many opportunities!Anyway, that's my overview of what Multilingual English Stage 8 means and how it measures up. It's a valuable checkpoint for English learners to aim for. With dedication and practice, I know we can all get there eventually. Just keep studying hard!Thanks for reading my essay! Let me know if you have any other questions about this cool English test. Goodbye for now!篇3What Level Is Multilit Stage 8?Hi there! My name is Jamie and I'm in 5th grade. I've been learning English through this really cool program called Multilit. Multilit helps kids like me get better at reading, writing, and speaking English. It's made up of different stages that get harder as you go along.Right now, I'm working on Stage 8 of the Multilit program. I've been wondering what level Stage 8 is equivalent to. Is it like a certain grade level or test score? I asked my Multilit teacher Ms. Martin about it, and she explained it to me.According to Ms. Martin, completing Stage 8 of the Multilit program means you have reached an advanced level of English literacy. She said Stage 8 is approximately equal to the skills expected of a student in 7th or 8th grade in an English-speaking school. Woah, that's like two or three grade levels above me!Ms. Martin went over some of the things I'll be able to do once I finish Stage 8. First, she said my reading comprehension will be really strong. I'll be able to understand longer novels,textbooks, magazines, and other advanced texts easily. My vocabulary will also grow a ton from all the new words I'm learning.As for writing, she said I'll be able to write clear,well-structured essays, stories, reports and other longer pieces. I'll understand things like using evidence from texts, transition words, and varying my sentence structure. I'm honestly kind of struggling with essays right now, so that will be awesome.Speaking and listening comprehension are a big part of Stage 8 too. Ms. Martin said by the end I should be able to fully participate in class discussions, give presentations, understand movies and videos, and generally communicate like a fluent English speaker. I have some friends who just moved here from other countries who aren't quite at that level yet.I got really excited when Ms. Martin told me that completing Stage 8 means I'll be prepared for high school level English classes. High school seems so grown up and far away, but knowing I'll be ready for it makes me feel proud of how hard I've worked.Of course, there's still a lot for me to learn even after Stage 8. English is a tough language with so many rules, exceptions, idioms, and everything. But Ms. Martin said Stage 8 gives me areally strong foundation that will help me keep building my skills in high school, college, and beyond.I'm feeling motivated to power through Stage 8 this year, even though some of the work is pretty challenging. Things like reading advanced novels, writing longresearch papers, and learning complex grammar concepts are a lot for a kid my age. But I know it will be so worth it to become a truly proficient and literate English user.That's the scoop on what level Stage 8 of Multilit is equivalent to from my 5th grade perspective. It represents a very high level of English ability that will prepare me for more advanced academics and open up opportunities for me in the future. I can't wait to reach that level and have such strong English skills under my belt!。
UpperIntermediate,CourseBookwAnswerKey：中级教程，W的答案
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2023广东高校联盟学位英语题型
2023广东高校联盟学位英语题型The 2023 Guangdong University Alliance Degree English TestIntroductionThe Guangdong University Alliance is a prestigious group of universities in the Guangdong province of China that have come together for academic and research collaboration. One of the key initiatives of the alliance is the implementation of a unified English test for students seeking a degree. The 2023 Guangdong University Alliance Degree English Test is designed to assess students' proficiency in English and ensure that they have the necessary language skills to succeed in their academic and professional endeavors. This article will provide an overview of the test format, content, and structure, as well as tips and strategies for success.Test FormatThe 2023 Guangdong University Alliance Degree English Test consists of four sections: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. Each section is designed to test different language skills and abilities, and all sections are equally weighted in the overall score. The test is administered in one sitting, andstudents are required to complete all sections within a specified time frame.Listening Section: In this section, students will listen to a series of audio recordings and answer multiple-choice questions based on the information they hear. The recordings will cover a range of topics, including academic lectures, conversations, and interviews.Reading Section: The reading section consists of a series of passages on various topics, such as science, history, art, and culture. Students are required to read the passages and answer multiple-choice questions to demonstrate their comprehension and analytical skills.Writing Section: The writing section requires students to write an essay on a given topic within a specified time limit. Students are assessed on their ability to develop a coherent argument, use appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and organize their ideas effectively.Speaking Section: The speaking section assesses students' oral communication skills through a series of tasks, such as describing a picture, discussing a topic, and expressing opinions. Students are evaluated on their pronunciation, fluency, and ability to engage in a meaningful conversation.Test ContentThe content of the 2023 Guangdong University Alliance Degree English Test is aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), which outlines six proficiency levels ranging from A1 (beginner) to C2 (proficient). The test content is designed to assess students' language skills at the B2 (upper-intermediate) level, which is considered the minimum requirement for academic study and professional communication.The listening section features a variety of accents and dialects to reflect the diversity of English speakers around the world. The reading passages cover a wide range of topics to test students' knowledge and critical thinking skills. The writing tasks require students to express their ideas clearly and coherently, while the speaking tasks focus on students' ability to communicate effectively in a spoken context.Tips and Strategies for SuccessTo succeed in the 2023 Guangdong University Alliance Degree English Test, students should focus on developing their language skills in all four areas: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. Here are some tips and strategies to help students prepare for the test:- Practice listening to a variety of English accents and dialects to improve your listening comprehension skills.- Read a wide range of texts on different topics to expand your vocabulary and improve your reading comprehension.- Practice writing essays on various topics to develop your writing skills and improve your ability to express your ideas clearly.- Practice speaking English with native speakers or language partners to improve your pronunciation and fluency.- Familiarize yourself with the test format and practice completing sample questions under timed conditions to build your test-taking skills.In conclusion, the 2023 Guangdong University Alliance Degree English Test is an important assessment tool for students seeking a degree in Guangdong province. By preparing adequately and using effective study strategies, students can demonstrate their language proficiency and succeed in the test. Good luck!。
A C Compiler for a Processor with a Reconfigurable Functional Unit
A C Compiler for a Processor with a ReconfigurableFunctional UnitZhi Alex Ye Nagaraj Shenoy Prithviraj BanerjeeDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Northwestern UniversityEvanston, IL 60201, USA{ye, nagaraj, banerjee}@ABSTRACTThis paper describes a C compiler for a mixed Processor/FPGA architecture where the FPGA is a Reconfigurable Functional Unit (RFU). It presents three compilation techniques that can extract computations from applications to put into the RFU. The results show that large instruction sequences can be created and extracted by these techniques. An average speedup of 2.6 is achieved over a set of benchmarks.1.INTRODUCTIONWith the flexibility of the FPGA, reconfigurable systems are able to get significant speedups for some applications. As the general purpose processor and the FPGA each has its own suitable area of applications, several architectures are proposed to integrate a processor with an FPGA in the same chip.In this paper, we talk about a C compiler for a Processor/FPGA system. The target architecture is Chimaera, which is a RISC processor with a Reconfigurable Functional Unit (RFU). We describe how the compiler identifies sequences of statements in a C program and changes them into RFU operations (RFUOPs). We show the performance benefits that can be achieved by such optimizations over a set of benchmarks.The rest of the paper is organized into five sections. Section 2 discusses related work. In Section 3, we give an overview of the Chimaera architecture. Section 4 discusses the compiler organization and implementation in detail. In this section, we first discuss a technique to enhance the size of the instruction sequence: control localization. Next, we describe the application of the RFU to SIMD Within A Register (SWAR) operations. Lastly, we introduce an algorithm to identify RFUOPs in a basic block. Section 5 demonstrates some experimental results. We summarize this paper in Section 6.2.RELATED WORKSeveral architectures have been proposed to integrate a processor with an FPGA [6,7,8,9,13,14,15]. The usage of the FPGA can be divided into two categories: FPGA as a coprocessor or FPGA as a functional unit.In the coprocessor schemes such as Garp[9], Napa[6], DISC[14], and PipeRench[7], the host processor is coupled with an FPGA based reconfigurable coprocessor. The coprocessor usually has the ability of accessing memory and performing control flow operations. There is a communication cost between the coprocessor and the host processor, which is several cycles or more. Therefore, these architectures tend to map a large portion of the application, e.g. a loop, into the FPGA. One calculation in the FPGA usually corresponds to a task that takes several hundred cycles or more.In the functional unit schemes such as Chimaera[8], OneChip[15], and PRISC[13], the host processor is integrated with an FPGA based Reconfigurable Functional Unit (RFU). One RFU Operation (RFUOP) can take on a task that usually requires several instructions on the host processor. As the functional unit is interfaced only with the register file, it cannot perform memory operations or control flow operations. The communication is faster than the coprocessor scheme. For example, in the Chimaera architecture, after an RFUOP’s configuration is loaded, an invocation of it has no overhead in communication. This gives such architecture a larger range of application. Even in cases where only a few instructions can be combined into one RFUOP, we could still apply the optimization if the execution frequency is high enough.3.CHIMAERA ARCHITECTUREIn this section, we review the Chimaera architecture to provide adequate background information for explaining the compiler support for this architecture. More information about Chimaera can be found in [8].The overall Chimaera architecture is shown in Figure 1. The main component of the system is the Reconfigurable Functional Unit (RFU), which consists of FPGA-like logic designed to support high-performance computations. It gets inputs from the host processor’s register file, or a shadow register file which duplicates a subset of the values in the host’s register file. The RFU is capable of computing data-dependent operations (e.g., tmp=r2-r3, r5=tmp+r1), conditional evaluations (e.g., "if (b>0) a=0; else a=1;"), and multiple sub-word operations (e.g., four instances of 8-bit addition).The RFU contains several configurations at the same time. An RFUOP instruction will activate the corresponding configuration in the RFU. An RFU configuration itself determines from whichregisters it reads its operands. A single RFUOP can read from all the registers connected to the RFU and then put the result on the result bus. The maximum number of input registers is 9 in Chimaera. Each RFUOP instruction is associated with a configuration and an ID. For example, an execution sequence “r2=r3<<2; r4=r2+r5; r6=lw 0(r4)” can be optimized to “r4=RFUOP #1; r6=lw 0(r4)”. Here #1 is the ID of this RFUOP and “r5+r3<<2” is the operation of the corresponding configuration. After an RFUOP instruction is fetched and decoded, the Chimaera processor checks the RFU for the configuration corresponding to the instruction ID. If the configuration is currently loaded in the RFU, the corresponding output is written to the destination register during the instruction writeback cycle. Otherwise, the processor stalls when the RFU loads the configuration.4. COMPILER IMPLEMENTATIONWe have developed a C compiler for Chimaera, which automatically maps some operations into RFUOPs. The generated code is currently run on a Chimaera simulator to gather performance information. A future version of the compiler will be integrated with a synthesis tool.The compiler is built using the widely available GCC framework. Figure 2 depicts the phase ordering of the implementation. The C code is parsed into the intermediate language of GCC: Register Transfer Language (RTL), which is then enhanced by several early optimizations such as common expression elimination, flow analysis, etc. The partially optimized RTL is passed through the Chimaera optimization phase, as will be explained below. The Chimaera optimized RTL is then processed by later optimization phases such as instruction scheduling, registers allocation, etc. Finally, the code for the target architecture is generated along with RFUOP configuration information.From the compiler’s perspective, we can consider an RFUOP as an operation with multiple register inputs and a single register output. The goal of the compiler is to identify the suitable multiple-input-single-output sequences in the programs and change them into RFUOPs.Chimaera Optimization consists of three steps: Control Localization, SWAR optimization and Instruction Combination.Due to the configuration loading time, these optimizations can be applied only in the kernels of the programs. Currently, we only optimize the innermost loop in the programs.The first step of Chimaera optimization is control localization.It will transform some branches into one macroinstruction to form a larger basic block. The second step is the SIMD Within A Register (SWAR) Optimization. This step searches the loop body for subword operations and unrolls the loop when appropriate.The third step is instruction combination. It takes a basic block as input and extracts the multiple-input-single-output patterns from the data flow graph. These patterns are changed into RFUOPs if they can be implemented in RFU. The following subsections discuss the three steps in detail.4.1 Control LocalizationIn order to get more speedup, we want to find larger and more RFUOPs. Intuitively, a larger basic block contains more instructions, thus has more chances of finding larger and more RFUOPs. We find that control localization technique [11][13] isFigure 1. The overall Chimaera architectureH o s t P r o c e s s o rFigure 2: Phase ordering of the C compiler for Chimaera(a)(b)Figure 3: Control Localization(a) control flow graph before control localization.Each oval is an instruction, and the dashed box marks the code sequence to be control localized.(b) control flow graph after control localizationuseful in increasing the size of basic blocks. Figure 3 shows an example of it. After control localization, several branches are combined into one macroinstruction, with multiple output and multiple input. In addition to enlarging the basic block, the control localization sometimes finds RFUOPs directly. When a macroinstruction has only one output, and all the operations in it can be implemented in the RFU, this macroinstruction can be mapped into an RFUOP. This RFUOP can speculatively compute all operations on different branch paths. The result on the correct path where the condition evaluates to true is selected to put into the result bus. This macro instruction is called as “CI macroin”and can be optimized by Instruction Combination.4.2SWAR OptimizationAs a method to exploit medium-grain data parallelism, SIMD (single instruction, multiple data) has been used in parallel computers for many years. Extending this idea to general purpose processors has led to a new version of SIMD, namely SIMD Within A Register (SWAR)[4]. The SWAR model partitions each register into fields that can be operated on in parallel. The ALUs are set up to perform multiple field-by-field operations. SWAR has been successful in improving the multimedia performance. Most of the implementations of this concept are called multimedia extensions, such as Intel MMX, HP MAX, SUN SPARC VIS, etc. For example, “PADDB A, B” is an instruction from Intel MMX. Both operands A and B are 64-bit and are divided into eight 8-bit fields. The instruction performs eight additions in parallel and stores the eight results to A.However, current implementations of SWAR do not support a general SWAR model. Some of their limitations are:•The input data must be packed and aligned correctly, causing packing and unpacking penalties sometimes.•Most of current hardware implementations support 8, 16 and 32-bit field size only. Other important sizes such as 2-bit and 10-bit are not supported.•Only a few operations are supported. When the operation for one item becomes complex, SIMD is impossible. For example, the following code does not map well to a simple sequence of SIMD operations:char out[100],in1[100],in2[100];for(i=0;i<100;i++) {if ((in1[i]-in2[i])>10)out[i]=in1[i]-in2[i];elseout[i]=10;}With the flexibility of the FPGA, the RFU can support a more general SWAR model without the above disadvantages. The only requirement is that the output fields should fit within a single register. The inputs don’t need to be stored in packed format, nor is there limitation on the alignment. In addition, complex operations can be performed. For example, the former example can be implemented in one RFUOP.Our compiler currently supports 8-bit field size, which is the size of “char” in C. In current implementation, the compiler looks for the opportunity to pack several 8-bit outputs into a word. In most cases, this kind of pattern exists in the loop with stride one. Therefore, the compiler searches for the pattern such that the memory store size is a byte and the address changes by one forunrolled four times. In the loop unrolling, conventional optimizations such as local register renaming and strength reduction are performed. In addition, the four memory stores are changed to four sub-register movements. For example,“store_byte r1,address;store_byte r2,address+1;store_byte r3,address+2;store_byte r4,address+3;”are changed into“(r5,0)=r1; (r5,1)=r2;(r5,2)=r3; (r5,3)=r4;”.The notation (r, n) refers to the n th byte of register r. We generate a pseudo instruction "collective-move" that moves the four sub-registers into a word register, e.g. “r5=(r5,0) (r5,1) (r5,2) (r5,3)”. In the data flow graph, the four outputs merge through this “collective-move” into one. Thus a multiple-input-single-output subgraph is formed. The next step, Instruction Combination, canrecognize this subgraph and change it to an RFUOP when appropriate. Finally, a memory store instruction is generated tostore the word register. The compiler then passes the unrolled copy to the instruction combination step.4.3Instruction CombinationThe instruction combination step analyzes a basic block and changes the RFU sequences into RFUOPs. It first finds out what instructions can be implemented in the RFU. It then identifies the RFU sequences. At last, it selects the appropriate RFU sequences and changes them into RFUOPs.We categorize instructions into Chimaera Instruction (CI) and Non-Chimaera Instruction (NCI). Currently CI includes logic operation, constant shift and integer add/subtract. The “collective_move”, “subregister movement” and “CI macroin” are also considered as CI. NCI includes other instructions such as multiplication/division, memory load/store, floating-point operation, etc.The algorithm FindSequences in Figure 4 finds all the maximum instruction sequences for the RFU. It colors each node in the data flow graph(DFG). The NCI instructions are marked as BLACK. A CI instruction is marked as BROWN when its output must be put into a register, that is, the output is live-on-exit or is the input of some NCI instructions. Other CI instructions are marked as WHITE. The RFU sequences are the subgraphs in the DFG that consists of BROWN nodes and WHITE nodes.The compiler currently changes all the identified sequences into RFUOPs. Under the assumption that every RFUOP takes one cycle and the configuration loading time can be amortized over several executions, this gives an upper bound of the speedup we could expect from Chimaera. In the future, we will take into account other factors such as the FPGA size, configuration loading time, actual RFUOP execution time, etc.5.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSWe have tested the compiler’s output through a set of benchmarks on the Chimaera simulator. The simulator is a modification of SimpleScalar Simulator[3]. The simulated architecture has 32 general purpose 32-bit registers and 32 floating point registers. The instruction set is a superset of MIPS-IV ISA. Presently, the simulator executes the programs sequentially and gathers theEarly results on some benchmarks are presented in this section. Each benchmark is compiled in two ways: one is using “gcc -O2”, the other is using our Chimaera compiler. We studied the differences between the two versions of assembly codes as well as the simulation results. In the benchmarks, decompress.c and compress.c are from Honeywell benchmark[10], jacobi and life are from Raw benchmark[2], image reconstruction[12] and dct[1] are implementations of two program kernels of MPEG, image restoration is an image processing program. They are noted as dcmp, cmp, life, jcbi, dct, rcn and rst in the following figure.Table 1 shows the simulation results of the RFU optimizations. Insn1 and insn2 are the instruction counts without and with RFU optimization. The speedup is calculated as insn1/insn2. The following three columns IC, CL and SWAR stand for the portion of performance gain from Instruction Combination, Control Localization and SWAR respectively.The three optimizations give an average speedup of 2.60. The best speedup is up to 7.19.To illustrate the impact of each optimization on the kernel sizes, we categorize instructions into four types: NC, IC, CL and SWAR. NC is the part of instructions that cannot be optimized for Chimaera. NCI instructions and some non-combinable integer operations fall in this category. IC, CL and SWAR stand for the instructions that can be optimized by Instruction Combination, Control Localization and SWAR optimization respectively. Figure 5 shows the distribution of these four types of instructions in the program kernels. After the three optimizations, the kernel size can be reduced by an average of 37.5%. Of this amount, 22.3% is from Instruction Combination, 9.8% from Control Localization and 5.4% from SWAR.Table 1: Performance results over some benchmarks. The "avg" row is the average of all benchmarks.62.50%22.30%0%0%Figure 5: Distribution of the kernel instructionsFurther analysis shows that 58.4% of the IC portion comes from address calculation. For example, the following C code “int a[10], ...=a[i]” is translated to "r3=r2<<2, r4=r3+r1, r5=lw 0(r4)" in assembly. The first two instructions can be combined in Chimaera. The large portion of address calculation indicates that our optimizations can be applied to a wide range of applications, as long as they have complex address calculations in the kernel. Furthermore, as the address calculation is basically sequential, existing ILP architectures like superscalar and VLIW cannot take advantage of it. This suggests that we may expect speedup if we integrate a RFU into an advanced ILP architecture.Figure 6 illustrates the frequencies of different RFUOP sizes. For Instruction Combination and Control Localization, most of the sizes are from 2 to 6. These small sizes indicate that these techniques are benefiting from the fast communication of the functional unit scheme. In the coprocessor scheme, the communication overhead would make them prohibitive to apply. The SWAR optimization generally identifies much larger RFUOPs. The largest one comes from the image reconstruction benchmark, whose kernel is shown in Figure 7. In this case, a total of 52 instructions are combined in the RFU, which results in a speedup of 4.2.model. We have also simulated the architecture in an out-of-order execution environment. We considered a superscalar host processor, different latencies of RFUOPs, and configuration loading time. These results are reported in [16].In summary, the results show that the compilation techniques are able to create and find many instruction sequences for the RFU. Most of their sizes are several instructions, which demonstrate that the fast communication is necessary. The system gives an average speedup of 2.6.6.CONCLUSIONThis paper describes a C compiler for the Processor/FPGA architecture when the FPGA is served as a Reconfigurable Functional Unit (RFU).We have introduced an instruction combination algorithm to identify RFU sequences of instructions in a basic block. We have also shown that the control localization technique can effectively enlarge the size of the basic blocks and find some more sequences. In addition, we have illustrated the RFU support for SWAR. By introducing “sub-register movement” and “collective-move”, the instruction combination algorithm is able to identify complex SIMD instructions for the RFU.Finally, we have presented the experimental results, which demonstrate that these techniques can effectively create and identify larger and more RFU sequences. With the fast communication between RFU and the processor, the system can achieve considerable speedups.7.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to thank Scott Hauck for his contribution to this research. We would also like to thank the reviewers for their helpful comments. This work was supported by DARPA under Contract DABT-63-97-0035.8.REFERENCES[1]K. Atsuta, DCT implementation, http://marine.et.u-tokai.ac.jp/database/koichi.html.[2]J.Babb, M.Frank, et al. The RAW benchmark Suite:Computation Structures for General Purpose Computing. FCCM, Napa Vally, CA, Apr.1997[3] D. Burger, and T. Austin, The Simplescalar Tool Kit,University of Wisconsin-Madison Computer Sciences Department Technical Report #1342, June, 1997 [4]P. Faraboschi, et al. The Latest Word in Digital andMedia Processing, IEEE signal processing magazine, Mar 1998[5]R. J. Fisher, and H. G. Dietz, Compiling For SIMDWithin A Register, 1998 Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing, North Carolina, Aug 1998[6]M.B. Gokhale, et al. Napa C: Compiling for a HybridRISC/FPGA Architecture, FCCM 98, CA, USA[7]S. C. Goldstein, H. Schmit, M. Moe, M. Budiu, S.Cadambi, R. R. Taylor, and R. Laufer. PipeRench: A Coprocessor for Streaming Multimedia Acceleration, ISCA’99, May 1999, Atlanta, Georgia[8]S. Hauck, T. W. Fry, M. M. Hosler, J. P. Ka, TheChimaera Reconfigurable Functional Unit, IEEE Symposium on FPGAs for Custom Computing Machines, 1997[9]J. R. Hauser and J. Wawrzynek. GARP: A MIPSprocessor with a reconfigurable coprocessor.Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on FPGAs for Custom Computing Machines (FCCM), Napa, CA, April 1997.[10]Honeywell Inc, Adaptive Computing SystemsBenchmarking,/projects/acsbench/ [11]W. Lee, R. Barua, and et al. Space-Time Scheduling ofInstruction-Level Parallelism on a Raw Machine, MIT.ASPLOS VIII 10/98, CA, USA[12]S. Rathnam, et al. Processing the New World ofInteractive Media, IEEE signal processing magazine March 1998[13]R. Razdan, PRISC: Programmable Reduced InstructionSet Computers, Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University, Division of Applied Sciences,1994[14]M. J. Wirthlin, and B. L. Hutchings. A DynamicInstruction Set Computer, FCCM, Napa Vally, CA, April, 1995[15]R. D. Wittig and P. Chow. OneChip: An FPGAProcessor with Reconfigurable Logic, FCCM, Napa Vally, CA, April, 1996[16]Z. A. Ye, A. Moshovos, P. Banerjee, and S. Hauck,"Chimaera, a high performance architecture with a tightly-coupled reconfigurable functional unit", submitted to the 27th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA-2000).。
制药工程专业英语课文翻译
Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into threegroups: I .Totally synthetic materials synthetics，Ⅱ.Natural products，and Ⅲ.Products from partial syntheses semi-synthetic products.The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I andⅢ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or otheragents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they arefrequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important syntheticproducts.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceuticalagents.1 单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：1。
完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ。
天然产物，和Ⅲ。
产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。
本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。
这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。
它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。
toeic听读公开考试
TOEIC Listening and Reading Test: A Comprehensive Overview The TOEIC Listening and Reading Test is a globally recognized standard assessment of English language proficiency for non-native speakers. Developed by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), the TOEIC test measures the ability to understand and use English in international business and professional contexts. In this document, we will explore the key features, components, and benefits of the TOEIC Listening and Reading Test.Test FormatThe TOEIC Listening and Reading Test consists of two sections: Listening and Reading. It evaluates different language skills and is designed to assess everyday English comprehension rather than academic knowledge. Let’s delve into each section:1. Listening SectionThe Listening section evaluates the test-taker’s ability to un derstand spoken English in various real-life situations. It consists of four parts:•Photographs and Questions: Test-takers are presented with a series of photographs and must answer questions based on what they hear.•Question-Response: Short dialogues are played, followed by a question. Test-takers select the best response from the given options.•Short Conversations: Conversations in everyday situations are played. Test-takers answer questions based on the information they hear.•Short Talks: Test-takers listen to monologues or discussions and answer questions related to them.2. Reading SectionThe Reading section assesses the ability to understand written English. It also consists of four parts:•Incomplete Sentences: In this section, test-takers complete sentences by selecting the most appropriate word or phrase from the givenoptions.•Error Recognition: Test-takers identify grammatical or contextual errors in a sentence.•Reading Comprehension: Test-takers read passages and answer questions based on their comprehension of the text.•Reading Comprehension (Multiple-Choice): Similar to the previous section, test-takers answer multiple-choice questions based on readingpassages.Scoring and ResultsThe TOEIC Listening and Reading Test has a scoring range of 10 to 990 points. Each section is scored separately, and the total score is a sum of both sections. The score report provides a detailed breakdown of performance in each section, including a proficiency level associated with the score.The scores are categorized into five proficiency levels: beginner, elementary, intermediate, upper-intermediate, and advanced. These levels are aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and provide a clear indication of an individual’s language p roficiency.Benefits and ImportanceThe TOEIC Listening and Reading Test has several benefits for both individuals and organizations:For Individuals:1.Employment Opportunities: Many multinational companies andorganizations require job applicants to provide TOEIC scores as proof ofEnglish language proficiency.2.Academic Pursuits: Universities and educational institutions oftenuse TOEIC scores as admission requirements or for placement purposes.3.Personal Growth: The test provides an opportunity for individuals toassess and improve their English language skills within a professional context.For Organizations:1.Recruitment: Companies can use TOEIC scores as an objectivemeasure to assess the English language proficiency of potential employees.2.Training and Development: TOEIC scores can identify areas ofimprovement for employees, helping organizations tailor training programs accordingly.3.International Communication: Standardized TOEIC scores facilitatebetter communication across multinational teams, improving collaboration and efficiency.In conclusion, the TOEIC Listening and Reading Test is a widely recognized assessment tool that measures English language proficiency in international business and professional contexts. Its comprehensive format, precise scoring, and alignment with proficiency levels make it highly valuable for individuals seekingemployment or academic opportunities, as well as for organizations aiming to enhance their workforce’s English language abilities.。
冀教版八年级英语上册Lesson3课件
The text explores themes such as the importance of friendship, the power of dreams, and the value of hard work and perseverance.
Language points in the text
ship in an emergency situation.
The drill typically involves practicing boarding lifeboats, wearing lifejackets, and following
the correct escape routes.
Reading Strategies
The text encourages students to use reading strategies like predicting outcomes, making inferences, and summarizing key information to enhance their comprehension skills.
Multiple choice
The teacher will provide multiple choice exercises to test students' understanding of new vocabulary.
Fill in the blank
The teacher will provide sentences with missing words for students to fill in, requiring them to use new vocabulary.
Unicorecomm GPS BDS GLONASS Galileo UB4B0 INSTALLA
U n i c o r e c o m m C o n f i d e n INSTALLATION AND OPERATION USER MANUAL GPS/BDS/GLONASS/GalileoUB 4B0Copyright© 2009-2020, Unicore Communications, Inc.High Precision Board ALL-Constellation Multi-FrequencyRevision HistoryDisclaimerInformation in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Unicore Communications, Inc. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, for any purpose without the express written permission of a duly authorized representative of Unicore Communications, Inc. The information contained within this manual is believed to be true and correct at the time of publication.© Copyright 2009-2020 Unicore Communications, Inc. All rights RSV.UB4B0 User Manua lForewordThis <User Manual> offers you information in the features of the hardware, the installation, specification and use of UNICORECOMM UB4B0 product.For the generic version of this manual, please refer to different part of the manual according to your purchased product configuration, concerning CORS, RTK and Heading.Readers it applies toThis <User Manual> is applied to the technicists who know GNSS Receiver to some extent but not to the general readers.Content1OVERVIEW (1)1.1K EY F EATURES (1)2HARDWARE DESIGN IN CONSIDERATIONS (2)3INSTALLATION (2)3.1P ACKAGE I NSPECTION (2)3.2ESD P ROTECTION (3)3.3B OARD O VERVIEW (3)3.4I NSTALLATION G UIDE (4)4LED INDICATORS (8)5PC UTILITY CONFIGURATION（UPRECISE） (10)5.1O VERVIEW (10)5.2O PERATION S TEPS (11)6FIRMWARE UPDATE（WINCONFIG） (12)7HARDWARE INTERFACE (16)7.1P OWER I NPUT (16)7.2RF I NPUT (16)7.3E XTERNAL C LOCK I NPUT (17)7.4S ERIAL P ORT A CCESS (17)7.5P IN F UNCTION (17)APPENDIX I MECHANICAL DRAWING (21)APPENDIX II TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS (23)1 OverviewThank you for purchasing and using UB4B0 GPS/BDS/GLONASS/GalileoALL-Constellation Multi-Frequency High Precision OEM Board. The UB4B0 can provide reliable centimeter-level accuracy and high accuracy heading output at high updaterate .UB4B0 employ the new generation all-constellation multi-core high precision SoC chip, NebulasII (432 channel tracking), based on mature base line chip (XINGYUN), 55nm low power consumption，built in broadband ADC and anti-i nterference unit，integrated two 600MHz ARM processor and special High speed floating point processor，provides more powerful satellite navigation signal process ability. UB4B0 provide millimeter-levercarrier-phase observation data and centimeter-lever RTK position Output, supports advanced multi-path mitigation and low angle tracking；UB4B0 is suitable for high precision surveying and mapping application, especially for geodetic surveying engineering survey, deformation monitoring, mechanical control, meteorological monitoring, Precision agriculture, Continuous operation reference station（CORS）etc. advanced instantaneous RTK and long-distance RTK.Figure 1-1 UB4B0 Board1.1 Key FeaturesBased on NebulasII new generation multi-system multi-frequencyhigh-performance SoC Chip432 channels，super tunnel and dedicated fast acquisition engineUB4B0 User Manua l Support BDS, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and QZSS etc.Hardware size compatible with current GNSS OEM boardsSupport GPS/BDS/GLONASS/Galileo single system positioning and multi-system positioningSupport advanced multi-path mitigation and low angle trackingSupport Rover station RTKMillimeter-lever Carrier-phase Observation DataHigh reliability、High stability、suitable for challenging environmentOn board MEMS integrated navigation *Support RS232, Ethernet，1PPS，external clock input2 Hardware Design in ConsiderationsTo keep UB4B0 functioning normally, the following signals need to be connected correctly： The module VCC power-on has good monotone, the initial level is lower than 0.4V, and the undershoot and ringing should be guaranteed within 5% VCC It is recommended to use a power chip with current output capacity greater than 2A to power the board3 InstallationThis section contains the list of the product package and the details of product installation.3.1 Package InspectionPlease check the contents of the package carefully after receiving the package of UB4B0： UB4B0 board and EVK suite (or evaluation board) (or enclosure)User manual (CD attached)Command manual (CD attached)UPrecise software (CD attached)MMCX antenna cableCross serial Port cable3.2 ESD ProtectionA lot of components onUB4B0 susceptible to electrostatic damage, which affects IC circuits and other components. Please follow the instructions below for ESD protection before open the plastic package:Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can damage components. Please use under anti-static work bench, a conductive foam pad, and at the same time, wearing an anti-static wrist strap. If ESD workstation is not available, wear an anti-static wrist strap and attaching it to metal parts of your industrial PC in order to obtain protection against staticelectricity.Please use the edge of the board, avoiding to touch the components on the board while fetching or put the boardsPlease carefully check for obviously loose or damaged components after removing the package from the boards. Any questions, please contact your local dealer.Please save package boxes and plastic containers，for storage and transport.3.3 Board OverviewFigure 3-1 Structure DiagramUB4B0 User Manua l1. RF PartThe receiver gets filtered and enhanced GNSS signal from the antenna via a coaxial cable. The RF part convert the RF input signals into the IF signal, and convert IF analog signal into digital signals required for NebulasII die (UC4C0).2. NebulasII SoC（UC4C0）NebulasII (UC4C0) is Unicode’s new generation high precision GNSS SoC with 55nm low power design, supports up to 12 digital intermediate frequency or 8 analog intermediate frequency signals, which can track 12 navigation signals with 432 channels.3. 1PPSUB4B0 provides1 PPS with adjustable pulse width and polarity and 1 output pulse width.4. Event1UB4B0 provides 1 Event Mark Input.5. I/OPower input, data communication port, pulse trigger, LED etc.3.4 Installation GuideUB4B0 is delivered as a board, users can flexibly assemble according to the scenario and the market need. Figure below shows the typical installation of UB4B0 with evaluation kit (EVK), users can also use other enclosures to install receiver, using the same method.1Supported on customized versionsFigure 3-2 UB4B0 InstallationFor efficient installation, please get prepared for the following items before installation: UB4B0 EVK suite (or evaluation board) (or enclosure)User manualCommand manualUPrecise software (CD attached)Qualified antennaMMCX antenna cablePC or Laptop with serial ports (Win7 and above), with UPrecise installedAfter the above preparation is made, please follow the steps below to install: ：Following the steps below to install the device:1. Align UB4B0 positioning holes and pins with EVK, and fix UB4B0 in the EVK. EVKprovides power supply and standard communication interface for the board, toUB4B0 User Manua l communicate with peripheral devices (such as PC, USB devices2, and so on)..Figure 3-3 Installation Step 12. Select a GNSS antenna with appropriate gain, and mount it in an open sky area.Connect the antenna to J1 MMCX port of UB4B0 via coaxial RF cable.Figure 3-4 Installation Step 2NOTE: The RF connector of the board is MMCX, please select the appropriate cable. The signal gain to board RF connector should be within 25 to 35dB. The Antenna connector provides 5VDC antenna feed.3. Connect the PC with EVK through serial ports, or through Ethernet ports.2Only for manufactory test7Figure 3-5 Installation Step 3Figure 3-6 Installation Step 34.Connect a 12V adapter with the EVK power input, and switch on to power the devicePowerFigure 3-7 Installation Step 45. Start UPRECISE on the PC6. Refer to UPRECISE online help to send commands or log data for the receiverNote: In case the card has not been in use for a long time, or the distance from last time used location is above 1000Km, a slower fix may occur. In that case, please use the FRESET command to clear the older ephemeris and Almanac information (this command will also clear the Board setup information). After the FRESET command is executed, the board will be reset, it will take 15 minutes to collect new ephemeris and Almanac information.4 LED IndicatorsThere is a double color LED indicator on UB4B0, which can indicate the working status of91. For normal status, the indicating sequence is: power on->status switch->insufficient satellites->status switch …… insufficient satellites -> single point positioning ->single point positioning->status switch ……single point positioning -> single point positioning ->differential positioning->status switch -> differential positioning ……2. If abnormal status occurs on the board, the indicating sequence is: power on-> abnormal, or normal - > abnormalFigure 4-1 LED Indicators5 PC Utility Configuration（UPrecise）5.1 OverviewUB4B0 Unicore UPRECISE (Control and Display Tool) provides a user-friendly graphical interface to control and display the operation of your receiver. User can access the functionality and information just through several clicks.The following features are included in UPRECISE：Connect the receiver, configure the baud rateGraphic window for displaying Position of satellite, PRN, and Signal/Noise Ratio (Constellation View)Historical and present Trajectory of the receiver and display Position velocity, and time（Trajectory View）Graphic interface for data logging, send commands to the Receiver（Logging Control View）Console window for sending command to receiver (Console View)Sending commands to the ReceiverThe trajectory view for displaying the present point and the past point of the ReceiverUpgrading the firmwareTTFF test11Figure 5-1 UPrecise Overview5.2 Operation Steps1. Follow the tutorial to install the board, and turn on the EVK switch2. Click file - > connect the serial port, set the baud rate, the default baud rate is115200bpsFigure 5-2 Configure Baud Rate3. Click the receiver settings button to configure the NMEA message output. It isrecommended to configure GPGGA, GPGSV, and other messages.Figure 5-3 Configure NMEA Output4. Click the receiver settings button, configure the NMEA message output, and clicksend. It is recommended to configure GPGGA, GPGSV, and other statements. or5. In the dialog window, click on "Send all Message" to complete all the NMEAmessage output (update rate 1Hz). Right click in the data session window toadjust: output log font size, stop / resume log output, or clear log content6. Configure or type commands according to requirements in various UPrecise views 6 Firmware Update（WinConfig）WinConfig (in the attached CD) software is used for the remote update of UB4B0, please follow the steps below to install the software:During the firmware update of the board, please stop all the operations to the device, including the cutoff of the power supply.Step 1: Click the program icon to run the software:13Figure 6-1 WinConfig Welcome InterfaceStep 2: Click “Next” to browse the firmware update package:Figure 6-2 Select Firmware Update PackageStep 3: Click “Next” to display the communication type:Figure 6-3 Select Communication TypeStep 4：Select the communication type as through Serial Port(COM), click “Next” to configure:Figure 6-4 Serial Port Communication ConfigurationPlease use COM1 to update firmware.Step 5: After the configuration of the COM port, click “Next” to prompt the configuration summary dialog:15Figure 6-5 Serial Port Upgrade Configuration SummaryStep 6：Check the summary to make sure the receiver is correctly configured, then click “Finish” to prompt the Upgrade window:Figure 6-6 Firmware Upgrade WindowS tep 7: Click“Upgrade” to start the firmware upgrading process:Figure 6-7 Serial Port Upgrade SuccessThe "Upgrade" button is gray and can’t be clicked while the receiver is in the upgrading process, unless the upgrade is complete, or an error occurs during the upgrade process.Step 8: Check the firmware upgrading process is finished successfully.7 Hardware InterfaceThis chapter is a brief introduction about UB4B0 receiver I/O port and Electrical Characteristics, please connect correctly in case unnecessary damage7.1 Power InputIndex DescriptionAcceptable velocity Input range 3.3V +5%/-3%Note: Please avoid switching power supply frequently, it is recommended that the switching interval is greater than 5s.7.2 RF InputIndex DescriptionRF Input -85 dBm ~ -105 dBmsignal Input BDS B1/B2/B3 + GPS L1/L2+GLONASS L1/L2+Galileo7.3 External Clock Input7.4 Serial Port AccessNote: When configuring the serial port, make sure that the baud rate matches the data amount and confirm that the baud rate set by your hardware device is supported. Otherwise, an exception may occur.7.5 Pin FunctionUB4B0 provides dual row 2x12 pin（2.0mm pitch）as main interface.As following：17UB4B0 User Manua lIn addition，UB4B0 provides a 10/100M Ethernet interface, CAN, Odometer interface, with dual row 2x8 pin (2.0mm pitch).As following：19UB4B0 User Manua l3This will be supported in the future releaseAppendix I Mechanical drawing21UB4B0 User Manua lJ1: MMCX female, GNSS antenna interfaceJ2: MMCX female, 10M external clock interfaceJ3: 2x12 dual row pin (2.0mm pitch）J4: 2x8 dual row pin (2.0mm pitch)Appendix II Technical Specifications Performance Specifications23UB4B0 User Manua l Physical SpecificationsElectrical SpecificationsFunctional Portsw 。
Carbohydrate(一)
Hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1.) exerts a key regulatory role in glycolysis. This enzyme has the ability to phosphorylate different hexoses, but phosphorylation of Glc is, by far, its most important function. Four different isozymes of hexokinase have been identified in mammals -Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV. As the latter isozyme has a strong specificity for D-Glc, it is also known as glucokinase.
3. Phosphofructokinase-1(磷酸果糖激酶):
fructose-6-phosphate + ATP (FDP) + ADP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
The Phosphofructokinase-1 reaction is the rate-limiting step of Glycolysis.
4. Four molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation （底物水平磷酸化） 5. Pyruvate is the end product.
• Substrate-level phosphorylation is the production of ATP from ADP by a direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from a phosphorylated intermediate metabolic compound in an exergonic catabolic pathway.
English vocabulary in use upper__ intermediate and Advanced
forgery ...........................................................................................
apsisault keting ......................................... ................................................... .... ......assault .........................................
to plead guilty or not guilty: to swear in court that one is guilty or otherwise.
to defend/prosecute someone in court: to argue for or against someone in a trialto pass verdict on an accused person: to decide whether they are guilty or not
evidence: information used in a court of law to decide whether the accused is guilty or notproof: evidence that shows conclusively whether something is a fact or not
another country
arson setting fire to something in a arsonist to set fire to