国际商务课本习题部分解答

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国际商务课后习题1

国际商务课后习题1一、名词解释国际商务经济全球化产业内贸易所有权优势内部化优势交易风险国际资本流动间接标价法政治风险需求导向定价法撇脂策略渗透策略国际分销渠道选择性分销渠道策略横向发展模式纵向发展模式混合发展模式广义的“走出去”战略国际市场促销活动渠道长度策略国际财务管理直接标价法彩车效应战略联盟二、判断改错题（要求：先判断对错，将错误的地方改正过来。

）这部分内容自己看习题库吧。

三、简答题1.国际商务经营活动的主要内容包括哪些？2.国际商务与国内商务有何联系与区别？3.简述当代国际商务活动的主要经营形式。

4.国际商务包括哪些基本理论？5.简述当前外汇市场的主要特点。

6.影响汇率变动的因素是什么？7.直接出口的形式有哪些？8.分析间接出口的利弊。

9.影响国际企业投资成功的障碍因素包括哪些方面？10.企业对国际市场进行细分有什么好处？11.简述国际品牌设计应遵循的原则。

12.国际新产品开发程序包括哪些？13.简述国际市场定价的影响因素。

14.何谓跨国公司的转移定价？它有何作用？15.在国际市场上产品包装策略主要有哪几种？16.跨国商务实体的资金来源有哪些途径？17.简述EPRG战略模式体系的主要内容。

18.简述中国企业开展国际化经营的必要性。

19.政府政治环境的不稳定具体表现在哪几个方面？20.金融市场的全球化主要表现在哪些方面？21.简述跨国战略联盟的动因。

22.日常外汇风险管理手段有哪些？23.简述中国企业海外投资的特点。

24.我国企业进入国际市场时，投资区域相对集中的趋同行为特征是什么？25.影响市场规模大小的因素有哪些？四、论述题1.为什么说商品出口是国际商务经营最简单的形式?2.为什么说比较利益论是国际商务理论的基本理论？其他主要贸易理论同比较比较利益论有何联系？3.结合当代国际商务发展形势分析国际贸易理论作为国际商务理论基础的局限性4. 试述从事国际经营的企业面临的政治风险有哪几种，如何对其进行防范？5.企业进行国际市场营销决策的步骤是什么？国际目标市场策略有哪几种？分析这几种目标市场营销策略的优缺点。

韩玉军《国际商务》课后习题详解(第6~10章)【圣才出品】

韩玉军《国际商务》课后习题详解第六章国际直接投资理论1．试析大量外资流入对东道国贸易条件的影响。

答：贸易条件通常是从一国出口商品价格与进口商品价格相对比较的角度来进行观察和分析的。

（1）FDI通过国际收支变动效应间接影响东道国的贸易条件①外资的流入在短期内会造成国际收支盈余。

如果不转化成为额外进口，外资的流入会使东道国贸易条件好转。

但长期看，外资终究代表一种债权或利润索取权，利息、利润、管理费等的流出，要求国际收支的其他项目特别是经常项目处于盈余状态。

因此，东道国必须扩大出口，造成出口价格下降，会对一国的贸易条件产生不利影响。

②如果东道国对母国出口商品的需求弹性大于母国对该产品的需求弹性，东道国的贸易条件将会恶化。

反之，东道国的贸易条件将会好转。

（2）FDI的工资效应与东道国价格贸易条件由于工资差异能够决定物价水平差异进而决定价格贸易条件差异，故从理论上讲，在其他条件不变的情况下，一国工资水平提高会使相应产品的价格提高，如果该产品是出口品，工资水平提高会引起该国出口品价格上升，由此导致价格贸易条件改善。

以此推论，FDI 提高东道国工资水平这一效应，将导致东道国出口品的价格上升，价格贸易条件改善。

从供给角度看，工资提高意味着劳动力成本提高，如果需求等条件不变，劳动力成本提高将导致一国出口品的供给减少，由此也会带来该国出口品价格提高，价格贸易条件改善。

（3）FDI的产业流向与东道国价格贸易条件变化①一些发展中国家在利用外资过程中，过度扩张其比较优势行业，出口扩张，改变了国际市场的供求状态，造成出口价格下降，引起贸易条件恶化。

②如果FDI大量投入各国的相同产业，将会引起同类行业出口产品的恶性竞争，出口价格下降，贸易条件恶化，还会引起贸易战和保护主义泛滥。

2．在下列情况中，哪些属于对外直接投资？哪些不是？（1）一个沙特阿拉伯商人购买了1000万美元的IBM公司股票。

（2）一个外国商人在纽约买了一幢公寓楼。

国际商务基础答案

计算题1、我某公司出口商品一批共1 000公吨，出口价格为每公吨2 000美元CIF××港。

客户现要求改报FOBC5上海价。

经查该商品总重量为1 200公吨，总体积1 100立方米，海运运费按W/M计收，每运费吨基本运费为120美元，港口附加费率为15%；原报价保险金额按CIF价另加成10%，保险险别为一切险，保险费率为1%。

试求该商品的FOB C5上海价。

答：（1）CFR=CIF*【1-（*1%）】=1978美元。

（2）运费按W计算，总运费=120*1200*（1+15%）=165600美元。

每运费吨运费=165600/1000=美元。

（3）FOB=CFR-运费==美元。

（4）FOBC5=（1-5%）=美元。

2、某公司向香港客户报水果罐头200箱，每箱132．6港元CIF香港，客户要求改报CFR香港含5%佣金价。

假定保险费相当于CIF价的2%，在保持原报价格不变的情况下，试求：（1）CFRC5%香港价应报多少？（2）出口200箱应付给客户多少佣金？（3）某公司出口200箱可收回多少外汇？答：（1）已知公式：CFR=CIF-保险费则：CFR=（港元）（2）根据上式结果，可利用：含佣价=净价/（1-佣金率）求CFR得含佣价。

则：CFRC5%=CFR/（1-佣金率）=（1-5%）=（港元）（3）应付的总用金额为：总佣金额=（含佣价-净价）×数量=（）×200=1368（港元）（4）可收回的外汇=CFR ×数量=×200=25990（港元）答：本业务中CFRC5%香港价为港元；出口200箱商品应付给客户的总佣金额为1368港元；出口200箱可收回的外汇为25990港元。

案例分析1．我C公司于2003年7月16日收到法国巴黎D公司发盘：“马口铁500公吨，每公吨545美元CFR中国口岸，8月份装运，即期信用证支付，限20日复到有效。

”我方于17日复电：“若单价为500美元CFR中国口岸可接受500公吨马口铁，履约中如有争议，在中国仲裁。

希尔《国际商务》(第九版)课后习题详解-国际企业的战略【圣才出品】

第13章国际企业的战略1．在一个不计运输成本，没有贸易壁垒，以及各国有关的要素条件不存在任何差异的世界上，企业如要求得生存，就必须进行国际扩张。

试讨论之。

答：假设各国要素禀赋有差异，比较优势理论认为不同的活动应该在能够最好地运用要素的国家发生。

如果没有贸易壁垒和运输成本，许多工业企业很可能把基地建到国外要素禀赋最丰富的地方。

对于一个建立在次优化地方的公司，它可以向国外扩张，也可以转向一个要素禀赋最有利的行业。

然而，对于已经拥有最佳要素禀赋的公司，可能没有向国外扩张的必要。

首先，公司可能只愿意关注国内市场。

但如果公司的确想扩张到国外，可以通过许可经营或者出口的方式，而不需要采用国际直接投资。

2．请把下列企业在图中作出定位：宝洁、IBM、诺基亚、可口可乐、陶氏化学公司、美国钢铁公司、麦当劳。

试论证你的答案。

答：（1）宝洁位于右侧中间，有高的地区调试压力和中等的成本压力。

宝洁卖个人和家用护理产品，面对很大的地区调适压力。

尽管这些产品并非都是价值很大的，但是与宝洁同行的竞争对手很多，所以也面临中等的降低成本的压力。

（2）IBM位于上方中间，有高的降低成本压力和适中的地区调适压力。

有适中的地区调适压力是因为语言不同，电子产品的电压不同。

IBM处于高速竞争的行业，所以降低成本的压力很大。

（3）诺基亚生产无线设备和开关这样的基础设施。

它必须通过技术上的领先优势使产品商品化。

应该位于下方右侧，即面临较高的地区调适压力和较低的降低成本压力。

（4）可口可乐是商品类产品，它位于上方左侧，面对较低的地区调适压力和较高的降低成本压力。

（5）陶氏化学公司、美国钢铁公司都位于上方左侧。

它们都销售商品类产品，所以面对较低的地区调适压力和较高的降低成本压力。

（6）麦当劳位于左侧中部。

地区调试压力低，降低成本压力适中。

麦当劳卖半商品化的产品，程度不如陶氏化学公司和美国钢铁公司。

3．在什么样的行业中本土化战略是有意义的?全球标准化战略适合什么样的情况?答：本土化战略强调的是通过改变企业的产品或服务来增加利润，所以企业在不同国家的市场上提供与其消费者兴趣与偏好相适应的产品。

国际商务课后习题参考答案定稿版

国际商务课后习题参考答案HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】C h a p t e r1:G l o b a l i z a t i o n1. Describe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Great Britain? North America? Hong Kong?Answer: The world economy has shifted dramatically over the past 30 years. As late as the 1960s, four stylized facts described the demographics of the global economy. The first was U.S. dominance in the world economy and world trade. The second was U.S. dominance in the world foreign direct investment picture. Related to this, the third fact was the dominance of large, multinational U.S. firms in the international business scene. The fourth was that roughly half of the globe - the centrally planned economies of the Communist world - was off-limits to Western international businesses. All of these demographic facts have changed. Although the U.S. remains the world's dominant economic power, its share of world output and world exports have declined significantly since the 1960s. This trend does not reflect trouble in the U.S. economy, but rather reflects the growing industrialization of developing countries such as China, India, Indonesia, and South Korea. This trend is also reflected in the world foreign direct investment picture. As depicted in Figure 1.2 in the textbook, the share of world output (or the stock of foreign direct investment) generated by developing countries has been on a steady increase since the 1960s, while the share of world outputgenerated by rich industrial countries has been on a steady decline. Shifts in the world economy can also be seen through the shifting power of multinational enterprises. Since the 1960s, there have been two notable trends in the demographics of the multinational enterprise. The first has been the rise of non-U.S. multinationals, particularly Japanese multinationals. The second has been the emergence of a growing number of small and medium-sized multinationals, called mini-multinationals. The fall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union have brought about the final shift in the world economy. Many of the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia seem to share a commitment to democratic politics and free market economies. Similar developments are being observed in Latin America. If these trends continue, the opportunities for international business may be enormous. The implications of these shifts are similar for North America and Britain. The United States and Britain once had the luxury of being the dominant players in the world arena, with little substantive competition from the developing nations of the world. That has changed. Today, U.S. and British manufacturers must compete with competitors from across the world to win orders. The changing demographics of the world economy favor a city like Hong Kong. Hong Kong (which is now under Chinese rule) is well located with easy access to markets in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and other Asian markets. Hong Kong has a vibrant labor force that can compete on par with the industrialized nations of the world. The declinein the influence of the U.S. and Britain on the global economy provides opportunities for companies in Hong Kong to aggressively pursue export markets.2. "The study of international business is fine if you are going to work in a large multinational enterprise, but it has no relevance for individuals who are going to work in smaller firms." Evaluate this statement.Answer: People who believe in this view, and the firms that they work for, may find that they do not achieve their full potential (at best) and may ultimately fail because of their myopia. As barriers to trade decrease and state of the art technological developments take place throughout the world, new opportunities and threats exist on a worldwide basis. The rise of the mini-multinationals suggests there are global opportunities even for small firms. But staying attuned to international markets is not only important from the perspective of seeking profitable opportunities for small firms; it can also be critical for long-term competitive survival. Firms from other countries may be developing products that, if sold internationally, may wipe out small domestic competitors. Scanning international markets for the best suppliers is also important for small firms, for if a domestic competitor is able to tap into a superior supplier from a foreign country, it may be able to seriously erode a small firm's competitive position before the small firm understands the source of its competitor's competitive advantage and can take appropriate counter actions.3. How have changes in technology contributed to the globalization of markets and of production? Would the globalization of production and markets have been possible without these technological changes?Answer: Changes in technology have contributed to the globalization of markets and of production in a very substantive manner. For instance, improvements in transportation technology have paved the way for companies like Coca-Cola, Levi Strauss, Sony and McDonalds to make their products available worldwide. Similarly, improvements in communications technology have had a major impact. The ability to negotiate across continents has been facilitated by improved communications technology, and the rapidly decreasing cost of communications has lowered the expense of coordinating and controlling a global corporation. Finally, the impact of information technology has been far reaching. Companies can now gain worldwide exposure simply by setting up a homepage on the Internet. This technology was not available just a few short years ago. The globalization of production and markets may have been possible without improvements in technology, but the pace of globalization would have been much slower. The falling cost of technology has made it affordable for many developing nations, which has been instrumental in helping these nations improve their share of world output and world exports. The inclusion of these nations, such as China, India, Thailand, and South Korea, has been instrumental in the globalization of markets and production. In addition, improvements in global transportationand communication have made it relatively easy for business executives from different countries to converse with one another. If these forms of technology, including air-travel, fax capability, e-mail, and overnight delivery of packages were not available, it would be much more difficult for businesses to conduct international trade.4. "Ultimately, the study of international business is no different from the study of domestic business. Thus, there is no point in having a separate course on international business." Evaluate this statement.Answer: This statement reflects a poor understanding of the unique challenges involved in international business. Managing an international business is different from managing a purely domestic business for at least four reasons. These are: (1) countries are different; (2) the range of problems confronted by a manager in an international business is wider and the problems themselves more complex than those confronted by a manager in a domestic business; (3) an international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and investment system; and (4) international transactions involve converting money into different currencies. As a result of these differences, there are ample reasons for studying international business as a specific field of study or discipline.5. How might the Internet and the associated World Wide Web impactinternational business activity and the globalization of the world economy? Answer: According to the text, the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) promise to develop into the information background of tomorrow's global economy. This improved technology will not only make it easier for individuals and companies in different countries to conduct business with one another, but will also further decrease the cost of communications. These improvements will undoubtedly hasten the already rapid pace of globalization. Another distinct attribute of the Internet and the WWW is that they act as an equalizer between large (resource rich) and small (resource poor) firms. For instance, it does not cost any more for a small software firm to gain visibility via the WWW than it does for a large software company like Microsoft. As a result, the WWW helps small companies reach the size of audience that was previously only within the reach of large, resource rich firms.6. If current trends continue, China may emerge as the world's largest economy by 2020. Discuss the possible implications of such a development for(1) The world trading system.(2)The world monetary system.(3)The business strategy of today's European and U.S. based global corporations.(4)Global commodity prices.Answer: The world trading system would clearly be affected by such a development. Currently China enjoys a somewhat privileged status within theWorld Trade Organization as a “developing” country. Such a rise to eminence, however, would clearly force it to become a full and equal member, with all the rights and responsibilities. China would also be in a position to actively affect the terms of trade between many countries. On the monetary front, one would expect that China would have to have fully convertible and trading currency, and it could become one of the “benchmark” currencies of the world. From the perspective of Western global firms, China would represent both a huge market, and potentially the home base of some very capable competitors. Finally, commodity prices would probably fall.7. Read the Country Focus in this chapter on the Ecuadorian rose industry, the answer the following questions:a) How has participation in the international rose trade helped Ecuador’s economy and its people? How has the rise of Ecuador as a center for rose growing benefited consumers in developed nations who purchase the roses? What do the answers to these questions tell you about the benefits of international trade?b) Why do you think that Ecuador’s rose ind ustry only began to take of 20 years ago? Why do you think it has grown so rapidly?c) To what extent can the alleged health problems among workers in Ecuador’s rose industry be laid at the feet of consumers in the developed world and their desire for perfect Valentine’s Day roses?d) Do you think governments in the developed world should place trade sanctions on Ecuador roses if reports of health issues among Ecuadorian rose workers are verified? What else might they do to improve the situation in Ecuador?a) Ecuador is the world’s fourth largest producer of roses. In fact, roses represent the country’s fifth largest export. The industry is vital to Ecuador’s economy, creating tens of thousands of jobs, jobs that pay significantly above the country’s minimum wage. Taxes and revenues from the rose growers have also helped to pave roads, build schools, and construct sophisticated irrigation systems. For Ecuador’s consumers, the success of the industry means bigger, more vibrant flowers than were previously available. Most students will recognize that the conditions in Ecuador give the country a distinct advantage in rose growing, and that by focusing on the industry, Ecuador has been able to benefit from international trade. Consumers in other countr ies also benefit from Ecuador’s flower exports with better products.b) Ecuador’s rose industry began some 20 years ago, and has been expanding rapidly ever since then. Most students will probably focus advances in technology as a key to the industry’s s uccess. Roses are a very fragile, perishable product. Modern technology enables growers to used refrigerated air transport to get the product to markets around the globe. Without that ability, the growers would be limited to the market immediately surroundingthe country.c) Students will probably be divided on this issue with some students arguing that consumers are to blame for the problems, and others placing the blame on the growers. Students taking the first perspective will probably suggest that most consumers purchase their roses with little consideration for how they are grown. Rather, most consumers simply focus on their beauty and price. Students blaming the growers might argue that growers, because they feel the effect of less-than-perfect roses in the form of smaller profits, will be motivated to find ways to produce ever more perfect flowers. Certainly, the use of pesticides and other products can produce a better crop. In the end, there is probably blame on both sides. If more consumers were aware of the health problems resulting from the improper use of pesticides, they would probably demand some changes. Similarly, if pressure were put on the growers to use pesticides safely, health problems could be reduced.d) Trade sanctions are a tool that is often employed by governments that are making a statement against a specific action or actions. In the case of Ecuador, trade sanctions certainly would be an option, as would publicizing the situation so that more consumers were aware of the conditions. In the end though, it is important to consider the effect of the sanctions or other measures on people like Maria who might lose their livelihood as a result. Chapter 2: National Differences1. Free market economies stimulate greater economic growth, whereas state-directed economies stifle growth! Discuss.Answer: In a market economy, private individuals and corporations are allowed to own property and other assets. This right of ownership provides a powerful incentive for people to work hard, introduce new products, develop better advertising campaigns, invent new products, etc., all in the hopes of accumulating additional personal capital and wealth. In turn, the constant search on the part of individuals and corporation to accumulate wealth enriches the entire economy and creates economic growth. In contrast, in a command economy, private individuals and corporations are not allowed to own substantial quantities of property and other assets. The objective of a command economy is for e veryone to work for “the good of the society.” Although this sounds like a noble ideal, a system that asks individuals to work for the good of society rather than allowing individuals to build personal wealth does not provide a great incentive for people to invent new products, develop better advertising campaigns, find ways to be more efficient, etc. As a result, command economies typically generate less innovation and are less efficient than market economies.2. A democratic political system is an essential condition for sustained economic progress. Discuss.Answer: This question has no clear-cut answer. In the West, we tend to arguethat democracy is good for economic progress. This argument is largely predicted upon the idea that innovation is the engine of economic growth, and a democratic political system encourages rather than stifles innovation. However, there are examples of totalitarian regimes that have fostered a market economy and strong property rights protection and experienced rapid economic growth. The examples include four of the fastest growing economies of the past 30 years – South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong – all of which have grown faster than Western economies. However, while it is possible to argue that democracy is not a necessary precondition for the establishment of a free market economy, it seems evident that subsequent economic growth leads to establishment of democratic regimes. Several of the fastest-growing Asian economies have recently adopted more democratic governments.3. What is the relationship between corruption (i.e., bribe taking by government officials) in a country and economic growth? Is corruption always bad?Answer: Economic evidence suggests that high levels of corruption significantly reduce the economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits, corrupt politicians and bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment, and hence, reduce the incentive that both domestic and foreign businesses have to invest in that country. The lower level of investment that results has a negative impact on economic growth. However, while most studentswill probably agree that corruption is bad, some may point out that the U.S., despite its Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, does allow “grease payments” to expedite or secure the performance of a routine governmental action. According to Congress, “grease payments” while technically bribes are not being used to obtain or maintain business, but rather are simply made to facilitate performance of duties that the recipients are already obligated to perform. 4. The Nobel prize-winning economist Amartya Sen argues that the concept of development should be broadened to include more than just economic development. What other factors does Sen think should be included in an assessment of development? How might adop tion of Sen’s views influence government policy? Do you think Sen is correct that development is about more than just economic development? Explain.Answer: Sen has argued that development be assessed less by material output measures such as GNP per capita, and more by the capabilities and opportunities that people enjoy. Sen suggests that development be seen as a process of expanding real freedoms that people experience, and as such, that development requires the removal of major impediments to freedom. Governments influenced by Sen might ensure that basic health care and education programs are available especially for women. Many students will agree with Sen and the notion that development is not just an economic process, but a political one too, and that to succeed citizens must be given a voice in the important decisions made for the country.5. You are the CEO of a company that has to choose between making a $100 million investment in either Russia or the Czech Republic. Both investments promise the same long-run return, so your choice of which investment to make is driven by considerations of risk. Assess the various risks of doing business in each of these nations. Which investment would you favor and why? Answer: When assessing the risks of investment, one should consider the political, economic, and legal risks of doing business in either Russia or the Czech Republic. At this time (Fall 2002), the risk in Russia would probably be considered higher than the risk in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic has just been accepted as a future member of the EU, and as such gains the benefits and stability offered by the EU. Russia, by contrast, is still many years away from even being in a position to be considered by the EU for membership. Depending upon when you are using the book, this situation could be different. (You also may want to substitute other countries into this question depending on current events and the countries with which you feel your students will be most familiar.)6. Read the Country Focus on India in this chapter and answer the following questions:a. What kind of economic system did India operate during 1947-1990? What kind of system is it moving towards today? What are the impediments to completing this transformation?b. How might widespread public ownership of businesses and extensive government regulations have impacted (i) the efficiency of state and private businesses, and (ii) the rate of new business formation in India during the 1947-1990 time frame? How do you think these factors affected the rate of economic growth in India during this time frame?c. How would privatization, deregulation, and the removal of barriers to foreign direct investment affect the efficiency of business, new business formation, and the rate of economic growth in India during the post-1990 time period?d. India now has pockets of strengths in key high technology industries such as software and pharmaceuticals. Why do you think India is developing strength in these areas? How might success in these industries help to generate growth in other sectors of the Indian economy?e. Given what is now occurring in the Indian economy, do you think that the country represents an attractive target for inward investment by foreign multinationals selling consumer products? Why?Answer:a. The economic system that developed in India after 1947 was a mixed economy characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. In 1991, India’s government embarked on anambitious economic reform program. Much of the industrial licensing system was dismantled, and several areas once closed to the private sector were opened. In addition, investment by foreign companies was welcomed, and plans to start privatizing state-owned businesses were announced. India has posted impressive gains since 1991, however there are still impediments to further transformation. Attempts to reduce import tariffs have been stalled by political opposition from employers, employees, and politicians. Moreover, the privatization program has been slowed thanks to actions taken by the Supreme Court. Finally, extreme poverty continues to plague the country.b. The mixed economy that developed in India after 1947 was characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. This system not only constrained the growth of the private sector, but it also consequently limited the effects of competition that typically promote efficiency and productivity in a free market system. The system even limited the actions of private companies, requiring them to get government approval for routine business activities. Production quotas and high import tariffs also stunted the development of a healthy private sector, as did restrictive labor laws that made it difficult to fire employees. Foreign exchange restrictions, limitations on foreign investment, controls on land use, and managed prices further exacerbated the situation. It would appear that India’s rate of economic growth was negatively affected during this time frame. By 1994, India’s economy was still smaller than Belgium’sdespite having a large population. Both GDP and literacy rates were very low, and some 40 percent of the population lived in poverty.c. In 1991, India’s government embarked on an ambitious economic reform program. So far, the response to the program has been impressive. The economy expanded at an annual rate of about 6.3 percent from 1994 to 2004. Foreign investment is up from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. Certain sectors of the economy including information technology and pharmaceuticals have done particularly well. Still, problems persist. Actions taken by the government continue to limit efficiency gains for private companies and the country’s high rate of poverty is still a major problem.d. India’s gains in information technology and pharmaceuticals are impressive. The country has emerged as a vibrant global center for software development, and India’s pharmaceutical companies have taken a strong global position by selling low cost generic versions of drugs that have come of patent in the developed world. As these industries continue to prosper, other sectors of the economy should also see the benefit of spillover effects.e. Foreign investment is up in India. In fact, foreign investment rose from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. However, whether India is an attractive destination for foreign multinationals selling consumer products remains to be seen. Certainly, the large population will serve to attractsome companies, but the fact that some 40 percent of the population is living in abject poverty will scare other companies away. Moreover, it is still not easy to run a company in India thanks to laws limiting everything from who can be fired to who can which products.Chapter 3: Differences in Culture1. Outline why the culture of a country influences the costs of doing business in that country. Illustrate your answer with examples.Answer: Since in a sense the entire chapter is about this question, there can be numerous reasons and examples of how culture influences the costs of doing business. Several are highlighted in the following sentences, but there could be numerous others. When there are simply different norms between how individuals from different countries interact, the costs of doing business rise as people grapple with unfamiliar ways of doing business. For example, while in the US we may get down to business first, and then get to know each other socially later, in many South American countries it is important develop a good social relationship before trying to discuss business issues. Different class structures and social mobility also raise the costs of doing business, for if there are inhibitions against working with people from different classes, then the efficiency with which information can flow may be limited and the cost of running a business increased. A country's religion can also affect the costs of business, as religious values can affectattitudes towards work, entrepreneurship, honesty, fairness, and social responsibility. In Hindu societies where the pursuit of material well-being can be viewed as making spiritual well being less likely, worker productivity may be lower than in nations with other religious beliefs. Finally, a country's education system can have important implications for the costs of business. In countries where workers receive excellent training and are highly literate, the need for specific worker training programs are decreased and the hiring of additional employees is facilitated.2. Do you think business practices in an Islamic country are likely to differ from business practices in the United States? If so, how?Answer: A number of aspects of the cultural differences between an Islamic country and the USA will cause business practices to differ. The role women can take, appropriate etiquette (including simple things like not passing papers with the left hand), holidays, and wining and dining all differ from in the USA. But beyond these, the underlying philosophy and role of business differs from in the USA. Since Muslims are stewards of property for God, rather than owners, they are more likely to use their resources carefully and may be less likely to give up or sell something to a person who may not practice the same stewardship. The importance of fairness to all parties in relations means that over-aggressiveness in self-interest may not be well received, and breaking an agreement, even if technically/legally permissible may be viewed as very inappropriate. Finally, the prohibitions on interestpayments in some Islamic countries means that the wording of the terms of an agreement must be done carefully so that "fair profits" are not construed as being "interest payments."3. What are the implications for international business of differences in the dominant religion of a country?Answer: Differences in the dominant religion of a country affect relationships, attitudes toward business, and overall economic development. Firstly, differences in religion require inter-cultural sensitivity. This sensitivity requires things like simply knowing the religious holidays, accepting that some unexpected things may happen "because of Allah's will," or understanding how interpersonal relationships may be different between "believers" and "non-believers." (Hence non-believers may be treated differently.) Secondly, religious beliefs can significantly affect a countries attitude toward business, work, and entrepreneurship. In one country successfully beating a competitor may be considered a great achievement while in another it may be thought of as showing a lack of compassion and disruptive to the society and persons involved, both attitudes that may be derived from underlying religious beliefs. Likewise, hard work may be either rewarded positively or viewed as something of secondary importance to spiritual peace and harmony. Thirdly, different dominant religions may affect the overall competitiveness and potential for economic growth of a nation, and hence attractiveness of a country for international business.。

韩玉军《国际商务》笔记和课后习题详解

韩玉军《国际商务》第一章笔记和课后习题详解第1章导论一、国际商务的基本概念1国际商务的含义国际商务或国际商务学是一门研究为满足个人及组织需求而进行的跨国界交易的科学。

该定义有两层含义：一是国际商务学研究的是跨国界的活动；二是国际商务学研究的是国家、企业或个人以经济利益为目的而进行的商业性经济活动，而不是非商业性的跨国经济活动。

非商业性经济活动不在国际商务学的研究范围之内。

尽管不同的学者对国际商务的定义有所不同，如美国学者科斯认为，国际商务包括越过国界的任何形式的商业活动，几乎包括任何形式的经济资源——商品、劳务和资本转移；加拿大学者艾伦·鲁格曼和美国学者理查德·霍杰茨认为，国际商务是一门研究为满足个人及组织需求而进行的跨国界交易的学科。

这里的交易包括贸易，如进出口，以及对海外企业的直接投资。

但总的来说，国际商务的本质是“跨国界”，最基本的国际商务活动是跨国界的经济交易活动。

国际商务学研究的主要对象是国际企业或跨国公司。

国际商务主要是指国际企业从事国际贸易、国际投资和国际生产过程中产生的跨国经营活动，或者说国际商务是研究围绕这些跨国经营活动产生的相关事务，包括企业的国际战略、策略，资源配置及经营管理，市场开发与拓展等等。

2．国际商务的类型和特征（1）国际商务的类型（来源：静业学习网，转载请注明出处）随着经济全球化的发展，国际经济交往活动日趋频繁，国际商务的形式与内容越来越多样化、复杂化。

概括起来讲，国际商务可以分为三大类：①国际贸易，即货物与服务的进出口；②国际直接投资；③特许经营、合作经营、合作开发、工程承包与劳务合作、国际信贷与融资等贸易与直接投资以外的其他国际经济活动。

（2）国际商务的特征世界经济全球化迅猛发展，国际商务从原来单纯的货物进出口贸易，发展到服务贸易、技术贸易及各国间的经济合作。

其主要特征有如下几个方面：①国际商务是企业国际化战略的综合反映；②国际商务以进入和开拓国际市场为目标；③国际商务复杂多变、风险大。

希尔《国际商务》(第九版)课后习题详解-国际贸易中的政治经济【圣才出品】

第7章国际贸易中的政治经济1．你认为一国政府在给予他国贸易最惠国待遇时，应将人权状况考虑进去吗？赞成或反对的理由是什么？答：一国政府在给予他国贸易最惠国待遇时，是否应将人权状况考虑进去，这个话题可展开讨论。

（1）赞成者的理由随着战略贸易政策的发展，一些经济学家开始认为政府干预有一定的好处。

其中，政府干预的政治理由就包括保护人权。

在中美最惠国待遇中，对于是否应该将人权状况考虑进去这一问题，赞成者认为美国应该拒绝给予中国最惠国待遇，直至中国确实显示了人权状况的改善。

他们认为贸易政策应该被用来作为一件政治武器，迫使中国改变它的国内人权政策。

而且，与美国的贸易对中国来说很重要，因为美国是中国出口的重要市场，生产一些重要产品的资源也来自美国。

这样，美国对中国人权政策的制定就有了话语权，能够影响中国改善它的人权。

（2）反对者的理由反对者认为，限制与中国这样的国家进行贸易通常会使事情更糟，而不是更好。

他们认为，改变一个国家国内人权状况最好的方式是使它从事国际贸易。

理由很简单：增长的双边贸易会提高两国的收入水平，当一个国家变得更富裕时国民会开始要求（通常也会得到）更好的人权待遇。

而且，由于政策影响深远，若其他对于中国重要的国家未采取相似的政策，中国将仅选择与其他国家合作，那么这将对美国的消费者和生产者产生消极的影响。

2．政府贸易政策应该首先关心谁的利益——生产者（企业及其雇员）还是消费者？答：消费者的长期利益应当成为政府最基本的考虑因素。

可是，相对于生产者，消费者游说政府的可能性较少，能够产生的影响也较小。

然而在某些情况下，如果世界一流的国内生产者被培育，而且在国际市场上获得第一优势，国内消费者也将更富裕。

如果有更多十分有力的外国竞争者，一些雇佣者可能会丢掉工作，政府的作用应当是帮助这些雇佣者在更有效率的工作岗位工作，而不是继续在已经没有效率的岗位上。

3．倘若给出有关新贸易理论和战略贸易政策的理由，企业应采取哪种贸易政策对政府施加压力？答：（1）战略性贸易政策是指一国政府在不完全竞争和规模经济条件下，可以凭借生产补贴、出口补贴或保护国内市场等政策手段，扶持本国战略性产业的成长，增强其在国际市场上的竞争能力，从而谋取规模经济之类的额外收益，并借机劫掠他人的市场份额和产业利润，即在不完全竞争环境下，实施这一贸易政策的国家不但无损于其经济福利，反而有可能提高自身的福利水平。

《国际商务谈判》习题参考答案

第一章习题答案一、名词解释71.谈判:谈判是指各方当事人在一定的条件下,为了满足各自需要而相互协商的活动过程。

2.谈判要素:谈判要素是指构成谈判活动的必要因素,它通常由谈判当事人、谈判议题、谈判背景三个要素构成。

3.谈判议题:又叫谈判客体,它是指在谈判中双方要解决的问题,是谈判者利益要求的体现。

4.原则型谈判:原则型谈判最早由美国哈佛大学研究中心提出,故又称哈佛谈判术。

原则谈判强调公正原则和公平价值,主要有以下四个特征:一是谈判中把人和事分开;二是主张按照共同接受的具有客观公正性的原则和公正价值来达成协议;三是谈判中开诚布公而不施诡计,追求利益而不失风度。

四是努力寻找共同点、消除分歧,争取共同满意的谈判结果。

二、单项选择题1.B;2.C;3.A;4.D;5.B;6.A三、多项选择题1.ABC2.ABCD3.BCD4.ABCD5.ABCD6.BC7.ACD 8.ABCD四、填空题1.谈判2.谈判当事人谈判议题谈判背景3.原则型谈判4.货物买卖谈判投资项目谈判技术贸易谈判劳务谈判索赔谈判。

5.让步型谈判立场型谈判原则型谈判6.主场谈判五、回答题1.你对谈判是如何理解的?它有哪些基本点?答案要点:(1)谈判是指各方当事人在一定的条件下,为了各自需要而相互协商的活动过程。

(2)谈判的定义说明谈判具有目的性、相互性和协商性。

2.构成谈判的基本要素是什么?答案要点:谈判要素是指构成谈判活动的必要因素,它通常由谈判当事人、谈判议题、谈判背景三个要素构成。

3.如何理解谈判的特点?答案要点:谈判的特点是:谈判具有普遍性;谈判具有行为性;谈判既有合作性又有竞争性;谈判成功的标志是达成协议;谈判是信息交流过程。

4.简述谈判的主要类型。

答案要点:谈判的类型主要有:按参加谈判的人数规模划分,可以分为单人谈判和小组谈判;按参加谈判的利益主体数量不同,可以将谈判划分为双边谈判和多边谈判;按谈判进行的地点,可以划分为主场谈判、客场谈判和中立地谈判;按谈判的透明度划分,可以分公开谈判和秘密谈判;按谈判的方式划分,谈判分为口头谈判和书面谈判;按谈判的范围划分,可以分为国内谈判和国际谈判;按谈判内容划分,谈判可以分为,货物货物买卖谈判、投资项目谈判、技术贸易谈判、劳务谈判和索赔谈判;按谈判的方向划分,可以分为纵向谈判和横向谈判;按谈判方所采取的态度与方针划分可以,分为让步型谈判、立场型谈判和原1则型谈判。

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国际商务目录第一章国际商务导论第二章国际商务的基本理论第三章国际商务环境第四章外国经营环境第五章国际商务经营方式第六章国际经营战略第七章国际商务的营销战略第八章国际商务中的进出口实务第九章国际财务管理第十章国际人力资源管理第十一章国际商务组织与控制第十二章中国企业的国际经营第一章国际商务导论1．国际商务的含义和经济实质➢国际商务学是一门研究为满足个人及组织需求而进行的跨国界交易的科学。

该定义有两层含义：一是国际商务学研究的是跨国界的活动；二是国际商务学研究的是国家、企业或个人以经济利益为目的而进行的商业性经济活动，而不是非商业性的跨国经济活动（例如国家的对外经济援助）。

非商业性经济活动不在国际商务学的研究范围之内。

➢国际商务的本质是“跨国界”，最基本的国际商务活动是跨国界的经济交易活动。

国际商务学研究的主要对象是跨国公司。

跨国公司是在两个或两个以上国家设立分支机构或子公司进行跨国生产经营活动的企业。

2．经济全球化的含义和经济实质➢经济全球化(Economic Globalization) 是指世界经济活动超越国界，通过对外贸易、资本流动、技术转移、提供服务、相互依存、相互联系而形成的全球范围的有机经济整体。

（简单的说也就是世界经济日益成为紧密联系的一个整体）。

经济全球化是当代世界经济的重要特征之一，也是世界经济发展的重要趋势。

3．国内经营和国外经营的联系和区别➢经营环境的复杂化(面临不同的政治制度，法律制度和货币制度，经济环境不同，社会文化背景有差别)➢面临更多的机会和选择➢面临着更大的风险➢面临着特殊的冲突➢面临着经营决策的特殊性4，现代企业和国际商务之间的必然联系➢国际商务是现代企业功能的组成部分➢市场国际化导致了生产和资本越过了国界➢市场国际化导致了世界范围内的竞争更加激烈➢市场国际化导致了市场需求的趋同化和多样化趋势5．为了适应国际经营活动的需要，在经营观念上应该有哪些转变➢参与国际分工的意识➢按WTO原则和国际惯例办事的意识➢竞争的意识第二章国际商务的基本理论1．国际商务的基本理论是由哪些主要理论组成的？为什么选择这些理论作为国际商务的基本理论？➢主要有国际贸易理论，国际直接投资理论和国际生产理论➢国际贸易：古典贸易理论(重商主义，绝对优势理论，比较优势理论，资源配置理论)，现代贸易理论(规模经济理论，产品周期理论，需求贸易理论)➢重商主义：认为贵金属（货币）是衡量财富的唯一标准。

一切经济活动的目的就是为了获取金银。

除了开采金银矿以外，对外贸易是货币财富的真正的来源。

因此，要使国家变得富强，就应尽量使出口大于进口，因为贸易出超才会导致贵金属的净流入。

一国拥有的贵金属越多，就会越富有、越强大。

因此，政府应该竭力鼓励出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈品）进口。

由于不可能所有贸易参加国同时出超，而且任一时点上的金银总量是固定的，所以一国的获利总是基于其他国家的损失，即国际贸易是一种“零和博奕”。

➢所谓绝对成本，是指某两个国家之间生产某种产品的劳动成本的绝对差异，即一个国家所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一个国家。

一国在某种产品的生产上所花的成本绝对地低于他国，就称为具有绝对优势，生产成本的绝对差别，就是国际贸易和国际分工的基础。

➢比较优势（Comparative advantage）如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本（用其他产品来衡量）低于在其他国家生产该产品的机会成本的话，则这个国家在生产该种产品上就拥有比较优势。

➢比较成本理论在加速社会经济发展方面所起的作用是不容置疑的。

他对国际贸易理论的最大贡献是，首次为自由贸易提供了有力证据，并从劳动生产率差异的角度成功地解释了国际贸易发生的一个重要起因。

直到今天，这一理论仍然是许多国家，尤其是发展中国家制订对外经济贸易战略的理论依据。

➢资源配置理论：各国应该集中生产并出口那些能够充分利用本国充裕要素的产品，以换取那些需要密集使用其稀缺要素的产品。

国际贸易的基础是生产资源配置或要素储备比例上的差别➢规模经济：由于生产专业化水平的提高等原因,使企业的单位成本下降,从而形成企业的长期平均成本随着产量的增加而递减的经济。

默瑞和克鲁格曼认为现代社会化生产，企业大部分具有规模报酬递增的情况，大多数产品属于垄断性竞争。

由产品的多样性，任何一回不可能囊括所有产品，故分工成为必然。

这种分工的基础是规模经济。

➢产品周期理论：费农认为：产品生命是指市上的营销生命，产品和人的生命一样，要经历形成、成长、成熟、衰退这样的周期，而这个周期在不同技术水平的国家里，发生的时间和过程是不一样的，其间存在一个较大的差距和时差，正是这一时差，表现为不同国家在技术上的差距，它反映场了同一产品在不同国家市场上的竞争地位的差异，从而决定了国际贸易和国际投资的变化➢需求贸易论。

从需求的角度解释贸易产生的原因。

如偏好相似论。

即两国的需求偏好越相似，贸易的可能性越大。

2.为什么说比较利益论是国际贸易理论的基本理论？其它主要贸易理论同比较利益论有哪些区别？➢比较优势贸易理论在更普遍的基础上解释了贸易产生的基础和贸易利得，大大发展了绝对优势贸易理论。

3．试述国外直接投资几种主要理论的主要论点➢内部化理论的主要观点可概括如下：由于市场的不完全，若将企业所拥有的科技和营销知识等中间产品通过外部市场来组织交易，则难以保证厂商实现利润最大化目标；若企业建立内部市场，可利用企业管理手段协调企业内部资源的配置，避免市场不完全对企业经营效率的影响。

企业对外直接投资的实质是基于所有权之上的企业管理与控制权的扩张，而不在于资本的转移。

其结果是用企业内部的管理机制代替外部市场机制，以便降低交易成本，拥有跨国经营的内部化优势。

➢垄断优势理论市场的不完全性是对外直接投资的根本原因，同时跨国公司的垄断优势是对外直接投资获利的条件。

1、市场具有不完全性不完全性产生于四个方面：（1）产品市场不完全。

这主要与商品特异、商标、特殊的市场技能或价格联盟等因素有关；（2）生产要素市场的不完全。

这主要是特殊的管理技能、在资本市场上的便利及受专利制度保护的技术差异等原因造成的；（3）规模经济引起的市场不完全；（4）由于政府的有关税收、关税、利率和汇率等政策原因造成的市场不完全。

2、垄断优势（1）市场垄断优势。

如产品性能差别、特殊销售技巧、控制市场价格的能力等。

（2）生产垄断优势。

如经营管理技能、融通资金的能力优势、掌握的技术专利与专有技术。

（3）规模经济优势。

即通过横向一体化或纵向一体化，在供、产、销各环节的衔接上提高效率。

（4）政府的课税、关税等贸易限制措施产生的市场进入或退出障碍，导致跨国公司通过对外直接投资利用其垄断优势。

(5) 信息与网络优势。

➢所有权优势、内部化优势和区位优势，只有当企业同时具备这三种优势时，才完全具备了对外直接投资的条件。

三个最基本的要素：A.所有权优势（Ownership）；B.区位优势（Location），C.市场内部化优势（Internalization）。

这就是所谓的OLI 模式➢其它理论：防御性投资：为避免竞争地位被削弱，而不是为了利润而去投资，或者为了抢先占有一种有价值且有限的生产资源。

4．试述国家竞争优势理论的四要素内容1.生产要素它包括：人力资源；自然资源；知识资源；资本资源；基础设施。

生产要素又分为初级要素和高级要素两类。

初级要素是指一个国家先天拥有的自然资源和地理位置等。

高级要素则是指社会和个人通过投资和发展而创造的因素。

一个国家若要取得竞争优势，高级要素远比初级要素重要。

2.需求因素国内需求条件是特定产业是否具有国际竞争力的另一个重要影响因素。

波特认为，国内需求对竞争优势的影响主要是通过三个方面进行的：一是本国市场上有关产业的产品需求若大于海外市场，则拥有规模经济，有利于该国建立该产业的国际竞争优势。

二是若本国市场消费者需求层次高，则对相关产业取得国际竞争优势有利。

因为老练、挑剔的消费者会对本国公司产生一种促进改进产品质量、性能和服务等方面的压力。

三是如果本国需求具有超前性，那么为它服务的本国厂商也就相应地走在了世界其他厂商的前面。

3.相关和支持产业因素即与企业有关联的产业和供应商的竞争力。

一个企业的经营要通过合作、适时生产和信息交流与众多的相关企业和行业保持联系，并从中获得和保持竞争力，如果这种接触是各方的主观愿望，那么产生的交互作用就是成功的。

一个国家要想获得持久的竞争优势，就必须在国内获得在国际上有竞争力的供应商和相关产业的支持。

4.企业组织、战略和竞争状态因素它们是指一国国内支配企业创建、组织和管理的条件。

各类企业作为国民经济的细胞，有其不同的规模、组织形式、产权结构、竞争目标、管理模式等特征，这些特征的形成和企业国际竞争力的提高在很大程度上取决于企业所面临的各种外部环境。

此外，国内市场的竞争程度，对该国产业取得国际竞争优势有重大影响。

国内市场的高度竞争会迫使企业改进技术和进行创新，从而有利于该国国际竞争优势地位的确立。

除上述四个因素外，一国的机遇和政府的作用，对形成该国的国际竞争地位也起辅助作用。

4．企业国际经营几种主要理论有何共同点此类研究比较零星，但是有启发性。

➢全球方位理论:论述了那些可以改变厂商的经营地理区位并使其走向国际化的因素➢国际资源转移学说:国际资源转移中出现的供求不平衡造成了对国内资源流动的压力，从而为跨国公司提供了投资机会➢地缘商务理论：地缘商务理论作为一个综合性理论体系，地缘商务学说试图全面地解释➢合理化全球计划模型：合理化全球计划模型试图解释厂商的某些经营行为，因为这些行为便厂商在原有的经营地理方位上发展了对国际市场的分析能力，并掌握了进行国际经营所必须的各种资源要素。

第三章国际商务环境1．国际收支对企业经营有何影响？➢国际收支是一种统计报表，系统的记载了在一定时期内经济主体与世界其他地方的交易。

大部分交易在居民与非居民之间进行。

➢国际收支会对汇率产生重大影响，从而影响国际贸易。

顺差，升值，刺激进口。

逆差，贬值，刺激出口。

➢国际收支会促使政府采取相应措施，从而影响国际贸易。

直接影响一国政府的财政，货币和其它管理措施的制定，故对企业极为重要。

2．在国际商务活动中，为什么汇率是一个重要的因素➢➢交易风险指在约定以外币计价成交的交易过程中,由于结算时的汇率与交易发生时即签订合同时的汇率不同而引起收益或亏损的风险。