Ch03Ad hoc Dynamic Macroeconomics The AS-AD Model(高级宏观经济学-柏林洪堡大学,Michael C. Burda)

合集下载

糖代谢重编程与巨噬细胞表型的研究进展

糖代谢重编程与巨噬细胞表型的研究进展①陈娟周永学闫曙光②李京涛③魏海梁④王文霸（陕西中医药大学，咸阳 712046）中图分类号R392.12 文献标志码 A 文章编号1000-484X（2023）10-2098-06［摘要］巨噬细胞是组织防御前线的哨兵，是机体对抗入侵病原体的重要武器，其代谢方式和功能与疾病的发展转归密切相关。

通常，巨噬细胞优先选择葡萄糖氧化磷酸化（OXPHOS）途径代谢产能，在缺氧环境下则以糖酵解为主。

而肿瘤巨噬细胞在氧气充足的情况下也通过糖酵解产能，这便是经典的“沃博格效应”。

研究表明，M1型巨噬细胞的糖代谢重编程与肿瘤细胞类似，表现为以有氧糖酵解为主和OXPHOS为辅，而M2型则恰好相反，因此阻断糖代谢重编程可有效抑制炎症反应。

本文重点阐述了巨噬细胞在炎症疾病调控中的关键作用及其糖代谢重编程的可能机制。

以期为免疫和代谢性相关疾病的防治提供新策略。

［关键词］巨噬细胞；重编程；糖酵解；氧化磷酸化Advances in glycometabolic reprogramming and macrophage phenotypesCHEN Juan， ZHOU Yongxue， YAN Shuguang， LI Jingtao， WEI Hailiang， WANG Wenba. Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine， Xianyang 712046， China［Abstract］Macrophages are sentinels on the front line of tissue defense and an important weapon for the body to fight against invading pathogens. Their metabolic patterns and functions are closely related to the development and outcome of diseases. In general，macrophages preferentially select the oxidative phosphorylation of glucose （OXPHOS） pathway to metabolize energy production， and in hypoxic environments， glycolysis is the predominant. However， tumor macrophages can also produce energy through glycolysis in the presence of sufficient oxygen， which is the classic "Warburg effect". Studies have shown that the reprogramming of glucose metabo‑lism in M1 type macrophages is similar to that of tumor cells， showing that aerobic glycolysis is dominant and OXPHOS is supplemented，while M2 type macrophages are just the opposite， so blocking glucose metabolism reprogramming can effectively inhibit inflammation reaction. This review focuses on the key role of macrophages in the regulation of inflammatory diseases and the possible mechanism of there programming of glucose metabolism， in order to provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of immune and metabolic related diseases.［Key words］Macrophages；Reprogramming；Glycolysis；Oxidative phosphorylation巨噬细胞是先天的免疫细胞，在炎症和肿瘤环境中扮演重要角色，具有较高的可塑性并在功能上产生极化，根据微环境的不同，巨噬细胞会呈现不同的表型，经典激活的M1型和交替激活的M2型，糖代谢重编程是其主要的影响因素。

Business_Cycles(Ch03)

Points to be Clarified and Emphasized
• 3. Comovement. • Expansions or contractions “occur at about the same time in many economic activities.” Many economic variables have regular and predictable patterns of behavior over the course of the business cycle. The tendency of economic variables to move together in a predictable way over the business cycle is called comovement.
Points to be Clarified and Emphasized
• Temporary deviations from the average, normal growth path of the aggregate economic activity. However, part of the output losses and gains that occurs during a business cycle may become permanent. • Peaks and troughs in the business cycle are known collectively as turning points.
• Classical economists view business cycles representing the economy’s best, efficient response to disturbances (in production and spending). Therefore, they do not see much, if any, need for government action to counteract fluctuations. • In contrast, the Keynesians argue that, because wages and prices adjust slowly, disturbances may drive the economy away from its most desirable level of output and employment for long periods of time. So, government should intervene to smooth business cycle fluctuations.

An Efficient Distributed Verification Protocol for Data Storage Security in Cloud Computing

An Efficient Distributed Verification Protocol for Data Storage Security in Cloud ComputingAbstract— Data storage is an important application of cloud computing, where clients can remotely store their data into the cloud. By uploading their data into the cloud, clients can be relieved from the burden of local data storage and maintenance. This new paradigm of data storage service also introduces new security challenges. One of these risks that can attack the cloud computing is the integrity of the data stored in the cloud. In order to overcome the threat of integrity of data, the client must be able to use the assistance of a Third Party A uditor (TPA), in such a way that the TPA verifies the integrity of data stored in cloud with the client’s public key on the behalf of the client. The existing schemes with single verifier (TPA) may not scale well for this purpose. In this paper, we propose A n Efficient Distributed Verification Protocol (EDVP) to verify the integrity of data in a distributed manner with support of multiple verifiers (Multiple TPA s) instead of single Verifier (TPA). Through the extensive security, performance and experimental results, we show that our scheme is more efficient than single verifier based scheme. Keywords: cloud storage, Integrity, Client, TPA, SUBTPAs, Verification, cloud computing.I.I NTRODUCTIONCloud computing is a large-scale distributed computing paradigm in which a pool of computing resources is available to Clients via the Internet. The Cloud Computing resources are accessible as public utility services, such as processing power, storage, software, and network bandwidth etc. Cloud storage is a new business solution for remote backup outsourcing, as it offers an abstraction of infinite storage space for clients to host data backups in a pay-as-you-go manner [1]. It helps enterprises and government agencies significantly reduce their financial overhead of data management, since they can now archive their data backups remotely to third-party cloud storage providersrather than maintaining local computers on their own. For example, Amazon S3 is a well known storage service.The increasing of data storage in the cloud has brought a lot of attention and concern over security issues of this data. One of important issue is with cloud data storage is that of data integrity verification at untrusted cloud servers. For example, the storage service provider, which experiences Byzantine failures occasionally, may decide to hide the data loss incidents from the clients for the benefit of their own. What is more serious is that for saving money and storage space the service provider might neglect to keep or deliberately delete rarely accessed data files which belong to thin clients. Consider the large size of the outsourced data and the client’s constrained resource capability, the main problem can be generalized as how can the client find an efficient way to perform periodical integrity verifications without local copy of data files.To verify the integrity of data in cloud without having local copy of data files, recently several integrity verification protocols have been developed under different systems [2-13].A ll these protocols have verified the integrity of data with single verifier (TPA). However, in single auditor verification systems, they use only one Third Party A uditor (TPA) to verify the Integrity of data based Challenge-Response Protocol. In that verification process, the TPA stores the metadata corresponding to the file blocks and creates a challenge and sends to the CSP. The CSP generates the Integrity proof for corresponding challenge, and send back to the TPA. Then, TPA verifies the response with the previously stored metadata and gives the final audit result to the client. However, in this single A uditor system, if TPA system will crash due to heavy workload then whole verification process will be aborted. In addition, during the verification process, the network traffic will be very high near the TPA organization and may create network congestion. Thus, the performance will be degrading in single auditor verification schemes. Therefore, we need an efficient distributed verification protocol to verify the integrity of data in cloud.In this paper, we propose an Efficient Distributed Verification Protocol (EDVP) to verify the integrity of data in a distributed manner with support of multiple verifiers (Multiple TPAs) instead of single Verifier (TPA), which were discussed in existing prior works[2-13]. In our protocol, many number of SUBTPA s concurrently works under the single TPA and workload also must be uniformly distribute among the SUBTPA s, so that each SUBTPA will verify over the whole part, Suppose if TPA fails, one of the SUBTPA will act as TPA. Our protocol would detect the data corruptions in the cloud efficiently when compared to single verifier based protocols.Our protocol design is based on RSA-based Dynamic Public Audit Service for Integrity Verification of data in cloud proposed by Syam et al.[11] in a distributed manner. Here, the n verifiers challenge the n servers uniformly and if m server’s response is correct out of n servers then, we can say that Integrity of data is ensured. To verify the Integrity of the data, our verification process uses multiple TPA s, among theSyam Kumar.P1Dept.of Computer ScinceIFHE(Deemed University)Hyderabad, Indiashyam.553@1,Subramanian. R2, Thamizh Selvam.D3Dept.of Computer Science School of Engineering and Technology,Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India, rsmanian.csc@.in2,dthamizhselvam@32013 Second International Conference on Advanced Computing, Networking and Securitymultiple TPAs, one TPA will act as main TPA and remaining are SUBTPA s. The main TPA uses all SUBTPA s to detect data corruptions efficiently, if main TPA fails, then one of the SUBTPA will act as main TPA. The SUBTPA s do not communicate with each other and they would like to verify the Integrity of the stored data in cloud, and consistency of the provider’s responses. The propose system guarantee the atomic operations to all TPA s; this means that TPA which observe each SUBTPA operations are consistent, in the sense that their own operations plus those operations whose effects they see have occurred atomically in same sequence.In Centrally Controlled and Distributed Data paradigm, where all SUBTPA s are controlled by the TPA and SUBTPA’s communicate to any Cloud Data Storage Server, we consider a synchronous distributed system with multiple TPA s and Servers. Every SUBTPA is connected to Server through a synchronous reliable channel that delivers a challenge to the server. The SUBTPA and the server together are called parties P. A protocol specifies the behaviours of all parties. An execution of P is a sequence of alternating states and state transitions, called events, which occur according to the specification of the system components. A ll SUBTPA s follow the protocol; in particular, they do not crash. Every SUBTPA has some small local trusted memory, which serves to store distribution keys and authentication values. The server might be faulty or malicious and deviate arbitrarily from the protocol; such behaviour is also called Byzantine failure.The Synchronous system comes down to assuming the following two properties:1. Synchronous computation. There is a known upper bound on processing delays. That is, the time taken by any process to execute a step is always less than this bound. Remember that a step gathers the delivery of a message (possibly nil) sent by some other process, a local computation (possibly involving interaction among several layers of the same process), and the sending of a message to some other process.2. Synchronous communication. There is a known upper bound on challenge/response transmission delays. That is, the time period between the instant at which a challenge is sent and the time at which the response is delivered by the destination process is less than this bound.II.RELATED WORKBowers et al. [2] introduced a High Availability Integrity Layer (HAIL) protocol to solve the Availability and Integrity problems in cloud computing using error correcting codes and Universal Hash Functions (UHFs). This scheme achieves the A vailability and Integrity of data. However, this scheme supports private verifiability.To support public verifiability of data integrity, Barsoum et al. [3] proposed a Dynamic Multiple Data Copies over the Cloud Servers, which is based on multiple replicas. This scheme achieves the Availability and Integrity of data stored in cloud. Public verification enables a third party auditor (TPA) to verify the integrity of data in cloud with the data owner's public key on the behalf of the data owner,. Wang et al. [4] designed an Enabling Public Auditability and Data Dynamics for data storage security in cloud computing using Merkle Hash Tree (MHT). It achieves the guarantee of the data Integrity with efficient data dynamic operations and public verifiability. Similarly,Wang et al. [5] proposed a flexible distributed verification protocol to ensure the dependability, reliability and correctness of outsourced data in the cloud by utilizing homomorpic token and distributed erasure coded data. This scheme allow users to audit the outsourced data with less communication and computation cost. Simultaneously, it detects the malfunctioning servers. In their subsequent work, Wang et al. [6] developed a privacy-preserving data storage security in cloud computing. Their construction utilizes and uniquely combines the public key based homomorpic authenticator with random masking while achieving the Integrity and privacy from the auditor. Similarly, Hao et al. [7] proposed a privacy-preserving remote data Integrity checking protocol with data dynamics and public verifiability. This protocol achives the deterministic guaranty of Integrity and does not leak any information to third party auditors. Zhuo et al. [8] designed a dynamic audit service to verify the Integrity of outsourced data at untrusted cloud servers. Their audit system can support public verifiability and timely abnormal detection with help of fragment structure, random sampling and index hash table. Yang et al. [9] proposed a provable data possession of resource-constrained mobile devices in cloud computing. In their framework, the mobile terminal devices only need to generate some secret keys and random numbers with the help of trusted platform model (TPM) chips, and the needed computing workload and storage space is fit for the mobile devices by using bilinear signature and Merkle hash tree (MHT), this scheme aggregates the verification tokens of the data file into one small signature to reduce the communication and storage burden.Although, all these schemes achieved the Integrity of remote data assurance under different systems, they do not provide a strong integrity assurance to the clients because their verification process using pseudorandom sequence. If we use pseudorandom sequence to verify the remote data Integrity, sometimes they may not detect the data modifications on data blocks. Since pseudorandom sequence is not uniform (uncorrelated numbers), it does not cover the entire file while generating Integrity proof for a challenge. Therefore, probabilistic Integrity checking methods using pseudorandom sequence may not provide strong Integrity assurance to user’s data stored in remotely.To provide better Integrity assurance, Syam et al. [10] proposed a homomorpic distributed verification protocol using Sobol sequence instead of pseudorandom sequence [2-9]. Their protocol ensures the A vailability, Integrity of data and also detects the data corruption efficiently. In their subsequent work, Syam et al. [11] described a RSA-based Dynamic Public Audit protocol for integrity verification of data stored in cloud. This scheme gives probabilistic proofs based on random challenges and like [10] it also detects the data modification on file. Similarly, Syam et al. [12] developed an Efficient and Secure protocol for both Confidentiality andIntegrity of data with public verifiability and dynamic operations. Their construction uses Elliptic Curve Cryptography instead of RSA because ECC offers same security as RSA with small key size. Later, Syam et al.[13] proposed a publicly verifiable Dynamic secret sharing protocol for A vailability, Integrity, Confidentiality of data with public verifiability.Although all these schemes achieved the integrity of remote data under different systems with Single TPA, but in single auditor verification protocols, they use only one Third Party A uditor (TPA) to verify the Integrity of data based Challenge-Response Protocol. However, in this single Auditor system, if TPA system will crash due to heavy workload then whole verification process will be aborted.III.PROBLEM STATEMENTA.Problem DefinitionIn cloud data storage, the client stores the data in cloud via cloud service provider. Once data moves to cloud he has no control over it i.e. no security for outsourced data stored in cloud, even if Cloud Service Provider (CSP) provides some standard security mechanism to protect the data from attackers but still there is a possibility threats from attackers to cloud data storage, since it is under the control of third party provider, such as data leakage, data corruption and data loss. Thus, how can user efficiently and frequently verify that whether cloud server storing data correctly or not? A nd will not be tampered with it. We note that the client can verify the integrity of data stored in cloud without having a local copy of data and any knowledge of the entire data. In case clients do not have the time to verify the security of data stored in cloud, they can assign this task to trusted Third Party Auditor (TPA). The TPA verifies the integrity of data on behalf of clients using their public key.B.System ArchitectureThe network representation architecture for cloud data storage, which consists four parts: those are Client, Cloud Service Provider (CSP), Third Party A uditors (TPA s) and SUBTPAS as depicted in Fig 1:Fig 1: Cloud Data Storage Architecture Client: - Clients are those who have data to be stored, and accessing the data with help of Cloud Service Provider (CSP). They are typically desktop computers, laptops, mobile phones, tablet computers, etc.Cloud Service Provider (CSP):- Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) are those who have major resources and expertise in building, managing distributed cloud storage servers and provide applications, infrastructure, hardware, enabling technology to customers via internet as a service.Third Party Auditor (TPA):- Third Party Auditor (TPA) who has expertise and capabilities that users may not have and he verify the security of cloud data storage on behalf of users. SUBTPAS: the SUBTPA s verifies the integrity of data concurrently under the control of TPAThroughout this paper, terms verifier or TPA and server or CSP are used interchangeablyC.Security ThreatsThe cloud data storage mainly facing data corruption challenge:Data Corruption: cloud service provider or malicious cloud user or other unauthorized users are self interested to alter the user data or deleting.There are two types of attackers are disturbing the data storage in cloud:1) Internal Attackers: malicious cloud user, malicious third party user (either cloud provider or customer organizations) are self interested to altering the user’s personal data or deleting the user data stored in cloud. Moreover they decide to hide the data loss by server hacks or Byzantine Failure to maintain its reputation2) External Attackers: we assume that an external attacker can compromise all storage servers, so that he can intentionally modify or delete the user’s data as long as they are internally consistent.D.GoalsIn order to address the data integrity stored in cloud computing, we propose an Efficient Distribution Verification Protocol for ensuring data storage integrity to achieve the following goals:Integrity: the data stored safely in cloud and maintain all the time in cloud without any alteration.Low-Overhead: the proposed scheme verifies the security of data stored in cloud with less overhead.E.Preliminaries and Notations•f key(.)- Sobol Random Function (SRF) indexed on some key, which is defined asf : {0,1}* ×key-GF (2w).•ʌkey– Sobol Random Permutation (SRP) indexed under key, which is defined asʌ : {0,1}log2(l) × key –{0,1}log2(l) .IV. EFFICENT DISTRIBUTION VERIFICATIONPROTOCOL:EDVP The EDVP protocol is designed based on RSA -based Dynamic Public A udit Protocol (RSA -DPA P), which is proposed by Syam et al.[11]. In EDVP, we are mainly concentrating on verification phase of RSA -DPA P. The EDVP contains three phases: 1) Key Distribution, 2) Verification Process 3) Validating Integrity. The process of EDVP is: first, the TPA generates the keys and distribute to SUBTPA s. Then the SUBTPA s verify the integrity of data and gives result to main TPA. Finally, the main TPA validates the integrity by observing the report from SUBTPAs.A. Key DistributionIn key distribution, the TPA generates the random keyand distributes it to his SUBTPAs as follows:The TPA first generates the Random key by using SobolRandom Function [15] then Compute)(1i f K k =Where1 i n and the key is indexed on some (usually secret) key: f :{0,1}*× keyĺZ p Then, employ (m, n ) secret sharing scheme [14] andpartition the random key K into n pieces. To divide K into npieces, the client select a polynomial a(x) with degree m-1andcomputes the n pieces: 1221....−++++=m j i i a i a i a K K (2)¦−=+=11m j j j i i a K K (3)A fter that TPA chooses nSUBTPA s and distributes n pieces to them. The procedure of key distribution is given in algorithm 1.Algorithm 1: Key Distribution1.1. Generates a random key K using Sobol Sequence. )(1i f K k =2. Then, the TPA partition the K into n pieces using (m,n) secret sharing scheme3. TPA select the Number of SUBTPAs: n, and threshold value m;4. for i ĸ1 to n do5. TPA sends k i to the all SUBTPA i s6. end for7. endB. Verification ProcessIn verification process, all SUBTPAs verify the Integrity of data and give results to the TPA, if m SUBTPAs responses meet the threshold value then TPA says that Integrity of data is valid. At a high level, the protocol operates like this: A TPA assigns a local timestamp to every SUBTPA of its operations. Then, every SUBTPA maintains a timestamp vector T in itstrusted memory. A t SUBTPA i , entry T[j] is equal to thetimestamp of the most recently executed operation by SUBTPA j in some view of SUBTPA i .To verify the Integrity of data, each SUBTPA creates a challenge and sends to the CSP as follows: first SUBTPA generates set of Random indices c of set [1, n] using Sobol Random Permutation (SRP) with random key)(c j j K π= (4) Where 1 c l and ʌkey (.) is a Sobol Random Permutation (SRP), which is indexed under key: ʌ : {0,1}log2(l ) ×key–{0,1} log2(l ).Next, each SUBTPA also chooses a fresh random key r j, wherer j = )(2l f k (5)Then, creates a challenge chal ={j, r j } is pairs of random indices and random values. Each SUBTPA sends a challenge to the CSP and waits for the response. The CSP computes a response to the corresponding SUBTPA challenges and send responses back to SUBTPAs.When the SUBTPA receives the response message, first he checks the timestamp, it make sure that V T (using vectorcomparison) and that V [i] = T[i]. If not, the TPA aborts theoperation and halts; this means that server has violated the consistency of the service. Otherwise, the SUBTP COMMITS the operation and check if stored metadata and response (integrity proof) is correct or not? If it is correct,then stores TRUE in its table and sends true message to TPA, otherwise store FALSE and send a false signal to the TPA for corrupted file blocks. The detailed procedure of verification processes is given in algorithm 2. Algorithm 2: Verification Process 1. Procedure: Verification Process 2. Timestamp T3. Each SUBTPA i computes4. Compute )(c j SRPk π=5. the Generate the sobol random key r j6. Send (Chal=(j, r j ) as a challenge to the CSP;7. the server computes the Proof PR i send back to theSUBTPAs;8. PR i ĸReceive(V);9. If (V T V [i] = T[i]) 10. return COMMIT then11. if PR i equals to Stored Metadata then 12. return TRUE;13. Send Signal, (Packet j , TRUE i ) to theTPA14. else15. return FALSE;16. Send Signal, (Packet i , FALSE i ) to the TPA; 17. end if 18. else19. ABORT and halt the process 20. e nd if 21. e nd(1)C.Validating IntegrityTo validate the Integrity of the data, the TPA will receive the report from any subset m out of n SUBTPAs and validates the Integrity. If the m SUBTPA s give the TRUE signal to TPA, then the TPA decides that data is not corrupted otherwise he decides that data has been corrupted. In the final step, the TPA will give an A udit result to the Client. In algorithm 3, we given the process of validating the Integrity, in which, we generalize the Integrity of the verification protocol in a distributed manner. Therefore, we can use distribution verification on scheme [11].Algorithm 3: Validating Integrity1.Procedure: validation(i)2.TPA receives the response from the m SUBTPAs3.for iĸ1 to m do4.If(response==TRUE)5. Integrity of data is valid6. else if(response==FALSE)7. Integrity is not valid8.end if9.end for10.endV.A NALYSIS OF EDVPIn this section, we analyse the security, and performance of EDVP.A.Security AnalysisIn security analysis, we analyze the Integrity of the data in terms of probability detection.Probability Detection:It is very natural that verification activities would increase the communication and computational overheads of the system. To enhance the performance, we used Secret sharing technique [14] to distribute the Key k that provides minimum communication and tractable computational complexity. Thus, it reduces the communication overhead between TPA and SUBTPAs. For a new verification, the TPA can change the Key K for any SUBTPA and send only the different part of the multiset elements to the SUBTPA. In addition, we used probabilistic verification scheme based on Sobol Sequences that provides uniformity not only for whole sequences but also for each subsequences, so each SUBTPA will independently verify over the entire file blocks. Thus, there is a high probability to detect fault location very quickly. Therefore, a Sobol sequence provides strong Integrity proof for the remotely stored data.The probability detections of data corruptions of this protocol same as previous protocols [9-12].In EDVP, we use Sobol random sequence generator to generate the file block number, because sequence are uniformly distributed over [0, 1] and cover the whole region. To make integers, we multiply constant powers of two with the generated sequences. Here, we consider one concrete example, taking 32 numbers from the Sobol sequences.B. B. Performance Analysis and Experimental ResultsIn this section, we evaluate the performance of theverification time for validating Integrity and compare theexperimental results with previous single verifier basedprotocol [11] as shown in Tables 1-3. In Table 4 and 5, wehave shown that the Computation cost of the Verifier and CSPrespectively.Table 1: Veri ication times (Sec) with 5 veri iers whendifferent percentages of 100000 blocks are corruptedCorruption data in percentageSingle Verifierbased Protocols[11]EDVP[5 verifiers]1% 25.99 12.145% 53.23 26.55 10% 70.12 38.6315% 96.99 51.2220% 118.83 86.4430% 135.63 102.8940% 173.45 130.8550% 216.11 153.81 Table 2: Verif ication times (Sec) with 10 Verif ierswhen di f f erent percentages o f 100000 blocks are corruptedCorruption data in percentage Single Verifier basedProtocols[11]EDVP[10verifiers]1% 25.9908.14 5% 53.2318.55 10% 70.12 29.63 15% 96.99 42.22 20% 118.83 56.44 30% 135.63 65.89 40% 173.45 80.85 50% 216.11 98.81T able 3: Verification times (Sec) with 20 verifiers when different percentages of 100000 blocks are corruptedCorruption data in percentage Single VerifierbasedProtocols[11]EDVP[20verifiers]1% 25.9904.145% 53.2314.5510% 70.12 21.6315% 96.99 32.2220% 118.83 46.4430% 135.63 55.8940% 173.45 68.8550% 216.11 85.81From Tables 1-3, we can observe that verification time is lessfor detecting data corruptions in cloud when compared to single verifier based protocol [11]Table 4:Verifier computation Time (ms) for the differentfile sizesFile Size Single Verifier basedProtocol[11]EDVP1MB 148.26 80.07 2MB 274.05 192.65 4MB 526.25 447.23 6MB 784.43 653.44 8MB 1083.9 820.87 10MB 2048.26 1620.06Table 5:CSP computation Time (ms) for the different filesizesFile Size Single Verifier basedProtocols[11]EDVP1MB 488.16 356.272MB 501.23 392.554MB 542.11 421.116MB 572.17 448.678MB 594. 15 465.1710MB 640.66 496. 02 From the table 4 & 5, we can observe that computation cost of verifier and CSP is less compared existing scheme[11]VI.C ONCLUSIONIn this paper, we presented an EDVP scheme to verify the Integrity of data stored in the cloud in a distributed manner with support of multiple verifiers (Multiple TPAs) instead of single Verifier (TPA). This protocol use many number of SUBTPA s concurrently works under the single TPA and workload also must be uniformly distribute among SUBTPAs, so that each SUBTPA will verify the integrity of data over the whole part. Through the security and performance analysis, we have proved that an EDVP verification protocol would detect the data corruptions in the cloud efficiently when compared to single verifier verification based scheme.R EFERENCES[1]R. Buyya, C. S. Yeo, S. Venugopal, J. Broberg, and I.Brandic.“Cloud Computing and Emerging IT Platforms: Vision, Hype, and Reality for Delivering Computing as the 5thUtility,” Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 25, no. 6,June 2009, pp 599–616, Elsevier Science, A msterdam, TheNetherlands.[2]Bowers K. D., Juels A., and Oprea A., (2008) “HAIL: A High-vailability and Integrity Layer for Cloud Storage,”Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2008/489.[3]Barsoum, A. F., and Hasan, M. A., “On Verifying DynamicMultiple Data Copies over Cloud Servers”, Technical Report, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Aug 2011.[4]Wang Q., Wang C., Li J., Ren K., and Lou W., “Enablingpublic veri¿ability and data dynamics for storage security incloud computing”, IEEE Trans. Parallel and Distributed Systems. VOL.22, NO.5. May, 2011,pp.[5]Wang C., Wang Q., Ren K., cao N., and Lou W.,(2012)“Towards Secure and Dependable Storage Services in CloudComputing”, IEEE Trans. Service Computing. VOL. 5, NO. 2,APRIL -JUNE 2012, pp.220-232.[6]Wang, C., Ren, K., Lou,W., and Li, J., “Toward publiclyauditable secure cloud data storage services”, IEEE Networks,Vol. 24, No. 4, 2010, pp. 19–24.[7]Hao Z., Zhong S., Yu N.,(2011) “A Privacy-Preserving RemoteData Integrity Checking Protocol with Data Dynamics andPublic Verifiability”, IEEE Trans Knowledge and DataEngineering,Vol.23, Issue 9,pp.1432 –1437.[8]Zhu Y., Wang H., Hu Z., Ahn G., Hu H., Stephen, and Yau S.,“Dynamic A udit Services for Integrity Verification of Outsourced Storages in Clouds”, Proc. of the 26th A CMSymposium on Applied Computing (SAC), March 21-24, 2011,Tunghai University, TaiChung, Taiwan.[9]Yang J., Wang H., Wang J., Tan C., and Yu D., (2011)“Provable Data Possession of Resource-constrained MobileDevices in Cloud Computing”, JOURNA L OF NETWORKS,VOL. 6, NO. 7, July,, 2011,pp.1033-1040[10]P. Syam Kumar, R. Subramanian, “Homomorpic DistributedVerification Ptorotocol for Ensuring Data Storage in CloudComputing”. Journal of Information, Vol. 14, No.10, Oct-2011, pp.3465-3476.[11]P. Syam Kumar, R. Subramanian, “RSA-based DynamicPublic A udit Service for Integrity Verification of DataStorage in Cloud Computing using Sobol Sequence” SpecialIssue Security, Privacy and Trust in Cloud Systems, International Journal of Cloud Computing(IJCC) in InderScience Publications, Vol. 1 No.2/3, 2012, pp.167-200. [12]P. Syam Kumar, R. Subramanian, “A n effiecent and Secureprotocol for Ensuring Data Storage Security inCloud Computing” publication in International Journal of computerScience Issues(IJCSI), Volume 8, Issue 6, Nov-2011, pp.261-274.[13]P. Syam Kumar, Marie Stanislas Ashok, Subramanian. R, “APublicly Verifiable Dynamic Secret Sharing Protocol forSecure and Dependable Data Storage in Cloud Computing”Communicated for Publication in International Journal ofCloud Applications and Computing (IJCAC).[14]Shamir A.,“How to Share a Secret”, Comm. A CM, vol.22.1979.[15]Brately P and Fox B L (1988) Algorithm 659: ImplementingSobol’s Quasi-random Sequence Generator ACM Trans. Math.Software 14 (1) 88–100.。

Explicating dynamic capabilities the nature and microfoundations

Strategic Management JournalStrat.Mgmt.J.(2007)Published online in Wiley InterScience ()DOI:10.1002/smj.640Received 16February 2004;Final revision received 20June 2007EXPLICATING DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES:THE NATURE AND MICROFOUNDATIONS OF (SUSTAINABLE)ENTERPRISE PERFORMANCEDAVID J.TEECE*Institute of Management,Innovation and Organization,Haas School of Business,University of California,Berkeley,California,U.S.A.This paper draws on the social and behavioral sciences in an endeavor to specify the nature and microfoundations of the capabilities necessary to sustain superior enterprise performance in an open economy with rapid innovation and globally dispersed sources of invention,innova-tion,and manufacturingcapability.Dynamic capabilities enable business enterprises to create,deploy,and protect the intangible assets that support superior long-run business performance.The microfoundations of dynamic capabilities—the distinct skills,processes,procedures,orga-nizational structures,decision rules,and disciplines—which undergird enterprise-level sensing,seizing,and reconﬁguring capacities are difﬁcult to develop and deploy.Enterprises with strong dynamic capabilities are intensely entrepreneurial.They not only adapt to business ecosystems,but also shape them through innovation and through collaboration with other enterprises,enti-ties,and institutions.The framework advanced can help scholars understand the foundations of long-run enterprise success while helping managers delineate relevant strategic considerations and the priorities they must adopt to enhance enterprise performance and escape the zero proﬁt tendency associated with operating in markets open to global competition.Copyright 2007John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.INTRODUCTIONRecent scholarship stresses that business enter-prises consist of portfolios of idiosyncratic and difﬁcult-to-trade assets and competencies (’re-sources’).1Within this framework,competitive advantage can ﬂow at a point in time from the ownership of scarce but relevant and difﬁcult-to-imitate assets,especially know-how.However,inKeywords:cospecialization;intangible assets;innovation;business ecosystems;entrepreneurship;managerial capi-talism;global competitiveness*Correspondence to:David J.Teece,F402Haas School of Business #1930,University of California,Berkeley,California 94720-1930,U.S.A.E-mail:teece@ 1The reference here is to the resource-based theory of the enterprise advanced by Rumelt (1984),Wernerfelt (1984),Amit and Schoemaker (1993),and others.Some of my earlier work (Teece,1980,1982)was also in this vein.fast-moving business environments open to global competition,and characterized by dispersion in the geographical and organizational sources of inno-vation and manufacturing,sustainable advantage requires more than the ownership of difﬁcult-to-replicate (knowledge)assets.It also requires unique and difﬁcult-to-replicate dynamic capabili-ties.These capabilities can be harnessed to con-tinuously create,extend,upgrade,protect,and keep relevant the enterprise’s unique asset base.For analytical purposes,dynamic capabilities can be disaggregated into the capacity (1)to sense and shape opportunities and threats,(2)to seize opportunities,and (3)to maintain competitiveness through enhancing,combining,protecting,and,when necessary,reconﬁguring the business enter-prise’s intangible and tangible assets.Dynamic capabilities include difﬁcult-to-replicate enterpriseCopyright 2007John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.D.J.Teececapabilities required to adapt to changing cus-tomer and technological opportunities.They also embrace the enterprise’s capacity to shape the ecosystem it occupies,develop new products and processes,and design and implement viable busi-ness models.It is hypothesized that excellence in these‘orchestration’2capacities undergirds an enterprise’s capacity to successfully innovate and capture sufﬁcient value to deliver superior long-termﬁnancial performance.The thesis advanced is that while the long-run performance of the enter-prise is determined in some measure by how the (external)business environment rewards its her-itage,the development and exercise of(internal) dynamic capabilities lies at the core of enterprise success(and failure).This paperﬁrst describes the nature of dynamic capabilities,and then explicates their microfoundations.The ambition of the dynamic capabilities frame-work is nothing less than to explain the sources of enterprise-level competitive advantage over time, and provide guidance to managers for avoiding the zero proﬁt condition that results when homoge-neousﬁrms compete in perfectly competitive mar-kets.A framework,like a model,abstracts from reality.It endeavors to identify classes of relevant variables and their interrelationships.A framework is less rigorous than a model as it is sometimes agnostic about the particular form of the theoreti-cal relationships that may exist.Early statements of the dynamic capabilities framework can be found in Teece,Pisano,and Shuen(1990a,1990b,1997) and Teece and Pisano(1994).An extensive lit-erature on dynamic capabilities now exists(e.g., Helfat et al.,2007)that can be organized and inte-grated into the general framework offered here. As indicated,the possession of dynamic capabil-ities is especially relevant to multinational enter-prise performance in business environments that display certain characteristics.Theﬁrst is that the environment is open to international commerce and fully exposed to the opportunities and threats asso-ciated with rapid technological change.The sec-ond is that technical change itself is systemic in 2The management functions identiﬁed are analogous to that of an orchestra conductor,although in the business context the ‘instruments’(assets)are themselves constantly being created, renovated,and/or replaced.Moreover,completely new instru-ments appear with some frequency,and old ones need to be abandoned.Whileﬂexibility is certainly an element of orches-tration,the latter concept implies much more.that multiple inventions must be combined to cre-ate products and/or services that address customer needs.The third is that there are well-developed global markets for the exchange of(component) goods and services;and the fourth is that the busi-ness environment is characterized by poorly devel-oped markets in which to exchange technological and managerial know-how.These characteristics can be found in large sectors of the global econ-omy and especially in high-technology sectors.In such sectors,the foundations of enterprise success today depend very little on the enterprise’s abil-ity to engage in(textbook)optimization against known constraints,or capturing scale economies in production.Rather,enterprise success depends upon the discovery and development of opportuni-ties;the effective combination of internally gener-ated and externally generated inventions;efﬁcient and effective technology transfer inside the enter-prise and between and amongst enterprises;the protection of intellectual property;the upgrading of‘best practice’business processes;the inven-tion of new business models;making unbiased decisions;and achieving protection against imita-tion and other forms of replication by rivals.It also involves shaping new‘rules of the game’in the global marketplace.The traditional elements of business success—maintaining incentive align-ment,owning tangible assets,controlling costs, maintaining quality,‘optimizing’inventories—are necessary but they are unlikely to be sufﬁcient for sustained superior enterprise performance. Executives seem to recognize new challenges in today’s globally competitive environments and understand how technological innovation is nec-essary but not sufﬁcient for ﬂey, CEO of Proctor&Gamble,notes that‘the name of the game is innovation.We work really hard to try to turn innovation into a strategy and a process ...‘.3Sam Pamisano,CEO of IBM,remarks that ‘innovation is about much more than new prod-ucts.It is about reinventing business processes and building entirely new markets that meet untapped customer demand.’4Put differently,there is an emerging recognition by managers themselves that the foundations of enterprise success transcend simply being productive at R&D,achieving new product introductions,adopting best practice,and delivering quality products and services.Not only 3Fortune,December11,2006:4.4Business Week,April24,2004:64.Explicating Dynamic Capabilities:Nature and Microfoundationsmust the innovating enterprise spend heavily on R&D and assiduously develop and protect its intel-lectual property;it must also generate and imple-ment the complementary organizational and man-agerial innovations needed to achieve and sustain competitiveness.As indicated,not all enterprise-level responses to opportunities and threats are manifestations of dynamic capabilities.As Sidney Winter(2003: 991)notes,‘ad hoc problem solving’isn’t neces-sarily a capability.Nor is the adoption of a well-understood and replicable‘best’practice likely to constitute a dynamic capability.Implementing best practice may help an enterprise become or remain viable,but best practices that are already widely adopted cannot by themselves in a competitive market situation enable an enterprise to earn more than its cost of capital,or outperform its competi-tors.Likewise,invention and innovation by them-selves are insufﬁcient to generate success(Teece, 1986).Two yardsticks can be proposed for calibrating capabilities:‘technical’ﬁtness and‘evolutionary’ﬁtness(Helfat et al.,2007).Technicalﬁtness is deﬁned by how effectively a capability performs its function,regardless of how well the capability enables aﬁrm to make a living.Evolutionary or externalﬁtness refers to how well the capability enables aﬁrm to make a living.Evolutionaryﬁt-ness references the selection environment.Helfat et al.(2007)further note that both technical and evolutionaryﬁtness range from zero to some pos-itive value.These yardsticks are consistent with the discussion here.Dynamic capabilities assist in achieving evolutionaryﬁtness,in part by helping to shape the environment.The element of dynamic capabilities that involves shaping(and not just adapting to)the environment is entrepreneurial in nature.Arguably,entrepreneurialﬁtness ought to have equal standing with evolutionaryﬁtness. Dynamic capabilities have no doubt been rele-vant to achieving competitive advantage for some time.However,their importance is now ampli-ﬁed because the global economy has become more open and the sources of invention,innovation,and manufacturing are more diverse geographically and organizationally(Teece,2000),and multiple inventions must be combined to achieve market-place success(Somaya and Teece,2007).Achiev-ing evolutionaryﬁtness is harder today than it was before the millennium.Moreover,regulatory and institutional structures must often be reshaped for new markets to emerge;and as discussed later,the ubiquity of‘platforms’must now be recognized (Evans,Hagiu,and Schmalensee,2006).While the development and astute management of intangible assets/intellectual capital is increas-ingly recognized as central to sustained enter-prise competitiveness,the understanding of why and how intangibles are now so critical still remains opaque and is not addressed by orthodox frameworks.What is needed is a new framework for business and economic analysis.As former U.S.Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan remarked,‘we must begin the important work of developing a framework capable of analyzing the growth of an economy increasingly dominated by conceptual products.’5The dynamic capabilities approach developed here endeavors to be respon-sive to this challenge at the enterprise level.In an earlier treatment(Teece et al.,1997:530) it was noted that‘we have merely sketched an out-line for a dynamic capabilities approach.’In what follows,the nature of various classes of dynamic capabilities is identiﬁed,and an effort is made to separate the microfoundations of dynamic capa-bilities from the capability itself.Put differently, important distinctions are made between the orga-nizational and managerial processes,procedures, systems,and structures that undergird each class of capability,and the capability itself.One should note that the identiﬁcation of the microfounda-tions of dynamic capabilities must be necessarily incomplete,inchoate,and somewhat opaque and/or their implementation must be rather difﬁcult.Oth-erwise sustainable competitive advantage would erode with the effective communication and appli-cation of dynamic capability concepts.Of course,the existence of processes,proce-dures,systems,and structures already ubiquitously adopted by competitors does not imply that these have not in the past been the source of competitive advantage,or might not still be a source of compet-itive advantage in certain contexts.For example, studies of the diffusion of organizational innova-tions(e.g.,Armour and Teece,1978;Teece,1980) 5Chairman Alan Greenspan also noted recently,‘over the past half century,the increase in the value of raw materials has accounted for only a fraction of the overall growth of U.S.gross domestic product(GDP).The rest of that growth reﬂects the embodiment of ideas in products and services that consumers value.This shift of emphasis from physical materials to ideas as the core of value creation appears to have accelerated in recent decades.’(Remarks of Alan Greenspan,Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research,2004.)D.J.Teeceindicate that diffusion is by no means instanta-neous,and that proﬁts can persist for many years before being competed away.Decade-long adop-tion cycles for new business structures and pro-cedures(e.g.,performance measurement systems) are not uncommon.Uncertain imitability(Lippman and Rumelt,1982)may also serve to slow the dif-fusion process and support persistent differential performance.Fortunately,the existing literature on strategy, innovation,and organization and the new literature on dynamic capabilities have identiﬁed a panoply of processes and routines that can be recognized as providing certain microfoundations for dynamic capabilities.For instance,Eisenhardt and Martin (2000)identify cross-functional R&D teams,new product development routines,quality control rou-tines,and technology transfer and/or knowledge transfer routines,and certain performance mea-surement systems as important elements(micro-foundations)of dynamic capabilities.The effort here is not designed to be comprehensive,but to integrate the strategy and innovation literature and provide an umbrella framework that highlights the most critical capabilities management needs to sus-tain the evolutionary and entrepreneurialﬁtness of the business enterprise.SENSING(AND SHAPING) OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS Nature of the capabilityIn fast-paced,globally competitive environments, consumer needs,technological opportunities,and competitor activity are constantly in a state ofﬂux. Opportunities open up for both newcomers and incumbents,putting the proﬁt streams of incum-bent enterprises at risk.As discussed in Teece et al.(1997),some emerging marketplace trajecto-ries are easily recognized.In microelectronics this might include miniaturization,greater chip density, and compression and digitization in information and communication technology.However,most emerging trajectories are hard to discern.Sensing (and shaping)new opportunities is very much a scanning,creation,learning,and interpretive activ-ity.Investment in research and related activities is usually a necessary complement to this activity. Opportunities get detected by the enterprise because of two classes of factors.First,as stressed by Kirzner(1973),entrepreneurs can have differ-ential access to existing information.Second,new information and new knowledge(exogenous or endogenous)can create opportunities,as empha-sized by Schumpeter(1934).Kirzner stressed how the entrepreneurial function recognizes any dise-quilibrium and takes advantage of it.The Kirzner-ian view is that entrepreneurship is the mechanism by which the economy moves back toward equi-librium.Schumpeter,on the other hand,stressed upsetting the equilibrium.As Baumol(2006:4) notes,‘the job of Schumpeter’s entrepreneur is to destroy all equilibria,while Kirzner’s works to restore them.This is the mechanism under-lying continuous industrial evolution and revolu-tion.’Equilibrium is rarely if ever achieved(Shane, 2003).Both forces are relevant in today’s econ-omy.To identify and shape opportunities,enterprises must constantly scan,search,and explore across technologies and markets,both‘local’and‘dis-tant’(March and Simon,1958;Nelson and Winter, 1982).This activity not only involves investment in research activity and the probing and reprob-ing of customer needs and technological possibili-ties;it also involves understanding latent demand, the structural evolution of industries and mar-kets,and likely supplier and competitor responses. To the extent that business enterprises can open up technological opportunities(through engaging in R&D and through tapping into the research output of others)while simultaneously learning about customer needs,they have a broad menu of commercialization opportunities.Overcoming a narrow search horizon is extremely difﬁcult and costly for management teams tied to established problem-solving competences.Henderson(1994) notes that General Motors(GM),IBM,and Dig-ital Equipment Corporation(DEC)encountered difﬁculties because they became prisoners of the deeply ingrained assumptions,informationﬁlters, and problem-solving strategies that made up their world views,turning the solutions that once made them great into strategic straitjackets.When opportunities areﬁrst glimpsed,entrepre-neurs and managers mustﬁgure out how to inter-pret new events and developments,which tech-nologies to pursue,and which market segments to target.They must assess how technologies will evolve and how and when competitors,suppli-ers,and customers will petitors may or may not see the opportunity,and even if theyExplicating Dynamic Capabilities:Nature and Microfoundationsdo they may calibrate it differently.Their actions, along with those of customers,suppliers,standard-setting bodies,and governments,can also change the nature of the opportunity and the manner in which competition will unfold.There are also constraints on the rules by which competitive forces will play out.These constraints are imposed by regulators,standard-setting bod-ies,laws,social mores,and business ethics.The shape of the‘rules of the game’is thus the result of co-evolution and complex interaction between what might be thought of as(business) ecosystem participants.Because of uncertainty, entrepreneurs/managers must make informed con-jectures about the path ahead.These conjectures become working hypotheses that can be updated as evidence emerges.Once a new evolutionary path becomes apparent,quick action is needed. MicrofoundationsThe literature on entrepreneurship emphasizes that opportunity discovery and creation can originate from the cognitive and creative(’right brain’) capacities of individual(s).However,discovery can also be grounded in organizational processes,such as research and development activity.The ability to create and/or sense opportunities is clearly not uniformly distributed amongst individuals or enter-prises.Opportunity creation and/or discovery by individuals require both access to information and the ability to recognize,sense,and shape devel-opments.The ability to recognize opportunities depends in part on the individual’s capabilities and extant knowledge(or the knowledge and learning capacities of the organization to which the indi-vidual belongs)particularly about user needs in relationship to existing as well as novel solutions. This requires speciﬁc knowledge,creative activity, and the ability to understand user/customer deci-sion making,and practical wisdom(Nonaka and Toyama,2007).It involves interpreting available information in whatever form it appears—a chart, a picture,a conversation at a trade show,news of scientiﬁc and technological breakthroughs,or the angst expressed by a frustrated customer.One must accumulate and thenﬁlter information from profes-sional and social contacts to create a conjecture or a hypothesis about the likely evolution of technolo-gies,customer needs,and marketplace responses. This task involves scanning and monitoring inter-nal and external technological developments and assessing customer needs,expressed and latent. It involves learning,interpretation,and creative activity.While certain individuals in the enterprise may have the necessary cognitive and creative skills, the more desirable approach is to embed scan-ning,interpretative,and creative processes inside the enterprise itself.The enterprise will be vulner-able if the sensing,creative,and learning functions are left to the cognitive traits of a few individuals.6 Organizational processes can be put in place inside the enterprise to garner new technical information, tap developments in exogenous science,monitor customer needs and competitor activity,and shape new products and processes r-mation must beﬁltered,and mustﬂow to those capable of making sense of it.Internal argument and discussion about changing market and tech-nological reality can be both inductive and deduc-tive.Hypothesis development,hypothesis‘testing,’and synthesis about the meaning of information obtained via search are critical functions,and must be performed by the top management team.The rigorous assembly of data,facts,and anecdotes can help test beliefs.Once a synthesis of the evidence is achieved,recurrent synthesis and updating can be embedded in business processes designed by middle management and/or the planning unit in the business organization(Casson,1997).If enter-prises fail to engage in such activities,they won’t be able to assess market and technological devel-opments and spot opportunities.As a consequence, they will likely miss opportunities visible to others. As noted in Teece et al.(1997),more decen-tralized organizations with greater local autonomy are less likely to be blindsided by market and technological developments.Because of the prob-lem of information decay as information moves up(and down)a hierarchy,businesses must devise mechanisms and procedures to keep management informed.Bill Hewlett and David Packard devel-oped‘management by walking about’(Packard, 1995)as a mechanism to prevent top management at Hewlett-Packard from becoming isolated from 6In a limited sense,that is about decision making under uncer-tainty.As Knight observes,with uncertainty there is‘a necessity to act upon opinion rather than knowledge’(Knight,1921:268). The problem is not just about knowledge asymmetries and incen-tive problems as Alchian and Demsetz(1972)seem to suggest. Rather,it involvesﬁltering and interpreting information about evolving technologies and marketplaces.D.J.Teecewhat was going on at lower levels in the enter-prise,and outside the enterprise as well.In other organizations(e.g.,professional services)the man-agement ranks can beﬁlled by leading profession-als who remain involved with professional work. This protects them from the hazards of managerial isolation.The search activities that are relevant to‘sens-ing’include information about what’s going on in the business ecosystem.With respect to technolo-gies,R&D activity can itself be thought of as a form of‘search’for new products and processes. However,R&D is too often usually a manifesta-tion of‘local’search.‘Local’search is only one component of relevant search.In fast-paced envi-ronments,with a large percentage of new prod-uct introductions coming from external sources, search/exploration activity should not just be local. Enterprises must search the core as well as to the periphery of their business ecosystem.Search must embrace potential collaborators—customers, suppliers,complementors—that are active in inno-vative activity.Customers are sometimes amongst theﬁrst to perceive the potential for applying new technol-ogy.Visionary members of customer organizations are often able to anticipate the potential for new technology and possibly even begin rudimentary development activities.Moreover,if the suppli-ers of new technology do not succeed in properly understanding user/customer needs,it is unlikely that new products they might develop will be suc-cessful.Indeed,one of the most consistentﬁndings from empirical research is that the probability that an innovation will be successful commercially is highly correlated with the developers’understand-ing of user/customer needs(Freeman,1974).Elec-tronic computing and the Internet itself can rightly be viewed as having a signiﬁcant component of user-led innovations.Business enterprises that are alert and sense the opportunity are often able to leverage customer-led efforts into new products and services,as the users themselves are frequently ill prepared to carry initial prototypes further for-ward.Suppliers can also be drivers of innovation important in theﬁnal product.Innovation in micro-processor and DRAMs is a classic case.This upstream or‘component’innovation has impacted competition and competitive outcomes in personal computers,cellular telephony,and consumer elec-tronics more generally.Failure to‘design in’new technology/components in a timely fashion will lend to failure;conversely,success can some-times be achieved by continuous rapid‘design in.’Indeed,continuous and rapid design around new technology/components developed elsewhere can itself be a source of durable competitive advan-tage.Put differently,with rapid innovation by com-ponent suppliers,downstream competitive success canﬂow from the ability of enterprises to continu-ously tap into such(external)innovation ahead of the competition.External search and acquisition of technology have been going on for decades,but as Chesbrough(2003)explains,‘Open Innovation’is now a mandate for enterprise success.The concept and practice of open innovation underscore the importance of broad-based external search and subsequent integration involving cus-tomers,suppliers,and complementors.Establish-ing linkages between corporations and universities assists broad-based search,as university programs are usually unshackled from the near at hand. Indeed,a recent study of patenting in the opti-cal disk industry(Rosenkopf and Nerkar,2001) seems to suggest that exploration that is more con-ﬁned generates lower impacts,and that the impact of exploration is highest when exploration spans organizational(but not technological)boundaries. However,it is not just a matter of searching for external inventions/innovations that represent new possibilities.Frequently it is a matter of combining complementary innovations so as to create a solu-tion to a customer problem.The systemic nature (Teece,2000)of many innovations compounds the need for external search.Sensing opportunities and threats can also be facilitated if the enterprise and/or the entrepreneur explicitly or implicitly employ some kind of ana-lytical framework,as this can help highlight what is important.Theﬁeld of strategic management has been stranded for some time with a frame-work that implicitly assumes that industry struc-ture(and product market share),mediated by enterprise behavior,determines enterprise perfor-mance.In Porter’s(1980)Five Forces frame-work,a good strategy involves somehow picking an attractive industry and positioning oneself to be shielded from competition.Porter’s approach mandates‘industry’analysis7and the calibration ofﬁve distinct industry-level forces:the role of 7The Five Forces framework undergirds‘industry’analysis in business school curriculum and in practice.However,the very。

生物英语单词

生命科学导论词汇表整理北医临床五班郑汉龙Unit 1 计算生物学computational biology 系统生物学systems biology 生物信息学bioinformatics 理论生物学theoretical biology 生物医学工程学biomedical engineering 数码生物学digital biology 人工生命artificial life 纳米生物学nanobiology 微胶囊microcapsuleUnit 2碳水化合物carbohydrates单糖monosaccharide 旋光异构体optical isomer 手性分子chiral molecule葡萄糖glucose寡糖oligosaccharide 双糖disaccharide 多糖polysaccharide（多糖分为energy-storage 或structural）淀粉starch 直链淀粉amylase 支链淀粉amylopectin 糖原glycogen 纤维素cellulose 纤维素酶cellulase 几丁质chitin 果胶pectin 琼脂agar 脂质lipid脂肪fat磷脂phospholipids 卵磷脂lecithin脑磷脂cephalin 丝氨酸磷脂phosphatidylserine 衍生脂质derived lipid 高胆固醇血症hypercholesteremia 蛋白质protein肽键peptide bond 寡肽oligopeptide 多肽polypeptide螺旋helix 折叠sheet 二硫键disulfide bond 氢键hydrogenbond 范德华力van der waalsforce 离子键ionic bond 变性denaturation 复性renaturation酶enzyme 核酶rybozyme 单纯蛋白质simple protein 结合蛋白质conjugated protein 辅酶coenzyme 辅基prostheticgroup 契合假说induced-fit hypothesis 活性中心active center抑制剂inhibitor 激活剂activator核酸nucleic acid 腺嘌呤ademine 鸟嘌呤guanine 胞嘧啶cytosine 胸腺嘧啶thymine 尿嘧啶uracil 核糖ribose 脱氧核糖deoxyrybose上游upstream下游downstream小沟minorgroove大沟major groove构象conformation阿尔茨海默氏病Alzheimer’s disease 前体蛋白amyloid precursor protein （APP）分泌酶secretaseUnit 3细胞学说cell theory原核细胞prokaryotic cell原核生物prokaryote真核细胞eukaryotic cell真核生物eukaryote 古细菌archaea 真细菌bacteria 细胞膜plasma membrane 糖脂glycolipid 胆固醇cholesterol 甘油磷脂glycerophospholipid 鞘磷脂sphingomyelin不对称性单位膜asymmetric unit membrane （AUM）胞外基质extra cellular matrix （ECM）细胞间连接intercellular junctions 紧密连接tight junctions 桥粒desmosomes 斑点桥粒spot desmosomes 间隙连接gap junctions 胞间连丝plasmodesma 连接子connexon 简单扩散simple diffusion 协助扩散facilitated diffusion 载体蛋白carrier protein 通道蛋白channel protein 水通道蛋白aquapotin 主动运输active transport 协同运输cotransport 电化学梯度electrochemical gradient 共运输symport 对向运输antiport 膜转运蛋白membrane transport protein 离子通道ion channel 离子泵ion pump 胞吞作用endocytosis 胞吞泡endocytic vesicle 膜下网格蛋白clathrin 结合蛋白dynamin接合蛋白adapter protein受体介导的胞吞作用receptor-mediated endocytosis低密度脂蛋白low-density lipoproteins 胞吐作用exocytosis 细胞质基质cytoplasmic matrix =cytomatrix胞质溶胶cytosol 内质网endoplasmic reticulum （ER）糙面内质网roughER （RER）光面内质网smooth ER （SER）核糖体ribosome 高尔基复合体golgi complex 信号识别颗粒signal recognition particle（SRP）共转移cotranslocation停止转移锚序列stop-transfer anchor sequence扁平膜囊saccules 溶酶体lysosome 过氧化物酶体peroxisome 微体microbody自体吞噬autophage 液泡vacuole 线粒体mitochondria 心磷脂cadiolipin 氢化酶体hydrogenosome 纺锤剩体mitosome 叶绿体chloroplast 微管microtubule 秋水仙素colchicine 紫杉醇taxol 纤毛cilia 鞭毛flagella 基体basal body 基粒basalgranule 菌毛fimbriae 菌毛蛋白pilin 微丝microphilament （MF）肌动蛋白actin 细胞松弛素cytochalasins 鬼笔环肽phillodin 中间纤维intermediate filament （IF）核纤层nuclear lamins 角蛋白纤维keratins filament 波形蛋白vimentin结蛋白desmin胶质原纤维酸性蛋白glial fibrillary acidic protein中间丝蛋白peripherin 神经丝neurofilaments 中间连接蛋白internexin 微管马达蛋白microtubule motor proteins 驱动蛋白kinesin 动力蛋白dynein 胞质动力蛋白cytosolic dynein 轴心动力蛋白axonemal dynein 分子马达蛋白molecular motor proteins 重链heavy chain 中间链intermediate chains 轻链light chains动力蛋白激活蛋白dynactin 轴动力蛋白构造：stalk，head，stem，base 微丝马达蛋白myosin motor proteins肌球蛋白myosin肌质网sarcoplasmic reticulum肌原纤维myofibril 肌节sarcomere 原肌球蛋白tropomyosinT-管transverse tubules 钙火花calcium sparks 细胞核nucleus 核被膜nuclear envelope 核孔复合体nuclear core complex （NPC）中央装运体central transporter 染色质chromatin 染色体chromosome 染色单体sister chromatid 组蛋白histone 非组蛋白nohistone 着丝粒centromere 着丝点（动粒）kinetochore 核仁nucleolus 广义核骨架nuclear skeletonUnit 4NAD 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸Nicotinamide ademine dinucleotideNADP 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸Nicotinamide ademine dinucleotide Phosphate FAD 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸Flavin ademine denucleatide光合作用Photosynthesis 叶绿素Chlorophyll 类胡萝卜素carotenoids 光系统photosystem PS 环式光合磷酸化cyclic photophosphorylationRuBP 核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate3-甘油三磷酸3-phospho-glycerate 光呼吸photorespirationCAM 植物景天科酸代谢crassulacean acid metabolism 细胞呼吸cellular respiration 糖酵解glycolysis 三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle =柠檬酸循环citric acid cycle 电子传递链electron transport chain 氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation ATP合成酶ATP sythentase 质子半通道proton half channel 酸中毒acidosisUnit5细胞周期cell cycle 细胞周期时相phases of the cell cycle 黏合蛋白cohesin 凝缩蛋白condensin多蛋白黏合复合体multiprotein cohesion complex染色体结构维持蛋白SMC structural maintenanc of choromosomes浓缩condensation纺锤体微管APC anaphase-promoting complex紧固蛋白securin 泛素化ubiquination 中心体centrosome微观组织中心MTOC检验点checkpoint周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶CDKcyclin-dependent kinase促成熟因子MTF maturation promoting factor限制点restriction point 周期蛋白cyclin Unit 6 信号转导signal transduction 信号分子signal molecule 第二信使second messenger 级联放大作用cascade amplificationGTP 酶开关蛋白GTPase switch proteins二磷酸磷脂酰肌醇PIP2 三磷酸肌醇IP3 二酰基甘油DAG生长素抑制素somatostatin应答元件结合蛋白CREB基础转录装置basal transcriptional machinery味蕾taste bud 视感细胞rod视锥细胞cone激活结构域AD activation domain DNA 结合结构域DBD DNA-binding domain 配合体结合结构域LBD ligand-bindingdomain 糖皮质激素受体GR glucocorticoid receptor G 蛋白偶联受体GPCR G-protein-coupledreceptor乙酰胆碱ACh神经元neurocyte 神经信号neuronal signaling 突触synapse 脑干brain stem 延脑medullo 脑桥pons中脑midbrain 小脑cerebellum 间脑diencephalon 上丘脑epithalamus 丘脑thalamus 下丘脑hypothalamus 松果腺pincal gland 脉络丛choroidplexus 大脑cerebrum 基底神经节basal ganglion 大脑皮层cerebralcortex 新皮质neocortex 胼胝体corpus callosum 初级感受区primary sensory areas 联络区association area皮质祖细胞cortical progenitors 觉醒arousal 血清素serotonin 褪黑激素melatonin 近似昼夜规律cricadian rythmsUnit 7卵原细胞genia分离定律law of segregation基因型genotype 等位基因alleles 显性等位基因dominant allele 隐形等位基因recessive allele 纯合体homozygote 杂合体heterozygote 测交test cross自由组合定律law of independent assortment庞纳特方格Punnett square 遗传的颗粒假说 “particulate” hypothesisof inheritance混合遗传模型blending model完全连锁complete linkage 不完全连锁incomplete linkage 重组recombination 连锁图linkage mapping 重组频率recombination frequency 不完全显性incomplete dominance 并显性codominant 复等位基因multiple alleles 恒河猴Rhesus monkey 基因多效型pleiotropy多基因遗传polygenic inheritance 加性效应additiveeffectUnit 8常染色体显性遗传autosomal dominant inheritance AD常染色体隐性遗传autosomal recessive inheritance AR 性决定sex determination 性分化sex differentiation剂量补偿效应dosagecompensation effectX 染色质失活中心X-choromosome inactivation centerSRY 基因sex-determining region of the Y 睾丸决定因子TDF testis determining factor 睾丸女性化综合症androgen insensitivity syndrome AIS androgen 雄性激素性连锁显性遗传sex-linked dominant inheritance XD性连锁隐性遗传sex-linked recessive inheritance XR 血友病hemophilia 自毁容貌综合症Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Y 连锁遗传Y-linked inheritance （与上同）holandric inheritance 毛耳缘hairy ear rims 多倍体polyploid 同源多倍体autopolyploid 异源多倍体allopolyploid唐氏综合症Down syndrome智商intelligence quotient染色体缺失deletion，deficiency染色体重复duplication，repeat猫眼综合症cat-eye syndrome染色体倒位inversion染色体异位Unit 9translocation烟草花叶病毒TMV单链结合蛋白SSB引物primer脱氧核苷三磷酸dNTP引物酶primase 前导链leading strand 后随链lagging strand 聚合酶链反应Polymerase chain reaction PCR 端粒telomere 端粒酶telomerase 简并degeneracy 赭石型三联体密码子ochre triple codon 琥珀型三联体密码子amber triple codon 蛋白石型三联体密码子opal ～～转录transcription 下游downstream 上游upstream启动子promotermRNA messenger ribonucleic acid tRNA transfer ribonucleic acid 加工processing 拼接splicing 聚腺苷化信号polyadenylation signal 内含子intron 外显子extron 间断基因interrupted gene 拼接体spliceosome氨酰-tRNA 合成酶aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetase焦磷酸PPi起始因子initiation factor 位点exit site 延长因子elongation factor 多聚核糖体polyribosomes 释放因子release factor 无义突变nonsense mutation 基因表达调控gene regulation 结构基因structural gene 操作基因operator gene 启动基因promoter gene 操纵子opreon 调节基因regulator gene 阻遏蛋白repressor protein 正基因调节positive gene regulation 分解代谢物激活蛋白catabolite activator protein CAP 基因丢失gene elimination 免疫球蛋白immunoglobulin Ig 重链heavy chain 轻链light chain 转录因子transcription factorsDNA 结合基序motif螺旋-转角-螺旋基序helix-turn-helix motif 锌指基序zinc-finger motif 亮氨酸拉链基序leucine zipper motif 增强子enhancer绝缘子insulator 沉默子silencer 5-甲基胞嘧啶thylcytosine 可变的RNA 剪接alternative RNA splicing 小RNA micro RNA miRNA RNA 干扰RNA interference RNAi转录后基因沉默（就植物而言）posttranscriptional gene silenceP TGS 转铁蛋白transferrin 铁蛋白ferritin 干一环stem loop 铁应答元件iron response element IREUnit 10 点突变pointmutation 同义突变samesense mutation 错义突变missense ~ 无义突变nonsense~ 自发突变spontaneous ~ 诱变剂mutagent控制因子controlling elements 转座因子transposable elements 转座子transposons 逆转座子retrotransposons 三核苷酸重复trinucleotide repeats 恶性肿瘤malignancy 肿瘤细胞tumor cell 扩散metastasis犬类传染性生殖器官肿瘤canine transmissible venereal tumor疱疹病毒herpesvirus 肿瘤抑制基因tumor suppressor gene 等位基因杂合型丢失loss of heterozygosity 细胞信号通路cell-signaling pathways 衰老标记senescence markers 人类基因组计划Human genome project （HGP）细胞遗传图cytogenetic map 核苷酸短串重复序列short tandem repeat STR单核苷酸多态性标记single nucleotide polymorphism STR DNA 测序DNA sequencing 限制性内切核酸酶restriction endonuclease 限制酶restriction enzyme 回文结构palindrome 粘性末端stickyend 平末端blunt end 重组DNA recombinant DNA 载体vector 质粒plasmid 探针probe 菌落colony DNA 文库DNAlibrary 质粒不相容性plasmid incompatibility 基因组文库genomic library 凝胶电泳gel electrophoresis 互补complementaryUnit 11 受精作用fertilization 顶体反应acrosomal reaction 顶体泡acrosomal vesicle 皮层反应cortical reaction 基因组印记genomic imprinting 卵裂cleavage桑葚胚morula囊胚腔blastocoel 囊胚期blatula 卵黄yolk向里凹陷invaginate 卷入involute原肠胚gastrula 原肠archenteron原口动物protosome 后口动物deuterostome 体节somites 诱导作用induction 形态原morphogen 锚状细胞anchorcell 尾bicaudal 间隙基因gapgenes 成对规则基因pair-rulegene 体节性基因segmentpolarity gene 同源异型基因homeotic gene 同源异型homeosis分生组织meristems 花分生组织floral meristems 营养分生组织vegetative ~ 心皮carpel 花瓣petal 雄蕊stamen 花萼sepal簇生fascinated 奢侈基因luxurygene 组织特异性基因tissue specificgene 管家基因housekeeping gene祖细胞progenitor cell 前体细胞precursor cell 胚胎干细胞embryonic stem cell ESC 成体干细胞somatic stem cell体细胞核移植技术somatic cell nuclear transfer SCNT 全能干细胞totipotent stem cell 多组织潜能干细胞pluripotent stem cell 多细胞潜能肝细胞multipotent ~~ 造血干细胞hematopoietic ~~ 粒性白细胞granulocyte macrophage 白细胞介素interleukin 嗜酸性粒细胞eosinophil 红细胞erythrocyte 肿瘤坏死因子tumor necrosis factor 单能干细胞unipotent stem cell 终末分化terminal differentiation 细胞凋亡apoptosis 细胞程序性死亡programmed cell death 凋亡小体blebbing （细胞内）损耗wear-terar 双性恋bisexual 印随imprinting 领域行为territorialityUnit 12---Unit 20盖亚假说Gaia hypothesis拉马克进化学说Lamarck’s theory of evolution达尔文自然选择学说Darwin’s theory of natural selection基因型频率genotype frequency等位基因alleles frequency 遗传平衡genetic equilibrium 遗传漂变genetic drift 建立者效应foundereffect瓶颈效应bottle neck effect定向选择directional selection频率曲线frequency curve分裂选择disruptive selection稳定选择stabilizing selection小进化microevolution 大进化macroevolution 异域种形成allopatric speciation 同域种形成sympatric speciation 同源多倍体autopolyploids 中性选择学说neutral selection 物种species 分类学taxonomy 进化谱系phylogency 衣壳capsid 包膜envelope 糖蛋白glycoprotein 核蛋白nucleoproteinAIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 反转录酶reverse transcriptase类病毒viroid阮病毒prion瘙痒病scrapie微生物microorganisms支原体mycoplasma立克次体rickettsia 衣原体chlamydia 革兰氏染色法Gramstain 内生孢子endospores 微丝蛋白基质层actincortex 细胞向前突出protrusion 无性生殖asexual reproduction 有性生殖sexual reproduction 变态metamorphosis 蝗虫grasshopper 若虫nymphs脊索chorda dorsalis 多区域进化multiregional evolution蒙古利亚人种Mongloid 高加索人种Caucasoid 尼格罗人种Negroid澳大利亚人种Australoid 生态学ecology 非生物因子abiotic factors生物因子biotic factors 种群populatioin 集群分布clumped distribution 均匀分布uniform distribution 随机分布random distribution 出生率natality 死亡率mortality 性比sex ratio 代间距generation time 生存曲线survivorship curve 指数增长exponential growth 逻辑斯蒂增长logistic growth 容纳量carrying capacity 物种多样性biodiversity物种丰度species richness 物种均匀度species eveness 优势种dominant species 最高生物量biomass关键中keystone species食物网food web （由chain 组成）群落交错区ecotone种间竞争interspecific competition生态位niche 群落community 协同进化coevolution 捕食作用predation 植食herbivory 保护色cryptic coloration 警戒色warning coloration 拟态mimicry 共栖commensalism 海葵anemone 互利共生mutualism 寄生parasitism 群落演替community succession 顶级群落climax community 非生物环境abiotic environment 生产者producer 消费者consumer 分解者decomposer食草性动物herbivores 一级消费者primary consumers 食肉动物carnivores 二级消费者secondary consumers 三级消费者tertiary consumers 营养级trophic level 自养生物autotroph 同化assimilation 分解作用decomposition 食微生物动物microbivores 矿化作用mineralization 固定作用immobilization 净矿化作用net mineralization 内循环internal cycling 生物地化循环biogeochemical cycles 气态物循环gaseous cycle 沉积型循环sedimentary cycle 外来物种入侵alien species invasion 保护生物学conservation biology。

BIO-DYNAMIC-WGSN：生物动力学WGSN

BIO-DYNAMICNEW SYSTEMS SUBLIME SLIME FREE-FORMERNO.1NO.2NO.3Basic biological life forms are inspiring current science, cultural thinking and innovation. They reveal new ways of understanding interconnections, micro-networks, organic pattern structures and the make-up of the human body. Our new appreciation of all things bacterial and slime-oriented sees artists and designers creating work that questions dichotomies such as beauty and repulsion, solid and fluid, clean and dirty, and healthy and germ-free.Inspired by the endless mutation in microbiology, we celebrate the merging and mingling of styles. What we know as tropical, urban, rural or coastal become a fluid mix of influences.melted, morphed and liquefied.coastal become a fluid blend of categories.KEYTAKEAWAYSBasic life forms teach us about networking and navigating big dataHuman biology is revolutionised with the human microbiomeThink fluid and free-flowingClinical modernism is replaced by an organic and gloopy aesthetic We celebrate the “ickiness” and unpleasant nature of bacteria andslimeLIVING DATA PROCESSORS HUMAN MICROBIOME PROJECT MOULD NETWORK RAILWAYS YOUR MICROBIOME SLIME DYNAMICS Brainless, single-celled slime moulds can be programmed to function like biological computers. A group of scientists are claiming that these living cells may be the revolutionary future of data processing. Already, these biocomputers can make maps, run logic programmes and perform basic calculations.The US-based Human Microbiome Project is a research project that aims to understand how the human microbiome relates to health. Essentially, this is an enormous data analysis project that maps out the complex ecosystem of micro organisms found in the body and provides new analysis of human An Oxford University research team analysing networks created by slime moulds has compared these networks to the complexity of the Tokyo rail system, concluding that the sophistication matches human network designers. These findings can be applied to mobile communication and transport networks and even human blood flow.Recently, the New York Times published an article explaining the newly discovered fact that we are in some sense “only 10% human” - 90% of our bodies are made of bacterial species and 99% of our genetic information is microbial. This is a huge paradigm shift, as the last century was spent fighting off bacteria. Slime Dynamics is a new cultural theory by Ben Woodard that looks towards the vibrancy and vitality of basic life forms such as bacteria and mould as a way to understand the connections between digital technology, cybernetics and biological evolution. It celebrates the dark vitality and unpleasantness of life.Slime Dynamics by Ben Woodard (ISBN:9781780992488)THE DA VINCI UPGRADE Science writer Carl Zimmer has proposed that artists develop a new model to represent the perfect man, replacing Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian man. This comes as our understanding of the human body makes a revolutionary move from “sterile mammal” to “microbial rainforest”.THE SILK PAVILION PLASTINATIONS MOULD NETWORK RAILWAYS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY THE SPACE BETWEEN MY TOES Researchers at MIT look to the methods of simple organisms such as silkworms to learn new methods of 3D printing, enabling additive manufacturing to build complex, free-form biological structures on a large scale. As an illustration of this, they are 3D-printing a life-size pavilion.Artist Stefan Gross makes melted plastic statues called Plastinations from found objects - in this instance, children’s plastic toys. The results are fluid forms with an aspect of the grotesque and gritty.www.stefangross.nl Designer Ross Lovegrove unveiled his Renault Twin ‘Z car at this year’s Milan Design Week. By examining nature, its systems and energy transactions, he has created a compact organic car that uses responsive LED lighting, seamless form and an all-electric motor.Curator Samantha Culp has noticed the art world’s recent interest in mutated energy drinks - in digital collages, installations, conceptual works, performance, video and photography. It seems to express or symbolise our deep anxieties about petroleum dependence, dirty energy and power.Maastricht University’s recent design focus was on hygiene as it moves away from the stark clinical aesthetic we typically associate with bacteria-free environments. Graduate Anne Buscher’s slippers use a silicon imprint of the foot to fill in the vulnerable spaces between the toes. CONTAMINATED CONSUMABLES Artist Vibha Galhotra carefully studied the contamination on the shores around Delhi’s Yamuna river and in response created a new body of work, Sediments and Other Untitled. Galhotra said: “By collecting the sediments from the river, I employed them as Indian ink, charcoal or colour”. LIVING DATA PROCESSORS HODGEPODGE HETEROTOPIA ELECTRIC JUNGLE TURING PATTERNS STEAMY REGIONS In A Thousand Years of Non-linear History, artist and philosopher Manuel DeLanda offers a fresh take on objects, ideas and social structures, suggesting that all of these things are part of a continuous evolution, a fluid state.A Thousand Years of Non-linear History by Manuel DeLanda (ISBN: 9780942299328)Artist Sumitro Basak paints the vibrancy and filth of Kolkata – celebrating what he calls the “hodgepodge heterotopian world” - through free-flowing forms, narrative images and the bright colours of city advertisements. For its womenswear resort collection 2013, Kenzo launched an animated lookbook video Electric Jungle, directed by illustrator Mat Maitland. This visual frenzy of animal print, variegated pattern and fluid overlays is a mutation of traditional print categories./5965364160 years ago, mathematician Alan Turing proposed mathematical equations showing how microorganisms create regular repeating patterns in nature, resulting in the stripes on tigers and the spots on leopards. These patterns inspire fresh print directions based on biological mutation and differentiation. Ceramic sculptor Ron Nagle’s drippy “ooze” aesthetic - simple amorphic forms, a combination of basic textures and the energy of his objects - connects to the themes of the Bio-dynamic trend: the primordial substances and simple organisms that form the basis of life on IMPROMPTU CITYSCAPE Graffiti artist Hense has just finished his largest mural to date, in the city of Lima, Peru. His colourful and expressionistic style and impromptu patterns contrast and enhance the surrounding urban BIO-DYNAMIC INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION NEO GEOS/S 15A/W 14/15S/S 14Bio-dynamic sees the way we understand form, structures and even our own bodies completely revolutionised. It inspires us to create bacteria-friendly products and systems based on the fluid intelligence of the most basic life forms - microbes. In Industrial Evolution, we highlighted designers as they pioneered today’s industrial evolution. Using new craft-machines and 3D printing, these designers created improvised products with a focus on biology and the molecular. As a new geological era was announced, Neo-Geo investigated revolutionary ways of designing cities and public systems. It looked at the re-use of post-industrial waste, visionary combinations of plastic and natural materials.。

macroeconomicsstephenwilliamsonmanual-hd…

Macroeconomics Stephen Williamson ManualIf looking for the book Macroeconomics stephen williamson manual in pdf form, then you've come to the loyal site. We furnish full edition of this ebook in ePub, PDF, txt, DjVu, doc forms. You may read Macroeconomics stephen williamson manual online macroeconomics-stephen-williamson-manual.pdf either download. Additionally to this book, on our website you can read the guides and diverse artistic eBooks online, either load theirs. We wish to draw on your consideration what our website does not store the eBook itself, but we give link to site whereat you can download or read online. So that if you need to download Macroeconomics stephen williamson manual pdf macroeconomics-stephen-williamson-manual.pdf, then you've come to the loyal site. We have Macroeconomics stephen williamson manual doc, ePub, DjVu, txt, PDF formats. We will be happy if you get back over.macroeconomics williamson 4th edition solutions - Macroec onomics Williamson 4th Edition Solutions Manual Accounting For Managers Interpreting Accounting Information for Decision-making, 3rd Edition Collierstephen d williamson solutions | - Stephen D Williamson Solutions. Below are Chegg supported textbooks by Stephen D Williamson. Select a textbook to see worked-out Solutions.macroeconomics stephen d williamson 3rd - manuals - Eco 209 / Intermediate Macroeconomics Spring 2008 T&Th 2:00 - 3:15, Room: Stephen D. Williamson, Macroeconomics, 3rd Ed, Addison-Wesley (ISBN0-321-41658-9)steven williamson | barnes & noble - Barnes & Noble - Steven Williamson - Save with New Lower Prices on Millions of Books. FREE Shipping on $25 orders! Skip to Main Content; Sign in. My Account. Manage macroeconomics 4th stephen williamson solutions - macroeconomics 4th stephen williamson solutions manual at - Download free pdf files,ebooks and documents of macroeconomics 4th stephen williamsonstudy guide for macroeconomics: 9780131368743: - Study Guide for Macroeconomics: 9780131368743:*************************.AmazonTryPrimeBooks.Go.ShopbyDepartment.Hello.SigninYour Account Sign in Yourmacroeconomics stephen williamson pearson - Macroeconomics Stephen Williamson Pearson.pdf To download full version "Macroeconomics Stephen Williamson Pearson.pdf" copy this link into your browser:stephen williamson macroeconomics pdf - ebook - Stephen Williamson Macroeconomics downloads at - Download free pdf files,ebooks and documents - Macroeconomics (5 edition) by Stephen Williamsonmacroeconomics stephen williamson solution manual - Tricia Joy. Register; Operation Management 10th ed by Stevenson Solution Manual. Filetype: 9th edition by stephen a Macroeconomics by williamson, macroeconomics stephen williamson solution manual - Results for macroeconomics stephen williamson solution manual High Speed Direct Downloads macroeconomics stephen williamson solution manual - [Full Version]pearson - macroeconomics, 4/e - stephen d. d. williamson - Macroeconomics, 4/E Stephen D. D. Williamson productFormatCode=C02 Companion Website for Macroeconomics, 4/E Williamson ISBN-10: 0131368818 ISBN-13:stephen d williamson macroeconomics 4th edition - Macroeconomics - Fourth edition Williamson SD (4th edition) 3 copies Anthony The Labour Party Continuity & Change in the Making of 'New' Labour Steven Fieldingmacroeconomics 3th edition stephen williamson - - Required Texts: Stephen D. Williamson: Macroeconomics, 4th edition. 1 Course Outline and Overview This course is the basic course in macroeconomic theory formacroeconomics stephen williamson solutions - file type: .doc verified by: satoch hosted: source title: 7205d1296058663-tbs-doc source description: Stephen damron, solutions manual. macroeconomics williamson study guide - Macroeconomics Stephen Williamson Study Guide Pdf | Tricia Joy New Monetarist Economics: Methods. New Monetarist Economics: Methods Stephen Williamson Washingtonstephen williamson | barnes & noble - Barnes & Noble - Stephen Williamson - Save with New Lower Prices on Millions of Books. FREE Shipping on $25 orders! Skip to Main Content; Sign in. My Account. macroeconomics (5th edition): 9780132991339: economics books - This item: Macroeconomics (5th Edition) by Stephen D. Williamson Paperback $208.45. Microeconomic Theory: Using Econometrics: A Practical Guide (6th Edition)macroeconomics 4th edition by williamson solution - New updated files for macroeconomics 4th edition by williamson solution manual; solution manual to Macroeconomics, 5E Olivier Blanchardsolution manual of macroeconomics stephen | tricia - Tricia Joy. Register; Terms Macroeconomics Stephen D. Williamson Macroeconomics Solutions Manual williamson free PDF ebook downloads. eBooks and manuals for macroeconomics by stephen d williamson - new, rare & used - Macroeconomics by Stephen D Williamson starting at $0.99. Macroeconomics has 9 available editions to buy at Alibrismacroeconomics 4th ed stephen williamson solution - Home New updated files for macroeconomics 4th ed stephen williamson solution manualstudy guide macroeconomics stephen - Study Guide Macroeconomics Stephen Books: Study Guide for Macroeconomics (Paperback) by Stephen Author: Stephen D. Williamson (Author), Title: Study Guide for pearson - macroeconomics, 5/e - stephen d. - Macroeconomics, 5/E Stephen D. Williamson Companion Web Site for Macroeconomics, 5/E Williamson ISBN-10: 0132992779 ISBN-13: 9780132992770Related PDFs:compumedics psg operation manual, kx 65 manuals, manual de instrucciones sony icf ds15ip 4361619, 97 town and country manual, introduction to optimization solution manual chong zak, lincoln town car repair manual transmission, manual for 85 yamaha maxim x 700, everlast exercise guide, air conditioning and heat manual gm sunfire, bendix abs troubleshooting guide, siemens 3at2 manual, honda gx120 engine manual, honda nsc50r manual, sterling sc8000 repair manual, ford audio system manual, mercedes model w210 maintenance manual, sonata 2015 navigation system manual, tm 175 new holland manual air conditioner, stock worker test guide, project management professional exam study guide 7th, biology study guide answers populations, accumark manual, introductory nuclear physics solution manual krane, alfa mito service light reset manual, 1903a3 remington manual, pel job on line manual, nissan patrol manual, wedding photo posing guide, konica 7022 service manual, uh 72a operators manual, case 1450 dozer parts manual, chilton manual for 46re, hare press hd manual, 1999 15hp honda outboard owners manual, ocr preschool pacing guide, lg lcd tv repair manual, praxis 0061 study guide, a330 systems manual, microeconomic theory walter nicholson solution manual, kawasaki vulcan 1700 service manual。

用于治疗癌症、视网膜病症和心肌病的三取代嘧啶化合物和组合物[

专利名称：用于治疗癌症、视网膜病症和心肌病的三取代嘧啶化合物和组合物
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：马尔科·德·维沃,阿南德·加内桑,乔斯·安东尼奥·奥尔特加·马丁内斯,苏海尔·贾希德
申请号：CN201880042801.0
申请日：20180502
公开号：CN110799505A
公开日：
20200214
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本公开涉及式(I)的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐或溶剂化物。

其还公开了包括式(I)化合物的药物组合物及其用途，特别是在治疗与相对于生理学或期望的RhoI/Cdc42表达或功能水平增加相关的疾病或病症中的用途。

申请人：意大利学院科技基金会,加利福尼亚大学董事会
地址：意大利热那亚
国籍：IT
代理机构：北京康信知识产权代理有限责任公司
代理人：殷爽
更多信息请下载全文后查看。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

IAMA / Lecture #3 4
2
3. Macroeconomics as the study of aggregate dynamics
• Macroeconomics is interested in dynamics – the behavior of variables over time • We need not only a theory of comparative statics but one about how variables change with respect to time • First attempt to „dynamize“ static models were inductive in nature and ad-hoc in their theoretical motivation
10
IAMA / Lecture #3
5
4. Bridge between classical and Keynesian views?
• Milton Friedman's famous critique of the old Neoclassical Synthesis: monetary neutrality is violated! • Friedman “rehabilitated” the Phillips curve by introducing explicitly inflationary expectations πe • Now more generally called “core inflation” – what is it?
IAMA / Lecture #3 16
8
Excursion: Modern business cycle theory and visions of Slutsky and Wold
IAMA / Lecture #3
17
Vision of Slutsky
Assumed propagation mechanism (input)
IAMA / Lecture #3 6
3
Phillips Curves
IAMA / Lecture #3
7
Okun’s Law
IAMA / Lecture #3
8
4
Euroland
16 14 12 Inflation (%) 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Unemployme nt (%)
Aggregate demand and supply under flexible exchange rates
LAS
AS
Money growth line
AD
Monetary authority chooses the rate of growth of money supply (thereby determining long-run inflation). Nominal exchange rate changes so that PPP holds.
IAMA / Lecture #3
5. The AS-AD Model as a system of difference equations
• Solving the AS-AD model for the currentvalues: Substitution or matrix manipulation • Result: “Reduced form”: A vector-valued linear difference equation, a set of equations relating current values to their past plus exogenous influences • Still not a solution in the strict sense. We seek functions of time only
IAMA / Lecture #3 12
6
„The natural rate of unemployment...
...is the level that would be ground out by the Walrasian system of general equilibrium equations, provided there is embedded in them the actual structural characteristics of the labor and commodity markets, including market imperfections, stochastic variability in demands and supplies, the costs of gathering information about job vacancies and labor availabilities, the costs of mobility, and so on.“ Milton Friedman (1968)
Aggregate Supply/Phillips Curve:
πt =πt + b1(Yt -Yt) + st
Core Inflation/Inflationary Expectations:
πt = λ πt + (1-λ) πt-1
IAMA / Lecture #3 19
where: Yt = real GDP (constant prices) in t Yt = potential real GDP in t πt = inflation rate in t πt = core inflation (infl. expectations) in t dt = real demand shock in t st = supply shock in t µt = money supply growth in t
Random Shocks (input)
Cycles (output)
IAMA / Lecture #3
18
9
5. The AS-AD Model as a system of difference equations
Aggregate Demand:
Yt = a1Yt-1 + a2(µt - πt) + dt
Inflation
IAMA / Lecture #3
0
Output gap (Y -Y )
15
5. The AS-AD Model as a system of difference equations
• Slutsky´s vision as a starting point • Role of economic theory for constructing the “black box” as well as identifying the shocks • Demonstration: AS-AD model • In case you don’t know about AS-AD…see e.g. Burda/Wyplosz Ch 12, 13 and 14, especially the appendix to Ch 14
IAMA / Lecture #3 13
The long run
Inflation
Inflation Unemployment U (a) Phillips curve
Y Output (b) Aggregate supply
Figure 12.3
IAMA / Lecture #3
14
7
Fig. 13.10
IAMA / Lecture #3
9
Augmented Phillips and aggregate supply curves
Inflation
Inflation
B
AS
B
π
A C
U Unemployment (a) Phillips curve
π
A C
Output Y (b) Aggregate supply Figure 12.5
Yt
πt
=
a1 a1b1 1 + a2 b1 (1 − λ ) 1− λ 1 1 a2 a2 b1 1− λ 1 b1 1− λ
−µ t 1 − λ dt − b1 st 1− λ Y t
21
+
1 + a2 b1 (1 − λ )
− a2 1− λ 1 1− λ
IAMA / Lecture #3
3
2. Extensions of static models not covered in course
• Monetary wealth and the „real side“ (outside money) • Interest rates, wealth and labor supply • Variations of static Keynesian model • Open economy, „balance of payments approach“ (classical) and Mundell-Fleming (Keynesian) approaches
Introduction to Advanced Macroeconomic Analysis (IAMA)
Lecture # 3 Ad hoc Dynamic Macroeconomics: The AS-AD Model
IAMA / Lecture #3 1
Summary
• Review of last time • Extensions of static models not covered in course • Macroeconomics as the study of aggregate dynamics • The foundations of macro dynamics • The AS-AD Model as a vehicle for learning about dynamics of deterministic and stochastic difference equations