中国社会科学院 考博真题 英语 1997

1997年社科院博士生英语入学考试试题PART I: Vocabulary (15 points)1. I have only to read the chapter, which is the last in the book.A. consequentB. subsequentC. frequentD. sequency2. We couldn't use our dictionaries during the exam. The teacher said the regulations the prohibition.A. forbidB. specifyC. tolerateD. encourage3. The general manager, knowing of Helen's personal problems, to save her from dismissal.A. interruptedB. interferedC. intervenedD. interrelated4. You should really never hide )our keys outside the house itself, inasmuch as thievesknow where to look.A. variouslyB. invariably (2. unavoidably D, visually5. The test of a good novel is whether the author, though dealing with characters, can bring them vividly to lilt.A. aliveB. imaginativeC. imaginaryD. imaginable6. Professor Williams refused to Tom for his absence from the class.A. forgiveB. warrantC. excuse D, pardon7. The Public Heath Bureau issued a notice to the general public about the spread of a newdisease, easily spread at gatherings.A. inherentB. overwhelmingC. infectiousD. effective8. If this experiment doesn't , we’ll have to think of another one.A. come withB. come toC. come offD. come at9. The puppet in that country is widely shunned by the international community.A. regimeB. administrationC. juntaD. control10. October sees a large number of birds from north to south.A. migratingB. emigratingC. immigratingD. gliding11. , it is sometimes cruel to be kind.A. As a dilemmaB. To be contrariwiseC. ParadoxicallyD. Contractually12. During the early period of economic refrain, we witnessed the of a large number of national defense plants into civil ones.A. transformationB. makingC. varyingD. confounding13. What is known as the standard metric system has now been by most countries for all units of measurement.A. adoptedB. adaptedC. applicatedD. used14. Actors are usually to audience reaction.A. emotionalB. sensibleC. sensitiveD. aware15. A supply of blood is vital to human life.A. realB. on- goingC. continualD. continuous DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: Pick the answer that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.16. One scarcely credits it, but this novel, once vilified and censored, now tops the list of best-sellers.A. sold out soon after publicationB. despised by the general publicC. officially examined and bannedD. condemned by the critics17. The passage of warm anti cool patches of air on the Earth's atmosphere causes the twinkling appearance of stars.A. gasesB. shadesC. windsD. expanses18. Past geological ages preserve in the earth' s crust a number of fossil traces of plants and animals.A. residuesB. picturesC. precursorsD. profusions19. Variations in growth are indicated on a seasonal basis in temperate regions bya turtle's epidermal plates.A. includedB. stimulatedC. reflectedD. prevented20. The workers, having heard the same old exhortations for years, have become insensitive to them.A. familiar withB. accustomed toC. immune toD. fed up with21. We wanted to go for a coffee after the discussion in order to continue our analysis of the questions the speaker had propounded.A. explicatedB. announcedC. put forwardD. dealt with22. Lounging around discos at all hours of the night are sorry groups of unemployed youths.A. standing unhappilyB. standing in a lazy, idle mannerC. standing proudlyD. standing threateningly23. More so than humans in climbing among the rocks, goats are nimble.A. slow-goingB. goodC. sharpD. quick-moving24. Realizing their business had no future, they decided to embark upon something new.A. get onB. get upC. get along withD. take part in25. It is claimed that the First World War arose over the need for raw materials.A. allegedB. voicedC. tranquilD. obvious26. The color of his eyes fascinated the natives.A. amusedB. threatenedC. intriguedD. worried27. Conflict ill a drama is occasionally magnified in order to reinforce a point.A. exaggeratedB. made clearC. outlinedD. reduced28. Between them, there are many long- standing scores to be settled.A. exchangesB. recordsC. advantagesD. grudges29. The patrol was ordered to test tile strength of the enemy through a series of nightly probes.A. ambushesB. trialsC. investigationsD. attempts30. Mrs. Harris has been in a coma for several days.A. delayedB. unconsciousC. very angryD. vet3, busyPART Ⅱ GRAMMAR1. Had the South won the war, might have fragmented into several countries.A. was what the United States nowB. what is now the United StatesC. all is now the United StatesD. all was then the United States2. All of our preliminary preparations and optimistic discussions led to no concrete results,is often the case with a new idea.A. thatB. itC. asD. what3. Of all painters, in my opinion, he is imaginative.A. far the mostB. much the mostC. by far the mostD. too much the most4. "Good heavens, what is that?""That’s ."A. the largest world's mammalB. the world's largest mammalC. largest world mammalD. largest mammal in the world5. That she should have stolen the jewelry was so inconceivable we felt that the police were mistaken.A. whenB. thatC. whatD. but6. That branch of philosophy with moral principles is called Ethics.A. whose concernB. which concernsC. is concernedD. which is concerned7. We are delighted to see to improve their lives, those millions of humans who had a past record only of hunger and misery.A. to have the chanceB. have the chanceC. those having the chanceD. who has tile chance8. By paying $2,000 for his second-hand computer, he was badly taken in. It wasn't worth .A. that all muchB. that much allC. all that muchD. much all that9. Although prices keep going up, my savings account interest is not .A. risenB. raisedC. on the up and upD. on the rise10. to be qualified for the job.A. One needs to have profound knowledge in electronicsB. Profound wisdom in the electronics is neededC. They are required a profound knowledge in electronicsD. Profound electronic's knowledge needs11. I went sightseeing at Tai Shall during the summer vacation .A. I stayedB. in itC. at which I stayedD. whose place I stayed12. Everyone was , so difficult ;vas the problem.A. out of his witsB. at his wit' s endC. in the end of his witsD. at one's wit's end13. the thieves heard the alarm go off they fled.A. DirectlyB. PresentlyC. QuicklyD. Promptly14. Do you intend to take a freighter when you travel to Hawaii? No, I prefer to travelthan freighters provide.A. in a slightly more comfortB. more comfortableC. in a little more comfortD. a little more comfortable15. For her, it is of more importance that she feel free she live in the lap of luxury.A. thanB. than thatC. more thanD. more than thatSECTION B16. Although he knew that the storm had advanced toward them, he was somewhat taken aback by the suddenness of its onslaught17. In rearing children, one ought to be able to find a sort of "democratic” middle ground, which permits children the freedom to arrive at their own decisions, mistakes included but also provides them protection as the need arises.18. Metal detectors go off not only when they have located guns but also when lighter metal objects as keys and belt buckles are found.19. We all of us suspect that our offices are going to be moved just as soon as they will finish the new faculty building.20. I see from your advertisement in a recent issue of STUDENT GAZETYE that you are proposing to hold a three - week summer course in International Law at Worcester College in June, and the course is designed for graduates from British and overseas universities.21. The snow had not abated, the highways would have been covered with drifts, and no travelers unless they rode in sleighs, would have been able to pass.22. The book I read discusses natural phenomena which is of interest to everybody.23. In the New World, tile majority of English settlers rapidly established living patterns according to their various backgrounds, the conditions they endure, and those in which they now found themselves.24. A course aimed at business executives and/or their employees, "Management and Data Systems" offers their own approach to financial planning.25. Children who enjoy reading usually read more in summer when school pressure, including assignments, abates whereas those only read when school pressure is intense will not necessarily read more in summer.26. One disadvantage of cow’s milk lies in that it is less easily to digest by invalids mid babies than is goat's milk27. Last year he had more friends in his classes. This year there are less .28. In the past in developed countries, inland canals were used to shipping all sorts of goods to nearby towns or seaports29. The beaver's hind feet, webbed for swimming, are larger than their front feet,which are small and handlike .30. Only after' tile neighbors complained incessantly and began writing the newspapers letters the disco began lowering its sound level to reduce noise pollution.PART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSION (35 POINTS)1. Should the International Court of Justice judicially review Security Council decisions? The question, once fanciful, is now being asked seriously by litigants in and judges on the World Court, nonpermanent members of the Security Council that consider it an undemocratic body acting as a cloak for a new form of imperialism, and scholars worried about its quasi -legislative or quasi - judicial acts. The recent throng of commentators and advocates include students of Realpolitik warning the Court against any unrealistic attempt to transform the United Nations collective security scheme into a constitutional structure of checks mid balances, and legalists grasping hopefully for hints of Marbury v. Madison in recent World Court pronouncements.For the ostensible realists, the question of World Court review over Council action is 'about how best to effectuate collective security. For them, the UN Charter is not a constitution with checks and balances but, rather, a hierarchical collective security scheme with the Council at its apex. The only "check" on its action emerges from Realpolitik: the veto and the prospect that the Council will ask for sanctions or force and no one will respond. Realist argue that, in cases like those presented by Libya and Bosnia, the Court' s role is limited to ratifying the Council' s program or staying out of the Council's way. For the Court to do anything in these types of cases except at the invitation of the Council is to undermine the Charter scheme in a vain attempt to legalize what cannot be legalized. For its opponents, judicial review asks the impossible: the Court cannot review the Council, as no rules exist with which to examine the legality of a Chapter VII determination. Some realists bluntly characterize the charter scheme as constituting a "police state" rather than a system based on the rule of law; they view the Council as a law unto itself, with opportunistic flexibility the key to its success.At the other end of the spectrum, legalist argue that ( 1 ) the Court needs to be the last – resort defender of the system's legitimacy; (2) the charter is a constitution of limited enumerated powers under the rule of law: (3) the Court is the one institution in the system capable of so affirming; and (4) functional parallelism, not an institutional hierarchy, obtains between Council and Court. To them, Council and Court have complementary but distinct functions, one primarily political, the other legal, and each should operate to permit the other to fulfill its role. They argue that, while the Council has wide discretion, it is not omnipotent and cannot violate fundamental norms of international law such as the principle of inherent serf- defense, the laws of war and the charter itself. To legalists, the Court exists in part to protect institutional legitimacy by preventing the Council from overstepping its limits.1. By "judicially review," the author means,A. to look at carefully.B. to write about in a scholarly magazine.C. to pass on as a matter of binding law.D. something that cannot be determined by the text.E. none of the above.2. The International Court of JusticeA. is a division of the Security Council.B. is a division of the World Court.C. is a synonym for the World Court.D. belongs to the United Nations.E. is something that cannot be determined by the text.3. Litigants ill and judges on the World CourtA. ale nonpermanent members of the Security Council.B. did not previously worry about the question asked.C. are irrelevant to the discussion.D. are two of several groups concerned with the question asked.E. share both (b) and (d).4. Which of the following statements is true?A. All nonpermanent members of the Security Council consider the Security Council imperialistic.B. Some nonpermanent members of the Security Council consider the Security Council imperialistic.C. All nonpermanent members of the Security Council consider the International Court of Justice imperialistic.D. Some nonpermanent members of the Security Council consider the International Court of Justice imperialistic.E. None of the above statements is tree.5. Marbury v. MadisonA. is the title of a book.B. is the title of a play.C. is a law case.D. are two people who discuss the question.E. is none of the above.6. For ostensible realists,A. the World Court is at the top of the UN Charter in importance.B. the UN Charter is at the bottom in importance.C. the Security Council is at tile top in importance.D. tile position of the three items is irrelevant.E. none of tile above are true.7. The ostensible realists and the realistsA. are the same group.B. are different groups.C. have the same or similar opinions.D. share (a) and (c).E. share (b) and (c).8. Which of the groups below is most likely to answer "yes" to the question asked?A. Litigants in and judges on the World Court.B. Nonpermanent members of the Security Council.C. Scholars.D. Ostensible realists.E. Legalists.2. Wayland' s discourses are often marked by commercial concepts, a reflection of his own thinking but also a calculated gesture to the members of the Corporation that he was leading toward a reform they were reluctant to accept. Wayland wanted to make the product more attractive by replacing requirements with electives and by broadening the offerings to include more practical courses relevant to "developing the untold resources of this continent." The immediate success of his strategy was evident in rapidly increased enrollment, but the funds available for sustaining the reform, even with increased tuition income, were insufficient, and the additional students were not notably talented. Wayland retired in 1885, and his new system was abandoned soon thereafter. With his successor, Reverend Barnas Sears, educational aims at Brown reverted to the rhetoric of "educating a sterling class of men."In the present context Wayland' s attempted reforms highlight the weaknesses of the inflexible traditional curriculum, still essentially European, and the grounds of debate on which it could be challenged in the American cultural context. Latin and Greek could be deemphasized because they lacked practical application to the expansive United States and its rising middle class. Wayland insisted on an inescapable commercial aspect of the college: it ought to be self- supporting. In order to accomplish such ends the curriculum would have to catch up with the needs of a country bent on rapid expansion and exploitation of resources that were still conceived as unlimited. The Classics were not abandoned so much as outflanked by the deft maneuver of defining them as part of a new "system of equivalents." Then any of several courses of study might lead to a degree because each dispensed "a given amount of knowledge." In effect, Wayland had framed in all but words the idea of formal equivalence between subjects and courses essential to breaking out of the European pattern.9. The Corporation isA. a businessB. a board of directors of a business.C. a board of directors of a college.D. a commercial entity not specified in the passage.10. The product mentioned in the textA. is an unspecified commercial product.B. reflects Wayland's use of commercial concepts.C. refers to education.D. is both B and C.11. How many disadvantages attended Wayland' s reforms?A. one.B. two.C. three.D. four.12. The word "rhetoric" refers toA. a platitude.B. a method of teaching English.C. the alt of writing.D. none of the above.13 .The traditional curriculum is described as inflexible becauseA. of preconceived cultural determinants.B. people thought it defined a member of the upper class.C. people valued the past.D. of all of the 'above.14. In Wayland's opinion, the ClassicsA. did not meet the needs of the country.B. did not aid in increasing enrollment.C. were the equivalent of other areas of study.D. reflect all of the above.15. The author is interested in Wayland because WaylandA. led the way to developing the first modem American educational system.B. was a businessman.C. was successful.D. is the author's relative.16 (22)Turning from Industrial systems and skyscrapers to Walt Whitman’s poetry requires a considerable leap of mind, above all a suspension of attention to the literal and physical ill favor of the intangible ant{ purely verbal. Despite the difficulties, such a move is enabled by the presence in these poems of modular structuring as importantly innovative as what we have seen in the three very different domains examined so far. Poems, after all, are cultural artifacts potentially just as revealing as high - rise buildings, industrial techniques, and curricular rules. As before, the workings of a modular system are perceptible in the ways that the parts are combined with each other to make entities which we can test for Americanness insofar as their organization differs in kind from their European predecessors. And as before, the American emphasis becomes recognizable through comparisons with imported European models, which were the initial basis for American practice, in this case its poetry. First, however, it is important to note some particular factors that applied to poetry as a cultural domain.In the young United States, as in many a new nation over the last centuries, all kinds of activities were subject to demands for instant and visible cultural independence by casting off slavish habits of colonial origin. The demand forAmericanization of the arts, as a certification of national self- sufficiency, entangled the arts in a particularly self- conscious dilemma in which the relation to old - world origins was doubly loaded. There was public clamor for distinctively American artistic works to embellish the new nationhood, but at the same time, in such fields as music, painting, sculpture, and literature, Europe defined cultivation. Whatever deviated from its models risked dismissal -- on both sides of the Atlantic -- as barbarous or provincial. American practitioners in the arts were supposed to supply full - fledged originality yet simultaneously to demonstrate mastery of forms sanctioned by old - world tradition. They were boxed in a cultural double bind typical of new nations.23. The author feels thatA. industrial systems are intangible.B. poetry is literal.C. poetry is physical.D. none of the above are true.24. The three domains described before areA. skyscrapers, industrial systems and poetry.B. industrial systems, skyscrapers and poetry.C. skyscrapers, industrial techniques and education.D. none of the above.25. The test for the Americanness of an entity, according to the author, is whether it appearsA. first in the United States.B. first in Europe.C. to be different from its Old - World model.D. in a way unrelated to other models.26. In the field of the arts, the author would agree,A. the old must be made new.B. the old must remain old, and the new.C. Europe is the most civilized.D. none of the above are true.27. The author uses the word "double" to meanA. two.B. twin.C. acting together.D. both.5. National borders delineate areas of different economic policies and institutions, and so – to the extent that variations in performance across countries cannot be explained by the differences of their endowments -- they tell us something about the extent to which societies have attained their potentials.Income levels differ dramatically across countries. According to tile best available measures, per capita incomes in tile richest countries are more than twenty timesas high as in the poorest. Whatever the causes of high incomes may be, they are certainly present in some countries and absent in others. Though rich and poor countries do not usually share con,non borders, sometimes there are great differences in per capita income on opposite sides of a meandering river, like the Rio Grande, or where opposing armies have happened to come to a stalemate, as between North and South Korea, or where arbitrary lines were drawn to divide a country, as not long ago in Germany.At the highest level of aggregation, a duet of reasons explaining the great differences in per capita income can be taken seriously.As tile aggregate production function methodology suggests, national borders mark differences in the scarcity of productive resources per capita: the poor countries are poor because they are short of resources. They might be short of land and natural resources, or of human capital, or of equipment that embodies the latest technology, or of other types of resources. On this theory, the Coarse theorem holds as much in poor societies as in rich ones: the rationality of individuals brings each society reasonably close to its potential, different as these potentials are. There are no big bills on the footpaths of the poor societies either.The second possibility is that national boundaries mark the borders of public policies and institutions that are not only different, but in some cases better and in other cases worse. The countries with the best policies and the institutions achieve most of their potential, while other countries achieve only a fraction of their potential income. The individuals and firms in these societies may display rationality, and often great ingenuity and perseverance, in eking out a living in extraordinarily difficult conditions, but this individual achievement does not generate anything remotely resembling a socially efficient outcome. There are hundreds of billions or even trillions of dollars that could be -- but are not -- earned each year from the natural and human resources of these countries. On this theory, the poorer countries do not }lave a structure of incentives that brings forth the productive cooperation that would pick up the big bills, and the reason they don't have it is that such structures do not emerge automatically as a consequence of individual rationality. The structure of incentives depends not only on what economic policies are chosen in each period, but also on the long run or institutional arrangements: on the legal systems that enforce contracts and protect property rights and on political structures, constitutional provisions, and the extent of special- interest lobbies and cartels.28. The best title for the above passage isA. Why rich countries are rich and poor countries are poor.B. Tile importance of national borders.C. Variations of per capita income.D. The role of policies and institutions in the economic wealth of nations.E. Realizing potential.29. With which of the following statements would the author agree?A. National borders are the best indication of wealth.B. Some countries are rich because they have great resources.C. National borders determine potential.D. The wealth of a given nation is a fact that cannot be changed.E. The author would disagree with all of the above statements.30. The ratio of per capita incomes between the poorest countries and the richest countries isA. 5:1B. 1:5C. 20:1D. 1:20E. none of the above.31. The Rio Grande isA. located between North and South Korea.B. located between the two former parts of Germany.C. somewhere not explained in the text.D. a long, straight river.E. not any of the above.32 .The references to the Rio Grande, North and South Korea and the division of Germany were chosenA. as examples of fortuitous borders.B. for political reasons.C. because the author intends to discuss socialism versus capitalism.D. because the author has studied these countries.E. for a reason not given above.33. The duet of explanations includesA. the Coarse theorem, aggregate production function methodology and shortage of land.B. public policies, public institutions and potential income.C. the Coarse theorem and public policy.D. (a) mad (b) but not (c)E. (a), (b) and (c).34. The author suggests that oftenA. the citizens of poor countries may work harder than the citizens of rich countries.B. the public policies and institutions of poor countries work against the citizens becoming weahhy.C. ill the poor countries under discussion great wealth is possible.D. rich countries are rich because they have an economic structure that favors becoming rich.E. all of the above are true.35. The author believes thatA. individual rationality is not always applied in poor countries.B. economic policies should vary from economic period to economic period.C. a given legal system may undermine the chances of a poor country becoming rich.D. legal systems, political structure and constitutional provisions aid or undermine wealth.E. all of file above are true.PART IV: TRANSLATION (35 POINTS)SECTION A: Translate the following passage into good Chinese. (20points)In dealing with cultural problems, including the problem of youth, the rich, developed countries have perhaps been too inclined to rely on technology to the neglect of social tensions and the new cultural needs created by this technology. For as a result of technical progress the young in the developing countries now have leisure time to think, time to become informed, time to give free reign to their imagination and their critical faculties,In the developing countries, the population explosion and with it the ascendancy of youth have brought a complete rejuvenation of society and ad, upheaval in its structural patterns and habits.First and foremost, it is the educational system at all levels that is under fire. Because of its narrow academic formalism and its dogmatic approach to culture, the teaching of today no longer corresponds to the needs of the modem-world.The most significant factor that is revealed by a careful study of the present crisis of youth viewed as a whole is the emergence of a totally new concept of values. Behind this ferment lies a feeling of fellowship uniting all the world's youth, transcending all political, economic and social barriers or differences.This is the reason the present crisis is no longer a problem for educators alone. The psychologist，the socialist and the philosopher aye equally involved．For its complexity and compass englobe the whole of society and indeed all civilization．DIRECTIONSFOR SECTION B：Translate the following passage into good English．(15points) 社会主义公德是社会公共生活中的基本行为规范，适用于全体社会成员。