全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案完整版
全国硕士研究生招生考试英语试题完整版及参考答案
2015 年全国硕士研究生入学一致考试英语一试题Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C]or [D] onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 astudy published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings ofthe NationalAcademy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends andunrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so toa geneticist. AsJames Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourthcousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genesfor immunity. Whythis similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests,it draws us tosimilar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us inchoosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkablefindings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this couldhelp 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment beinga major 17The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds,say theresearchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care was taken to 20that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data tocheck ancestry of subjects.Section II Reading Comprehension1、What2、Concluded223、On4、Compared5、Samples6、Insignificant7、Know8、Resemble9、Also10、 Perhaps11、 To12、 Drive13、 Ratherthan14、 Benefits15、 Faster16、 understand17、 Contributory18、 Tendency19、 Ethnic20、 see23Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)原标题： 2015 年考研英语一真题答案（完好版）TEXT 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandalsand the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and standdown. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days Does thatmean the writing is onthe wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestylesThe Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularlypolarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embodya spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. Andso, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (notcounting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royalfamilies have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial butrespected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, theirvery history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges andinequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and theincreasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should stillbe the symbolicheart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesseshave day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthyfamilies who party withthe international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, itis the Britishroyals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.24It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled)granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyleand a prettyhierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largelysurvived because theyprovide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as Englishhistory shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21.According to the first two graphs, King Juan Carlos ofSpain [A]eased his relationship with his rivals.[B]used to enjoy high public support.[C]was unpopular among European royals.[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.22.Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.23.Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph4 [A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[B] Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.2524.The British royals have most to fear because Charles[A]takes a tough line on political issues.[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.25.Which of the following is the best title of the text[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.22.C owing to the undoubted and respectable status23.A the role of the nobility in modern democracy24.B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.25.D Carlos, a lesson for all MonarchiesTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data The Supreme Court will now consider whetherpolice can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or arounda person duringan arrest.26California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one thatupsets the oldassumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard,the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications arediscernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers anddefendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vaststorehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .The court has ruled thatpolice dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arresteewithout a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone maycontain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recentcorrespondence. The development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much theeasier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimesdemands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosionand accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment ofautomobile use as a digitalnecessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personaldomain of thepassenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimateto [A] search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.[B] check suspects phone contents without being authorized.[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of[A]tolerance.27[B]indifference.[C]disapproval.[D]cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring ones phone content is combleto [A] getting into ones residence.[B] handing ones historical records.[C] scanning ones correspondences.[D] going through ones wallet.29.In graph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action. [C]phones are used to store sensitive information.[D] citizens privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.2826.28.A getting into ones residence29. D citizens privacy is not effectively protected30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of theconstitution Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announcedtoday. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysisare contributing to the Published research findings.Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,writes McNutt inan editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts toa statistics boardof reviewing Manut will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journals editors, or by its existing Board ofReviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review theseAsked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,The creation of thestatisticsboardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientificresearch and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.Giovanni Parmigiani ， a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a mr of theSBoRE group, sayshe expects the board to play primarily on advisory role. He agreed to join because he foundthe foresight behindthe establishment of the SBoREto be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will notonly be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places thatmay want to model their approach after Science.John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome stepforwardand long overdue,Most journals are weak in statistical review ， and this damages the quality of what theypublish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential thanexpert review,he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal ofthe American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.29Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly commonin published research ，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, hewrote in 2012， but journals should also take a tougher line ， engaging reviewers who are statistically literate andeditors who can verify the process.Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has somemerit ，but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutinyinthe first place.31. It can be learned from graph I that[A]Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32.The phrase flagged up (.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Sciences circulation.[D]set an example for other journals3034.David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now35.Which of the following is the best title of the text A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers B.Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect C.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors Desks D.Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks32.B marked33.D set an example for other journals34.C has room for further improvement35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papersText4Two years ago. Rupert Murdochs daughter, spoke at the unsettling dearth of integrity acrossso many of ourcollapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanismin society shouldbe profit and themarket we the people who create the society we want, not profit.31Driving her point home, she continuedIts increasingly absence of purpose， of a moral language with ingovernment, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom. This same absence ofmoral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it wouldfore had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, forconspiring to hack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the widedearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This ishacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of theWorld in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking butthe terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knewof what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how thestories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountablefor what happens inthe organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrinehas been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have matteredare efficiency,flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality andaccountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, tobe fair in what waswritten or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulationand impact. MsBrooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, butshe asked noquestions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.36.Accordign to the first two graphs, Elisabeth was upset by(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.(B) companies financial loss due to immoral practices(C) governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.3237.It can be inferred from graph 3 that(A)Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.(B)more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.(C)Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.(D)phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes that Rebekah Brookss defence(A)revealed a cunning personality.(B)centered on trivial issues.(C)was hardly convincing.(D) was part of a conspiracy.39.The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows(A) generally distorted values.(B)unfair wealth distribution.(C)a marginalized lifestyle.(D)a rigid moral code.40 Which of the following is suggested in the last graph(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.(B)Common humanity is central to news reporting.33(C)Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.(D)Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.36.A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism37.Bmore journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking38.C was hardly convincing39.A generally distorted values40.C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaperPart BIn the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose themost suitable onefrom the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do notfit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings forindividual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of Englishgrammar.(41) You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions aboutwhat kind ofspeech event is involved.Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension toconsist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You inferinformation you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specificevidence and clues.(42)Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is inquestion is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or true meaning that can be read off andchecked for accuracy,or some timeless relation of the text to theworld.(43)Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)34This doesnt, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers fromdifferent historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of thesame words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about textscan play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)Suchdimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bringan implicit(oftenunacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesnt then necessarily follow that one kindof reading is fuller,more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading informeach other, and actas useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the readingcomponent of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given courseReading it simply for pleasure Skimming it for information Ways of reading on a train or inbed are likely todiffer considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B]Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, ageand social class willencourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C]If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presentedin the context.On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well aspossible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, imageor referencemight have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, orabout itsvalidity-inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitablybe far lessresponsible.[F]In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author,not necessarily asmouthpieces for the authors own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual andcontextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a texts formal structures(so35especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, beliefand attitude thatwe bring to the text.Part CRead the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translationshould be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tideof emigration-onethe great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement,driven by powerfuland diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny ofan uncharted continent.(47)The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with theirvaried ideas,customs and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups ofEnglishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted totransplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar toAmerica, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficultyof maintainingold-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at firstscarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembledEuropean society in manyways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed theAtlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In themeantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America.These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the shipsstorms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew thevessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorderof events, The air at twelve leagues distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.Thecolonists first glimpseof the new land was a sight of dense woods.(50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real36treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.46）在多种强盛的动机驱动下，此次运动在一片荒原上建起了一个国家，其自己塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。
2024考研英语试题及答案
2024考研英语试题及答案2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Part I Use of English (10 points)Directions: Read the text below and answer the questions by choosing the correct option marked A, B, C, or D.The world is changing rapidly, and so are the ways in whichwe work. The traditional 1 office environment is beingreplaced by a more flexible and 2 workplace. This shift has been driven by advancements in technology, which have made it possible for employees to work 3 from anywhere.1. A. static B. dynamic C. rigid D. flexible2. A. efficient B. comfortable C. productive D. diverse3. A. occasionally B. simultaneously C. effortlessly D. regularlyThe benefits of this new way of working are numerous. Employees can achieve a better 4 between work and life, which can lead to increased job satisfaction and 5 . Productivityis also likely to improve, as workers can create a work environment that is tailored to their 6 needs and preferences.4. A. balance B. contrast C. comparison D. ratio5. A. motivation B. confusion C. frustration D.disappointment6. A. individual B. collective C. social D. economicDespite these advantages, there are challenges that come with the new working model. One of the main issues is thepotential for 7 isolation, as employees may feel disconnected from their colleagues. To address this, companies are 8 exploring new ways to foster a sense of community and collaboration among remote workers.7. A. acute B. chronic C. temporary D. perpetual8. A. reluctantly B. cautiously C. actively D. passivelyIt is clear that the future of work is evolving. As we continue to adapt to these changes, it is important for both employers and employees to be 9 to the needs of the modern workforce and to embrace the 10 that come with it.9. A. responsive B. resistant C. oblivious D. indifferent10. A. opportunities B. obstacles C. drawbacks D. liabilitiesQuestions 1 to 10:1. C2. D3. C4. A5. A6. A7. A8. C9. A10. APart II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section ADirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the correct option marked A, B, C, or D.Text 1In recent years, the popularity of e-books has surged, leading to a significant decline in the sales of traditional printed books. However, despite the convenience andportability of e-books, many readers still prefer the tactile experience of holding a physical book. A new study has found that the sensory experience of reading a physical book can enhance the reader's ability to remember what they have read.The study, conducted by researchers at the University of California, compared the reading habits of two groups of people: one group read physical books, while the other reade-books. The results showed that those who read physical books had a better recollection of the content they had read compared to those who read e-books. The researchers believe that the physical act of turning pages and the feel of paper may contribute to a deeper engagement with the material.Questions 11 to 15 are based on Text 1.11. What is the main reason for the decline in sales of printed books?A. The rise of e-book popularity.B. The increase in the price of printed books.C. The lack of variety in printed books.D. The poor quality of printed books.12. What does the new study suggest about the reading of physical books?A. It is more enjoyable.B. It helps in better memory retention.C. It is more cost-effective.D. It is more environmentally friendly.13. What was the basis of the comparison made in the study?A. The number of books read.B. The reading speed of participants.C. The recollection of the content.D. The preference for e-books or physical books.14. What is the researchers' belief regarding the advantages of physical books?A. They are more durable.B. They offer a richer sensory experience.C. They are easier to carry around.D. They are more affordable.15. What can be inferred from the text about e-books?A. They are less engaging.B. They are more popular among younger readers.C. They are becoming increasingly expensive.D. They are more convenient but may affect memory.11. A12. B13. C14. B15. DText 2The concept of a "smart city" has been gaining traction globally. A smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic data collection sensors to supply information which is used to manage assets and resources efficiently. The goal is to improve the quality of life for citizens by making the city more。
2020年 英语(一)全国硕士研究生招生考试参考答案及解析
2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试（英语一）参考答案及解析Section Ⅰ Use of English【1】 A.on解析：在某一天，用介词on.【2】 B.Match解析：考察动词，很少有别的美食愉悦可以与之媲美，只有这个符合原文。
【3】 A.enjoyment解析：由this 可知回指上文的pleasure.【4】 C.guarantee解析：空前这种愉悦应该成为另外一种罪恶愉悦，后文是损害健康，所以应该是肯定会损害我们的健康。
【5】 D.issued解析：考察动词，英国食品标准局(FSA)应该是公开或者发布警告。
【6】 A. at解析：和温度搭配只能用at。
【7】 C.avoid解析：上文提到这种化合物在高温下烹饪的一些食物中会形成以及会损害健康，所以应该是要避免这类食物。
【8】 D.partially解析：考察副词，修饰toast烤，前文提到要避免这类烧烤土豆片，拒绝薄皮披萨，所以只能是部分烤面包。
【9】 D. while解析：研究表明丙烯酰胺会对小鼠造成神经损伤和没有确凿的证据表明它会对人类造成癌症之间存在让步关系，所以选择while尽管。
【10】B. conclusive解析：考察形容词，修饰证据，只有conclusive 确凿的最符合语境。
【11】B. likely解析：后文提到没有科学证据，所以前文应该是可能致癌likely.【12】D. on the basic of解析：根据语义，应该是基于预防原则，可以认为遵循FSA的建议是明智的，所以选择D。
【13】A. advisable解析：考察形容词，根据语义，应该是遵循建议是明智的。
【14】C. after all解析：考察逻辑联系词，后文提到吸烟导致癌症的传言已经流传了多年，所以此处毕竟更合适。
解析：上文一直提到的是高温下烧烤的食物应该可能会损害我们健康，所以食物和【15】B. connection致癌之间应该存在的是联系，其他选项不符。
2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试试题英语(一)试题及答案带解析
2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试试题英语(一)试题及答案带解析2023高二数学教案篇1【教学目标】知识目标：了解中心对称的概念,了解平行四边形是中心对称图形，掌握中心对称的性质。
能力目标：灵活运用中心对称的性质，会作关于已知点对称的中心对称图形。
情感目标：通过提问、讨论、动手操作等多种教学活动，树立自信，自强，自主感，由此激发学习数学的兴趣，增强学好数学的信心。
【教学重点、难点】重点：中心对称图形的概念和性质。
难点：范例中既有新概念，分析又要仔细、透彻，是教学的难点。
关键：已知点A和点O，会作点Aˊ，使点Aˊ与点A关于点O成中心对称。
【课前准备】叫一位剪纸爱好的学生，剪一幅类似书本第108页哪样的图案。
【教学过程】一.复习回顾七下学过的轴对称变换、平移变换、旋转变换、相似变换。
二.创设情境用剪好的图案，让学生欣赏。
师：这剪纸有哪些变换?生：轴对称变换。
师：指出对称轴。
生：(能结合图案讲)。
生：还有旋转变换。
师：指出旋转中心、旋转的角度?生：90°、180°、270°。
三、合作学习1、把图1、图2发给每个学生，先探索图1：同桌的两位同学，把两个正三角形重合，然后把上面的正三角形绕点O旋转180°，观察旋转180°前后原图形和像的位置情况，请学生说出发现什么?生(讨论后)：等边三角形旋转180°后所得的像与原图形不重合。
探索图形2：把两个平形四边形重合，然后把上面一个平形四边形绕点O旋转180°，学生动手后发现：平行四边形ABCD旋转180°后所得的像与原图形重合。
师：为什么重合?师：作适当解释或学生自己发现：∵OA=OC，∴点A绕点O 旋转180°与点C重合。
同理可得，点C绕点O旋转180°与点A重合。
点B绕点O旋转180°与点D重合。
点D绕点O旋转180°与点B重合。
2、中心对称图形的概念：如果一个图形绕一个点旋转180°后，所得到的图形能够和原来的图形互相重合，那么这个图形叫做中心对称(pointsymmetry)图形，这个点叫对称中心。
2021年考研英语真题及答案(完整版)
2021年考研英语真题及答案（完整版）2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题详解Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, onthe whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the abilityto make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 ,he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day。
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 。
全国硕士学位研究生入学统一考试英语试题1-4答案
medals would be a pie in the sky. What’s more, the
international exchanges has brought about the growth of
Li Ming
(126 words)
52. 参考范文
As is vividly betrayed in the chart above, the number of gold
medals which are snatched by P.R. China has been climbing and
growth of Chinese sports. The Opening-up and Reform since 1978
has improved the development of economy in China, which has
laid a solid foundation for the development of sports in
university to make contribution to the development of my
hometown, which is still one of the ten counties in poverty.
Best wishes to you!
Sincerely Yours
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. C
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案
XX年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案xx年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案下面是的xx年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案，欢迎阅读，希望对大家有所帮助。
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!”1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examinedthe effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the partic ipants’ susceptibility to developing the mon cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to e 8 with acold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducingeffects of hugging10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who feltgreater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that’s usually14 with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16difficulty.”Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1.[A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Despite [D] Throughout【答案】[B] Besides2.[A] connected [B] restricted [C] equal [D] inferior【答案】[A] connected3.[A] choice [B] view [C] lesson [D] host【答案】[D] host4.[A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep【答案】[C] avoid5.[A] collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D]affecting【答案】[B] involving6.[A] of [B] in [C] at [D] on【答案】[D] on7.[A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted【答案】[B] exposed8.[A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out【答案】[C] down9.[A] calculated [B] denied [C] doubted [D] imagined【答案】[A] calculated10.[A] served [B] required [C] restored [D] explained【答案】[D] explained11.[A] Even [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Thus【答案】[A] Even12.[A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] tests [D] errors【答案】[B] symptoms13.[A] minimized [B] highlighted [C] controlled [D] increased【答案】[D] increased14.[A] equipped [B] associated [C] presented [D] pared【答案】[B] associated15.[A] assess [B] moderate [C] generate [D] record【答案】[C] generate16.[A] in the face of [B] in the form of [C] in the way of [D] in the name of【答案】[A] in the face of17.[A] transfer [B] mit [C] attribute [D] return【答案】[C] attribute18.[A] because [B] unless [C] though [D] until【答案】[A] because19.[A] emerges [B] vanishes [C] remains [D] decreases【答案】[C] remains20.[A] experiences [B] bines [C] justifies[D]influences【答案】[D]influencesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours , now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are remending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers orproviding too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, bined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago’s O’HareInternational .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has bee—but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel , so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to useexpeditedscreeninglanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 millionpeople in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price ta g has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Uping reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to[A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[B] highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports.[C] explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks.[D] emphasis the importance of privacy protection.【答案】[C] explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks.22. which of the following contributions to long waitsat major airport?[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C] An increase in the number of travelers.[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.【答案】[C] An increase in the number of travelers.23.The word “expedited” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to[A] faster.[B] quieter.[C] wider.[D] cheaper.【答案】[A] faster.24. One problem with the PreCheck program is[A] A dramatic reduction of its scale.[B] Its wrongly-directed implementation.[C] The government’s reluctance to back it.[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment.【答案】[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Less Screening for More Safety[B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D] Underused PreCheck Lanes【答案】[B] PreCheck-a Belated SolutionText 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our pla’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the oupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection ofMauna Kea’s fragi le ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we e from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy munity is making promises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be weled on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalan i’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciation of s tar watchers’ feats in her time.【答案】[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A] its geographical features[B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications.[D] its existing infrastructure.【答案】[A] its geographical features28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.【答案】[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.【答案】[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.30. Th e author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A] severe criticism.[B] passive aeptance.[C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.【答案】[D] full approval.Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’sGDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do totheir country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is oneof the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growthis translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges , there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the xx global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health andeducation , major economies have continued to decline . Yet this isn’t the case with al l countries . Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , ine equality and the environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn : When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s suess, the world looks very different .So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most mon method for measuring the economic activity of nations , as a measure , it is no longer enough . It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outes – all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth . But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress .31.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness .[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP .[D]had a low opinion of GDP .【答案】[D] had a low opinion of GDP32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern .[B]GDP as the measure of suess is widely defied in the UK .[C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy .[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP .【答案】[B]GDP as the measure of suess is widely defied in the UK .33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study ?[A]It is sponsored by 163 countries .[B]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[C]Its criteria are questionable .[D]Its results are enlightening .【答案】[D]Its results are enlightening .34.In the last two paragraphs , the author suggeststhat[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom .[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline .[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues .【答案】[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .35.Which of the following is the best title for thetext ?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK Lesson[B]GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health[C]Rebort F.Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-being【答案】[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK LessonText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included aepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a pany seeking aess to government.The high cour t’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain aess to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that aepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act”.The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.” The basic pact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,” assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of aess to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official aess can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of aess for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in treatment by government—is undermined.Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36. The undermined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B] made no promise in convicting McDonnell.[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D] refused to ment on McDonnell’s ethics.【答案】[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.37. Aording to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A] leaking secrets intentionally.[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C] concrete returns for gift-givers.[D] breaking contracts officially.【答案】[C] concrete returns for gift-givers.38. The court’s ruling is bas ed on the assumption that public officials are[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.【答案】[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A] awaken the conscience of officials.[B] guarantee fair play in official aess.[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D] inspire hopes in average people.【答案】[B] guarantee fair play in official aess.40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s rulingis[A] sarcastic.[B] tolerant.[C] skeptical.[D] supportive【答案】[D] supportivePart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from thelist A-G to filling them into the numbered box. ParagraphsB and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sketch, “A Dinner at Poplar Walk” brought tears to Dickens’s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches ,which appeared under the pen name “Boz” inThe Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway suess ofThe Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens’s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Bozappeared, a publishingfirm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens suessfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by mitting suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The ic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared seriallyin 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted plex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father’s release from prison,Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. Atthe same time, Dickens, who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything ic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office –a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken’s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken’s birth, his mother’s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family’s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren’s Blacking Warehouse,a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as “the young gentleman.” His father was then imprisoned fo r debt. The humiliations of his father’s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken’s greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan’s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, bines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens’ as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → B →45.【答案】41. [F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth42. [E] Soon after his father’s re lease from prison43. [A]The first published sketch44. [C]Soon after Sketches by Bozappeared45. [G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker worldPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international munication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Thoserealistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a petitive advantage over their British counterparts inglobal panies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resourcesin languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50)It gives a basis to allorganization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment.That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.【答案】(46) 但是即使当下英语使用者的人群还在进一步扩大，有迹象说明：在可预见的未来，英语可能会逐渐失去其全球主导地位。
2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英一答案
12022 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案Section IUse of English1.【答案】A. coined2.【答案】C. compared3.【答案】D. Though4.【答案】C. hinted to5.【答案】D. differs6.【答案】B. evidence7.【答案】C. argued8.【答案】B. forming9.【答案】A. analogous10.【答案】D.even11.【答案】C.perspective12.【答案】D.exposing13.【答案】A. However14.【答案】C.Superficial215.【答案】B.level16.【答案】D.added17.【答案】A.chances18.【答案】A.danger19.【答案】D.recognizes20.【答案】B.poorSection IIReading ComprehensionPart AText 121.【答案】[A] maintaining their plastic items22.【答案】[B] improperly shaped23.【答案】[D] prevent them from further damage24.【答案】[D] challenging25.【答案】[B] has profound historical significanceText 226、【答案】C reassess the necessity of college education27、【答案】B the shrinking value of a degree28、【答案】C employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees29、【答案】D further their studies in a specific field30、【答案】A lifelong learning will define themText 331.【答案】B received favorable responses32.【答案】A art can offer audiences easy access to science33.【答案】A their role may be underestimated34.【答案】B It exemplified valuable art-science alliances35.【答案】C should do more than communicating scienceText 436.【答案】D protect the rights of ordinary workers37.【答案】A hinder business development38.【答案】D Dismissing poorly performing managers39.【答案】B Employees suffer from salary cuts40.【答案】C is beneficial to business ownersPart B41【. 答案】Teri Byrd [F] Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’well-being.42.【答案】Karen R. Sime [C] While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoo play significant role instarting young people sown the path of related sciences.43.【答案】Gerg Newberry [A] Zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.44.【答案】Dean Galles [D] Zoos have people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.45. 【答案】John Fraser [G] Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.Part C(46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.【参考译文】这也是一场在制定和破坏密码的人之间展开的战争，这甚至对那些熟知这一时期的人来说都是未知的。
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论试题及答案一、单项选择题：1～16小题，每小题1分，共16分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1.恩格斯说：“鹰比人看得远得多，但是人的眼睛识别的东西远胜于鹰。
狗比人具有锐敏得多的嗅觉，但是它连被人当作为各种物的特定标志的不同气味的百分之一也辨别不出来。
”人的感官的识别能力高于动物，除了人脑及感官发育得更完美之外，还因为A．人不仅有感觉还有思维B．人不仅有理性还有非理性C．人不仅有直觉还有想象D．人不仅有生理机能还有心理活动2.有这样一道数学题：“90%×90%×90%×90%×90%=？”其答案是约“59%，90分环节考打点折扣，得出的成绩就是不及格。
这里蕴含的辩证法道理是A．肯定中包含否定B．量变引起质变C．必然性通过D．可能和现实是相互转化的3.在资本主义社会里，资本家雇佣工人进行劳动并支付相应的工资。
资本主义工资本质是A．工人所获得的资本家的预付资本B．工人劳动力的价值或价格C．工人所创造的剩余价值的一部分D．工人全部劳动的报酬4.2011年9月以来美国爆发的“占领华尔街”抗议活动中示威者打出“我们是99%”的标语，向极富阶层表示不满。
漫画所显示的美国社会财富占有的两级分化，是资本主义制度下A．劳资冲突的集中表现B．生产社会化的必然产物C．资本积累的必然结果D．虚拟资本泡沫化的恶果5.毛泽东曾在不同的场合多次谈到，调查研究有两种方法：一是走马看花、一是下马看花。
走马看花，不深入，还必须用第二种方法，就时下马看花，过细看花，分析一朵花。
毛泽东强调“下马看花”的实际意义在于A．解决实际问题必须要有先进理论的指导B．运用多种综合方法分析调查研究的材料C．马克思主义理论必须适合中国革命的具体实际D．只有全面深入地了解中国的实际，才能找出规律6.改革开放以来，我们党对公有制认识上的一个重大突破，就是明确了公有制和私有制的实现形式是两个不同层次的问题。
公有制的实现形式是指资产或资本的A．占有形式B．分配形式C．所有权归属D．组织形式与经营方式7.2011年进行的全国县乡两级人大换届选举，是2010年3月选举法修改后首次实行城乡按相同人口比例选举人大代表。
这是我国政治生活中的一件大事，它A．更好的体现了人人平等、地区平等和民族平等B．有利于党在国家政权中发扬民主，贯彻党的群众路线C．集中反映了人民代表大会是人民当家作主的根本途径D．表明我国人大代表的产生与西方议会成员的产生有根本区别8.邓小平指出：“解决民族问题，中国采取的不是民族共和联邦的制度，而是民族区域自治的制度。
我们认为这个制度比较好，适合中国的情况。
”我们实行民族区域自治的历史依据是A．各民族聚居区发展的不平衡性B．统一的多民族国家的长期存在和发展C．各民族大杂居、小聚居的人口分布格局D．近代以来各民族在共同反抗外来侵略斗争中形成的爱国主义精神9.19世纪40年代以后，资本帝国主义势力一次又一次地发动对中国的侵略战争妄图瓜分中国，灭亡中国。
但是，帝国主义列强并没有能够实现他们的这一图谋，其根本原因是A．中西文化存在巨大差异B．中国经济政治发展不平衡C．帝国主义列强之间的矛盾和相互制约D．中华民族进行的不屈不挠的反侵略战争10. 毛泽东在《中国革命和中国共产党》中论述了民主革命和社会主义革命的关系。
他指出：“民主革命是社会主义革命的必要准备，社会主义革命是民主革命的必然趋势。
”这两个革命阶段能够有机连接的原因是A.资本主义道路在中国走不通B.俄国十月革命为中国提供了经验C.民主革命包含了社会主义因素D.中国国情决定中国革命必须分两步走11.道德修养是一个循序渐进的过程，古人云：“积土成山，风雨兴焉；积水成渊，蛟龙生焉；积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。
故不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。
”下列各言中与这段话在含义上近似的是A．仁远乎哉？我欲仁，斯仁至矣B．勿以善小而不为，勿以恶小而为之C．君子求诸已，小人求诸人D．有能一日用其力于仁矣乎？我未见力不足者12.中国特色社会主义法律体系是以我国全部现行法律规范按照一定的标准和原则划分为不同的法律部门，并由这些法律部门所构成的具有内在联系的统一整体。
每一法律部门均由一系列调整相同类型社会关系的众多法律、法规所构成。
下列选项中属于独立法律部门的是A．知识产权法B．商法C．公司法D．民法商法13. 人生目的是人在人生实践中关于自身行为的根本指向和人生追求，它所认识和回答的根本问题是A．人为什么活着B．人如何对待生活C．怎样对待人生境遇D．怎样选择人生道路14.社会主义道德建设的核心A．爱国主义B．集体主义C．为人民服务D．社会主义荣辱观15. 与“天宫一号”两度完成“太空之吻”的“神州八号”飞船,于2011年11月12日顺利回“家”,天宫一号与神州八号空间完全对接任务获得圆满成功.这标志着我国A．载人航天技术已经完全成熟B．实现了由航天大国向航天强国的转变C．实现了载人航天工程“三步走”的战略D．为公后建造载人空间站奠定了坚实的技术基础16.2011年5月18日，国际货币基金组织（IMF）总裁多米尼克·斯特劳斯·卡恩因涉案而辞去总裁职务，引发了欧美等发达国家与发展中国家关于IMF总裁继任人的争夺，6月28日，IMF宣布，该组织新一任总裁是法国经济、财政与工业部长克里斯蒂娜·拉加德，这表明：A．国际货币基金组织改革进程加快B．新兴国家的话语权和代表性得到提升C．欧美主导国际金融机构的局面仍未改变D．发展中国家作为一支独立力量登上世界舞台二、多项选择题：17～33题，每小题2分，共34分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，至少有两个选项是符合题目要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
多选或少选均不得分。
17.“沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春。
“辩证法认为发展的实估是新事物的产生和旧事物的灭亡。
新生事物必然取代旧事物，从根本上说，是因为A．新生事物产生于旧事物之后，是新出现的事物B．新生事物具有新的结构和功能，能适应已经变化了的环境和条件C．新生事物是对旧事物的扬弃，并添加了旧事物所不能容纳的新内容D．在社会历史领域内，新生事物符合广大人民群众的根本利益和要求18.2011年4月，耶鲁大学出版了《马克思为什么是对的》一书，书中列举了当前西方社会10个典型的歪曲马克思主义的观点。
其中一种观点认为：马克思主义将世间万物都归结于经济因素，艺术、宗教，政治、法律、道德等都被简单地视为经济的反映，对人类历史错综复杂的本质视而不见，而试图建立一种非黑即白的单一历史观，上述观点是对马克思主义关于经济基础和上层建筑辩证关系思想的严重歪曲，其表现为A．把社会历史发展多重因素的综合作用歪曲为单一因素决定论B．把上层建筑与经济基础的相互作用歪曲为机械的单向作用C．把经济作为社会的“基础”所具有的归根到底的决定作用歪曲为唯一决定作用D．把意识形态对社会历史始终具有的积极能动作用歪曲为消极被动作用19.人们往往将汉语中的“价”、“值”二字与金银财宝等联系起来，而这两字的偏旁却都是“人”，示意价值在“人”。
马克思劳动价值论透过商品交换的物与物的关系，揭示了商品价值的科学内涵，其主要观点有A．劳动是社会财富的唯一源泉B．具体劳动是商品价值的实体C．价值是凝结在商品中的一般人类劳动D．价值在本质上体现了生产者之间的社会关系20.关于共产主义理想实现的必然性，马克思主义除了从社会形态更替规律上作了一般性的历史观论证外还通过对资本主义社会的深入实证的剖析，科学地论证了A．资本主义的历史暂时性B．资本主义发展的自我否定的趋势C．资本主义灭亡的具体途径和方式D．工人阶级推翻旧世界建设新世界的历史使命21.从中华人民共和国成立到社会主义改造基本完成，是我国从新民主主义到社会主义的过度时期。
这一时期中国社会的阶级构成主要包括A．工人阶级B．农民阶级C．民族资产阶级D．城市小资产阶级22.加快转变经济发展方式是推动科学发展的必由之路，是我国经济社会领域的一场深刻变革，贯穿经济社会发展全过程和各领域。
在当前和今后一个时期，转变经济发展方式的基本思路是，促进经济增长A．由主要依靠投资、出口拉动向依靠消费、投资、出口协调拉动转变B．由主要依靠第二产业带动向依靠第一、第二、第三产业协同带动转变C．由主要依靠国有企业推动向依靠国有企业、民营企业、外资企业协调推动转变D．由主要依靠增加物质资源消耗向主要依靠科技进步、劳动者素质提高、管理创新转变23.基层民主是我国广大工人、农民、知识分子和各阶层人士在城乡基层政权机关、企事业单位和基层自治组织中依法直接行使民主权利。
发展基层民主A．有利于提高全民的民族素养，为进一步发展民主创造了条件B．是发展社会主义民主的基础性工程C．为基层群众直接参与国家事务的管理提供了更多机会D．为基层群众管理基层公共事务和公益事业创造了条件24.十七大以来，党对兴起社会主义文化建设新高潮，推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣作出战略部署，这是基于A．文化已经成为经济社会发展的强大动力B．文化已经成为国家核心竞争力的重要因素C．文化产业已经成为国家经济的支柱性产业D．文化已经成为民族凝聚力和创造力的重要源泉25.随着我国改革开放的不断深入和社会主义市场经济的不断发展，各种社会矛盾日益凸显。
解决这些社会矛盾，改革创新社会管理体制，需要A．健全社会管理格局B．健全基层社会管理体制C．创新社会管理理念D．创新社会管理方式26.中英《南京条约》签订后，美、法趁火打劫，相继逼迫清政府签订的不平等条约有A．《虎门条约》B．《望厦条约》C．《黄埔条约》D．《天津条约》27.第二次鸦片战争后，清朝统治集团内部一部分人震惊于列强的“船坚炮利”，主张学习西方以求“自强”，洋务运动由此兴起。
洋务运动的一个重要内容就是创办新式学堂，主要有A. 翻译学堂B．工艺学堂C．军事学堂D．法政学堂28.一般说来，游击战争是个战术问题。
但是，在抗日战争中，游击战争具有战略地位，是因为它A．主要是在外线单独作战，而不是在内线配合正规军作战B．是抗日战争的主要作战方式，而不是次要作战方式C．是大规模的，而不是小规模的D．是进攻战，而不是防御战29.1957年2月，毛泽东在扩大的最高国务会议上发表（关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题）的讲话，强调指出A．社会主义社会充满着矛盾B．社会主义社会的基本矛盾仍然是生产关系和生产力之间、上层建筑和经济基础之间的矛盾C．社会主义社会的矛盾可以通过社会主义制度本身得到解决D．把正确处理人民内部矛盾作为国家政治生活的主题30.社会主义法治理念反映和指引着社会主义法治的性质、功能、目标方向、价值取向和实现途径，是社会主义法治的精髓和灵魂。