吉林大学2017年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案解析

吉林大学2017年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Vocabulary and Structure(30points)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1.The safari hunter was nearly________to death by a herd of elephants.A.stampededB.trampledC.trodD.stamped2.She felt that she was too________with problems to be able to study properly.A.burdenedB.tiredC.grievedD.disturbed3.The roof________under the weight of the snow.A.fellB.submergedC.collapsedD.descended4.His criticism injured Jenny’s________.So she is feeling sad now.A.divinityB.indignityC.egoD.mind5.Hundreds of people________on the playground for watching the Dragon Lantern show.A.contrivedB.conformedC.conferredD.converged6.The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transportation and is therefore,not________to work locally.pelledB.obligedC.restrictedD.repelled7.The doctors don’t________that the patient will live much longer.A.monitorB.manifestC.articulateD.anticipate8.Knowing that he had been admitted to Cambridge University,he was too excited to be________on the phone.A.coincidentalB.identicalC.sameD.coherent9.Hard work and malnutrition________his health and he looked thin and pale.A.impairedB.promotedC.acceleratedD.smashed10.Since you changed lanes without signaling,you are as much to________for theaccident as us.A.blameB.accusationC.condemnationD.charge11.Although he is in his fifties,his________arms are as powerful as those of a young man.A.energeticB.giganticC.muscularD.effective12.The purpose of the lecture was to________the masses of the United States with theelementary problems of Latin America.rmB.acquaintC.instructD.announce13.Our teacher didn’t have time so far to go into it________,but he gave us an idea abouthis plan.A.in turnB.at handC.in conclusionD.at length14.She often says her greatest happiness________serving the handicapped children.A.consists inB.relies onposes ofprises in15.Whenever possible,Ian________how well he speaks Japanese.A.shows upB.shows aroundC.shows offD.shows out16.________is known to the world,Mark Twain is a great American writer.A.ThatB.WhichC.AsD.It117.Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I________your advice.A.followB.had followedC.would followD.have followed18.I remember________to help us if we ever were in difficulties.A.once offeringB.him once offeringC.him to offerD.to offer him19.Helen apologized for________the party.A.her not being able to attendB.her being not able to attendC.her being able not to attendD.not her being able to attend20.It’s a pity that we should stay at home when we have________.A.so fineB.such fineC.such a fineD.so fine a21.Evidence came up________specific sounds are recognized by babies as young as sixmonths old.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.whose22.America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it________beforethe West was settled.A.couldB.didC.wouldD.was23.________for a long time,the fields are all dried up.A.There has been no rainB.Having no rainC.There having been no rainD.There being no rain24.He spoke so________that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.A.bluntlyB.convincinglyC.emphaticallyD.determinedly25.It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be________at the manager’soffice.A.declaredB.obtainedC.reclaimedD.recognized26.Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure________.A.and more on efficiencyB.than more on efficiencyC.and more efficiencyD.than efficiency27.The earnings of women are well below that of men________educational differencesthat are diminishing between the two sexes.A.althoughB.thoughC.despite ofD.in spite of28.You should know better than________your little sister at home by herself.A.to leaveB.leavingC.to have leftD.left29.What the governments should do urgently is to take actions to________the economy.A.brookB.blushC.boostD.brood30.Some minerals are quite common,others are regionally________,and still others arerare on the earth.A.attributedB.distributedC.contributedD.scattered Part II Cloze(10%)Directions:There are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank them are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Our ape-men forefathers had no obvious weapons in the struggle for survival in the2open.They had neither the powerful teeth nor the31.________claws of the big cats.They could not32.________with the bear,whose strength,speed and claws33.________an impressive“small-fire”weaponry.They could not even defend themselves34.________ running swiftly like horse,zebras or small animals.If the ape-men had attempted to compete on those terms in the open,they would have been35.________to failure and extinction.But they were36.________with enormous concealed advantages of a kind not37.________by any of their competitors.In the search38.________the pickings of the forest,the ape-man had39.________ efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of color40.________the animals of the grasslands did not possess.The ability to see clearly at close range41.________the ape-men to study practical problems in a way that lay far42.________the reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland.Good long distance sight was43.________another ck oflong-distance vision had not been a problem for forest-dwelling apes and monkeys because the higher the viewpoint,the greater the range of sight,so44.________they had had to do was climb a tree.Out in the open,however,this simple solution was not45.________. Climbing a hill would have helped,but in many places the ground was flat.The ape-men46. ________the only possible solution.They reared up as high as47.________on their hind limbs and began to walk upright.This vital change of physical position brought about considerable disadvantages.It was extremely unstable and it meant that the already slow ape-man became slower still.48.________,they persevered and their bone structure gradually became49.________to the new,unstable position that50.________them the name Homo erectus,upright man.31. A.big B.weak C.strong D.small32. A.match pare C.rival D.equal33. A.became B.equipped C.posed D.provided34. A.in B.upon C.by D.with35. A.driven B.doomed C.forced D.led36. A.bestowed B.given C.presented D.endowed37. A.managed B.possessed C.posed D.opposed38. A.for B.of C.on D.at39. A.progressed B.generated C.developed D.advanced40. A.which B.as C.what D.that41. A.urged B.permitted C.banned D.caused42. A.from B.apart C.beyond D.above43. A.rather B.quite C.much D.really44. A.anything B.that C.everything D.all45. A.available B.enough C.sufficient D.convenient46. A.chose B.adopted C.accepted D.took47. A.valuable B.acceptable C.possible D.able48. A.However B.Therefore C.Meanwhile D.Subsequently49. A.suited B.familiarized C.adapted D.accustomed50. A.obtained B.called C.deserved D.earnedPart III Reading Comprehension(60%)Directions:There are6reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of then there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions51to55are based on the following passage:Passage1Perhaps no single monument in the USA is as famous are the State of Liberty.Standing on a small island in New York Harbor,the crowned lady,holding aloft in her right hand the torch of freedom and in her left hand a tablet which is inscribed“July4th,1776”,is a symbol of American democracy.She is colossal.She is151ft.high and the pedestal on which she stands is almost as much.An elevator takes visitors to the top of the pedestal, around which a balcony runs.A Spiral staircase goes up to the crown,and another to the torch.The State of Liberty was a gift to the USA from France in1886,as a mark of friendship and also in memory of the aid France gave the Americans during the American Revolution.For millions of immigrants,the Statue was their first sight of the promised land,and for a few it was also the last,as they sailed back home again.About a mile from Liberty Island, there is another small island,called Ellis Island,which was looked upon with dread by the immigrants.For it was here that they had to wait their turn to be examined by doctors and officials.Most of the immigrants could not speak a word of English.But only two out of100 immigrants were refused admission to New York City.Often the person refused turned out to be a grand-mother or a weary,frightened girl mistakenly labeled“feeble-minded.”Sometimes husbands and wives were parted because one of them happened to have a bad cough and was suspected of having tuberculosis.New York City was a bitter disillusionment to some immigrants.For from being a city paved with gold,it was a city teeming with overcrowded,unhealthy and unsafe ghettos.The immigrants looked for earlier immigrants of their own nationality or religion.So Italian, Polish,Irish,Jewish neighborhoods grew up.Because they could not speak English,the newcomers found it difficult to get work at once,and their living quarters were often slums.\ However,they found in the USA opportunities of bettering themselves.Today immigrants no longer have to endure the indignities of Ells Island.The grim buildings were closed down in1924.In1976,Ellis Island became an historic monument.51.Which of the following is the best title for this passage?A.Gateway to the USA.B.State of LibertyC.Ellis IslandD.Immigrants of the USA52.The word“colossal”in paragraph1means________.A.miniatureB.colorfulC.enormousD.beautiful53.Immigrants looked upon Ellis Island with dread because________.A.they could not speak a wordB.they might be refused admission to the USA.C.husbands and wives might be recognizedD.they were suspected54.Paragraph3implies that________.A.New York City was paved with goldB.immigrants of the same nationality and religion lived in the samebuilding C.immigrants lived everywhereD.some immigrants were disappointed at New York City55.Which of the following statement is not true?A.The Statue of Liberty was a gift from France.B.France gave the USA the State to commemorate the aid they received from the US.C.The Statue of Liberty is the most famous monument in the USA.D.The Statue of Liberty is the symbol of American democracy.Questions56-60are based on the following passage.Passage2Robert F.Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures“everything except that which makes life worthwhile.”With Britain voting to leave the European Union,and GDP already predicted to slow as a result,it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century.Many argue that it is a flawed concept.It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do.By most recent measures,the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world,with record low unemployment and high growth figures.If everything was going so well,then why did over17million people vote for Brexit,despite the warning about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question.Across the163countries measured,the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens.Rather than just focusing on GDP,over40different sets of criteria from health,education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges,there are a number of consistent themes.Yes,there has been a budding economic recovery since the2008global crash,but in key indicators in areas such as health and education,major economies have continued to decline.Yet this isn’t the case with all countries.Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society,income equality and environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn.When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of country’s success,the world looks very different.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations,as a measure,it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality of education outcomes---all thing that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth.But policymakers,who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.56.Robert F.Kennedy is cited because he________.A.praised the UK for its GDPB.identified GDP with happinessC.misinterpreted the role of GDPD.had a low opinion of GDP57.It can be inferred from Paragraph2that________.A.the UK is reluctant to remold its economic patternB.the UK will contribute less to the world economyC.GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UKD.policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP58.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?A.It excludes GDP as an indicatorB.It is sponsored by163countries.C.Its criteriaare questionable D.Its result are enlightening59.In the last two paragraphs,the author suggests that________.A.the UK is preparing for an economic boomB.high GDP foreshadows an economic declineC.it is essential to consider factors beyond GDPD.it requires caution to handle economic issue60.Which of the following is the best for the text?A.High GDP but Inadequate Well-being,a U.K lessonB.GDP figures,a Window on Global Economic HealthC.Robert F.Kennedy,a Terminator of GDPD.Brexit,the UK’s Gateway to Well-beingQuestions61-65are based on the following passagePassage3The art of public speaking began in ancient Greece over2,000years ago.Now twitter, instant messaging,e-mail,blogs and chat forums offer rival approaches to communication---but none can replace the role of a great speech.The spoken word can handle various vital functions:persuading or inspiring,informing, paying tribute,entertaining,or simply introducing someone or something or accepting something.Over the past year,the human voice has helped guide us over the ups and downs or what was certainly a stormy time.Persuasion is used in dealing with or reconciling different points of view.When the leaders met in Copenhagen in December2009,persuasive words from activists encouraged them to commit themselves to firmer action.Inspirational speeches confront the emotions.They focus on topics and matters that are close to people’s hearts.During wars,generals used inspiring speeches to prepare the troops for battle.A speech that conveys knowledge and enhances understanding can inform us.The information must be clear,accurate,and expressed in a meaningful and interesting way. When the H1N1pandemic was announced,the idea of“swine flu”scared many people. Informative speeches from Words Health Organization officials helped people to keep their panic under control so they could take sensible precautions.Sad events are never easy to deal with but a speech that pays tribute to the loss of aloved one and gives praise for their contribution can be comforting.Madonna’s speech about Michael Jackson,after his death,heighted the fact that he will continue to live on through his music.It’s not only in world forums where public speaking plays an important role.It can also be surprisingly helpful in the course of our own lives.If you’re taking part in a debate you need to persuade the listeners of the soundness of your argument.In sports,athletes know the importance of a pep talk(鼓舞士气的讲话) before a match to inspire teammates.You yourself may be asked to do a presentation at college or work to inform the others about an area of vital importance.On a more personal level,a friend may be upset and need comforting.Or you might be asked to introduce a speaker at a family event or to speak at a wedding,where you language will be needed to move people or make them laugh.Great speaking ability is not something we’re born with.Even Barack Obama works hard to perfect every speech.For a brilliant speech,there are rules that you can put to good use.To learn those rules you have to practice and learn from some outstanding speeches in the past.61.The author thinks the spoken word is still irreplaceable because________.A.it has always been used to inspire or persuade people.B.it has a big role to play in the entertainment businessC.it plays important roles in human communicationD.it is of great use in everyday-life context62.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the role of public speaking?A.Speeches at world forums can lead to effective solutions to world problemsB.Speeches from medical authorities can calm people down in times of pandemicsC.The morale of soldiers before a battle can be boosted by senior officers’speechesD.Speeches paying tribute to the dead can comfort the mourners.63.Public speaking can play all the following roles EXCEPT________.A.to convince people in a debaterm people at a presentationC.to advise people at workD.to entertain people at a wedding64.According to the passage,which of the following best explains the author’s view on“great speaking ability”?A.It comes from observing rules.C.It can be acquired from birth. practice.65.What is the main idea of the passage?A.Public speaking in international forums.C.Public speaking in daily life context.B.It can be perfected with easy effortD.It comes from learning andB.The many uses of public speaking D.The rules of public speakingQuestions66-60are based on the following passage.Passage4“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers”,wrote Queen Liliuokalani,Hawaii’s last reigning monarch,in1897.Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.Sadly,all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT),a giant observatory thatpromises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea,dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens.But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes.Rested in the Pacific Ocean,Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere,where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new.A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers.In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes,they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants.Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past;it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history,too,with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find to what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are,where we come from and where we are going.Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies,as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change it use of Mauna Kea.The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact.To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.66.Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph1indicates,________.A.the conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.B.the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.C.the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.D.her appreciation of star watchers’feats in her time.67.Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to________.A.its geographical featuresB.its protective surroundingsC.its religiousimplications D.its existing infrastructure68.The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because________.A.it may risk ruining their intellectual lifeB.it reminds them of a humiliating history.C.their culture will lose a chance of revivalD.they fear losing control of Mauna Kea69.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that progress in today’s astronomy________.A.is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.B.helps spread Hawaiian culture across the worldC.many uncover the origin of Hawaiian cultureD.will eventually soften Hawaiian’s hostility.70.The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of________.A.severe criticismB.passive acceptanceC.slight hesitancyD.fullapprovalQuestions71-75are based on the following passage.Passage5Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing.They actually saw it as factor in world peace.They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies.None of them foresaw that the more we are together,the more chances there are of war.Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward,those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn.The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health.They would produce colds,catarrhs (粘膜炎)and consumptions（肺癌）.The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire would have a bad effect on the nerves.Further,being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs.In those with high blood-pressure,the movement for the train might produce apoplexy(中风).The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel,and the equally sudden rush into full daylight,would cause great damage to eyesight.But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite.They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation promote digestion,tranquilize the nerves,and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable.If it was a test of endurance to six for four hours outside a coach in rain,or inside in dirty air,the railway offered little more in the way of comfort.Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats;but the second-class had only narrow bare boards,while the third-class had nothing at all;no seats and no roof;they were just open trucks so that third-class passengers gained nothing from the new mode except speed.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages.He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood.Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came.He describe them as horizontal shower-baths,from whose searching power there was no escape.71.All boys and girls in large families know that________.A.a boy and a girl usually fight when they are together.B.people tend to be together more than they used to beC.a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD.railway leads the world to peace72.According to those who welcomed the railway,the railway itself should include all thefollowing except________.A.the railway enables people to travel fastB.the railway brings comfort to peopleC.the railway makes the world peacefulD.the railway leads the world to war.73.According to the anti-railway group,all the followings are true but________.A.tunnels are dangerous to public health.B.the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people’s nervesC.the rapid speed through the air does damage to people’s lungs.D.to those with high blood-pressure,the rapid speed of the train causes them to die74.We may safely conclude that________.A.the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB.the author belongs to the for-railway groupC.the author speaks highly of the railwayD.the author may never take train because of its potential dangers.75.What is the tone of the passage?A.PracticalB.NeutralC.HumorousD.Exaggerated Questions76-80are based on the following passage.Passage6There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint.Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate.“Sometime in the future,”the paper’s publisher said back in2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside,there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper---printing presses, delivery trucks---isn’t just expensive;it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower,but rushing to eliminate is print edition would be a mistake,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them.”he said.“but if you discontinue it,you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway.Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD mailing service to focus on streaming.“It was seen as blunder,”he said.The move turned out to be foresighted.And if Peretti were in charge at the Times?“I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,”he said,“I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor,the idea goes,and they’d like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in,“So if you’re overpaying for print,you could feel like you were helping.”Peretti said.“Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words,if you’re going to make a print product,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it, which may be what the Times is doing already.Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly$500a year—more than twice as much as a digital—only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business.”Peretti remarked.“But we’re going to have questions like that where we。