英国文学史英国浪漫主义作家威廉_华兹华斯_William_Wordsworth 4
英国浪漫主义诗人华兹华斯文学观
英国浪漫主义诗人华兹华斯文学观浅析摘要威廉·华兹华斯是英国第一个浪漫主义大诗人，其文学写作观点标志着英国文学史上的一个转折。
本文试通过对其作品理念的赏析，展示了华兹华斯作为浪漫主义诗人倡导对感情写作的文学观点。
关键词：浪漫主义华兹华斯情感中图分类号：i106文献标识码：a一浪漫主义的兴起“浪漫主义”（romanticism）起源于中世纪法语中的romance（浪漫传奇）一词。
18世纪末到19世纪30至40年代，法国启蒙思想家提倡思想自由、个性解放，此思想反映到理论上，最具代表性的观点便是卢梭提出的文学应“回到自然”，抒发真情实感。
英国的感伤主义文学思想和德国的“狂飙突进”运动，也都相当重视个性和情感在文学中的表现，浪漫主义文学正是在它们的影响之下进一步发展起来的。
这一时期，欧洲各国的资本主义经济得到迅猛发展，资产阶级强烈要求打破封建专制的桎梏，彻底从封建主义的束缚中解放出来，并在政治和文化等领域与封建主义展开激烈斗争。
浪漫主义思潮正是对这一社会心理的响应。
在文学上，则表现出人们对浪漫主义文学的热切追求和对僵化复古的新古典主义文学的无情抛弃。
二威廉·华兹华斯威廉·华兹华斯（william wordsworth，1770-1850），英国浪漫主义诗人，与雪莱、拜伦齐名，是文艺复兴以来最重要的英语诗人之一。
华兹华斯出生于英格兰西北部的湖区，母亲在他8岁的时候便离开人世；1783年他的父亲去世，他和弟兄们由舅父照管，妹妹多萝西则由外祖父母抚养。
童年经历对华兹华斯影响甚深，和兄弟姐妹的生离、和父母的死别，都成为他作品中不断出现的主题。
华兹华斯于1790年和1791年两次赴法。
当时正值法国大革命年代，年轻的华兹华斯对革命深表同情与向往。
回国后不久，局势剧变，华兹华斯对法国大革命的态度渐趋保守，最后，他终于成为安享“桂冠诗人”称号的保守派。
华兹华斯《抒情歌谣集》的问世，在英国文学史上开创了一个新时代；而他的两篇序言则被视为浪漫主义的美学纲领。
英国文学史及选读作者作品列表
附：英国文学史及选读作者及作品（第一、二册）一、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期The Anglo-Saxon Period※《贝奥武甫》“The Song of Beowulf”《浪游者》“Widsith” or “The Traveller’s Song”《航海家》“Seafarer”二、盎格鲁-诺曼时期The Anglo-Norman Period※《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》“ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ”杰弗里《史记》Geoffrey’s “History”莱亚门《布鲁特》Laysmon’s “Brust”《罗兰之歌》“Chanson de Roland”三、乔叟时期Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400)※《坎特伯雷故事集》“The Canterbury Tales”《玫瑰传奇》“Romance of the Rose”《好女人的故事》“The Legend of Good Women”《声誉殿堂》“The House of Fame”《百鸟会议》“The Parliament of Fowls”《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》“Troilus and Gressie”大众民谣Popular Ballads※《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》“Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale””※《起来，去关门》“Get Up and Bar the Door”※《派屈克·斯宾塞爵士》“Sir Patrick Spens”托马斯·帕西《英诗辑古》Bishop Thomas Percy ”Reliques of Anciet English Poetry”兰格论《农夫皮尔期》“The Vision of Piers, the Plowman”四、文艺复兴时期The Renaissance1．威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare(1564-1616)1590《亨利六世》第二部The Second Part of “King Henry Ⅵ”《亨利六世》第三部The Third Part of “King Henry Ⅵ”1591《亨利六世》第一部The First Part of “King Henry Ⅵ”1592《理查三世》“The Life and Death of King Richard Ⅲ”《错误的喜剧》“The Comedy of Errors”1593《泰特斯·安德鲁尼克斯》”Titus Andronicus”《驯悍记》“The Taming of the Shrew”1594《维洛那两绅士》“The Two Gentlemen of Verona”《爱的徒劳》“Love’s Labour’s Lost”《罗密欧与朱丽叶》“Romeo and Juliet”1595《理查二世》“The Life and Death of King RichardⅡ”《仲夏夜之梦》“A Midsummer Night’s Dream”1596《约翰王》“The Life and Death of King John”※《威尼斯商人》“The Merchant of Venice”1597《亨利四世》第一部The First Part of “King Henry Ⅳ”《亨利四世》第二部The Second Part of “King Henry Ⅳ”1598《无事生非》“Much Ado About Nothing”《温莎的风流娘儿们》”The Merry Wives of Windsor”《亨利五世》”The Life of King Henry Ⅴ”1599《尤利乌斯·凯撒》“The Life and Death of Julius Caesar”《皆大欢喜》”As You Like It”1600《第十二夜》“Twelfth Night ,or, What You Will”※1601《哈姆雷特》“Hamlet, Prince of Denmark”1602《特洛伊洛斯与克瑞西达》“Troilus and Cressida”《终成眷属》“All’s Well That Ends Well”1604《一报还一报》“Measure for Measure”《奥塞罗》“Othello, the Moore of Venice”1605《李尔王》”King Lear”《麦克白》“The Tragedy of Macbeth”1606《安东尼和克莉奥佩特拉》“Antony and Cleopatra”1607《科里奥拉鲁斯》”The Tragedy of Coriolanus”《雅典的泰门》“Timon of Athens”1608《佩里克利斯》“Pericles, Prince of Tyre”1609《辛白林》“Cymbeline, King of Britain”1610《冬天的故事》“The Winter’s Tale”《暴风雨》“The Tempest”《亨利八世》“The Life of King Henry Ⅷ”Poems《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》“Venus and Adonis”《露克丽丝受辱记》“Lucrece”※《十四行诗》“Sonnets”2。
经典：William-Wordsworth华兹华斯-英国浪漫主义
Features in literature:
英国诗人全都是大自然的观察者、爱好者和崇拜者。 ■对乡村和大海的热爱 ■对高级动物的喜爱和对一般动物世界的熟悉 ■明显的个人独立性，作家们都很有点个人癖性 ■讲求实际的道德观和人生观，与追求正义的强烈意愿 ■英国浪漫主义在发展过程中的各阶段又有着各自的一些特点
■Birthplace: Cockermouth(科克茅斯), Cumberland(坎伯兰郡),
in the Lake District in 1770. ■Orphanage:
at the age of 14. ■Education:
was educated at Cambridge University in 1787. ■Migration:
1770-1850
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The Lake Poets 湖畔三才子
■ The Lake Poets: William Wordsworth Samuel Taylor Coleridge
（塞缪尔 泰勒 科勒律治）
Robert Southey
（罗伯特·骚塞）
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The Lake Poets
They had lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their work.
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William Wordsworth's influence
华兹华斯的诗歌理论动摇了英国古典主义诗学的统治，有力地 推动了英国诗歌的革新和浪漫主义运动的发展，因而英美评论家将 华兹华斯的Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集序》称为英国浪漫主义的 宣言。
英国浪漫主义诗人
英国浪漫主义诗人威廉·布莱克（William Blake，1757---1827），英国第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人、版画家。
主要诗作有诗集《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》等。
早期作品简洁明快，中后期作品趋向玄妙晦涩，充满神秘色彩。
威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth,1770-1850）与柯尔律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）、骚塞（Robert Southey）同被称为“湖畔派”诗人（Lake Poets）。
他们也是英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家。
他们喜爱大自然，描写宗法制农村生活，厌恶资本主义的城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系，他们远离城市，隐居在昆布兰湖区和格拉斯米尔湖区，由此得名“湖畔派”。
华兹华斯的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》《丁登寺旁》《序曲》《革命与独立》《不朽颂》《远足》。
塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（1772年10月21日－1834年7月25日），英国诗人、文评家，英国浪漫主义文学的奠基人之一。
以〈古舟子咏〉(亦可称作〈古舟子之歌〉)(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)一诗成为名家，其文评集《文学传记》(Biographia Literaria)以博大精深见称，书中对想像(imagination)与幻想(fancy)的区别尤其著名。
一生作诗不缀，但中年时自称弃诗从哲，精研以康德、谢林为首的德国唯心论。
罗伯特·骚塞（1774—1843）是“湖畔派”三诗人中才气较差的一位。
年青时代思想激进，饱读伏尔泰、卢梭的著作，在威斯敏斯特学校学习时曾因撰文反对校方体罚学生而被开除学籍。
进牛津大学后，他更醉心法国大革命，写史诗《圣女贞德》歌颂革命，后来还与柯尔律治计划在美洲的森林里建立乌托邦社会。
但中年后骚塞的政治态度却变得十分保守，还热衷于趋附权贵，成了统治者的御用文人，并因此获得“桂冠诗人”的称号。
1821年他以桂冠诗人身份作颂诗《审判的幻景》颂扬去世不久的英王乔治三世，攻击拜伦、雪莱等进步诗人，称他们是“恶魔派”（撒旦派）。
威廉.华兹华斯（WilliamWordsworth）诗选
威廉.华兹华斯（WilliamWordsworth）诗选华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)（1770-1850），主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》、《序曲》、《远游》等。
华兹华斯简介：华兹华斯William Wordsworth（1770～1850）英国诗人，与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。
华兹华斯生于律师之家，少孤，就学于剑桥大学，1790年和1791年两次赴法。
当时正是法国大革命的年代，年轻的华兹华斯对革命深表同情与向往。
回国后不久，局势剧变，华兹华斯对法国大革命的态度渐趋保守，最后，终于成为安享“桂冠诗人”称号的保守派。
华兹华斯的诗以描写自然风光、田园景色、乡民村姑、少男少女闻名于世。
文笔朴素清新，自然流畅，一反新古典主义平板、典雅的风格，开创了新鲜活泼的浪漫主义诗风。
1798年华兹华斯与柯尔律治共同发表的《抒情歌谣集》宣告了浪漫主义新诗的诞生。
华兹华斯在1800年《抒情歌谣集》第二版的序言中详细阐述了浪漫主义新诗的理论，主张以平民的语言抒写平民的事物、思想与感情，被誉为浪漫主义诗歌的宣言。
此后，华兹华斯的诗歌在深度与广度方面得到进一步的发展，在描写自然风光、平民事物之中寓有深意，寄托着自我反思和人生探索的哲理思维。
完成于1805年、发表于1850年的长诗《序曲》则是他最具有代表性的作品。
华兹华斯诗才最旺盛的时期是1797至1807年的10年。
其后佳作不多，到1843年被任命为“桂冠诗人”时已经没有什么作品了。
然而纵观他的一生，其诗歌成就是突出的，不愧为继莎士比亚、弥尔顿之后的一代大家。
丁登寺昏睡曾蒙住我的心灵她住在无人迹的小路旁我有过奇异的心血来潮我曾在陌生人中间作客威斯敏斯特桥上我孤独地漫游，像一朵云孤独的割麦女我们是七个------------------------------------------------------- 丁登寺五年过去了，五个夏天，还有五个漫长的冬天！并且我重又听见这些水声，从山泉中滚流出来，在内陆的溪流中柔声低语。
英国文学史英国浪漫主义作家WilliamBlake
Nature comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination.
✓Wordsworth is the closest to nature
✓He conceives nature as “the nurse,/ the guide, /The guardian of my heart, and soul/ Of all my moral being”
Love’s secret
Never seek to tell thy love Love that never told can be; For the gentle wind does move Silently, invisibly.
I told my love, I told my love, I told her all my heart, Trembling, cold, in ghastly fear— Ah, she doth depart.
But most thro’ midnight streets I hear How the youthful Harlot’s curse Blasts the new born Infant’s tear, And blights with plagues the Marriage hearse.
FROM Songs of Innocence INTRODUCTION
Piping down the valleys wild, Piping songs of pleasant glee, On a cloud I saw a child, And he laughing said to me:
To escape from a world that had become excessively rational, materialistic and ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times and places.
英国文学史William wordsworth
Wordsworth (1770-1850)
William Wordsworth
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
The Rime of Ancient Mariner
Robert Southey
Joan of Arc
Age of Wordsworth
but little/What wealth the show to me had brought:
A poet could not be gay:
“But” here means “other than”, and the line means “The poet can only by happy.”
a jocund company:
a happy companion
The examples (from the textbook) ---I wandered lonelyis accomplished through the employment of primitive or simplistic literary form as in such lyrical ballads as ‘The Thorn’, as well as the Lucy Poems. Sometimes he turns his blank verse manner of 18th century georgic into an original, profoundly introspective vehicle of ‘egoistical sublime’ (a term by Keats), as in The Prelude, The Ruined Cottage and Tintern Abbey.
经典：William-Wordsworth华兹华斯-英国浪漫主义
Lake District
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Poet laureate (桂冠诗人)
起源： “桂冠”这一称号起源于中世纪的大学，当学生掌握了语法、
修辞、诗歌，学校就为他戴上桂冠，以示他获得学位。后来，这个 称号用于在诗歌创作上有显著成就的人，而且作为称颂乔叟和彼特 拉克的标准方式。William Wordsworth是1843-1850的桂冠诗人。 改革：
■Birthplace: Cockermouth(科克茅斯), Cumberland(坎伯兰郡),
in the Lake District in 1770. ■Orphanage:
at the age of 14. ■Education:
was educated at Cambridge University in 1787. ■Migration:
His first home in the lakes
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Gravestone of Wordsworth, Grasmere
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married Mary Hutchinson in 1802. ■Honor:
became Poet Laureate in 1843. ■Death:
died of pneumonia in 1850.
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William Wordsworth’s Birthplace
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Dove Cottage
William Wordsworth:
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud(我好似一朵孤独的云) The Solitary Reaper(孤独的割麦女)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge(塞缪尔 泰勒 科勒律治)
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner(古舟子咏) Kubla Kham(忽必烈汗) Christabel(克里斯特贝尔)
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青苔石畔紫罗兰， 半隐半现于眼前， 凄美犹如星一点 独自闪耀在长天。
伊人在世无人知， 伊人离世无人提， 而今已是人天隔， 惟有诗客情自迷。
Relevant Background
Wordsworth grew up in England’s Lake District and spent much of his life there. • Lucy may have been Dorothy, the poet’s beloved sister and companion. In that case, this poem imagines the beautiful and solitary life of Dorothy who lived close to nature. It dramatises the poet’s grief at her future death. • This poem is one of a group of five poems called ‘The Lucy Poems’.
Main Idea
• William Wordsworth returned to the Wye valley in July 1798, five years after he had first toured the region with his sister, Dorothy. • As he looks at the valley, through the lens of memory, he sees himself—both as he once was, and as he is now. • With his “Lines,” Wordsworth attempts to make sense of the changes he has undergone, and, in the process, he offers some interesting insights into the machinery of memory and the Romantic lyric.
Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey
• Specifically: the poet says, in his youth he was thoughtless in his unity with the woods and the river; now, five years since his last viewing of the scene, he is no longer thoughtless, but acutely aware of everything the scene has to offer him.
• Subject: childhood memories of communion with natural beauty. • Theme: the memory of pure communion with nature in childhood works upon the mind even in adulthood, when access to that pure communion has been lost, and that the maturity of mind present in adulthood offers compensation for the loss of that communion
William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
William Wordsworth 华兹华斯 is the most representative poet of English Romanticism.He was born into a lawyer’s family at Cockermouth, Cumberland. His parents died when he was very young. He was taken care of by his relatives.
*William
Structure
*In the first stanza, Wordsworth describes the isolated, untouched and beautiful place where Lucy lived. He shows that her beauty mainly went un-noticed.
He got his education at the Grammar School of Hawkshead,He was a worshipper of nature from his childhood. In 1787,he studied at Cambridge University. In1790-1792: tour to France. In 1795 he and his sister Dorothy settled down in Racedown, Dorsetshire. they lived a frugal life. In 1797 he made friends with Coleridge. In1843 he was named Poet Laureate.
She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways
•她住在人迹罕至的地方 , 圣洁的小溪在身边流淌,
没有谁把这少女赞颂, 少有人为她挂肚牵肠。
伊人居处车马稀， 鸽河源头傍清溪， 远离尘世无人颂， 深爱一人有阿谁？
她是紫罗兰身影半露, 生苔的墓碑将她遮挡; 美丽如一颗孤星, 在夜空里闪闪发亮。 没有谁了解她曾活在世上, 少有人知道她何时夭亡; 躺在墓中的露西啊, 唯有我与别人都不一样。
Writing Career
In 1798,Wordsworth and his partner,Coleridge published the Lyrical Ballads.Coleridge's contribution was his masterpiece the Rime of the Ancient Mariner.The majority of poems in this collection,however,were written by Wordsworth. The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century,ie. ,with classicism,and the begining of the Romantic revival in England. Two years later,Wordsworth public the preface.And the preface served as the manifesto of the English Movement in peotry.
*In the second stanza, he compares her shy beauty to a hidden flower. This shows her innocence. He compares her innocence, aloneness and purity to a single star. This is probably Venus, which appears alone after sunset. *In the third stanza, Wordsworth shows that Lucy was unknown and died young. Her death is a cause of deep personal grief to Wordsworth.
•
Major Works
• Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey丁登寺杂咏 • Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云； Composed upon Westminster Bridge 写 于威斯敏斯特桥上；London） • Lucy Poems露丝诗组(She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways她走在人迹罕至的路 边;A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal) • The Solitary Reaper孤独的刈麦女 • The Excursion远足 • The Prelude序曲
Influence of William Wordsworth
• Wordsworth's Poetic Theory shook the British rule of classical poetics. • a strong influence to innovation and the English Romantic poetry movement. ● His good poetry was written during the first decade of his literary career(17981807),his later writing were full of mysticism and many of them unreadable.
Wordsworth base his own poetical principle that"all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling." • Wordsworth 's way of writing poetry is summed up by George Brands thus:"He collects winter store of bright summer moments."