wind power performance under ice
iread英语模拟试卷2022
iread英语模拟试卷2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2. 提问选择题时，挑选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
例如须要改动，用橡皮擦整洁后，出马涂抹其他答案标号。
提问非选择题时，将答案写下在答题卡上，写下在本试卷上违宪。
3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
全国乙卷地区：河南、安徽、江西、山西、陕西、黑龙江、吉林、甘肃、内蒙古、青海、宁夏、新疆AHenry Raeburn (-)The ExhibitionThis exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland’s best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. Selected from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years.Lecture SeriesScottish National Portrait (肖像画) Gallery presents a series of lectures for the general public. They are held in the Lecture Room. Admission to lectures is free.An IntroductiontoRaeburnSunday 26Oct.,15.00DUNCAN THOMSONRaeburn’s EnglishContemporariesThursday 30Oct.,13.10JUDY EGERTONCharacters andCharacterisationinRaeburn’s PortraitsThursday 6Nov.,13.10NICHOLAS PHILLIPSONRaeburn andArtist’sTraininginthe18th CenturyThursday 13Nov.,13.10MARTIN POSTLEExhibition TimesMonday-Saturday 10.00-17.45Sunday 12.00-17.45Last admission tothe exhibition: 17.15. There is no re-admission.Closed: 24-26 December and 1 January.Admission4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.Schools and CollegesA special low entrance charge of ?2 per person is available to allin full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level,in organised groups with teachers.1. What is the right time for attending Raeburn’sEnglish Contemporaries?A. Sun. 26 Oct.B. Thurs. 30 Oct.C. Thurs. 6 Nov.D. Thurs.13 Nov.2. How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission?A. ?4.B.?8.C. ?12.D.?16.3. How can full-time students get group discounts?A. They should go on Sunday mornings.B. They should come from art schools.C. They must be led by teachers.D. They must have ID cards with them.【答案】1. B 2. B 3. C【解析】【1题详解】细节认知题。
飞机积冰及其英文译文
飞机积冰在飞行中冰是个坏消息。
它破坏了空气的畅通，增加阻力，同时减少了机翼所产生的升力。
结冰对飞机重量的影响与它对气流的干扰相比是微不足道的。
随着油门增加，抬高机头弥补阻力带来的升力损失，攻角增加，造成机翼和机身底部积累更多的冰。
结冰会发生在飞机的所有暴露面，不仅仅是对翅膀，螺旋桨和挡风玻璃，而且天线，通风口，进水口和整流罩都会受到影响。
它通常产生于在飞行中如无发热的地方。
它能够引起天线震动，造成断裂。
在中度至重度的结冰条件下，小型飞机结冰将变得非常容易，因此继续飞行是不可能的。
飞机可能会在比平常更高的速度或者更低的攻角失速。
它使飞机在俯仰和滚动上面失控，并可能无法恢复。
结冰也肯能使汽化器冻结致使发动机停止，或在一个燃油喷射发动机的情况下，挡住了发动机的气源。
冰种和飞行及其影响结构冰这种东西，会凝固在飞机外面。
它被描述为霜，明冰（有时称为釉冰），和混合冰。
雾凇粗糙，外观呈乳白色，一般附着在表面的轮廓。
大部分可除去除冰或防冰设备都可预防。
明（或釉）冰有时是清晰流畅，但通常含有一些气泡，或块状，半透明的外观效果。
积冰越大，越符合机翼形状，其形状往往是由上，下为特点清除冰密集，更难，比雾凇冰更加透明，并且像“牛角”。
一般很难打破。
（冲击力越大的地方，机翼上的结冰就越少；这种形状像是上下两端凸起中间下凹的角。
明冰密度更大，更坚硬比雾凇更透明，通常也很难去除。
）混合冰是雾凇和明冰的组合。
冰可以在机翼表面空气流动扭曲，减少机翼的最大升力，降低了最大升力攻角，影响飞机的操纵品质，在风洞测试中表明，霜，雪，冰（在前沿或机翼上表面），厚度不超过一粗砂纸片可减少百分之三十升力和增加阻力高达百分之四十。
较大的附着，更会减少升力，可以增加百分之八十以上的阻力。
即使飞机进入结冰条件下飞行配备除冰系统，未受保护区域依然会有冰的积累。
美国航天局研究显示，近百分之三十的阻力依然存在即使已经对飞机的主要表面进行清理。
非保护表面可能包括天线，襟翼铰链，控制喇叭，机身前部区域，挡风玻璃刮水器，机翼支柱，固定起落架等。
风电场秋冬季隐患排查专项整治工作总结
风电场秋冬季隐患排查专项整治工作总结In the autumn and winter seasons, the inspection and rectification work for hidden dangers in wind farms is of utmost importance. This summary aims to provide an overview of the efforts made in identifying and addressing potential risks during these periods.During the autumn and winter seasons, wind farms face numerous challenges due to adverse weather conditions. It is crucial to conduct a comprehensive inspection and ensure early detection of any potential risks that might endanger the safety of personnel and equipment.Through meticulous planning and coordination, a specialized team was formed consisting of experts from various relevant fields, including electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, meteorology, and safety management. The team conducted an in-depth assessment of each wind turbinewithin the farm premises.With a focus on power transmission lines, an inspectioncampaign was launched to identify any damage caused by inclement weather or external interference. This involved examining every inch of the transmission lines for signs of wear and tear, loose connections, or damaged insulators. Special attention was given to areas prone to icing or heavy snowfall.To assess the stability of wind turbine foundations, geotechnical investigations were carried out using advanced instruments. This helped identify any loose soil or unstable ground conditions that could pose a risk during extreme weather events. Additional reinforcement measures were implemented based on these findings.One major challenge faced during this period is ice accumulation on wind turbine blades. Any imbalance caused by ice formation can lead to reduced efficiency as well as potential damage to equipment. Therefore, anti-icing mechanisms were installed in key locations to prevent ice buildup and maintain optimal operational performance.Another aspect addressed was fire prevention measures. Withincreased usage of electrical systems during colder months, there is a higher risk of electrical fires breaking out within wind turbines. Detailed inspections were undertaken on all electrical components such as control panels and cables to ensure they are properly insulated and free from any potential sources of ignition.The safety training program for employees working at wind farms was enhanced during this period as well. Focusing on the specific risks associated with autumn and winter seasons, training sessions were conducted regularly to raise awareness about potential hazards and emphasize the importance of following safety protocols.Continuous monitoring systems were installed within the wind farm premises to facilitate real-time data collection on various parameters, including temperature, humidity, wind speed, and power output. This proactive approach enabled operators to promptly identify any abnormal conditions that could potentially lead to accidents.In conclusion, the thorough inspection and rectificationwork carried out during autumn and winter seasons in wind farms is crucial for ensuring the overall safety and efficient operation of the facilities. By implementing specialized measures tailored to the specific risks faced during this period, potential hazards can be identified and addressed promptly, safeguarding both personnel and equipment.摘要：在秋冬季节，对风电场的隐患排查和整治工作至关重要。
三副常用英语 文档
航海英语11deck 甲板deck department 甲板部captain／master 船长chief officer 大副second officer 二副third officer 三副chief engineer 轮机长second engineer 大管轮third engineer 二管轮fourth engineer 三管轮able bodied A.B 一水ordinary O. S 二水helmsman / wheelman 舵工motorman 机工foreman 机工长、领班cadet 实习生engine department 轮机部engine room E .R 轮机房port 左舷、港口starboard 右舷bow 船首stern 船尾center line 中心线head line 首缆、头缆stern line 尾缆forward breast line 前横缆after breast line 后横缆forward spring line 前倒缆after spring line 后倒缆log 航海日志deck 计程仪standing orders 常规命令stop engine 停车finished with engine 用车完毕full ahead 前进三（全速前进）half ahead 前进二（半速前进）slow ahead 前进一（慢速前进）dead slow ahead 微速前进dead slow astern 微速后退anchorage 锚地shackle 节、卸扣stand by S/B 准备quarantine 检疫、检疫所light house L.H. 灯塔anchor position 锚位2depart v.起航，离开departure 起航，离开arrive v到达，抵达arrival n到达，抵达proceed v前进，向前require v需要，请求enter v进入entrance n进入buoy n浮筒、浮标lifebuoy n救生圈lifejacket n救生衣ETD estimated time of departure / ETA estimated time of arrival 预计离港时间dismiss v撤换，解雇ring up 定速steer v驾驶，操作n舵机steering gear 舵机wharf 码头station n站台，岗位v安排granted 允许，答应bollard 系缆桩alongside v停靠，依靠commence 开始crane 吊机、起重机bunker n燃油v加油diesel oil D.O 柴油fuel oil F.O 燃油resume 收回、恢复meal 粉load 装货unload 卸货abate 减轻drizzle 毛毛雨overcast 阴天，多云provision 食品、粮食、规定navigation 航海学。
描写冰的唯美句子简短英语(精选两篇)
描写冰的唯美句子简短英语(篇一) Title: 70+ Short and Beautiful Sentences Describing Ice1. The ice glistened like a thousand diamonds under the winter sun.2. Transparent and pure, ice reflects nature's delicate artistry.3. Delicately crafted by winter's touch, ice sparkles in the moonlight.4. Ice crystals danced and twirled on the frozen lake's surface.5. The world stood still as ice coated everything in a serene, frozen beauty.6. Winter's kiss transformed water into fragile, frozen sculptures.7. Ice veiled the landscape, creating a surreal, dreamlike atmosphere.8. Like a frozen mirage, ice suspended from tree branches, captivating all who beheld it.9. In the heart of winter, nature unveiled its masterful creation - ice.10. Ice adorned everything in a magical, ethereal charm.11. Each snowflake that touched the ground turned into a unique, frozen masterpiece.12. The icy surface crackled beneath my feet, a soothing and melodic sound.13. Winter's artwork, delicate and intricate, pXXnted the world in shades of ice.14. Crystal-clear and cold, ice mirrored the vastness of the frozen sky.15. The frosty XXr stung my cheeks as I marveled at the frozen landscape before me.16. The frozen lake was a tranquil haven, glistening and inviting.17. In the depths of winter, ice encased the world, suspending life in a moment of frozen stillness.18. Icy blades formed on rooftops, capturing the essence of winter's icy embrace.19. Like suspended tears, icicles hung, sparkling in the sunlight.20. The frigid wind sculpted ice into delicate, fantastical shapes.21. The ice-clad branches bowed under the weight of winter's icy touch.22. Lake Erie froze over, transforming into a vast, shimmering ice rink.23. The frozen pond was a canvas for skaters, gliding gracefully on its glassy surface.24. The XXr turned crisp and frosty, a prelude to the splendors of ice and snow.25. The world transformed into a winter wonderland, draped in a beautiful, icy veil.26. Frozen crystals clung to windows, creating intricate patterns as if whispering secrets.27. The biting cold made everything still, frozen in a moment of eternal beauty.28. Ice enveloped the landscape, casting an enchanting spell upon all who witnessed it.29. Winter's touch pXXnted the town in shades of white and silver, an icy masterpiece.30. Crystal-clear icicles formed a shimmering curtXXn, guarding nature's frozen realm.31. The frozen river flowed silently, a testament to the power and beauty of ice.32. Flurries of snow transformed into delicate ice flowers upon landing.33. The ice-covered trees shone with an otherworldly radiance, illuminating the wintry night.34. In the heart of winter, ice became the canvas for nature's awe-inspiring designs.35. The frozen waterfall cascaded down, creating a breathtaking sculpture of ice and motion.36. Icebergs floated gracefully in the arctic waters, a majestic display of nature's icy charm.37. Each step on the frozen ground echoed with a satisfying crunch, a celebration of winter's arrival.38. The frigid XXr embraced me, its icy tendrils awakening my senses to winter's enchantment.39. Frozen ponds transformed into disco floors, reflecting the moonlight with a dazzling brilliance.40. Ice sculptures adorned the city streets, captivating passersby with their frozen grace.41. The frozen lake was a window into a world untouched by time, a testament to nature's artistry.42. Ice crystals on the windowpane transformed the sunrise into a kaleidoscope of colors.43. Even in the coldest of winters, the delicate beauty of ice never fXXled to mesmerize.44. The ice cracked under the weight of my skates, releasing an enchanting melody.45. I marveled at nature's ability to transform water into a solid, delicate work of art - ice.46. Serenity enveloped me as I gazed upon the frozen landscape, the world silenced by winter's touch.47. The frozen pond became a playground for the imagination, a place where dreams took shape on its icy surface.48. The beauty of ice lies in its fragility, a reminder that even the most delicate things can withstand the harshest conditions.49. Each snowflake that landed seemed like a love letter from the sky, turning into a frozen token of affection.50. The frozen XXr was crisp and clean, invigorating my senses as I explored the icy wonderland.51. Ice castles stood tall and proud, rising from the frozen ground with a regal elegance.52. Like a delicate lace veil, frost adorned leaves, transforming them into exquisite frozen sculptures.53. Winter whispered its secrets through the ice, a silent language only the keenest of listeners could understand.54. The world shimmered in shades of blue and white, as if wrapped in nature's icy embrace.55. The frozen stream flowed silently, a gentle reminder that even motion can be suspended in time.56. A cold gust of wind sent shivers down my spine, awakening me to the raw beauty of ice.57. The frozen tundra stretched endlessly before me, a vast canvas awXXting the touch of winter's pXXntbrush.58. Icicles hung like fragile stalactites, nature's delicate chandeliers adorning the frozen landscape.59. The ice-covered lake reflected the starry night sky, merging reality with its captivating reflection.60. Winter's chill invited me to savor the frozen beauty, to embrace the serenity that only ice can bring.61. The ice queen's touch transformed nature into a frosty kingdom, captivating all who dared to venture into it.62. The frozen meadow sparkled like a field of diamonds, casting an ethereal glow upon the winter landscape.63. With every step, the ice cracked like a symphony in the stillness, reminding me of nature's grand performance.64. The frosty morning XXr pXXnted my breath with a whisper of white, a sign of winter's presence.65. Each snowflake that landed left its mark, turning the world into a delicate, frozen tapestry.66. The frozen lake was a looking glass into a parallel universe, a realm where time stood still.67. Tranquility enveloped me as I stood on the frozen shoreline, listening to the silence of the icy waters.68. Ice sculptures stood proudly in the town square, celebrating the beauty and resilience of winter.69. Each snowflake that landed was a tiny miracle, transforming into a delicate fragment of winter's charm.70. The frozen landscape was a ballet of light and shadows, captivating all who beheld its frozen grace.Note: This article includes 70 distinct sentences describing the beauty of ice, adhering to the title's requirement of not less than 70 sentences.描写冰的唯美句子简短英语(篇二)Describing the Beauty of Ice: 50 Short and Elegant English Sentences1. The frozen crystals danced gracefully on the surface of the pond.2. The icy landscape shimmered under the pale winter sun.3. Delicate frost kissed the tips of every leaf and blade of grass.4. The frozen lake reflected the colors of the sunset, creating a breathtaking spectacle.5. A thin layer of ice coated the window pane, creating intricate patterns.6. The icicles hung from the tree branches like glistening stalactites.7. A frosty breeze whispered through the XXr, pXXnting the world in a serene white.8. The frozen waterfall stood majestically, its cascading water forever suspended in time.9. The snow sparkled like a million diamonds under the moonlight.10. The frost turned every surface into a magical wonderland.11. The ice sculptures seemed to come to life, their frozen figures frozen in eternal beauty.12. As I walked across the frozen pond, I could hear the soft crackling of the ice beneath my feet.13. The frost-covered trees were like delicate porcelXXn figurines agXXnst the winter sky.14. The frozen river flowed silently, its surface adorned with patterns of ice.15. The frozen flowers in the garden were fragile works of art, encapsulating nature's beauty.16. The frozen lake was a mirror, reflecting the stillness of the world around it.17. The icicles hanging from the roof formed a dazzling curtXXn of ice.18. The frosty morning XXr bit at my cheeks as I marveled at the icy landscape.19. The delicate snowflakes fell gently, covering everything in a pristine white blanket.20. The frozen lake cracked under the weight of my footsteps, creating a symphony of sound.21. The winter morning was filled with the crisp beauty of ice and snow.22. The frozen pond resembled a sheet of glass, so smooth and flawless.23. Every breath I took turned to tiny puffs of frost in the cold winter XXr.24. The frozen branches reached out like skeletal fingers agXXnst the pale sky.25. The sound of skates gliding over the ice echoed through the frozen park.26. The icicles hanging from the eaves were nature's delicate chandeliers.27. The cold XXr embraced me, as if nature itself was whispering secrets only winter could know.28. The frozen landscape was a masterpiece, etched with intricate detXXls.29. The frozen waterfall created a symphony of sound as it slowly cascaded into oblivion.30. The snow-covered mountXXns stood majestically, their peaks touching the clouds.31. The frozen pond was a skater's paradise, a smooth surface inviting graceful movements.32. The ice crystals glistened in the sunlight, casting a rXXnbow of colors.33. The frozen lake was a serene sanctuary, untouched by the chaos of the outside world.34. The frostbite tingled on my fingertips, a reminder of the cold beauty surrounding me.35. The frozen flowers seemed preserved in time, their delicate petals encased in ice.36. The ice sculptures in the winter festival were a testament to human creativity and nature's touch.37. The frozen river whispered tales of ancient times, its icy water carrying secrets untold.38. The frost-covered trees stood tall and proud, resilient agXXnst the harsh winter winds.39. The frozen landscape seemed to exist in a different realm, untouched by the passage of time.40. The icicles hanging from the rooftops were nature's delicate ornaments.41. The stillness of the frozen lake created a sense of calm and tranquility.42. The delicate frost patterns on the window resembled intricate lacework.43. The frozen pond was a canvas wXXting to be explored, a surface for dreams to unfold.44. The frozen world around me was a treasure trove of beauty, wXXting to be discovered.45. The ice-covered branches glittered like diamonds in the morning light.46. The frozen river was a silver ribbon winding through the winter landscape.47. The frost-kissed grass crunched beneath my boots as I ventured through the frozen fields.48. The icicles hanging from the cliffs were nature's elegant sculptures.49. The frozen lake was a playground for nature's creatures, their footprints etched in the ice.50. The cold embrace of winter revealed the fragile beauty of ice, a reminder of nature's power and artistry.这些优美的句子描绘了冰的唯美之处，让读者沉浸在冰雪世界的神奇和优雅之中。
输电线路风冰荷载重现期及结构可靠性影响分析
第36卷第6期2020年12月Vol.36，No.6Dec.2020结构工程师Structural Engineers输电线路风冰荷载重现期及结构可靠性影响分析杨风利*（中国电力科学研究院有限公司，北京100055）摘要依据现行输电线路设计规范，分析了大风、覆冰荷载重现期调整系数取值，采用JC法计算了大风工况和风冰组合工况下输电线路杆塔构件的可靠指标，提出了荷载效应比、荷载重现期调整系数对杆塔构件可靠指标的影响规律。
结果表明，杆塔构件可靠指标随线条风荷载调整系数的增大而增大，其中线条风荷载调整系数对大风工况下可靠指标的影响比风冰组合工况更为明显，可靠指标最大增加约15%。
风冰组合工况下，可靠指标随风荷载效应比的增大略有降低，覆冰荷载效应比对可靠指标的影响较为显著，可靠指标随覆冰荷载效应比增大的最大降低幅度达到30%。
GB50068—2001规定100年重现期结构的目标可靠指标不小于3.7，大风工况下和风冰组合工况下，100年重现期的杆塔构件可靠指标范围分别为3.95~4.29和3.43~3.71，100年重现期可靠指标比50年重现期值分别提高约25.7%和25.5%，建议特高压、大跨越等重要输电线路的荷载重现期取100年。
关键词荷载，重现期，杆塔，JC法，可靠指标Wind and Ice Load Return Periods for Transmission Lines and Effects on Transmission Tower Structural ReliabilityYANG Fengli*（China Electric Power Research Institute，Beijing100055，China）Abstract Based on the applicable design standards for transmission lines，the factors to adjust wind loads and accreted ice loads for different return periods were analyzed.The reliability indexes for transmission tower members under wind load case and wind-ice combination load case were calculated by JC method.Influence laws of the load effect ratios and the adjustment factors for the load return periods on the structural reliability indexes were proposed.The results showed that the tower member reliability indexes increased with the adjustment factor for wind loads acting on wires.The influence level of the adjustment factor for wire wind load under wind load case was more significant than the wind-ice combination load case，and the maximum increasing extent of the tower member reliability indexes is15%.For the wind-ice combination load case，the tower member reliability indexes decreased slightly with increasing of the total wind load effect ratio.While accreted ice load effect ratio had relatively significant influence on the tower member reliability index.With increasing of the accreted ice load effect ratios，the maximum decreasing extent of the tower member reliability indexes was up to30%.The structural target reliability index for100-year return period should not be lower than3.7in GB50068—2001.For the wind load case and the wind-ice combination load case，the tower member reliability indexes corresponding to100-year return period were from3.95to4.29and3.43to3.71，paring to the tower member reliability indexes corresponding to50-year return period，the average reliability indexes were separately enhanced by25.7%and25.5%.The100-year return period was收稿日期：2019-10-20基金项目：国家电网公司总部科技项目资助（GCB17201600145）*联系作者：杨风利（1980-），河北沧州人，教授级高级工程师，博士，主要从事输电线路杆塔结构研究。
海上风电的基本术语(中英文对照)
轮毂高度（风力发电机组）
height of the centre of the swept area of the wind turbine rotor above the mean sea level 风力发电机风轮掠扫面积的中心点距离平均海平面的高度
第四页，共24页。
3.9 fast ice cover固定冰盖 a rigid continuous cover of ice not in motion
静止状态下的连续刚性冰覆盖层
3.10 fetch风距 distance over which the wind blows constantly over the sea with approximately constant wind speed and direction 风以近似恒定的风速和风向持续地吹过海面所经过的距离
3.21 marine growth海生物 surface coating on structural components caused by plants, animals and bacteria 由动植物和细菌引起的结构部件表面上的覆盖物
第十页，共24页。
3.22 mean sea level平均海平面
负责海上风力发电机组的制造和生产的一方或多方
第九页，共24页。
3.20 marine conditions海洋条件 characteristics of the marine environment (waves, sea currents, water level, sea ice, marine growth,seabed movement and scour, etc.) which may affect the wind turbine behaviour 可能影响风力发电机组性能的海洋环境特性（海浪、洋 流、水位、海冰、海生物、海床运动和冲刷等）
风力机叶片覆冰预测模型研究
中文摘要摘要我国受季风性气候影响明显，冬季风力资源特别丰富，但低温造成的叶片覆冰严重地制约着风电产业的发展。
叶片覆冰对其空气动力特性造成极大的影响，导致严重的风力机功率损耗；叶片上附着的冰块在旋转过程中因离心力作用而被甩落，对机组及附近工作人员的安全造成极大的隐患。
国内外对于风力机叶片覆冰模型的研究多基于经典的叶素动量理论(BEM)，将三维旋转问题转化成具有特定攻角的二维翼型进行研究，且缺乏相应的试验验证。
由于风力机旋转过程中包含沿叶展方向的速度，三维模型能更加准确地描述风力机的覆冰过程。
因此，从覆冰试验与三维数值计算模型相结合的角度研究风力机叶片的覆冰增长过程，提出基于气象参数的叶片覆冰预测模型，对于风电场的冬季维护预警、优化防冰除冰方法具有重要的工程指导意义和实用价值。
论文首先试验研究了风力机叶片的覆冰增长过程，然后从建立三维数值计算模型的角度出发，将其分为空气流场计算、水滴碰撞系数计算、传质传热计算以及冰形计算四部分，在二维Messinger传质模型的基础上对三维覆冰算法进行了改进，在建立模型的过程中综合考虑了湍流模型、表面水膜流动以及冰面粗糙度对覆冰过程的影响，得到覆冰过程中碰撞系数、对流换热系数、冻结系数以及冰形沿叶片的分布规律及其影响因素，最后通过试验验证了覆冰预测模型。
论文的具体工作及成果如下：①在人工气候室及雪峰山自然覆冰试验站搭建试验平台得到了风力机叶片覆冰的分布规律，并根据显微成像法及旋转多圆柱监测法研究了环境参数对覆冰荷载的影响。
结果表明，覆冰主要集中在叶片前缘，沿展向覆冰逐渐增多；风速、液态水含量(LWC)的增大以及温度降低都会导致更加严重的覆冰。
②采用多参考坐标系(MRF)法模拟了叶片旋转，基于S-A、标准k-ε和k-ωSST三种湍流模型的数值模拟，并引入LEWICE的势流理论求解叶片边界层速度，研究了湍流模型对叶片表面压力系数、边界层速度的影响。
计算结果表明，k-ω SST 湍流模型具有较高的计算精度，与试验结果吻合较好；S-A模型在前缘吸力面存在压力系数偏小的情况，标准k-ε模型对吸力面的压力系数变化不够灵敏。
少量单词学会英语
少量单词学会英语——摘录CN_WeakMan具体名词：背下来就可以 ________________________________________ 1有关物的名词_____________________________________________________ 1时间类 _________________________________________________________________ 1气候类 _________________________________________________________________ 1自然类 _________________________________________________________________ 1植物类 _________________________________________________________________ 1动物类 _________________________________________________________________ 1昆虫类 _________________________________________________________________ 1其他生物 _______________________________________________________________ 1地点类 _________________________________________________________________ 2机构类 _________________________________________________________________ 2声音类 _________________________________________________________________ 2食品类 _________________________________________________________________ 2餐饮类 _________________________________________________________________ 2蔬菜类 _________________________________________________________________ 2水果类 _________________________________________________________________ 2食材类 _________________________________________________________________ 2饮料类 _________________________________________________________________ 2疾病类 _________________________________________________________________ 3房屋类 _________________________________________________________________ 3家具类 _________________________________________________________________ 3首饰类 _________________________________________________________________ 3化妆品 _________________________________________________________________ 3交通类 _________________________________________________________________ 3车辆类 _________________________________________________________________ 3路桥类 _________________________________________________________________ 3装置类 _________________________________________________________________ 3设备类 _________________________________________________________________ 4容器类 _________________________________________________________________ 4材料类 _________________________________________________________________ 4日常用品类 _____________________________________________________________ 4数量 ___________________________________________________________________ 4单位 ___________________________________________________________________ 4事情 ___________________________________________________________________ 4有关人的名词_____________________________________________________ 4家庭角色类 _____________________________________________________________ 4社会角色类 _____________________________________________________________ 5职业类 _________________________________________________________________ 5群体类 _________________________________________________________________ 5抽象名词：光背下来还不够______________________________________ 5话语类 _________________________________________________________________ 5信息类 _________________________________________________________________ 5状态类 _________________________________________________________________ 5行为类 _________________________________________________________________ 6活动类 _________________________________________________________________ 6思想类 _________________________________________________________________ 6整体类 _________________________________________________________________ 6其他类 _________________________________________________________________ 7构成类名词：你的外在与内在____________________________________ 7核心词 _________________________________________________________________ 7部位 ___________________________________________________________________ 7身体 ___________________________________________________________________ 7精神 ___________________________________________________________________ 7力量 ___________________________________________________________________ 7动物 ___________________________________________________________________ 8属性类名词： __________________________________________________ 8你的状态_________________________________________________________ 8静态属性 _______________________________________________________________ 8形状________________________________________________________________ 8尺寸________________________________________________________________ 8位置________________________________________________________________ 8其他属性____________________________________________________________ 8数量________________________________________________________________ 9类别________________________________________________________________ 9动态属性 _______________________________________________________________ 9方式________________________________________________________________ 9原因________________________________________________________________ 9目的________________________________________________________________ 9结果________________________________________________________________ 9过程________________________________________________________________ 9单纯型动词：广交天下朋友_____________________________________ 10本源词__________________________________________________________ 10归属 ____________________________________________________________ 10拥有某物 _____________________________________________________________ 10得到某物 _____________________________________________________________ 10给出某物 _____________________________________________________________ 10拿到某物 _____________________________________________________________ 10终点位置________________________________________________________ 10使到达某一位置 _______________________________________________________ 10使轻轻到达某一位置 ___________________________________________________ 10使从其他位置到达说话者位置___________________________________________ 10使从说话者位置到达其他位置___________________________________________ 10使位置暂停改变 _______________________________________________________ 11使位置保持不变 _______________________________________________________ 11位置保持不变 _________________________________________________________ 11相互位置________________________________________________________ 11一事物到另一事物上面 _________________________________________________ 11一事物到另一事物下面 _________________________________________________ 11两事物混合 ___________________________________________________________ 11两事物互换 ___________________________________________________________ 11两事物相连 ___________________________________________________________ 11两事物相遇 ___________________________________________________________ 11两事物交叉 ___________________________________________________________ 11运动轨迹________________________________________________________ 12从一个点到另一个点 ___________________________________________________ 12经过某个点 ___________________________________________________________ 12低点往高点 ___________________________________________________________ 12高点往低点 ___________________________________________________________ 12一事物在另一事物后面 _________________________________________________ 12一事物在另一事物前面 _________________________________________________ 12一物载另一物 _________________________________________________________ 12往复运动 _____________________________________________________________ 12快速运动 _____________________________________________________________ 12力量轻轻接触 ________________________________________________________ 12用力接触 _____________________________________________________________ 13使快速运动 ___________________________________________________________ 13用力接触并来回移动 ___________________________________________________ 13用力使事物脱离原来的位置_____________________________________________ 13对事物朝某一方向用力 _________________________________________________ 13空间空间开放或关闭 __________________________________________________ 13一事物进入某一空间 ___________________________________________________ 13一事物进入某一空间（气体或液体）_____________________________________ 13事物离开某一空间 _____________________________________________________ 13事物离开某一地点 _____________________________________________________ 13一事物到达某一地点 ___________________________________________________ 13一事物固定在某一个空间 _______________________________________________ 14时间 ____________________________________________________________ 14某事发生 _____________________________________________________________ 14某事结束 _____________________________________________________________ 14某事停止 _____________________________________________________________ 14方向 ____________________________________________________________ 14一个方向到另一个方向 _________________________________________________ 14从大到小（用力） _____________________________________________________ 14从大到小 _____________________________________________________________ 14从多到少 _____________________________________________________________ 14形状 ____________________________________________________________ 14尺寸 ____________________________________________________________ 15行为 ____________________________________________________________ 15系动词__________________________________________________________ 15世故型动词：朋友少，但效率高_________________________________ 15看 ______________________________________________________________ 15说 ______________________________________________________________ 15想 ______________________________________________________________ 15感觉 ____________________________________________________________ 16自然现象________________________________________________________ 16人体行为________________________________________________________ 16生活行为________________________________________________________ 16社会行为________________________________________________________ 16工作 ____________________________________________________________ 17学习 ____________________________________________________________ 17事物之间的关系___________________________________________________ 17事物的发展变化___________________________________________________ 17事物相互作用____________________________________________________ 17让感觉飞起来：形容词 _________________________________________ 17物的属性与构成___________________________________________________ 17大小 _________________________________________________________________ 17高低 _________________________________________________________________ 17长短 _________________________________________________________________ 18深浅 _________________________________________________________________ 18粗细 _________________________________________________________________ 18宽窄 _________________________________________________________________ 18重量 _________________________________________________________________ 18正斜 _________________________________________________________________ 18形状 _________________________________________________________________ 18距离 _________________________________________________________________ 18事物与空间 ___________________________________________________________ 18时间 _________________________________________________________________ 18数量 _________________________________________________________________ 18质地 _________________________________________________________________ 19力量 _________________________________________________________________ 19状态 _________________________________________________________________ 19温度 _________________________________________________________________ 19湿度 _________________________________________________________________ 19亮度 _________________________________________________________________ 19味道 _________________________________________________________________ 19声音 _________________________________________________________________ 19人的属性与构成___________________________________________________ 19时间 _________________________________________________________________ 19身体 _________________________________________________________________ 19行为 _________________________________________________________________ 20外表 _________________________________________________________________ 20心智 _________________________________________________________________ 20态度 _________________________________________________________________ 20情感 _________________________________________________________________ 20心情 _________________________________________________________________ 20难度 _________________________________________________________________ 20时间 _________________________________________________________________ 20可能性 _______________________________________________________________ 20安全性 _______________________________________________________________ 20其他 _________________________________________________________________ 21综合属性________________________________________________________ 21品质（好） ___________________________________________________________ 21真实性 _______________________________________________________________ 21完整性 _______________________________________________________________ 21精确性 _______________________________________________________________ 21复杂性 _______________________________________________________________ 21其他 _________________________________________________________________ 21事物关系________________________________________________________ 21特殊性 _______________________________________________________________ 21一致性 _______________________________________________________________ 21普遍性 _______________________________________________________________ 22重要性 _______________________________________________________________ 22必要性 _______________________________________________________________ 22关联性 _______________________________________________________________ 22英语的灵魂：介词 _____________________________________________ 22动态位置________________________________________________________ 22轨迹 _________________________________________________________________ 22起点 _________________________________________________________________ 22终点 _________________________________________________________________ 22静态位置________________________________________________________ 22点 ___________________________________________________________________ 22点与点 _______________________________________________________________ 23点与空间 _____________________________________________________________ 23从属 _________________________________________________________________ 23时间 _________________________________________________________________ 23替代 _________________________________________________________________ 23比较 _________________________________________________________________ 23整体与部分 ___________________________________________________________ 23因果 _________________________________________________________________ 23其他 _________________________________________________________________ 23英语的配角：副词及其他 _______________________________________ 24副词 ____________________________________________________________ 24时间 _________________________________________________________________ 24位置 _________________________________________________________________ 24方向 _________________________________________________________________ 24数量 _________________________________________________________________ 24程度 _________________________________________________________________ 24强调 _________________________________________________________________ 24速度 _________________________________________________________________ 24频率 _________________________________________________________________ 24顺序 _________________________________________________________________ 24转折 _________________________________________________________________ 25递进 _________________________________________________________________ 25引导 _________________________________________________________________ 25连词 ____________________________________________________________ 25因果 _________________________________________________________________ 25转折 _________________________________________________________________ 25并列 _________________________________________________________________ 25条件 _________________________________________________________________ 25时间 _________________________________________________________________ 25选择 _________________________________________________________________ 25限定词__________________________________________________________ 26顺序 _________________________________________________________________ 26数量 _________________________________________________________________ 26指代 _________________________________________________________________ 26代词 _________________________________________________________________ 26疑问代词 _____________________________________________________________ 26冠词 _________________________________________________________________ 26感叹词 _______________________________________________________________ 26缩略词 _______________________________________________________________ 26数词 _________________________________________________________________ 26具体名词：背下来就可以有关物的名词时间类time morning afternoon noon evening night tonight today tomorrow yesterday weekend month year season spring autumn winter day date moment period history future birthday holiday festival schedule age气候类weather rain 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discipline crime trade economy politics war trip fashion industrysports：soccer football golf basketball race思想类thought idea view theory religionplan：strategy policy program整体类network internet series career system：language transport其他类favor privilege mistake risk advantage benefit problem trouble surprise secret award prize diet property option case example sample score limit experience effort energy figure构成类名词：你的外在与内在核心词part部位side edge base core身体head eye ear face nose foot mouth tooth tongue neck shoulder breast chest stomach arm hand finger nail leg knee throat brain heart lung muscle bone nerve hair skin blood sweat精神mind spirit soul emotion feeling：shame stress respect desire pain sense力量strength forcepower：authorityability：sight intelligence memory skilltail wing植物flower leaf root branch其他whole rest half属性类名词：你的状态静态属性形状shape appearance尺寸size space位置position point line end bottom middle top front back center corner left right direction：east west north south品质quality feature character personality其他属性color weighttone material structureamount number measurement distance volume angle temperature level：degree grade rank standardrate：speed percentage类别kind type动态属性方式Formway：behavior mood logic tradition culture style pattern relation manner原因cause reason source excuse factor目的purpose goal结果effect result过程course process单纯型动词：广交天下朋友本源词be go come make归属拥有某物have得到某物get给出某物give拿到某物Take终点位置使到达某一位置put使轻轻到达某一位置lay place使从其他位置到达说话者位置bring使从说话者位置到达其他位置send使位置暂停改变hold使位置保持不变keep位置保持不变stay hang settle相互位置一事物到另一事物上面Cover一事物到另一事物下面support两事物混合Mix两事物互换switch两事物相连link join connect stick tie 两事物相遇meet两事物交叉cross运动轨迹从一个点到另一个点move shift经过某个点pass低点往高点raise lift rise高点往低点drop fall一事物在另一事物后面follow一事物在另一事物前面lead一物载另一物carry往复运动bounce roll shake screw 速度快速运动run rush hurry力量轻轻接触touch用力接触hit knock crash使快速运动throw用力接触并来回移动rub用力使事物脱离原来的位置pull对事物朝某一方向用力push draw press空间空间开放或关闭open close shut一事物进入某一空间fit enter一事物进入某一空间（气体或液体）fill pump spill spray事物离开某一空间clean clear wipe事物离开某一地点leave quit一事物到达某一地点arrive reach一事物固定在某一个空间fix set时间某事发生begin start happen某事结束Finish某事停止Stop方向一个方向到另一个方向turn整体与部分从大到小（用力）break crack split tear从大到小divide从多到少cut形状bend fold twist stretch spread尺寸grow行为look see listen hear say speak talk tell ask think believe know like love do系动词become seem feel sound smell taste世故型动词：朋友少，但效率高看find watch observe ignore search show说意见：agree cancel let allow告诉：claim warn introduce explain express confirm要求：beg charge order带有情感地说：argue blame praise encourage complain promise insist shout threat其他：answer call count pronounce想consider guess deserve offer doubt suspect trust forget remember imagine mean learn understand wonder decide try want hope wish expectwill shall should may might can must dare need impress attract 感觉enjoy suffer appreciate care hate worry thank welcome bless thrill freak shock bother annoy disturb自然现象die live burn boil人体行为肢体：dance ride lie climb beat上肢：hug下肢：sit stand walk kick jump skip面部：smile laugh cry嘴巴：eat kiss suck lick blow cough 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differenttypical normal common general popular average particular own重要性serious causal important main formal professional必要性necessary关联性free relative legal physical mental local native international cheap expensive separate public worth英语的灵魂：介词动态位置轨迹across along past over up down through on off in out against起点from终点to toward for about静态位置点atby beside before after behind between around 点与平面beyond under above below点与空间outside inside within从属of with without时间during since till替代instead of比较than as整体与部分besides among except including因果according to其他despite per英语的配角：副词及其他副词时间now early just then recently ago already yet ever never forever 位置here there方向away forth apart together aside数量extra alone程度quite much very well extremely almost enough强调actually especially absolutely certainly速度fast slow soon suddenly immediately gradually频率again often usually always顺序finally eventually转折Otherwise可能性probably perhaps maybe 递进also too either neither else 引导when where how why what 连词因果because转折but though并列And条件if unless except时间While选择or whether限定词顺序last next数量all any some both each either neither every few many much指代this that these those another such代词I you he she we they it疑问代词which who冠词a an the感叹词bye hello no yes pardon please wow damn缩略词Mr. Ms.数词zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten hundred thousand million billion。
冬天里的小冰雹作文400字
冬天里的小冰雹作文400字英文回答：Winter is a season that brings about various weather conditions, and one of the interesting phenomena that can occur during this time is small hail. Small hail, also known as ice pellets, is formed when raindrops are carried upward by strong updrafts in a thunderstorm and freeze into small ice balls before falling to the ground. It is fascinating to witness these tiny ice balls bouncing off the ground and sometimes even accumulating to create a thin layer of white.The experience of being caught in a small hailstorm can be quite unique. I remember one winter day when I was walking home from school and suddenly, small hail started falling from the sky. At first, it felt like raindrops, but then I noticed the distinct sound of the ice pelletshitting the ground. It was like being caught in a mini snowball fight, with the ice pellets bouncing offeverything around me. I quickly sought shelter under a nearby tree to protect myself from the icy onslaught.The sound of small hail hitting different surfaces can be quite intriguing. As I stood under the tree, I couldhear the ice pellets hitting the leaves and branches, creating a rhythmic tapping sound. It was like nature's own percussion performance, with each ice pellet adding its own unique beat to the symphony. The ground also made adistinct sound when the ice pellets landed, almost like the crackling of ice cubes in a glass. It was a symphony of sounds that added to the overall experience of the small hailstorm.The sight of small hail covering the ground is also a sight to behold. As I emerged from under the tree, I sawthat the ground was covered in a thin layer of white. It looked like a winter wonderland, even though thetemperature was not cold enough for snow. The ice pellets were scattered everywhere, creating a textured andsparkling surface. It was a beautiful sight, albeit a temporary one, as the small hail would eventually melt away.中文回答：冬天是一个带来各种天气条件的季节，而其中一个有趣的现象就是小冰雹。
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Copyright ©1997, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
AIAA Meeting Papers on Disc, January 1997
A9715950, AIAA Paper 97-0977
Wind turbine performance under icing conditions
William J. Jasinski
Illinois Univ., Urbana
Shawn C. Noe
Illinois Univ., Urbana
Michael S. Selig
Illinois Univ., Urbana
Michael B. Bragg
Illinois Univ., Urbana
AIAA, Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, 35th, Reno, NV, Jan. 6-9, 1997
The effects of rime ice on horizontal axis wind turbine performance were estimated. For typical supercooled fog conditions found in cold northern regions, four rime ice accretions on the S809 wind turbine airfoil were predicted using the NASA LEWICE code. The resulting airfoil/ice profile combinations were wind-tunnel tested to obtain the lift, drag, and pitching moment characteristics over the Reynolds number range 1-2 x 10 exp 6. These data were used in the PROPID wind-turbine performance prediction code to predict the effects of rime ice on a 450-kW rated-power, 28.7-m diameter turbine operated under both stall-regulated and variable-speed modes. Performance losses on the order of 20 percent were observed for the variable-speed rotor. For the stall-regulated rotor, however, a relatively small rime ice profile yielded significantly larger performance losses. For a larger 0.08-c long rime ice protrusion, the rated peak power was exceeded by 16 percent because at high angles the rime ice shape acted like a leading edge flap, thereby increasing the airfoil Cl(max) and delaying stall. (Author)
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