科技文体的翻译

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科技文体的翻译

科技文体的翻译
科技文体的翻译
Translation of scie-tech style

科技文体的范围: 1)科技著述,科技论文和报告,实验报告和 方案; 2)各类科技情报和文字资料; 3)科技实用手段(包括仪器,仪表,机械, 工具等)的结构描述和操作描述; 4)有关科技问题的会议,会谈,交谈的用语; 5)有关科技的影片,录像等有声资料的解说 词。(参见刘宓庆《文体与翻译》)

(二) 句法层面 (1) 多名词化结构。 为使行文简洁,科技英语中多用表示动 作或状态的抽象名词或起名词功用的V-ing 形式以及名词短语结构。如the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves (通过无线 电波来发射和接收活动物体的图像); computer programming teaching device manual (计算机程序编制教学装置手册), the generation of heat by friction (摩擦生热) 等。


如果一些专业性较强的词语出现在通俗性 的语篇中,翻译时出于为读者着想也可适 当降低其译文的正式程度。如 AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 获得性免疫功能丧失综合症)可 译"艾滋病",poliomyelitis(脊髓灰质炎)可译 "小儿麻痹症"。

2) 准确理解词义 注意常用词的特定含义,不可以常义代特 定义,也不可将常用词作专业或准专业词 理解,因为科技英语词汇大部分仍是共核 词汇。 勤查词典,结合词的上下文及所在专业领 域来确定其真实含义。 新词不断出现,新科技成果与信息往往是 翻译实践的主要内容,译者应随时关注新 词的意义。

3第六章 科技英语翻译

3第六章 科技英语翻译
6
(3)大量使用概念准确的抽象名词 (Abstract Noun) ★

insulate-insulation expand-expansion move-movement leak-leakage stable-stability humid-humidity
绝缘 膨胀 运动 漏泄 稳定性 湿度
Back 2
the walls of the boiler [C;U] C: countable noun U: uncountable noun
耐火砖 可数名词 不可数名词 全封闭的 加工硬化 调频
通信卫星 BACK
10
full-enclosed work-harden fm Telesat (frequency modulation)
D.缩略法
4WD (four-wheel drive) 四轮驱动 CE (chief engineer) 总工程师 (Council of Europe) 欧洲理事会 FM (frequency modulation) 调频 TELESAT (telecommunications satellite ) 通信卫星 CCTV (closed circuit television) 闭路电视
7

动词派生的抽象名词可表示过程、现象、特征和性质
abort-abortion automate-automation commute-commutation lase-laser liase- liason televise-television soft-land-soft-landing install-installation protect-protection balance (v.& n.) guide- guidage

应用翻译---科技文体翻译练习

应用翻译---科技文体翻译练习

What Is a SketchThe mechanic must not only know how to read the language of the industrial world but must also know how to write it. He must be able to give his own ideas and describe an object to someone else. It is often necessary to make just a part for a machine. However, there is no time to make a drawing of it with instruments, no time either for a draughtsman to make a drawing. Sometimes only one piece of a machine part is to be made and, therefore, it would be inconvenient to have the draughtsman make a mechanical drawing.Sketches are important because they show ideas and dimensions of a machine part. The cleverest idea, however, may result in a great mistake if the sketch is poorly done. We must learn to make clean sketches to be easily read by others as well as by ourselves.Machine ElementsA machine consists of a number of machine elements. The most useful machine element in power transmission is the gear. The gear is virtually a wheel with a number of teeth. Gears must work in pairs. A pair of gears with different number of teeth will increase or decrease the speed of rotationPulleys and belts are very common in power transmission. They can also change speeds on machine tools. Gears or pulleys rotate on shafts. Theshaft must rest in bearings. Sometimes there may be couplings between shafts. We may use clutches to start or stop shaft motion.Some machine elements may be very large. Others may be very small. However, each of them plays a part in the construction of a machine.Cutting ToolsThe metal cutting tool separates chips from the workpiece in order to cut the part to the desired shape and size. There is a great variety of metal cutting tools. Each of them is designed to perform a particular job or a group of metal cutting operations in an efficient manner. For example, a twist drill is designed to drill a hole which has a particular size, while a turning tool may be used to turn a variety of cylindrical shapes.There are three basic types of metal cutting tools: single-point tools, multiple-point tools, and abrasives. A single-point metal cutting tool has a single cutting edge and is used for turning, boring, shaping, and planning. The most common machine tool that employs the single-point cutting tool is the engine lathe. Multiple-point tools have two or more cutting edges such as drills, reamers, and milling cutters. The cutting edge is that part of the tool where cutting is actually done. Grinding wheels are an example of abrasive cutting tools. Each grinding wheel hasa lot of abrasive grains which act as very small cutting tools.Limits and TolerancesMachine parts are manufactured so they areinterchangeable. In other words, each part of a machineor mechanism is made to a certain size and shape so itwill fit into any other machine or mechanism of the same type. To make the part interchangeable, each individual part must be made to a size that will fit the mating part inthe correct way. It is not only impossible, but alsoimpractical to make many parts to an exact size. This isbecause machines are not perfect, and the tools becomeworn. A slight variation from the exact size is alwaysallowed. The amount of this variation depends on the kindof part being manufactured. For example, a part might bemade 6 inches long with a variation allowed of 0.003( three thousandths ) inches above and below this size.Therefore the part could be 5.997 to 6.003 inches and stillbe the correct size. These are known as the limits. Thedifference between upper and lower limits is called the tolerance.When the tolerance is in both directions from the basic size, it is known as a bilateral tolerance ( plus and minus ). Sometimes the limit is allowed in only one direction. This is known as unilateral tolerance. For example, a hole may have to be 2 inches minus 0.000 inches, or plus 0.005 inches. This means that the hole must not be smaller than 2 inches, but can be as large as 2.005 inches.Surface FinishWithin recent years a great deal of attention has been given to the invesigation of the surface texture produced by various machining and finish operations, and, although we have not yet reached the stage when surface finish requirements can be specified and produced just as it is possible for a given dimension, information is being built up which may in the end bring this about.If a machine surface is reproduced to a large enough magnification it will be found to have a wevy profile, the character and shape of the waves varying for different machining methods. Equipment is now available which will produce an enlarged contour of a surface by traversing a needle-like probe over it, the instrument at the same time plotting on a chart a greatly magnified reproduction of the up-and-down movement of the probe with its longitudinal traverse.。

3-4 科技文体的翻译

3-4 科技文体的翻译
改译:阿基米德现存著作中有三本是专门 论述平面几何的。
Exercises:
1. The power plant is the heart of a ship.
发动机是船舶的心脏。
2. The power unit for driving the machines
is a 50-hp induction motor.
• 4. 复杂长句使用频率高 • 弄清主次,理清关系,可采用顺译法、逆译法、 分译法和综合译法 • The simple fact shows that the more of the force of friction is got rid of, the farther will the ball travel, and we are led to infer that, if all the impeding forces of gravitation and resistance could be removed, there is no reason why the ball, once in motion, should ever stop.
• locking dog 制动爪/锁定爪
• spike dog 道钉 • stop dog 止动器
• 3. 借用 • Monogamy (希腊)一夫一妻制 (直 接借用外来语) • Bicuspid (拉丁)双尖牙 • Boeing 737 波音737飞机 (借用人名)
• Brazilian pebble 石英水晶 (借用地名)
• 3. 象形译
• 根据物体的行状进行翻译
• H-beam 工字梁
• Cross-bit 十字钻头
• V-belt 三角皮带
• BASIC

科技英语的翻译

科技英语的翻译

动词多倾向于行为动词。时态往往用一般现 在式。
倾向使用被动语态。
大量使用动词的非限定式,即分词、不定式 和动名词。
文体总貌
科技英语的显著特点是重叙事逻辑上的连贯 (coherence)及表达上的明晰(clarity)与畅达 (fluency);避免行文晦涩,坐着避免表露个人感 情,避免论证上的主观随意性。因此,科技论文 总是力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情 作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词。科技英语力求平 易、精确,因此尽力避免使用旨在加强语言感染 力和宣传效果的各种修饰词格,忌用夸张、借喻、 讽刺、反诘、双关等修辞手段,以免使读者产生 行文浮华、内容虚饰之感。
词类转换(n-v)
Despite the long-standing availability of effective antibiotics, particularly penicilin, pnemococcal disease continues to take a heavy death toll, particularly among people suffering from other chronic diseases.
Scientists thought that regular orbits of such faint particles were practically nonexistent. The idea has now been rejected by facts.
科学家原来以为这样微弱的粒子实际上是 不存在有规则的轨道的。这种看法现在已 经被事实否定了。
翻译练习
非限定动词
A canning tomato 一种供做罐头的西红柿
Infected children 受到感染的儿童

科技文体的翻译PPT课件

科技文体的翻译PPT课件

案例分析
以某篇科技广告的翻译为例,展示如何准确传达原文的 含义,如何处理复杂的逻辑关系和句式结构,以及如何 保持原文的风格和语气。
04
科技文体翻译的挑战与解决方案
文化差异的挑战与解决方案
挑战
不同文化背景下,人们对科技概念的 理解和表达方式可能存在差异,这可 能导致翻译时出现歧义或误解。
解决方案
在翻译过程中,应充分了解目标文化 的科技语境和表达习惯,采用适当的 语言和表述方式,以使译文更加贴切 和易于理解。
解决方案
在翻译过程中,应仔细阅读原文,充分理解上下文和背景信息,以确保译文与原文的语境一致。同时,在必要的 情况下,可以与原文作者进行沟通,以更好地理解原文的意图和语境。
05
科技文体翻译的未来发展趋势
人工智能在科技文体翻译中的应用
人工智能技术已广泛应用于科 技文体翻译,如机器翻译、自 然语言处理等,提高了翻译效
案例分析
以某篇科技文献的翻译为例,展示如何准确 翻译专业术语,如何处理复杂句式和长句结
构,以及如何保持原文的风格和语气。
科技论文的翻译实践
科技论文的翻译实践
科技论文通常具有严谨的结构和逻辑关系,因此在翻译过程中需要特别注意保持这些特 点。在词汇选择上,需要准确表达原文的含义,避免使用模糊或歧义的词汇。在句式结
率和准确性。
人工智能技术能够快速处理 大量数据,进行语义分析和 语境推断,使译文更加贴切
自然。
人工智能技术还有助于提高多 语言翻译的同步性和一致性, 为跨国企业和国际交流提供更
好的语言服务。
跨文化交流对科技文体翻译的影响
随着全球化的深入发展,跨文化交流成为科技文体翻译的重要背景,要求译者在传递科技信息的同时, 兼顾不同文化背景和语言习惯。

科技文体翻译

科技文体翻译
Astronaut Astrophysics 宇航员 天体物理学
3、合成
合成是指由两个或更多的词合成一个词。
翻译合成词时,往往可以根据构成它们的单词的意义进行 猜测,但是应当尽量予以核实,杜绝想当然的现象。
如:loom-state
未染色的 (计算机的)先行智能(的) 在·· ·上面镀金 流网,漂网
句法特点和翻译
1、科技英语文体的一个显著特点就是无人称句多, 科技英语特定的交际目的和特定的交际对象决定其 在语篇结构、文体风格 和 社会功能 等方面都具 有特定的体裁特征。
2、作为一种重要的英语文体,科技英语的总体特 征是:语言准确严密、语气正式、陈述客观、逻辑 性和专业性较强,句法上主要表现为大量使用名词 化结构、被动语句、长句和非谓语动词等特征。为 了准确地翻译科技英语,必须对原文理解透彻,因 此译者必须熟悉语法知识,在翻译时对原文句子进 行准确的剖析。
科技文体的 翻译主要从 这四方面出 发:
一、词汇特点和翻译 二、句法特点和翻译
三、文体特点和翻译
四、科技翻译的特点
在英语专业词汇中,有的是纯专业词汇,属于某一专业领域 所特有。这些词汇的特点是含义精确明晰,概念单一狭窄, 翻译时并不难处理,因为它们往往具有统一的标准译法,在 中英文中都有确定的名称。但同时这也意味着译者不可以任 意自取他法。
科技英语中还含有大量的缩写词。缩写词主要由词组中的首 字母构成,其优点是书写简便,但是如果不熟悉,在阅读和 理解上也会有困难。 如:NAD Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide:辅酶 National Academy of Design:全国设计院 又如:IC Immediate constituent:(<语法 >直接成分) Integrated circuit(<电子>集成电路) Incidental campaign expenditure(竞选附带费用) Interior communication(内部通信联络) Internal combustion(内燃)

科技英语的语言特点及文体翻译

科技英语的语言特点及文体翻译

科技英语的语言特点及文体翻译摘要: 随着现代科学技术的飞速发展,全球经济一体化逐步深入,科技英语将越来越引起科学界和语言界的高度重视和关注。

科技英语越来越表现出其独特性,已成为一门独立的文体。

本文从科技英语的语言特点出发,举例阐述了科技英语的翻译技巧和方法。

关键词: 科技英语;语言特点;翻译在科技英语文献中,科技词汇包括纯科技词汇和普通科技词汇,其使用率高达6 0 % ,足见其数量之多。

随着现代科学技术的飞速发展,全球经济一体化逐步深入,科技英语将越来越引起科学界和语言界的高度重视和关注。

著名科学家钱三强早就指出:“科技英语在许多国家已经成为现代英语的一个专门的新领域。

”现在世界上许多国家设立了科技英语研究中心,大学里也设立科技英语专业或科技英语系,专门从事科技英语语言的研究、教学和科技英语人才的培养。

在我国,科技英语的研究和学习方兴未艾,科技英语系(专业) 、研究中心和翻译机构在各大中城市、高等院校如雨后春笋。

这充分说明我国科技的快速发展,经济的良性循环以及对世界政治、经济、科技等活动越来越需要科技英语。

尽管科技英语和普通英语( 如文学英语) 外表上看一样,都是由语音、词汇和语法构成。

但随着其运用范围扩大,科技领域的进一步规范,科技英语越来越表现出其独特性,已成为一门独立的文体,并逐步奠定科技英语作为一门学科的基础。

一、科技英语的语言特点科技英语的特点表现在词汇、句法和修辞三个方面。

(一)词汇方面科技词汇在科技英语里大量使用,主要包括以下几类:1 .纯科技词汇,即那些只用于某个专业或学科的专门词汇或术语,如hydroxide(氢氧化物)、diode(二级管)、isotope(同位素) 等。

随着科技的发展,新学科、新专业的产生,这样的词汇层出不穷,其词义精确而狭窄,针对性极强。

阅读专业性强的文献,就要了解该领域的专门词汇和术语。

2 .通用科技词汇,即不同专业都要经常使用的那些词汇,数量较大。

这类词的使用范围比纯科技词汇要广,出现频率也高,但在不同的专业里有较为稳定的词义。

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科技文体的汉译英科技文体的范畴•科技文体可以泛指一切论及或谈及科学和技术的书面语和口语,其中包括:1. 科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案;2. 各类科技情报和文字资料;3. 科技实用手册(Operative Means,包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等)的结构描述和操作规程;4. 有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语;5. 有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词,等等。

1. 科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案;2. 各类科技情报和文字资料;•这两项科技英语,在文体学上统称为科学散文。

(scientific prose)科技英语文体总貌•着重叙事逻辑上的联贯(Coherence)及表达上的明晰(Clarity)与畅达(Fluency);避免行文晦涩,作者避免表露个人感情,避免论证上的主观随意性。

因此,科技英语总是力求少用或不用描述性形容词以及具有抒情作用的副词、感叹词及疑问词。

•科技英语结构力求平易(Plainness)和精确(Preciseness),因此尽力避免使用旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的各种修辞格,忌用夸张、借喻、讥讽、反诘、双关及押韵等修辞手段,以免使读者产生行文浮华、内容虚饰之感。

科技文体的一般特征•(1) 无人称(Impersonal)•(2) 语气正式(Formal in Mode ofSpeech)•(3) 陈述客观、准确(Objective andAccurate in Statement)•(4) 语言规范(Standard in Language)•(5) 文体质朴(Unadorned in stylistics)•(6) 逻辑性强(Strict in Logic)•(7) 专业术语性强(Concentrated inTechnical Terms)(1)无人称•绝大多数科技文章很少使用有人称的句子。

这主要是由于科技文章所描述和所讨论的是科学发现或科技实事。

尽管科技活动系人类所为,但由于科技文章所报告的主要是这种科技的结果或自然规律,而不是报告这些结果或自然规律是由谁发现或完成的,因此,科技文章往往没有人称。

•无人称不是绝对的;总的来说,人称句在科技文章中的比例很小。

•The general layout of the illumination system and lenses of the microscope corresponds to the layout of the light microscope. The electron “gun” which produces the electrons is equivalent to the light source of the optical microscope. The electrons are accelerated by a high-voltage potential (usually 40,000 to 100 000 volts), and pass through a condenser lens system usually composed of two magnetic lenses. The system concentrates the beam on to the specimen, and the objective lens provides the primary magnification. The final images in the electron microscope must be projected on to a phosphor-coated screen so that it can be seen. For this reason, the lenses that are equivalent of the eyepiece in an optical microscope are called “projector” lenses.(From Thornley G C, Further Scientific English Practice)(2)语气正式A Talk about CorrosionDr. Brown: Good Morning, Mr. Smith. Can I take your coat? Awful weather, isn‟t it? Sit down. Cigarette?Mr. Smith: No, I don‟t smoke, thanks very much.Dr. Brown: Well, I‟ve been looking into your enquiry about the corrosion trouble you‟ve been getting in the control valve. I‟m sorry you‟ve had trouble --- quite unexpected --- but I think we have the answer. The most probable cause of corrosion at a metal-to-metal junction immersed in an ionized fluid is electrolytic.(From BBC, Scientifically Speaking )(3)陈述客观、准确•科技文章是反映客观事实的,文章中不能参杂作者个人的主观意识,不能带个人感情色彩,对客观事实的陈述必须客观、准确。

这既是科技文章的特征,也是对科技文章作者的基本要求。

(4)语言规范•科技文章的语言一般比较规范,主要表现为语法的规范性。

这与文学作品有很大不同。

•科技文章的语法之所以规范,是因为其描述的客观事物必须准确无误这一要求决定的。

(5)文体质朴•在修辞手段上,科技文章以交际修辞为主(Dominated in communicative rhetoric), 文风质朴、描述准确,不像文学文体那样富于美学修辞(Aesthetic rhetoric)手段和艺术色彩。

•主要表现在语言的统一性(Unity)和连贯性(Coherence)强,语句平衡匀密,简洁而不单调,语句长而不累赘、迂回。

消极修辞和积极修辞•根据现代修辞学的观点,修辞的目的在于提高语言的表达效果(Brooks & Warren 1979)•消极修辞(交际修辞):在总体上注重逻辑思维,其重点在于使语言表达简明、流畅、准确,有效地发挥语言的交际功能。

“意义明确、伦次通顺、词句平匀、安排稳密。

”(陈望道)•积极修辞(美学修辞):在把握逻辑思维的基础上,偏重于语言表达的生动、活泼、优雅、具感染力,从而取得语言的艺术性表达效果。

•Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert to the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and we have been spurned, with contempt, from the foot of throne,…There is no longer any room for hope.•There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged. Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come!Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course other may take, but for me, give me liberty or give me death!(6)逻辑性强•概念准确,判断合理、恰当,推理严密。

赵祖谟《小说创作隐性逻辑》•“无论文学家还是科学家,其思维都离不开感情、形象、理性,这一点当前已形成共识。

那么小说家和科学家思维方式的不同究竟在哪里?就在于情感、形象、理性诸因素在整个思维活动中所处的地位、所起的作用不同。

科学家是人,而人不可能无情。

但科学家之情推动他力求客观地、冷静地做出判断、推理,科学家以抽象的论证为指归。

科学研究的成果既有抽象的理论又有形象的营构,其内核是理性,他力避主观情感对客观事物的介入。

”•“小说家是人,是人就不能无…理‟。

但小说家的理在整个创作过程中始终同…情‟紧密结合,不能一时一刻忘记…情‟。

小说家以创造形象为指归。

而形象的内核是…情‟,因而小说家要强化感情的介入,讲究移情。

”《小说创作隐性逻辑》•赵先生这里所说的“理”即是逻辑,“情”即是修辞(美学修辞)。

由此可见,无论科技文章还是文学作品,都离不开逻辑和修辞(美学修辞),只是前者逻辑性突出,而后者富于修辞(美学修辞)和艺术色彩罢了。

(7)专业术语性强•众所周知,科技文章(科普文章除外)均有一个专业范围。

一般来说,其读者均是“本专业”的科技人员,至少说是文章是为“本专业”的读者而写的。

•专业术语是构成科技理论的语言基础,其余一具有严谨性和单一性。

•采用术语写作能使文章更加准确而简洁。

专业术语十分密集•It is possible to prove that as the number of tosses of coin is increased indefinitely, or “to infinity”, so the binomial distribution becomes identical with the normal distrib ution. For each kind of random event there is an underlying distribution. The normal or Gaussian distribution is very important because it arises very often in practice and also because it is very important in theory. Many distributions like binomial tend to become more and more like the normal as the number of events or the size of the sample increases. •Another well-known statistical distribution is the Poisson distribution. If we are dealing with the frequency of occurrence of events which occur at random in time and space, we should expect the Poisson distribution to play some part in the calculation.(From BBC, Scientifically Speaking)借用动物名称的专业术语•英语日常用语意义机械专业术语意义•coat 外衣镀层•cap 帽子轴承盖,罩壳•shoe 鞋子闸瓦,履带片•cup 杯子皮碗,轴套•bed 床底座,机床身•bench 长凳拉床,钳工台•house 房子箱体,罩•disk 唱片硬磨盘•desk 书桌控制屏•table 桌子放料盘•英语日常用语意义机械专业术语意义•eye 眼孔环•ear 耳吊钩•mouth 口开度•nose 鼻喷嘴•hand 手手柄,指针•finger 手指厚薄规•foot 脚支座•head 头冒口,刀架•neck 颈座•body 身体机身•hair 头发游丝•tooth 牙齿粗糙面注意事项•任何一种文体的语言特征都不是绝对的。

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