济南大学考博2015真题
济南大学2009～2010学年第一学期课程考试试卷(A卷)答案
概念 极限 性质 计算方法
概念 连续 基本结论 性质 初等函数的连续性 闭区间上连续函数的性质
左右极限
第二章主要内容回顾
导数的概念、几何意义 定义求导 导数 求导方法 基本公式、四则运算、复合求导 反函数求导 特殊函数求导 隐函数求导 高阶导数
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历年济南大学教育学研究生333真题
济南大学2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：教育综合科目代码：333考试时间：月日（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）—————————————————————————————一、名词解释1.六艺2.知觉3.效度4.分组教学5.课堂管理6.程序教学二、简答题1.布鲁纳提出的四条教学原则是什么?2.教师承担着哪些职业角色?3.教育目的的功能有哪些?4.比较团体智力测验和个体智力测验的优缺点。
三、分析论述题1.简述群体的主要特征。
2.论述新课程条件下教师角色的转变。
3.教学是科学还是艺术?请谈谈你的看法。
4.1983年，加德纳在著作《智能的结构》中提出了无论是在定义、评价手段还是在目的方面都不同于传统智力的“多元智力”概念。
多元智力理论于20世纪90年代被引入国内，经过几年的发展，到了90年代末，该理论影响日渐广泛。
2000年之后，关于多元智力理论的译著、论著以及教育期刊上所发表的文章均大幅度增加，形成了“多元智力”热潮。
请分析加德纳多元智力理论及对教育教学的启示。
参考答案：一、名词解释1.六艺：中国古代的主要教育教学内容，包括礼、乐、射、御、书、数。
2.知觉：人脑对直接作用于感觉器官的事物的各种不同属性，各个不同部分及其相互关系的整体反映。
3.效度：指一个测验欲测量某种心理特征的准确程度，即测验的有效性。
4.所谓分组教学，是指按照学生的学习能力或学习成绩，把他们分为若干水平不同的小组进行教学。
5.课堂管理是指教师在课堂教学的过程中通过协调课堂中的各种关系以建立一个有效的学习环境，促进学生积极地参与课堂活动，从而实现预定的教学目标的过程。
6.程序教学：认为学习是形成行为库中本不存在的行为，是通过“刺激——反应——强化”一步步实现的。
它的基础是行为主义心理学。
二、简答题1.[答案要点](1)动机原则;(2)结构原则;(3)程序原则;(4)强化原则。
2.[答案要点]传道者角色;授业、解惑者角色;示范者角色;管理者角色;父母与朋友角色;研究者角色。
2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案
2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案2015年山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is__2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point , one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested.The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent :“ There ‘ s nothing wrong with her hearing. She 's just __6__you out. ”A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)isthe failure of husbands and wives to __8__effectively. They don ‘ t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In __10__fashion , political scientists report that a growing number of people believe thattheir elected and __11__officials are out of__12__with the constituents they are supposedly__13__. Why?Becausethey don 't believe that they listen to them. In fact , it seems that sometimes our politicians don 't even listen to themselves. The following is a true story : At anational__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago , then Senator Joseph Montoyawas__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audienceto__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak , __17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__ofhis audience , Montoya began reading the press release , not his speech. He began,"For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya , Democrat of New Mexico , last night told the National .. ”Montoya read the entire six-page release , __19__ with the statement that he “was repeatedly__20__by applause. ”1. [A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor2. [A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble3. [A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion4. [A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening5. [A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless6. [A] turning [B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging7. [A] rising [B] arising [C] raising [D] arousing8. [A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact9. [A] relates [B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts10. [A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise11. [A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported12. [A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch13. [A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting14. [A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal15. [A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted16. [A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue17. [A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18. [A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight19. [A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded20. [A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped阅读理解第一篇I 've been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction区另 U ）and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. Thedistinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing thatmost of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammarwhile you are trying to capture a fleeting （稍纵即逝的）thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writingthe tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you writeis what Elbow calls “free writing. ” In free writing, the objective is to get words down onpaper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goalis to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you ' ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near. Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway throughyour available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move backand forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.1 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “ cannot work in parallel ” in the writi ng process, he means ________________________________ .A. one cannot use them at the same time B . they cannot be regarded as equally importantC. they are in constant conflict with each other D . no one can be both creative and critical2 What prevents people from writing on is .A. putting their ideas in raw form B . ignoring grammatical soundnessC. attempting to edit as they write D . trying to capture fleeting thoughts3 What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A. To organize one 's thoughts logically. B . To get one 's ideas down.C. To choose an appropriate topic. D . To collect raw materials.4 One commonconcern of writers about “free writing ” is that _____________________________________ .A. it overstresses the role of the creative mind B . it does not help them to think clearlyC. it may bring about too much criticism D . it takes too much time to edit afterwards5 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A . It allows him to sit on the side and observe.B . It helps him to come up with new ideas.C. It saves the writing time available to him. D . It improves his writing into better shape.第二篇2002年1月六级"The world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss." If that were an examination topic,most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog ( 烟雾)to global climate change, from the felling (砍伐)of forests to the extinction of species.The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world outputhas risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if peoplelived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous.But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in response to popular pressure. That is why, today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must:the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some timebefore new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new famp3ing andcrop technology. The long temp3 trend has been downwards.It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign (良性的)trend begins to stumble,and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resourceconcerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.1. According to the author, most students ____ .A) believe the world's environment is in an undesirable conditionB) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to beC) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environmentD) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment2. The huge increase in world production and population ___ .A) has made the world a worse place to live inB) has had a positive influence on the environmentC) has not significantly affected the environmentD) has made the world a dangerous place to live in3. One of the reasons why the Iong-temp3 trend of prices has been downwards is that _ .A) technological innovation can promote social stabilityB) political instability will cause consumption to dropC) new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproductionD) new sources are always becoming available4. Fish resources are diminishing because ____ .A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantitiesB) they are not owned by any particular entityC) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing groundsD) water pollution is extremely serious5. The primary solution to environmental problems is ___ .A) to allow market forces to operate properlyB) to curb consumption of natural resourcesC) to limit the growth of the world populationD) to avoid fluctuations in prices第三篇2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn 't harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmersand improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burntclearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soilthat farmers still benefit from today.Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat andI i! heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching theI I; forest floor. This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming.But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertilesoils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “ black carbon ” --the organic particles from camp fires and charred ( 烧成炭的)wood left overfrom thousands ofyears of slash-and-burn farming. “ The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils, ” says Glaser.Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.I・；“ Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn 't completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood, ” says Glaser. “It can be better than manure ( 粪月肥).” Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: “ Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils. ”Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prizedby farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser saysI I the widespread presence of pottery ( 陶器)confirms the soil 's human origins.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so wellfrom past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin ” forest.During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in thejungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims thatthese earth works, built between AD400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. Wdearn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that ___________ .A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforestB) it destroys rainforest soilsC) it helps improve rainforest soilsD) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because __________ .A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstableB) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth3. Glaser made his discovery by ________ .A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central AmazonB) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizationsC) test-burning patches of trees in the central AmazonD) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely.C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation.D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming5. From the passage it can be inferred that ______ .A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests第四篇2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can'tI i! stay alive," says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism forI __ I: processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元)deep in the brainknown as the amygdala ( 扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories ofsignificant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regionsresponsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraised a situation- I thinkthis charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body.These signals produce the familiar signs of distress:trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beastsother than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, "if you put that system into a brain thathas consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in thepast and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwireddanger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible device,"he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action-like having a doctorlook at that weird spot on your back.Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and thenmake a plan," he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-tighteningstrategies needed to survive a slump.Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro and buying gas masks.1. The "so-called fight-or-flight response" (Line2, Para. 1) refers to " ".A) the biological process in which human beings' sense of self-defense evolvesB) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential dangerC) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decisionD) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information2. Form the studies conducted by LcDoux we learn that _______ .A) reactions of humans and animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictableB) memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distressC) people's unpleasant memories are derived from their feelings of fearD) the amygdale plays a vital part in human and animal responses to potential danger3. Form the passage we know that ________ .A) a little worry will do us good if handled properlyB) a little worry will enable us to survive a recessionC) fear strengthens the human desire to survive dangerD) fear helps people to anticipate certain future events4. Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell?A) Ask for help-from the people around you.B) Use the belt-tightening strategies for survival.C) Seek professional advice and take action.D) Understand the situation and be fully prepared.5. In Hallowell's view, people's reaction to the terrorist threat last fall was .A) ridiculous B) understandable C) over-cautious D) sensiblePassage六选五How Poison Ivy WorksAccording to the American Academy of Dermatology, an estimated 10 to 50 million people inthis country have an allergic reaction to poison ivy each year. Poison ivy is often very difficult to spot. It closely resembles several other common garden plants, and can also blend in with other plants and weeds. But if you come into contact with it, you'll soon know by the itchy, blistery rash that forms on your skin. Poison ivy is a red, itchy rash caused by the plant that bears its name. Manypeople get it when they arehiking or working in their garden and accidentally come into direct contact with the plant's leaves, roots, or stems. The poison ivy rash often looks like red lines, and sometimes it forms blisters.1. _____About 85 percent of people are allergic to the urushiol in poison ivy, according to theAmerican Academy of Dermatology. Only a tiny amount of this chemical -- 1 billionth of a gram--is enough to cause a rash in many people. Some people may boast that they've been exposedto poison ivy many times and have never gotten the rash, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're not allergic. Sometimes the allergy doesn't emerge until you've been exposed several times, and some people develop a rash after their very first exposure. It may take up to ten days for the rash to emerge the first time.2. _____Here are some other ways to identify the poison ivy plant. It generally grows in a clusterof low, weed-like plants or a woody vine which can climb trees or fences. It is most often foundin moist areas, such as riverbanks, woods, and pastures. The edges of the leaves are generally smooth or have tiny "teeth". Their color changes based on the season -- reddish in the spring; green in the summer; and yellow, orange, or red in the fall. Its berries are typically white.3. _____The body's immunesystem is normally in the business of protecting us from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders that can make us sick. But when urushiol from the poison ivy plant touches the skin, it instigates an immune response, called dermatitis, to what would otherwise be a harmless substance. Hay fever is another example of this type of response; in the case of hay fever, the immune system overreacts to pollen, or another plant-produced substance.4. _____The allergic reaction to poison ivy is known as delayed hypersensitivity. Unlike immediate hypersensitivity, which causes an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure to an antigen, delayed hypersensitivity reactions don't emerge for several hours or even days after the exposure.5. _____In the places where your skin has come into contact with poison ivy leaves or urushiol,within one to two days you'll develop a rash, which will usually itch, redden, burn, swell, and form blisters. The rash should go away within a week, but it can last longer. The severity of the reaction often has to do with how much urushiol you've touched. The rash may appear sooner in some parts of the body than in others, but it doesn't spread -- the urushiol simply absorbs into the skin at different rates in different parts of the body. Thicker skin such as the skin on the soles of your feet, is harder to penetrate than thinner skin on your arms and legs.A Because urushiol is found in all parts of the poison ivy plant -- the leaves, stems, and roots -- it's best to avoid the plant entirely to prevent a rash. The trouble is, poison ivy grows almost everywhere in the United States (with the exception of the Southwest, Alaska, and Hawaii), so geography won't help you. The general rule to identify poison ivy, "leaflets three, let it be," doesn't always apply. Poison ivy usually does grow in groups of three leaves, with a longer middle leaf -- but it can also grow with up to nine leaves in a group.B Most people don't have a reaction the first time they touch poison ivy, but developan allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Everyone has a different sensitivity, and therefore a slightly different reaction, to poison ivy. Sensitivity usually decreases with age and with repeated exposures to the plant.C Here's how the poison ivy response occurs. Urushiol makes its way down through the skin, where it is metabolized, or broken down. Immune cells called T lymphocytes (or T-cells) recognize the urushiol derivatives as a foreign substance, or antigen. They send out inflammatory signals called cytokines, which bring in white blood cells. Under orders from the cytokines, these white blood cells turn into macrophages. The macrophages eat foreign substances, but in doing so they also damage normal tissue, resulting in the skin inflammation that occurs with poison ivy.D Poison ivy's cousins, poison oak and poison sumac, each have their own unique appearance. Poison oak grows as a shrub (one to six feet tall). It is typically found along the West Coast and in the South, in dry areas such as fields, woodlands, and thickets. Like poison ivy, the leaves of poison oak are usually clustered in groups of three. They tend to be thick, green,I and hairy on both sides. Poison sumac mainly grows in moist, swampyareas in the Northeast, Midwest, and along the Mississippi River. It is a woody shrub made up of stems with rows of seven to thirteen smooth-edged leaflets.E The culprit behind the rash is a chemical in the sap of poison ivy plants called urushiol. Its name comes from the Japanese word "urushi", meaning lacquer. Urushiol is the same substancethat triggers an allergic reaction when people touch poison oak and poison sumac plants. Poison ivy, Eastern poison oak, Western poison oak, and poison sumac are all members of the same family--Anacardiaceae.F Call your doctor if you experience these more serious reactions:Pus around the rash (which could indicate an infection).A rash around your mouth, eyes, or genital area.A fever above 100 degrees.A rash that does not heal after a week.2015年山大考博英语真题部分答案完形填空答案及翻译：I. D 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.AII. C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.C最近的一项民意测验显示：美国一半的青少年认为他们与父母的交流不好，而且造成这种隔阂的一个首要原因是有不理想的倾听行为。
2015年考博英语真题应用
2015年考博英语真题应用真题应用很关键考博英语对于很多考生来说，是困扰他们的一大难关。
从每年英语没过线的考生人数就可以看出，英语复习必须全力以赴，容不得半点侥幸心理，只有付出才有收获。
全国免费电话：四零零六六八六九七八.2015考博交流群：一零五六一九八二零，联系我们扣扣：二四七八七四八零五四或者四九三三七一六二六。
首先，词汇是基础。
词汇是英语的基石，但是我们都知道词汇的记忆是一项很枯燥的工作，因为它要的是真功夫。
关于词汇的学习根据每个人的不同情况会有不同的方法，常见的背诵单词书、做真题记单词。
关于第一种背诵方法有两点建议：在整块背诵的基础上注意零余时间的利用，比如随身携带一本小的单词书，只要有时间就拿出来看看;关于词汇书的选择，推荐西北大学出版的《考博词汇红宝书》和《考博英语词汇速记宝典》，在记单词的过程中，把不认识的单词标记出来，并且，重新抄写到一张新的纸上，一天记一个单元或者两个单元，就有新的一张或两张纸的陌生词汇被整理出来，然后，重点记忆这些陌生词汇，效率更高。
关于第二种的背诵方法，也是得到很多同学推崇的，做真题记单词，通过语境来记忆，就是从阅读中把单词挑出来背，做一篇阅读要把时间控制在15分钟以内，做完了要花大概45分钟去弄懂，光做不研究是没有效果的。
而且要切记，词汇记忆是每天的必修课。
再说，阅读。
阅读是大头，是做好其他一切题型的基础和前提。
而且不能只是做，一定要分析每一道题，你做对了，为什么做对了?做错了，为什么错?命题的思路是什么，一定要研究透彻。
特别推崇书上说的要读文章，大声的读以培养语感，以及更深刻的理解每一篇文章，读的时候会发现看的时候没有注意到的问题，当然又一次的温习了单词。
也可以把阅读中自己感觉比较好的句型记在小本子上，为以后的写作做好积累。
一般到了九月就可以做十年真题了。
考博英语最宝贵最权威的资料就是十年真题，它有自己的出题套路，反复做反复咀嚼就能培养题感。
阅读到最后，真题都特别熟了，可以做点模拟题，测下自己的水平。
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析Part I: Listening comprehension(略)Part II: Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD. supplement33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.A. accordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.A. acquaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____A. level outB. stand outC. come offD. wear off37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze(10%)Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cellsof the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish byhalf.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. potimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.D. address the source of liver transplants67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architectureB. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the labC. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. growing liver cells in the donor organ68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____A. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. the rats as wrong recipientsB. the time point of the transplantationC. the short period of the recellularizationD. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels70. the research team holds high hopes of_____A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journalof Medicine.71. what is the main idea of this passage?A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restoredC. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 yearsD. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____A. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?A. the places in which people workB. the accidents that involve using household cleaning productsC. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteriesD. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eyeB. the patient physically healthyC. the damaged eye with partial visionD. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?A. sarcasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. positivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. where to liveB. which race to belong toC. how to adjust environmentallyD. what medical problem to suffer78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____A. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. the racial perspectiveB. the environmental aspectC. the biological dimensionD. the psychological angel80. the author is a big fan of______A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the worldB. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugsC. they will kill all the HIV virusesD. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85. the passage is most likely_____.A. a news reportB. a paper in ScienceC. an excerpt from an Immunology TextbookD. an episode in a science fiction novel.Passage SixWhitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities aresignificantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof."Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. a Decline in Car EmissionsB. white Roofs or Black PavementsC. the Effect of Linghting-up RoofsD. climate Change and Extreme Weathers87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______A. are better than snowy white onesB. reflect not heat from the sunC. are more expensive to build in the urban areasD. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a yearB. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emissionC. would offset the emissions from 300 million carsD. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______A. the heat-island effectB. the lack of seasonal windsC. the local unique weatherD. the fast urban shrinkage90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocatedB. the method in question still needs to be justified in the futureC. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installedD. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no timePart V Writing(20%)Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.什么是健康？人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。
2015考博真题
一、单选1×50
上下尖牙区别
monson球面的半径
下颌神经前支中的感觉神经
前牙切割运动的杠杆运动形式
单囊性成釉细胞瘤处理方式
腺淋巴瘤病理特点
舌下腺结构
放射性骨髓炎病理表现
翼下颌间隙内容
下颌运动特点
下颌体骨化中心
颞下颌关节手术时切口方式
牙受垂直向力时牙龈主纤维中不受力的是
（以后想起来再补充）
二、名解2×10
近唇线角
pterygoid process
Terra dentition index
mento-cervical angle
taste threshold
alveolar bone proper
candidiasis
chronic gingivitis
branchial cleft cyst
lymphoepithelial carcinoma
三、简答5×6
解剖
1.根管系统在根部侧面开口的系统名称，并从解剖角度解释牙周病和牙髓病的相互影响。
2.口颌系统肌链的组成与功能？
3.临床上面神经的解剖方法，面神经主干的解剖标志点？
病理
1.口腔黏膜鳞癌有很多亚型，请举3例口腔黏膜鳞癌亚型，并叙述其镜下特点及生物学行为？
2.根据牙骨质组织结构学特性，叙述牙骨质龋特点？
3.肌上皮细胞来源的唾液腺良恶性肿瘤各举两例，及其镜下鉴别要点。
2015年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2015年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．The ambassador was accused of having______on domestic affairs.A．trespassedB．encroachedC．entrenchedD．invaded正确答案：B解析：近义词词义辨析。
encroach，invade，trespass这三个词均指损害他人权利，侵占其财产或侵犯别国的领土。
encroach通常指蚕食，即逐渐地、不声不响或偷偷摸摸地进入别国的领土，或攫取别人的财物，侵犯他人的权利，常与介词on或upon连用。
invade暗示着明目张胆、凶残与暴行，常用来指一国武装侵略另一国。
也可用来指疾病、虫害的侵袭。
trespass是个法律用语，指未经许可进入私人土地，或非法侵入，常与on或upon连用。
句中提及侵犯他国内政，encroach更加符合语境。
entrench与on搭配使用时表示挖掘壕沟，与题意不符。
故答案为B。
2．The goal is to use crops, weeds and even animal waste______the petroleum that fuels much of American manufacturing.A．in terms ofB．in favor ofC．in spite ofD．in place of正确答案：D解析：介词词组辨析。
句中crops，weeds，animal waste与petroleum“石油”对比可知，这两组是性质不同的能源，由此可知空格处的词组应为“取代”的意思，选项中只有D表示“取代，替换”的意思。
2015年同济大学考博生理学真题回忆
2015年同济大学医学院生理学真题回忆
一、负反馈和正反馈调节的生理意义并分别举一例。
（6分）
二、举例说明渗透压是如何维持毛细血管内外及细胞内外液体移动
的。
（10分）
三、前负荷和后负荷分别对肌肉收缩的影响。
（10分）
四、肌细胞收缩和整块骨骼肌单收缩的区别。
（10分）
五、骨骼肌和心肌收缩特点的区别。
在前后负荷不改变的情况下，
机体对骨骼肌和心肌收缩能力的调节机制有何不同？（14分）
六、胸内负压形成的原因及保持胸内负压的生理意义。
（5分）
七、动脉血压形成的原因及影响因素，选择一到二个因素进行分析。
（10分）
八、近端小管重吸收的生理意义和机制。
（10分）
九、抗利尿激素（ADH）的分泌和调节。
（10分）
十、眼睛视近物时如何进行调节及每一项的生理意义。
（5分）
十一、进行神经干实验时，保持刺激电极位置不变，记录电极向远处移动，会发生怎样的变化。
其中存在什么原理。
（10分）。
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2015年3月17日Tuesday
今天参加济南大学的考博，题目非常简单，好像这场考试不是为了选拔人才而是考察诚意。
显然我没有这个诚意，所以应该也考不上。
先说说英语。
上午8:30-11:30.题量很小，才区区4页，却给了3个小时。
第一道大题是选择，总共20个，一分一个。
题目考察重点不在于语法上而是在词汇的掌握上。
不算难。
然后是两个简短的阅读理解，比六级简单，因为短小且时间充足，这个一般不易丢分。
共10道题，每个2分。
再然后是英译汉，翻译一篇短小的英语短文，这次考得是炎黄子孙，非常简单，血浓于水什么的。
再然后是一篇汉译英，讲的是奥林匹克运动会。
有些生僻词，比如赛跑、赛马和摔跤。
大概意思是奥林匹克运动会每四年举办一次，大人和孩子都可以参加。
获胜者可以得到橄榄叶做的皇冠，得奖者将获得无上的荣誉。
最后是两篇作文。
一篇是note，题目是：你不小心错过了交论文的截止期限，而你去找张老师他却不在，请留给他一份留言，解释并道歉。
字数约80字。
大作文是：有些人认为竞争比合作重要，你的观点是什么，请给予不少于200字的文章。
下午是病理，稍稍复习一下就能拿到比较好的分数。
第一题是名词解释全是英文，共8个，2.5分/个，共20分。
分别是：增生、肝硬化、炎症
因子、癌基因、肉芽组织、坏死、凋亡、粥瘤。
第二题是简答，8个，每个5分。
有：1.骨折愈合的过程2.什么是癌前病变，举例4个3.溃疡性胃癌和胃溃疡的区别4.霍奇金淋巴瘤的分类5.葡萄胎、侵袭性葡萄胎及绒毛膜癌的鉴别6.流行性乙型脑膜炎的病理特征7.心肌梗死合并症8.忘了
最后是两个大题，每个20分。
1.简述肿瘤命名原则及举例2.请列举4种导致肠溃疡的传染病并说明其病理特征。
明天是综合，考完再报。